Livestock Management

This study was conducted to assess feed resource availability in two of the 6 agro-climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh i.e., southern zone (Chittoor, Kadapa and Nellore) and scarce rainfall zone (Anantapur and Kurnool) which are relatively deficient in rainfall as compared to the remaining zones. The dry agro climatic zones of Andhra Pradesh were deficient in total dry matter availability of feeds to meet the requirements of livestock and poultry. Furthermore, there was a severe shortage of green forages and concentrates to meet the requirements of milch cattle and poultry. Even though the region was marginally self-sufficient in terms of dry forage availability, the majority of these forages were nutritionally poor cereal straws. Hence, suitable strategies should be developed for the efficient utilization of existing feed and fodder resources to improve animal productivity in region.

Аннотация. Проведен анализ эпизоотолого-эпидемиологической ситуации по сибирской язве среди сельскохозяйственных животных (СХЖ) и людей за 47-летний период (1977-2024 гг.) в 21 аймаке и столице Монголии г. Улан-Батор. В аймаках и сомонах необходим эффективный контроль проведения профилактических мероприятий с учетом степени риска проявлений болезни. На основе расчета индекса эпизоотического неблагополучия по Таршису выделены четыре группы административных тер риторий различной степени риска заражения сибирской язвой. В группу с высоким риском вошли большинство аймаков хангайской зоны.

Rural women play a significant role in the household chores and agricultural activities. This study was planed to investigate the capabilities and competencies of rural women in Tehsil Faisalabad. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select sample and collect the data form 768 respondents (384 husband and 384 wives) regarding the household errands and agricultural activities. Pre-testing was used to get relevant information and improve the interview schedule. Data collected were subjected to analysis using the SPSS ® Version 16.0. Majority of the rural women were illiterate (60.7%) as compare to their husband (25.26%). Rural women were involved in almost all activities. However, they were not found much competent in agricultural, social and political activities. The results further revealed that competency levels were significantly associated with the age, education level and family system.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of non-genetic factors on reproduction traits viz. age at first semen freezing and age at first semen use of breeding bulls in Sahiwal bulls by fitting least-squares analysis. Materials and Methods: The information on reproduction traits of 43 Sahiwal breeding bulls belonging to 8 sets of Sahiwal breeding program at

T he coyote is a medium-sized member of the dog family that includes wolves and foxes. With its pointed ears, slender muzzle, and drooping bushy tail it often resembles a German shepherd or collie. Coyotes are usually grayish brown with reddish tinges behind the ears and around the face (figure ), but coloration can vary from silver-gray to black. Although coyotes are capable of interbreeding with domestic dogs, hybrids (a.k.a. coydogs) are generally rare. Biologists can distinguish coyotes from dogs and other canids by skull measurements and genetics (DNA). Most adults weigh 25-35 pounds (particularly large individuals weigh 40-45 pounds), although their full coats often make them appear larger.

The study was conducted at Mymensingh Sadar and Ishwargonj upazila under Mymensingh district of Bangladesh to know the prevalence of parasitic diseases. Data collection depended on the daily patient register book of upazila Veterinary hospital. The prevalence of parasitic diseases in Mymensingh sadar upazila was 51.03% and in Ishwargonj upazila it was 46.22%. Among the parasitic diseases in Mymensingh sadar upazila the prevalence of Fasciola was 25.88%, Paramphistomum 6.63%, Ascaris 6.25%, Babesia 2.79% Hump sore 2.79 %, Tick infestation 7.5% whereas in Ishwargonj upazila it was the prevalence of Fasciola was 8.00%, Paramphistomum 10.00%, Ascaris 4.44%, Babesia 2.44% Hump sore 6.22 %, Tick infestation 15.11%. In Mymensingh sadar upazila the highest prevalence of parasitic diseases was recorded in rainy season (18.31%) and in Ishwargonj upazila the highest prevalence was in summer season (16.22%). Our study suggests that based on the data regular deworming program should be adopted t...

The aim of this research is to analyze the effect of using superior seed organic fertilizer on the production of purple eggplant farming in Duriaasi Village, Wongeduku District, Konawe Regency. This research will be in Duriaasi Village, Wongeduku District, Konawe Regency. Determining the location of this research was carried out purposively, namely a method of deliberately determining the research area. Sample determination was carried out by census. Where in Duriaasi Village there are 35 purple eggplant farmers. The analysis uses a multiple non-linear regression formula with the equation transformed in linear form or in the form of the Cobb-Douglas function. Based on the results of research on respondent farmers who manage purple eggplant farming in Duriaasi Village, it can be concluded that the compost fertilizer production factor has a significant influence on purple eggplant production. Meanwhile, manure production factors, superior seeds Bungo F1, superior seeds Panah Merah Yuvita F1 did not have a significant effect on purple eggplant production

Summary
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of Zambia’s economy, representing over 97% of all businesses and contributing significantly to GDP and employment. Despite their importance, SMEs face persistent challenges in accessing finance — a critical driver of business growth. Common barriers include stringent collateral requirements, high interest rates, limited credit history, and inadequate financial literacy.
The book explores the intricate relationship between SMEs’ access to finance and their growth rate, backed by both local case studies and global comparisons. It also examines innovative financing solutions such as mobile money, fintech credit scoring, and government-led credit guarantee schemes.
Through evidence-based analysis, the work highlights that improving SME financing can unlock Zambia’s economic potential, create jobs, and stimulate inclusive growth.

