Linguistic Computing

Chapter 1: 1.1 The word and its associative field 1.2 Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations 1.3 (a) Lexical fields in the total vocabulary 1.3 (b) Example of a lexical field Chapter 6: 6.1 The vocabulary of English according to the OED 6.2 The circle of World English vii Dedication To Hilary and Mama Re ´gine and in loving memory of Abou Anastasie Patience x This introduction to the words and vocabulary (lexicology) of English arises from courses that Etienne Ze ´Amvela and Howard Jackson have taught over many years at their respective universities, the former in Cameroon (Yaounde ´and Buea) and the latter in Birmingham, UK (Birmingham Polytechnic/University of Central England). The study of vocabulary, by contrast with syntax, has been a rather neglected pursuit in English over recent years, and there are few textbooks in the area. It is our hope that this work will go some way towards redressing the balance. Etienne Ze ´Amvela has been responsible for the first four chapters and Howard Jackson for the last four, but we have commented extensively on each other's work, and we hope that the book reads as a seamless whole. The book is aimed at students of English language/linguistics, taking courses in the analysis and description of the English language, possibly with little prior knowledge of linguistics. However, we do advise students to have a good up-to-date dictionary to hand, preferably of the desk-size or collegiate type. In order to encourage interaction with the material discussed in the book, each chapter is interspersed with exercises, some of which require dictionary consultation. A key to the exercises is provided at the end.

"The Revival of Cornish: An Dasserghyans Kernewek" by John J. Parry (1889–1954).  With unpublished comments, corrections and updates by
"Caradar" (A. S. D. Smith, 1883–1950), letter dated May 27, 1946.

Cornish, a Celtic language of southwestern Britain, was essentially extinct as a spoken language by 1800.  But starting about 1900, concerted attempts were made to revive the language.  Dictionaries, grammars, and teaching materials were created, with the goal of reintroducing both written and spoken Cornish, and the creation of a new body of Cornish literature.  The history of the movement up to 1938 is described, and several examples of modern Cornish poetry are quoted.

An unpublished letter to the author from "Caradar" (A. S. D. Smith) is attached.  He makes some minor corrections, and updates the status of the movement as of 1946.  "The Revival was a somewhat tender plant, and the War has seemingly knocked it out …" but he had plans, and hopes, for the future.

this is the case, orthographic practice has a lot in common with Romance languages in general. Where Cornish has borrowed from English, Cornish spelling frequently resembles that found in the works of Chaucer. But there are differences between English and Cornish spelling tradition. With the exception of the Ordinalia (circa 1500) which uses <th>, Cornish (up to and including Gwreans an Bys dated 1607) uses a character resembling a long-tailed-<z>. This character has a similar form to the Old English character yogh. However it is clearly not the same character since yogh corresponds to modern-day English <g> or <y> whereas Cornish long-tailed-<z> is used to represent dental fricatives. George 5 observes that "As in MidE, <c> tended to be used before <a,o,u; l,r> and <k> otherwise". This should not be taken as evidence, however, of Cornish borrowing orthographic practice from English since this alternation of <c> and <k> is not peculiar only to English and Cornish.

The aims of this study were to figure out the number of homographs in Acehnese and English languages and the examples of homographs. Qualitative approach was used to conduct the study. Both Acehnese dictionary and Oxford dictionary were used to collect the data. The results of the study indicated that there were 157 words found between Acehnese and English languages. In addition, those words were written in the same spelling but those are different from the meanings and pronunciation. It was clear that interlingual homograph can be found between Acehnese and English words.