Congenital abnormalities in Iraqi cow fetuses can occur due to various genetic, environmental, and infectious factors. These abnormalities can affect the development of different organs and systems in the fetus, resulting in structural or functional abnormalities that may affect the survival and health of the newborn calf. The Frisian cow at full term of pregnancy as per proprietor is given the historical backdrop of stressing and unfit to go through the ordinary physiological course of calving, vaginal assessment uncovers a twisted embryo in the pelvic hole that leaves lacking space for fetal control with some of fetal layer project outside from the vulva. Caesarean section relieves dystocia, and physical examination of the defective fetus confirms a case of genuine Schistosomus reflexus (SR) in a cow. The presence of hydrocephalic fetus in combination with anomalies (SR) has not been previously reported in dairy cattle from Iraq.

Comparecen a la celebración del presente instrumento de cesión no exclusiva de obra, que celebran de una parte Guanoluisa Chancusig Nataly Silvana, identificada/o con C.C. N° 050423727-2 de estado civil soltera y con domicilio en el Cantón Latacunga, Provincia de Cotopaxi, a quien en lo sucesivo se denominará LA/EL CEDENTE; y, de otra parte,

Political landscapes and natural landscapes interact in an ecological process that produces public lands policies. These policies evolve as the landscapes change. This ever-changing process is illustrated by the conflict in western New Mexico over the reintroduction of the endangered Mexican gray wolf. As the interests of wolf advocates and wolf opponents collide, particularly in Catron County, wolf release, relocation, and removal policies develop; the power and roles of local, state, and federal agencies shift; the skill, effectiveness, and technical sophistication of organized interests change; and the values and preferences held by the public evolve. This article examines this ecological public lands policymaking process through the showdown in Catron County. "My own conviction on this score dates from the day I saw a wolf die. . . . We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes." 1 -Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac "D and I rode and found another dead baby calf. . . . Lots of wolf bites. The wolves had torn off both of the babies [sic] ears and jerked the tail off. It was a VERY ugly scene." 2 -Catron County rancher, 2005

Political landscapes and natural landscapes interact in an ecological process that produces public lands policies. These policies evolve as the landscapes change. This ever-changing process is illustrated by the conflict in western New Mexico over the reintroduction of the endangered Mexican gray wolf. As the interests of wolf advocates and wolf opponents collide, particularly in Catron County, wolf release, relocation, and removal policies develop; the power and roles of local, state, and federal agencies shift; the skill, effectiveness, and technical sophistication of organized interests change; and the values and preferences held by the public evolve. This article examines this ecological public lands policymaking process through the showdown in Catron County. "My own conviction on this score dates from the day I saw a wolf die. . . . We reached the old wolf in time to watch a fierce green fire dying in her eyes." 1 -Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac "D and I rode and found another dead baby calf. . . . Lots of wolf bites. The wolves had torn off both of the babies [sic] ears and jerked the tail off. It was a VERY ugly scene." 2 -Catron County rancher, 2005

L'élevage des herbivores est très vulnérable à la sécheresse, car les besoins en eau des prairies et du maïs sont maximum de mai à juillet, mois où la pluviométrie est très irrégulière. Un rapide retour sur les grandes sécheresses passées permet de mettre en valeur les diverses réponses et adaptations à la sécheresse des systèmes fourragers. RÉSUMÉ L'analyse des sécheresses de 1976 et 2003 montre que ce sont les systèmes herbagers stricts et les systèmes "bio" qui sont les plus vulnérables, malgré la capacité de récupération assez remarquable des prairies. La sécheresse peut être anticipée par l'éleveur qui introduit des adaptations stratégiques dans son système (gestion du pâturage, constitution de stocks et leur report, recours à des fourrages annuels, culture à double fin comme le maïs...). Lorsque la sécheresse est trop sévère, d'autres adaptations, tactiques, doivent être envisagées (achats de fourrages, paille ou concentrés, modification du système d'élevage) pour sauvegarder l'élevage. Face à des sécheresses dont l'amplitude et la fréquence risquent d'augmenter, la stratégie qui doit dominer est celle de valoriser au maximum l'eau des pluies et des réserves du sol pendant les périodes hivernales et printanières (cultures d'hiver ou avec un enracinement profond, pâturage hivernal...).

Screening different germplasm and landrace collections of high-yielding forage crops improves feed availability and quality, addressing deficits in livestock production. The study was conducted to evaluate and identify high-yielding and stable Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) genotypes for herbage yield, nutritional quality, and agronomic traits. Ten Guinea grass genotypes and one standard check variety (Degun guziya) were tested in randomized complete block design with three replications, using 5.4 m 2 plot area and 0.3 m row spacing. Seeds were sown at 10 kg/ha, with fertilizer application rates of 100 kg/ha NPS and 50 kg/ha urea. Agronomic traits, yields, and stability were measured and analyzed. Analysis of variance showed significant (p < 0.01) variations among genotypes, environments, and years for the number of leaves per plant (NLPP), herbage dry matter yield (HDMY), and seed yield. Genotype by environment (G × E) interactions significantly influenced NTPP and seed yield. Additionally, NLPP, leaf to steam ratio, HDMY, and seed yield were affected by genotype × environment × year interactions. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis indicated significant (p < 0.001) effects of geno-This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

The goal of the MSRC is to support and enhance the resilience and quality of life of mountain societies through sound research on the sustainable development and management of their physical, social, economic and cultural assets. The Centre aims to achieve this goal through the following objectives: 1) Generate and disseminate relevant knowledge through sound research; 2) Build Central Asian capacity to conduct research relevant to mountain societies; 3) Inform the policy and practice of sustainable mountain development through evidence-based research; 4) Serve as a knowledge hub in Central Asia for scholars, development practitioners and policymakers.

Child drinking from gourd reproduced from training materials developed by VSF Belgium in South Sudan; mud cow in South Sudan adapted from line drawing by Evans-Pritchard, 1940. -Reliance on milk: a protective or harmful factor? -The effect of season on nutrient intake and nutritional status -The effect of animal disease on milk availability and nutritional status Understanding infant and young child feeding practice and its consequences The links between maternal and child nutritional status Sedentarization and commercialization W e a l t h 2 Morbidity and health care coverage Summary -how pastoralist diets and livelihoods affect nutritional status 7. PROGRAM STRATEGIES USED TO ENHANCE MILK SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION Breast milk and animal milk: Improving feeding practice for young pastoralist children Livestock development and humanitarian interventions -Improving animal health to increase milk supply to children -Increasing livestock ownership to provide milk to children -Water, feed, pasture and range management Traditional milk preservation M i l k a n d m a r k e t s 3 O t h e r s t r a t e g i e s 3 -Commercial destocking as a response to drought -C a s h d i s t r i b u t i o n s d u r i n g d r o u g h t 3 -F o o d a i d d i s t r i b u t i o n s 3 -S a f e t y n e t s 3 Summary -program strategies used to enhance milk supply and consumption 8.

Kazak nomads were seasonally mobile in the pre-Soviet period, in response to climate variability and landscape heterogeneity. The scale of these movements was interrupted during the Soviet period, but some degree of mobility remained. Mobility virtually ceased in the post-Soviet 1990s, but is reemerging as flock numbers rebound from the mid 1990s population crash. The paper presents results from a three-year multidisciplinary study in southeast Kazakstan, from 2000 to 2004. The study areas cover ecological transects of up to 600 km in length, which in some cases are still traversed by pastoral flocks. The transects cover desert, semi-desert, riverine, semi-steppe, foothill and sub-alpine pastures, with precipitation ranging from 150 mm to 650 mm. Results show the proportions of livestock grazed around villages and those which are seasonally mobile. Animal nutrition and economic factors associated with livestock mobility are presented. Forage assessments indicate discrepancies between available resources and their exploitation, due to decreasing mobility. Under the current grazing systems, pastures distant from settlement are now mainly unused and former integral grazing circuits have therefore become fragmented. Non-mobile livestock have lowered productivity compared to mobile livestock.