There are estimated to be upwards of 6,000 languages in the world today, although a disturbingly high proportion of these are under threat of extinction. All these languages have their histories. And then there are those languages that have been invented over the last century and a half. The 'fastest growing language in the galaxy' has been claimed to be Klingon, invented for an alien race who were first heard speaking it in Star Trek: The Motion Picture in 1979. 1 In 1984 Marc Okrand, a linguist, invented its grammar, vocabulary and orthography. 2 Since then Trekkies have enthusiastically attempted to learn this language, to the extent that in 1999 over 600 people could claim to be speakers, while the Klingon Language Institute had over 1,000 members. 3 Klingon, the product of a globalised American TV culture, would seem to be hundreds of light years away from Cornish, a language with a long and respectable history. But is it? In this brief review of the attempted standardisation of revived Cornish my argument is that, in its twentieth century revival, Cornish had many resemblances to invented languages such as Klingon. Being a language fit for aliens, Klingon promoters deliberately revel in its inhuman irregularities. 4 However, this is unusual for deliberately invented languages. 5 The website of the Klingon Language Institute is significantly hosted by the Logical Language Group. Its language-Lojban-claims to possess an unambiguous grammar, phonetic spelling and the 'unambiguous resolution of sounds into words'. Unlike historic languages, with their messy irregularities and other human foibles, languages such as Lojban or the older Esperanto (which dates from 1887) are 'easy to learn'. 6 Those familiar with the dialects of revived Cornish will have heard similar claims. Historically, Cornish became a distinct language somewhere in the latter part of the first millennium when the dialect of the British language spoken in south western Britain began to diverge from that of the Welsh. The history of this language can then be traced to the death of its last speakers around 1800. What is written and spoken now is revived Cornish, a resuscitated version that has no unbroken chain back to the historical language. Indeed, at least one observer has argued that the gap between the historic language and revived Cornish is so wide we should describe revived Cornish as 'pseudo

This paper looks at how Spanish-mente adverbs are shown in DAELE, an electronic dictionary for advanced-level students of Spanish, currently being developed at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (Barcelona). Since a learners' dictionary is a tool conceived not only for decoding but also for production, information about use is deemed highly relevant in this dictionary. That is why new ways to provide adverb-production information are explored. Our discussion considers aspects of both the macrostructure and the microstructure. In terms of the macrostructure, the main problem arising from the lexicographical representation of adverbs ending in-mente is to decide which adverbs are to be included in the dictionary. In the Spanish lexicographical tradition there are several answers to this question, which range from including only a few adverbs to including all documented adverbs. In terms of the microstructure, it is important to provide all the semantic, morphosyntactic and pragmatic information on how to use an adverb, by means of a set of definition formulae which are both user friendly and informative.

A word-based morphological analyzer and a dictionary for recognizing inflected forms of French words have been built by adapting the UDICI" system. We describe the adaptations, emphasizing mechanisms developed to handle French verbs. This work lays the groundwork for doing French derivational morphology and morphology for other languages.

The present study is an attempt at assessing the level of consistency in the orthographic systems of selected sixteenth and seventeenth-century printers and at tracing the influence that normative writings could have potentially exerted on them. The approach taken here draws upon the philological tradition of examining and comparing several texts written in the same language, but produced at different times. The study discusses the orthography of the editions of The Schoole of Vertue, a manual of good conduct for children, published between 1557 and 1687. The orthographic variables taken into account fall into two criteria: the distribution and functional load of the selected graphemes and the indication of vowel length.

The paper deals with that all-too-familiar situation where the lexicographer must make a decision whether to include a particular item in the dictionary or not, and if so then in what form. Some borderline cases are investigated where considerations of language use, system and norm are each important parameters in the attempt to reach a common understanding that can be used by the dictionary staff as a manageable guideline for making uniform decisions. Experience indicates that there is no obvious, unequivocal path that should be followed-indeed the outcome for one type of information may well be different from that of another as the subtle balancing of the aspects involved may vary and result in different solutions.

Cornish is the vernacular language of Cornwall, the most SouthWestern part of Great Britain. It is widely believed the language died out in the eighteenth century with the death of Dolly Pentreath, the so-called last speaker of the language. What caused the language to become extinct, and why do minority languages fall into disuse? After the subsequent Cornish language revival at the beginning of the twentieth century, what lessons can the language community learn from linguists who have researched language extinction and revival?

Morphology consists of inflection and word formation. In foreign language teaching it occurs mainly in the form of inflectional paradigms. While this is certainly an important part of mastering a foreign language, an adequate use of morphology, both inflection and word formation, can facilitate the acquisition of foreign language vocabulary. By applying word formation rules as a way to structure their knowledge, advanced learners can multiply their active vocabulary. A practical problem in using inflectional classes and word formation processes in vocabulary teaching is that the information required to devise exercises is not readily available. In a dictionary, it is not possible to get an overview of word formation relationships or classes of words belonging to the same inflectional class. The nature of word formation processes even makes it impossible in principle to fully cover them in a printed dictionary without creating a lot of redundancy. An electronic dictionary does not automatically solve the problems involved, unless it is structured appropriately. In the Word Manager (WM) project morphological relationships have been taken as a starting point in the design of the lexicon. As a consequence, the lexicon is structured in terms of word formation and inflection rules, in such a way that complete and flexible access to the morphological processes and classes of a language is guaranteed. The full flexibility of WM lexicons requires that the entire system be installed locally. For a dedicated operational component, however, no such installation is necessary. It can be installed as an independently running program or be made available through the Internet. Two such applications (which are freely available) and their possible uses for teaching purposes are described.

Proceedings of PACLIC 19, the 19th Asia-Pacific Conference on Language, Information and Computation. ... Vowel Sound Disambiguation for Intelligible Korean Speech Synthesis ... Ho-Joon Lee Computer Science Division EECS department, KAIST 373-1 ...

The aim of this paper is to research the word class adjective in one sequence of the ESP: Business English, more precisely English business magazines online. It is an empirical study on the corpus taken from a variety of business magazines online. The empirical analysis allows a comprehensive insight into the word class adjective in this variety of Business English and makes its contribution to English syntax, semantics and word formation. The syntactic part analyses the adjective position in the sentence. The semantic part of the study identifies the most common adjectives that appear in English business magazines online. Most of the analysis is devoted to the word formation of the adjectives found in the corpus. The corpus is analysed in such a way that it enables its division into compounds, derivatives and conversions. The results obtained in this way will give a comprehensive picture of the word class adjective in this type of Business English and can act as a starting point fo...

This article introduces Corpus PalaeoHibernicum (CorPH), a corpus currently consisting of 78 texts in Early Irish (c. 7th–10th cent.) created by the ERC-funded Chronologicon Hibernicum (ChronHib) project by bringing together pre-existing lexical and syntactic databases and adding further crucial texts from the period. In addition to being annotated for POS, morphological and syntactic information, another layer of annotation has been developed for CorPH – ‘Variation Tagging’, i.e. a tagset that numerically encodes synchronic language variation during the Early Irish period, thus allowing for much improved research on the chronological variation among the material. Another new pillar of studying linguistic variation is Bayesian Language Variation Analysis (BLaVA), in order to address the challenge that “not-so-big data” poses to statistical corpus methods. Instead of reflecting feature frequencies, BLaVA models language variation as probabilities of variation.

Many lexical databases are modelled simply as digital version of paper dictionaries. However, for many purposes the demands on a lexical database are different from those on a dictionary database. Therefore, the MorDebe database system deviates from the design of dictionary databases in a number of important ways. Firstly, it puts different restrictions on the inclusion of words due to its lesser restrictions in size. Secondly, it does not list only lemmas, but complete inflectional paradigms. And thirdly, lemma separation is form-based rather than meaning-based. This article discusses the advantages and problems of this different approach.

This article describes the design of a computational system for the development and maintenance of inflected lexica, developed as part of the Open Source Lexical Information Network (OLSIN). The system is built as a tool for lexicographers, and is flexible enough for the lexicographers to deal with any irregularities in the language, and transparent enough for the lexicographers to understand the rules used for the automatically generated inflections. It furthermore allows lexicographers to create and modify paradigm rules by themselves, making it easy to implement the system for any language, including less-resources languages. Apart from the system itself, this article describes some of the challenges and obstacles the design of such a system has to face, and the solutions adopted for them in the OSLIN framework.