Livestock is considered an important pillar of the agriculture sector and added the most important role in the international economy since the beginning of the world. Rearing of animals and manufacturing of different dairy products are one of the major achievements of human beings. The livestock sector is a very important part for the economic development of any country. Both the private and public sector have vital role in obtaining useful changes. The private sector has a productive role in bringing the changes in the economic development of country but policy have been structured and implemented by the provincial government. Keeping in view the importance of livestock and diary present study was conducted to overview the problem faced by the farming community of southern Punjab in dairy development. A multistage sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of the respondents. Two tehsils were selected purposively from the district Layyah. i.e. Layyah and Karor-Lal-Eason due to low production of meat and milk. Eighty (80) livestock owners from Layyah tehsil and Eighty (80) from Karor-Lal-Eason tehsil were selected by using a random sampling technique to complete the (160) respondents. Most (42.5%) of the respondents belonged to the age group of (35 to 50) years (middle) and slightly more than one-fourth (28.8%) of the respondents were young (up-to 35 years). About one-third (31.9%) of the respondents were educated up to primary level. Majority (90.6%) of the respondents were small farmers and they possessed landholding (up to 12.5) acres. The majority (83.8%) of the respondents were earned (500,000) PKR from livestock annually. Large number (71.2 to 77.5%) of the respondents faced problems regarding skilled labor, trainings, medicines, technology, transport, prices, preservation, maintenance cost and cattle disease. On the other hand, near about half (39.3 to 50.6%) of the respondents also faced problems during livestock practices like shortage of green fodder, irrigational facilities, loan facilities, future policies, time, cross breed, high-yielding breeds, milk production and lack of motivations. Prices, poverty, middle man, skills, technology, loan, milk storage, cost, cattle diseases veterinary clinic and preservation facility having ranking order is (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ,4 th , 5 th , 6 th , 7 th , 8 th , 9 th and 10 th) and their weighted score is (475-416). Study concludes that technical (skilled labor, technology), economic (maintenance and feed cost), as well as marketing (transport and storage facilities, prices) constraints are majorly faced by livestock handlers. Further, government policies and health issues in livestock also emerged as major problems faced by farming community in management of dairy farming.

Background: The winter chill in temperate zones of the country affects animal production. It is understood that during cold winter animals have to maintain their body temperature through increased heat production, thus energy partitioning towards the production is compromised. Since sheep has a thick wooly coat that insulates the animal from harsh ambient temperatures, hence present study was undertaken to assess the impact of housing during cold winter on basic physiological, hemato-biochemical indices and growth in crossbred sheep in temperate Kashmir. Methods: Twenty crossbred weaners of same age, sex and body weight were selected and divided into two groups of ten animals each. One group of sheep was managed under conventional closed shed and another group was managed under open fenced shed during winter from January to March. All the animals were maintained on a uniform nutritional regime. Physiological, hemato-biochemical parameters, body surface temperature, body weight and stress hormones were measured fortnightly. Result: Body weight of animals was significantly higher in closed shed (21.04±0.23 kg) as compared to open shed (18.20±0.19 kg). Heart rate, respiratory rate, body surface temperature differed significantly among the groups. NLR was significantly higher in animals under open shed (0.70) as compared to closed shed animals (0.63). Significant difference was observed in stress hormone cortisol with higher values in open shed animals (12.44±0.07 ng/ml) than in closed shed animals (9.97±0.08 ng/ml). No significant difference was observed in plasma total protein and A/G ratio, however, glucose was significantly higher in animals of open shed as compared to closed shed. Present study revealed that housing management during winter in sheep was essential to maintain production.

The burning problems of udder health /subclinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy cattle is considered as a worldwide silent threat which is major reasons for low yield and poor quality milk and causes substantial economic loss. The present work was conducted at ICAR-NDRI, ERS, Kalyani (WB) through a project (2017-2020). The article's aim is to review important advances in udder health maintenance to ameliorate SCM for higher quantity and quality milk production. Many researchers worked to identify effective practices to control SCM caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. W orldwide different researchers aimed to achieve better udder health and focused to detect SCM, mechanisms associated with infection, differentiating between clinical and subclinical stages, invent suitable diagnostic tests, understand exposure time, recognize specific characteristics of pathogen and establishing scientific milking procedures, etc. Establishment of standard operative programs, as discussed in this paper, resulted in better udder health maintenance. In changing climatic scenario and varying farm management practices globally researchers worked to redefine procedures to control SCM caused by different biotic and abiotic agents. Although, researchers achieved significant advances in SCM management, however changing herd structure and increased milk demand indicates that SCM /udder health will be one of the major issues to be dealt by scientists, entrepreneurs, dairy workers.

Background: Mortality in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is poorly measured because routine reporting of deaths is incomplete and inaccurate. This study provides the first estimates in the academic literature of adult mortality (45q15) in PNG by province and sex. These results are compared to a Composite Index of provincial socioeconomic factors and health access. Methods: Adult mortality estimates (45q15) by province and sex were derived using the orphanhood method from data reported in the 2000 and 2011 national censuses. Male adult mortality was adjusted based on the estimated incompleteness of mortality reporting. The Composite Index was developed using the mean of education, economic and health access indicators from various data sources. Results: Adult mortality for PNG in 2011 was estimated as 269 per 1000 for males and 237 for females. It ranged from 197 in Simbu to 356 in Sandaun province among men, and from 164 in Western Highlands to 326 in Gulf province among women. Provinces with a low Composite Index (Sandaun, Gulf, Enga and Southern Highlands) had comparatively high levels of adult mortality for both sexes, while provinces with a higher Composite Index (National Capital District and Manus) reported lower adult mortality. Conclusions: Adult mortality in PNG remains high compared with other developing countries. Provincial variations in mortality correlate with the Composite Index. Health and development policy in PNG needs to urgently address the main causes of persistent high premature adult mortality, particularly in less developed provinces.

Background Papua New Guinea (PNG) is a diverse country with high mortality and evidence of increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but there is no reliable cause of death (COD) data because civil registration is insufficient and routine health data comprise only a small proportion of deaths. This study aims to estimate cause-specific mortality fractions (CSMFs) for five broad groups of causes (endemic infections, emerging infections, endemic NCDs, emerging NCDs and injuries), by sex for each of PNG’s provinces. Methods CSMFs are calculated as the average of estimates obtained from: (1) Empirical cause method: Utilising available Verbal Autopsy (VA) data and Discharge Health Information System (DHIS) data, and applying statistical models of community versus facility CODs; and (2) Expected cause patterns method: Utilising existing estimates of mortality levels in each province and statistical models of the relationship between all-cause and cause-specific mortality u...

Background: Mortality in Papua New Guinea (PNG) is poorly measured because routine reporting of deaths is incomplete and inaccurate. This study provides the first estimates in the academic literature of adult mortality (45q15) in PNG by province and sex. These results are compared to a Composite Index of provincial socioeconomic factors and health access. Methods: Adult mortality estimates (45q15) by province and sex were derived using the orphanhood method from data reported in the 2000 and 2011 national censuses. Male adult mortality was adjusted based on the estimated incompleteness of mortality reporting. The Composite Index was developed using the mean of education, economic and health access indicators from various data sources. Results: Adult mortality for PNG in 2011 was estimated as 269 per 1000 for males and 237 for females. It ranged from 197 in Simbu to 356 in Sandaun province among men, and from 164 in Western Highlands to 326 in Gulf province among women. Provinces with a low Composite Index (Sandaun, Gulf, Enga and Southern Highlands) had comparatively high levels of adult mortality for both sexes, while provinces with a higher Composite Index (National Capital District and Manus) reported lower adult mortality. Conclusions: Adult mortality in PNG remains high compared with other developing countries. Provincial variations in mortality correlate with the Composite Index. Health and development policy in PNG needs to urgently address the main causes of persistent high premature adult mortality, particularly in less developed provinces.

This research critically investigates dairy cows responses to various feeding diets, including forage-based diets, total mixed rations (TMR), and new dietary supplements. Dairy cows are fed a variety of diets, each with its own role and effects. The review explains the varied consequences of various feeding regimens on dairy cow performance, health, and environmental sustainability through a thorough examination of contemporary literature. Milk yield, composition, and quality, as impacted by various dietary components, are important topics of study. The review also investigates the nutritional adequacy and digestibility of alternate feed sources in dairy cow diets, such as crop residues and byproducts, to provide light on their potential as sustainable feed solutions. From this review article we have learned that if green fodder and concentrate is given to dairy cow as part of mixed diet then overall health or milk production of the animal will be improved and when feed mixture of dry fodder or concentrate or mineral mixture or biphosphate is given along with green fodder, the animal is healthy or gives good milk production and well prepared for the next calving.

This commentary summarizes the evidence supporting holistic management (HM) and intensive rotational grazing (IRG) to demonstrate the extent to which Sherren and coauthors (2012) have overstated their policy endorsement of HM for rangeland application. Five major points are presented -distinction between HM and IRG, insufficient evaluation of the contradictory evidence, limitations of the experimental approach, additional costs associated with IRG, and heterogeneous capabilities and goals of graziers' to manage intensive strategies -to justify why this policy endorsement is ill-advised. The vast majority of experimental evidence does not support claims of enhanced ecological benefits in IRG compared to other grazing strategies, including the capacity to increase storage of soil organic carbon.

The study was carried out to investigate the phenotypic characteristics, relationship between body weight and linear body measurements of Guinea pigs in the middle belt of Ghana. A total number of 367 Guinea pigs of about four weeks old were used for the study. The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, 310 Guinea pigs were sampled using snowball sampling method. Fifty four Guinea pigs were reared for four months in the second phase. Simple linear regression equation was used for body weight and linear body measurements. All the data were analyzed by using R statistical software version 4.2.1 and SPSS version 21.0. The effects of location had significant (p ≤ 0.01) variation effect on Guinea pigs whilst sex did not have significant effect (p > 0.05) on Cavies. The highest correlation value (0.91) was between body length and heart girth. The least correlation value (0.21) was found between body weight and fore leg length. The simple linear regression equation: Y=-214.69+5.51BL+10.11HG+15.74HW+18.16HL-7.74HLL-5.34FLL, body length (BL), heart girth (HG), heightat-withers (HW) and head length (HL) were the best predictor of body weight in Guinea pigs with R 2 of 0.80. The best time to predict the body weight of Guinea pig was in week 2. However, it was concluded that the linear body measurements of Guinea pigs in the middle belt of Ghana serve as good indicators to predict live body weight which breeders can use for breeding purposes.