This article introduces Corpus PalaeoHibernicum (CorPH), a corpus currently consisting of 78 texts in Early Irish (c. 7th–10th cent.) created by the ERC-funded Chronologicon Hibernicum (ChronHib) project by bringing together pre-existing lexical and syntactic databases and adding further crucial texts from the period. In addition to being annotated for POS, morphological and syntactic information, another layer of annotation has been developed for CorPH – ‘Variation Tagging’, i.e. a tagset that numerically encodes synchronic language variation during the Early Irish period, thus allowing for much improved research on the chronological variation among the material. Another new pillar of studying linguistic variation is Bayesian Language Variation Analysis (BLaVA), in order to address the challenge that “not-so-big data” poses to statistical corpus methods. Instead of reflecting feature frequencies, BLaVA models language variation as probabilities of variation.

The Welsh language, as a lesser-used language with English as an immediate neighbour, has inevitably borrowed much of its vocabulary from that language (or its precursors) as well as inheriting a considerable vocabulary from Latin via Brythonic. Welsh lexicography dates back to at least the 15 th-century bardic glossaries and the first Welsh dictionary was printed in the mid-16 th century. Most Welsh dictionaries are bilingual with either Latin or English, and Welsh lexicographers have been surprisingly influential in the development of the lexicon with many of their neologisms being adopted into the modern lexicon. Modern prescriptive lexicography and terminology have tended to promote what some linguists deride as a 'purist' approach but which has in fact proved to be a practical solution which has succeeded in expanding the vocabulary in a way acceptable to many speakers. Inevitably, since all are fully bilingual, Welsh speakers in Wales have continued to borrow vocabulary extensively from English.

The present study is an attempt at assessing the level of consistency in the orthographic systems of selected sixteenth and seventeenth-century printers and at tracing the influence that normative writings could have potentially exerted on them. The approach taken here draws upon the philological tradition of examining and comparing several texts written in the same language, but produced at different times. The study discusses the orthography of the editions of The Schoole of Vertue, a manual of good conduct for children, published between 1557 and 1687. The orthographic variables taken into account fall into two criteria: the distribution and functional load of the selected graphemes and the indication of vowel length.

Large Lexical Data Bases are one of the earliest applications of NLP. The initial stage of their rise, with the admiration for the automation of lexicographic work itself, came to an end long ago. In the following stages LexicalData Bases (LDB) began to extend considerably the range of their application and the scope of CL problems put forward by them [see Calzolari 1991, Calzolari and Zampolli 1988 and Boguraev et a1.1988]. It is worth discussing a new version of LDB (for a concrete new language) only in the present-day context of these problems. This does not, however, relieve the creators of LDB for a new language of the solution of the trivial problems standing at the lower foot of the ladder used to &quot;storm&quot; the lexical wealth of language. After overcoming these obstacles, there is prototype version available or a core of LDB, which cannot be called large especially when its volume is concerned. Speaking of volume, quite naturally, the following question arises: in wha...

Large Lexical Data Bases are one of the earliest applications of NLP. The initial stage of their rise, with the admiration for the automation of lexicographic work itself, came to an end long ago. In the following stages LexicalData Bases (LDB) began to extend considerably the ...

Languages other than English have received little attention as far as the application of natural language processing techniques to text composition is concerned. The present paper describes briefly work under development aiming at the design of an integrated environment for the construction and verification of documents written in Spanish. in a first phase, a dictionary of Spanish has been implemented, together with a synonym dictionary. The main features of both dictionaries will be summarised, and how they are applied in an environment for document verification and composition.

Languages other than English have received little attention as far as the application of natural language processing techniques to text composition is concerned. The present paper describes briefly work under development aiming at the design of an integrated environment for the construction and verification of documents written in Spanish. in a first phase, a dictionary of Spanish has been implemented, together with a synonym dictionary. The main features of both dictionaries will be summarised, and how they are applied in an environment for document verification and composition.

The problem addressed in this thesis concerns the accuracy of Māori language vocabulary counts, e.g Boyce (2006), where Māori was found to use a very small vocabulary in comparison with e.g. English. As Boyce (2006, ii) acknowledges, this is partly explained by the degree of homonymy in Māori, which undermines the accuracy of the count. Homonymy is the phenomenon of the same string of letters (word-form) having two or more unrelated meanings (e.g. kī ‘say’, ‘be full’). Automated word-form counts of Maori language texts count the form kī as the same word, regardless of its meaning. Unless different meanings of the same word-form are counted as different words, such counts will underestimate the vocabulary of the Māori language. (Homonymy is not the only explanation for the low count; further explanations have been suggested by Bauer (2009) and Nation (2011).)  The thesis explores whether there are consistent clues in the linguistic environment that signal the correct interpretation o...