Aim: A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of mastitis in dairy cows. A total of 302 dairy cows were selected from all volunteer dairy farms in Ambo district of West Shewa Zone, Oromia region. Thorough clinical examination was made on all lactating cows for evidence of signs of clinical mastitis followed by collection of milk sample for examination of gross changes of milk secretion and California mastitis test. Result: About 126 (41.7%) cows had mastitis, of which 9.9% (30/302) were clinical and 32.8% (96/302) were subclinical mastitis cases. The quarter level prevalence was 44.4% (536/1208), comprising 9.3% (112/1208), clinical and 32.8% (396/1208) subclinical forms of mastitis. In addition, 5.5% (66/1208) of teats were found to be blind on the clinical examination of udder and teat. The Chi-square analysis of intrinsic risk factors revealed significantly (p<0.05) higher prevalence of mastitis in crossbred cattle (47.2%) than indigenous (15.4%), in cattle above 7 years (75%) than less than 2-6 years of age (28%) and cows given more than 4 calves (81.3%) than those with less than 4 calves (31.1%) irrespective to their lactation stage. There was also significantly (p<0.05) higher mastitis prevalence in larger (46.6%) than smaller herds (24.2%) and among the farming systems in semi-intensive (47.1%) and intensive (42.3%) than extensive (8.1%) management system. Conclusion: This study indicated a higher prevalence of mastitis linked with several risk factors. Thus, early diagnosis and regular screening of cows for subclinical mastitis together with proper therapeutic management of clinical cases are of paramount importance. Moreover, control and prevention strategies should be designed and implemented with great emphasis given to risk factors to reduce bovine mastitis and its impact on milk production and food security.

The main sources of water supply in the Kerman province of Iran are groundwater resources. In recent years, the over-exploitation of groundwater has decreased the water table and created environmental externalities. The reduction of groundwater reserves, reduction of vegetation, loss of plant and animal diversity, soil erosion and an increase in the potential for flooding in the area are some of the adverse environmental externalities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the externalities caused by the excessive withdrawals of groundwater from the Orzooiyeh plain in the Kerman province in Iran. In order to do this, the preferences of the people in this area were studied and the values of the residents' willingness to pay to improve the environmental attributes of the Orzooiyeh plain was extracted using the choice experiment method and conditional logit model. The results showed that the mean figure of the total households' WTP for the restoration and protection of the groundwater resources in order for it to return to the situation before the onset of externality, was 148259.1 USD annually. The results provided an argument in the debate on the new policy recommendation for groundwater withdrawals and helped to promote the ecosystem services of groundwater resources.

Finding methods to reduce livestock depredations is important for conserving recovering populations of large carnivores and mitigating impacts on ranching livelihoods. This is especially true for ensuring the successful reintroductions of endangered carnivores, such as the Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), an endangered subspecies of gray wolf being reintroduced to their native range in the Southwestern United States and Mexico. Diversionary feeding—providing food caches to divert predators away from preying on livestock—is a strategy to reduce depredations by Mexican wolves but has not been evaluated for its effectiveness. We used data from the Mexican wolf recovery program from 2014 to 2021 in a Bayesian hierarchical model to evaluate whether diversionary feeding reduced livestock depredations by wolf packs and what factors correlated with depredations. Our model accounted for the non-detection of depredation events, given that some depredations are unencountered or unreported on extensive rangelands. We found that diversionary feeding reduced depredations by an average of 0.78 depredations (43.9%) per pack in the 3 months after application. Prey density was negatively correlated to depredations before diversionary feeding. Minimum pack size and annual livestock density were negatively correlated with depredations after diversionary feeding, while prey density was positively correlated. We estimated a mean of 63% ± 5.4% of depredations were detected with high variation between packs (40.4% ± 7.9% – 74.0% ± 5.3%). Because detections were only two-thirds of the model-estimated depredations in our study, our model could improve compensation and targeting of nonlethal tools to mitigate the financial burden of co-occurrence with wolves by elucidating factors that lead to lower detection and adjusting payment multipliers. Our results indicate diversionary feeding can reduce depredations by wolves on large landscapes in the Western United States but is not a panacea for conflict reduction.