Lexicography should Ьѳ based on the dual dependency of nearly every dictionary entry; word dependence and morpheme de­ pendence. The overt or Implied assumption that lexicography deals only wlth words and their combinations is. therefore, misleading. I will attempt to prove the correctness of thl$ statement for any particular language, since all languages constitute sign-systems, combining the denotatlonal character of the word wlth Its membership In the system, organizing all signs including words. Into a comprehensible and coherent whole. One mechanism of such organization, also indispensable for dictlonary-maklng. Is morpheme dlvlslon and subdlvblon. In practical lexicography every dictionary item Is already based on thls division. A head-lexeme (sometimes erroneously called &quot;head-word&quot;) has three variations: 1) a word having no run-on continuations in the entry; 2) a pure morpheme; or 3) in most cases a word/morpheme combination, whereby the word is given an encyclopae...

The aims of this study were to figure out the number of homographs in Acehnese and English languages and the examples of homographs. Qualitative approach was used to conduct the study. Both Acehnese dictionary and Oxford dictionary were used to collect the data. The results of the study indicated that there were 157 words found between Acehnese and English languages. In addition, those words were written in the same spelling but those are different from the meanings and pronunciation. It was clear that interlingual homograph can be found between Acehnese and English words.

Languages other than English have received little attention as far as the application of natural language processing techniques to text composition is concerned. The present paper describes briefly work under development aiming at the design of an integrated environment for the construction and verification of documents written in Spanish. in a first phase, a dictionary of Spanish has been implemented, together with a synonym dictionary. The main features of both dictionaries will be summarised, and how they are applied in an environment for document verification and composition.

This paper presents a proposal for a recognition model for the appraisal value of sentences. It is based on splitting the text into independent sentences (full stops) and then analysing the appraisal elements contained in each sentence according to the previous value in the appraisal lexicon. In this lexicon, positive words are assigned a positive coefficient (+1) and negative words a negative coefficient (-1). We take into account word such as "too", "little" (when it is not "a bit"), "less", and "nothing" than can modify the polarity degree of lexical unit when appear in the nearby environment. If any of these elements are present, then the previous coefficient will be multiplied by (-1), that is, they will change their sign. Our results show a nearly theoretical effectiveness of 90%, despite not achieving the recognition (or misrecognition) of implicit elements. These elements represent approximately 4% of the total of sentences analysed for appraisal and include the errors in the recognition of coordinated sentences. On the one hand, we found that 3.6 % of the sentences could not be recognized because they use different connectors than those included in the model; on the other hand, we found that in 8.6% of the sentences despite using some of the described connectors could not be applied the rules we have developed. The percentage relative to the whole group of appraisal sentences in the corpus was approximately of 5%.

, to a Polish father and English mother, Sarah Frances Field Sommerville, and brought up speaking English, Polish and French. As an Anglican clergyman, writer and historian he contributed to the Cornish Revival in the early twentieth century, with his historical, folklorist and linguistic research. In Poland he is relatively unknown, unlike his more famous fatherthe academic and writer Krystyn Lach-Szyrma. In the United Kingdom, Władysław's Cornish activities seem to be relatively unknown today, and he is more famous for his science-fiction literary works. This paper examines his Polish background, and the Cornish chapter in his life, starting from his gathering of Cornish folklore and ending with his cooperation with Henry Jenner on the rebirth of the language. It would be difficult to understand his interests in languages and cultures without discussing his Polish background.

The derivational morphology in  learners' English narrative compositions was the main focus of this research. This research aims to unravel the different inflectional suffixes used in the selected poems of Luis G. Dato driven from the website luisgdato.com, the main reason why the researchers made this study is to widen the scope of how to properly use the suffixes by itself. The methods used in this research is qualitative research for the reason that  to examine the inflectional suffixes used in the poems worked by Luis G. Dato. The researchers found out that there are 329 inflectional suffixes used on the ten selected poems of Luis G. Dato. And it found out that the 329 inflectional suffixes used on the 10 poems the highest suffixes used is the suffix –s garnering the average of 41% out of 100% and the lowest or often used is the suffix –less, –ment, –ter garnering an average of 0% out of 100%. On the other hand, this suffix is important for the reason that it indicates the specific word(s) used in the situation of the sentence.