In this paper, the relations between live weight (LW) gain of the grazing cows and rangeland condition (RC), LW gain and concentrate supplement and LW gain and genetics of the grazing cows were investigated to quantify LW and body condition score (BCS) losses driven by rangeland degradation to estimate the threshold RC over which rangelands can compensate these losses. This study was conducted in Erzurum Province, Turkey. LW gains were estimated using farmer-animal-and rangeland-related variables during June-August and June-October periods. RC was calculated employing the classical condition assessment method. Ordinary least squares (OLS) were used in data analyses. The results show that a 10% enhancement or setback in RC can result in about 10 kg LW gain or loss per head. The financial equivalent of these LW gain or losses was 314.6 Turkish lira (TRY) or 59.0 USD (I TRY = 0.1875 USD) per farm, which accounts 15.5 TRY or 2.9 USD per hectare of rangeland. It is concluded that rangeland with an RC value below 4.3 requires restoration and that cows of higher genetic merit more than crossbred genotypes are not suitable for extensive production in the study area and areas sharing similar agroecological conditions.

The aim of this study was to determine the alterations in the lipid profile, plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, total and direct bilirubin levels of neonatal calves with diarrhea. A total of 25 calves with diarrhea as experimental group and 10 healthy calves as control group, 1-30 days old, were enrolled in the study. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein in tubes with anticoagulant agent to evaluate the concentration of triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), ALP, total and direct bilirubin. Very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were calculated according to the Friedewald formula. Results: Significant increases in the plasma levels of ALP (p<0.05), total and direct bilirubin, triglycerides, and VLDL-C (p<0.01) were determined, whereas significant decreases in the levels of total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C (p<0.01) were observed in neonatal calves with diarrhea. According to the findings of this study, liver functions impaired and, therefore, lipid profile is affected negatively in neonatal calves with diarrhea.

The layer poultry farming industry plays a crucial role in food security, particularly in providing eggs as a source of animal protein. In Indonesia, egg production continues to increase, with West Sumatra being one of the central producing regions. Aura Farm, located in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, faces challenges in optimizing employee performance, which is influenced by work discipline, employee loyalty, and workability. This study, conducted from October to November 2024, aims to analyze the impact of work discipline, employee loyalty, and workability on employee performance at Aura Farm. A quantitative method, utilizing multiple linear regression analysis, was employed, and data were collected through questionnaires distributed to all 20 employees. Statistical tests, including validity and reliability checks, as well as classical assumption tests, were performed to ensure data accuracy. The results indicate that work discipline, employee loyalty, and workability have a significant impact on employee performance. High discipline, intense loyalty, and adequate skills contribute positively to productivity. Employees with better discipline, commitment, and abilities perform more efficiently and effectively. Therefore, companies are advised to enhance human resource management by improving discipline, loyalty, and skill development to achieve better productivity.

This article focuses on the functional role of Asian elephant in maintaining forest ecosystem and biodiversity. Elephant performs different activities in forest which greatly influence ecosystem processes, plant communities and trophic structure of the community. Elephants have cascading effects in altering the vegetation regeneration and providing habitat, water and nutrients to other animals. Besides, elephants also have affirmative effects in controlling illegal poaching, promoting ecotourism and act as an indicator species to know about natural calamities. The information compiled in the present note is based on the literature available and field experience gained in the Rajaji National Park, India. Since elephants play a crucial role in ecological trajectories of ecological communities, developing a rigorous framework to evaluate the qualitative influence made by the elephants in ecosystem would be of paramount importance.

Dermatological issues pose a frequent challenge for small clinical practitioners, presenting a spectrum of conditions encompassing otitis, pyoderma, anal sac problems, flea allergy, and atopic dermatitis (AD). Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and recurring skin condition characterized by distributed skin lesions. In recent decades, researchers have shown a keen interest in AD due to its increased prevalence in developed countries. While various treatment strategies, including biological and immune modulators, are available for AD, each has certain limitations. Researchers have exhibited a significant interest in managing AD with herbal medicines. The use of herbal drugs for AD could potentially eliminate local and systemic adverse effects associated with long-term corticosteroid use, as well as reduce the high cost of therapy with biological drugs. This review discusses traditional East Asian herbal medicines as well as scientific data related to newer herbal extracts or compositions for the treatment of AD. The paper also delves into in vivo animal models and in vitro cell cultures that have been investigated with herbal medicines to establish a potential role in the treatment of AD. In conclusion, herbal medicines could serve as a better and safer complementary and alternative treatment option for AD.

Aim: The study was undertaken to find out the changes in biochemical and hormonal profile during transition period in single- and twin-bearing Beetal goats. Materials and Methods: Beetal goats are reared in North India for milk and meat purposes, popularly called poor man&#39;s cow, serving as a source of livelihood. The present study was conducted on Beetal goats, maintained at a goat farm, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, for characterization of plasma biochemical and hormonal changes during transitional phase in pregnant goats carrying single and twin fetus. The animals selected were expected to have parturition at the same time, to avoid environmental variation effects, and divided into two groups: Group 1 (carrying single fetus, n=14) and Group 2 (twin fetus, n=6). Blood samples were collected from goats prepartum (–30 days and –15 days), 0 day, and postpartum +15 days and +30 days, and plasma was separated for the analysis of biochemical met...