This paper focuses on a diachronic study of compound adjectives found in the Old and Middle English texts of the Helsinki Corpus. The compound adjectives of both periods are analysed, and further classified into types on the basis of the word class their constituent elements belong to. The aim of the research is to follow the development courses of compound adjective types in the two language periods and to investigate what happened to them in Modern English. The comparison of the types results in the description of the character of these changes, illuminating which Old English types survived into the subsequent periods, which were lost from the language, and what were the new ones introduced in the Middle English period.

In some languages, spaces and punctuation marks are used to delimit word boundaries. This is the case with Cornish. However there is considerable inconsistency of segmentation to be found within the Corpus of Cornish. The individual texts that make up this corpus are not even internally consistent. The first stage in lemmatising the Corpus of Comish, therefore, involves the resegmentation of the corpus into tokens. The whole notion of what is considered to be a word has to be examined. A method for the logical representation of segmentation into tokens is proposed in this paper. The existing segmentation of the Corpus of Cornish, as indicated by spaces in the text, is abandoned and an algorithm for dictionary based critical tokenisation of the corpus is proposed.

Large Lexical Data Bases are one of the earliest applications of NLP. The initial stage of their rise, with the admiration for the automation of lexicographic work itself, came to an end long ago. In the following stages LexicalData Bases (LDB) began to extend considerably the range of their application and the scope of CL problems put forward by them [see Calzolari 1991, Calzolari and Zampolli 1988 and Boguraev et a1.1988]. It is worth discussing a new version of LDB (for a concrete new language) only in the present-day context of these problems. This does not, however, relieve the creators of LDB for a new language of the solution of the trivial problems standing at the lower foot of the ladder used to &quot;storm&quot; the lexical wealth of language. After overcoming these obstacles, there is prototype version available or a core of LDB, which cannot be called large especially when its volume is concerned. Speaking of volume, quite naturally, the following question arises: in wha...

Large Lexical Data Bases are one of the earliest applications of NLP. The initial stage of their rise, with the admiration for the automation of lexicographic work itself, came to an end long ago. In the following stages LexicalData Bases (LDB) began to extend considerably the range of their application and the scope of

To combine corpus data with dictionary data has two advantages: (i) It embeds the vocabulary of the corpus texts within the overall system of the language, and it semantically disambiguates the texts. (ii) The corpus data enrich the dictionary and shed new light on the comprehension of the vocabulary. The retrospective integration of corpus data into a dictionary is a task that has to focus on two aspects, (i) on the integration of the word forms, and (ii) on the semantic integration of the words. This second aspect continues to be an important issue, particularly for historical languages. Automated solutions do not exist. In this paper, we present the retrospective integration -both with a graphical and a semantic focus -of the corpus of Old French legal texts, Documents linguistiques galloromans (with approx. 800,000 attestations of Old French lexemes), into the Dictionnaire étymologique de l'ancien français (with 83,000 dictionary entries). We have implemented a semi-automated process resulting in a time-saving editorial workflow to accomplish the data integration. Further, we have created a twofold publication concept for the dictionary entries that makes for a straightforward way of enriching the dictionary with the valuable material of the domain of Old French law.

This paper describes the implementation of Screffva, a computer system written in Prolog that employs a parallel corpus for the automatic generation of bilingual dictionary entries. Screffva provides a lemmatised interface between a parallel corpus and its bilingual dictionary. The system has been trialled with a parallel corpus of Cornish-English bitext. Screffva is able to retrieve any given segment of text, and uniquely identifies lexemes and the equivalences that exist between the lexical items in a bitext. Furthermore the system is able to cope with discontinuous multiword lexemes. The system is thus able to find glosses for individual lexical items or to produce longer lexical entries which include part-of-speech, glosses and example sentences from the corpus. The corpus is converted to a Prolog text database and lemmatised. Equivalents are then aligned. Finally Prolog predicates are defined for the retrieval of glosses, part-of-speech and example sentences to illustrate usage...

In this paper, I present data from three corpora of written Uyghur showing that the conventionally voiceless letter h, which occurs in words of Arab-Persian etymology, sometimes patterns as voiced in stem-final environments where it is a trigger for morphophonemic voicing assimilation in a following segment. Results indicate that when authors omit root-final h from the spelling, they tend to use voiced suffix-initial consonants, but when the h is written there is considerable variation both between and within authors and lexemes. No other phonological or functional factors were identified as being strong predictors of the variation. I interpret this as reflecting a probabilistic process of lenition or deletion of root-final /h/ in the adaptation of these loanwords that has diffused at different rates across the lexicon for different speakers.

We discuss two types of asymmetry between wordforms and their (morphological) characteristics, namely (morphological) variants and homographs. We introduce a concept of multiple lemma that allows for unique identification of wordform variants as well as ‘morphologicallybased’ identification of homographic lexemes. The deeper insight into these concepts allows further refining of morphological dictionaries and subsequently better performance of any NLP tasks. We demonstrate our approach on the morphological dictionary of Czech.

Thanks to ❙ Anthony P. Cowie, Raphael Gefen, Doron Rubinstein, Merav Kernerman Miriam Shlesinger, Nili Sadeh, Lionel Kernerman K DICTIONARIES LTD Nahum 10 Tel Aviv 63503 Israel ❙ tel 972-3-5468102 ❙ fax 972-3-5468103 ❙ kdn@kdictionaries.com ❙ http://kdictionaries.com ❙ © 2004 all rights reserved. 1 Microsoft and Dictionary Makers: Defining Partnerships ❙ Julian Parish 4 Some Lexicographic Concepts Stemming from a French Training in Lexicology (2-3) ❙ Jean Pruvost 6 Lexiculture and the EFL Dictionary ❙ Anthony P. Cowie 17 Dictionnaire du français usuel: an innovative french learner’s dictionary 18 Some Highlights of Contemporary Hebrew Dictionaries and Lexicography 18 Modern Hebrew Dictionaries ❙ Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald 23 Milon ha-Hoveh and Milon Sapir ❙ Mordechay Mishor 26 From Milon ha-Hoveh to Milon Sapir ❙ Yitzhak Shlesinger 27 Rav-Milim – a Modern Dictionary for an Ancient but Thriving Language ❙ Yaacov Choueka 31 Milon-Kis Ariel ❙ Maya Fruchtman 32 Milon Even-Shoshan, Revis...

A GENERATIVE GRAMMAR APPROACH FOR THE MORPHOLOGIC AND MORPHOSYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN Marina Russo ... singular plural passa-porto (pass-port) passa-porti porta-cenere (ash-tray) porta-cenere cava-tappi (cork-screw) cava-tappi rule 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ...

The paper reports ongoing work for the implementation of a system for automatic translation from English-to-Veneto and viceversa. The system does not have parallel texts to work on because of the almost inexistence of such manual translations. The project is called STILVEN and is financed by the Regional Authorities of Veneto Region in Italy. After the first year of activities, we managed to produce a prototype which handles Venetian questions that have a structure very close to English. We will present problems related to Veneto, basic ideas, their implementatiion and results obtained.

Cornish and Welsh are closely related Celtic languages and this paper provides a brief description of a recent project to publish an online bilingual English/Cornish dictionary, the Gerlyver Kernewek, based on similar work previously undertaken for Welsh. Both languages are endangered, Cornish critically so, but both can benefit from the use of language technology. Welsh has previous experience of using language technologies for language revitalization, and this is now being used to help the Cornish language create new tools and resources, including lexicographical ones, helping a dispersed team of language specialists and editors, many of them in a voluntary capacity, to work collaboratively online. Details are given of the Maes T dictionary writing and publication platform, originally developed for Welsh, and of some of the adaptations that had to be made to accommodate the specific needs of Cornish, including their use of Middle and Late varieties due to its development as a revi...