Conservation biology requires the development ofpmctical tools and techniques to minimize conflicts arising from human modification of ecosystems. We applied behavioral theory ofprimary and secondary repellents to predator management by using aversive stimulus devices (electronic training collars) and disruptive stimulus devices (behavior-contingent audio and visual repellents) in a multzpredator (Canis lupus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Ursus spp.) study in the United States. We examinedfladry and a newly developed disruptive stimulus device contingent upon behavior on six wolf territories in Wisconsin, (US.A.) and determined that the disruptive stimulus device gave the greatest degree ofprotection from predation. We also compared the efficacy of a primary repellent (disruptive stimulus device) versus a secondary repellent (electronic training collars) to keep captive wolvesfrom consuming a food source. Disruptive stimulus devices eflectively prevented captive wolves from consuming the food resource, but did not produce an aversion to that food resource. With training collars, logistical and behavioral variability limited our ability to condition wolves. Our studies highlight the complexity of application of nonlethal techniques in real-world situations.

Poaching is the major cause of death for large carnivores in several regions, contributing to their global endangerment. The traditional hypothesis used in wildlife management (killing for tolerance) suggests reducing protections for a species will decrease poaching. However, recent studies suggest reducing protections will instead increase poaching (facilitated illegal killing) and its concealment (facilitated cryptic poaching). Here, we build survival and competing risk models for mortality and disappearances of adult collared red wolves (Canis rufus) released in North Carolina, USA from 1987 to 2020 (n= 526). We evaluated how changes in federal and state policies protecting red wolves influenced the hazard and incidence of mortality and disappearance. We observed substantial increases in the hazard and incidence of red wolf reported poaching, and smaller increases in disappearances, during periods of reduced federal and state protections (including liberalizing hunting of coyotes...

Conservation biology requires the development of practical tools and techniques to minimize conflicts arising from human modification of ecosystems. We applied behavioral theory of primary and secondary repellents to predator management by using aversive stimulus devices (electronic training collars) and disruptive stimulus devices (behavior-contingent audio and visual repellents) in a multipredator ( Canis lupus, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, Ursus spp.) study in the United States. We examined fladry and a newly developed disruptive stimulus device contingent upon behavior on six wolf territories in Wisconsin, (U.S.A.) and determined that the disruptive stimulus device gave the greatest degree of protection from predation. We also compared the efficacy of a primary repellent (disruptive stimulus device) versus a secondary repellent (electronic training collars) to keep captive wolves from consuming a food source. Disruptive stimulus devices effectively prevented captive wolves from consuming the food resource, but did not produce an aversion to that food resource. With training collars, logistical and behavioral variability limited our ability to condition wolves. Our studies highlight the complexity of application of nonlethal techniques in real-world situations.

INTRODUCTION Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many countries of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, and FMD-free countries face greater risk of incursions due to increased global movement and trade of livestock and animal [1]. In the Southeast Asia and China (SEACFMD) roadmap, the framework supports member countries to consider and improve their Progressive Control Pathway (PCP-FMD) stages (0-5) of FMD control and applies the FMD Official Control Programme recognized by OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health).

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in many countries of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, and FMD-free countries face greater risk of incursions due to increased global movement and trade of livestock and animal [1]. In the Southeast Asia and China (SEACFMD) roadmap, the framework supports member countries to consider and improve their Progressive Control Pathway (PCP-FMD) stages (0-5) of FMD control and applies the FMD Official Control Programme recognized by OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health).

The Integrated Poultry and Goat Rearing Project is a rural empowerment initiative targeting 1,000 women in Naluama and Mwenda Chiefdoms of Chikankata District, Zambia. The project seeks to provide sustainable alternatives to subsistence crop farming and charcoal burning by equipping women with capital, knowledge, and values in goat and village chicken farming. Designed to build capacity among marginalized rural women, the project aims to enhance their contribution to national food security and economic self-sufficiency. Over a two- to three-year horizon, the initiative envisions beneficiary communities evolving into learning hubs that promote modern, climate-smart livestock farming practices. A key component of the project involves linking women farmers to financial institutions that will offer revolving loan schemes for agricultural inputs, thereby fostering long-term sustainability. The six-month implementation period, from April to September 2017, emphasizes active community participation, with administrative operations coordinated from the Chikankata District Office. Aligned with the government’s broader support for SMEs, the project is expected to drive inclusive agricultural development and empower women as leaders in sustainable rural livelihoods.

a detección de características indeseables en los toros tienen suma importancia porque, entre otras cosas, los mismos dejan una descendencia anual de más de 30 terneros y de ellos depende el mejoramiento genético de un rodeo. Además, una falla en el desempeño reproductivo de los toros podrá dar lugar a un menor porcentaje de preñez y/o a una menor cabeza de parición, con el consecuente menor peso de destete de los terneros.