Law and Sociology

This book aims to identify the sociological reasons that resulted in the perceived lack of authority of precedents in civil law systems, starting from the premise that common law systems rely on precedents, while civil law systems do not. The reasoning is based on the sociology of law, mainly on Max Weber’s theory, legal theory, and constitutional law.

English common law, seen by Weber as a law devoid of formal rationality mainly because it does not allow for generalization and comprehensiveness, became a predictable system through stare decisis. This serves to highlight not only that it is not to be confused with common law but especially to clarify that “binding precedents” are necessary as the law moves away from calculability.

The transformation of civil law due to the impact of constitutionalism, the increasingly widespread use of general clauses, and the evolution of the theory of interpretation eliminated the pretensions of logical positivism and, consequently, the predictability upon which it would be achievable. However, if the law contemplated by Weber ceased to exist and the new law came to depend largely on the subjectivity of the judge, this does not mean that society could remain helpless and devoid of guarantees of predictability and equality, as the new profile of civil law could not be compatible with a coherent legal order and a rational distribution of justice.

In the end, the book seeks to demonstrate the fundamentality of precedent for the unity and development of law, clarity and generality, promotion of equality, institutional strengthening, limitation of state power, predictability, economic rationality, respect for the law, and increased personal responsibility.

"You Koreans are cockroaches! Spies of North Korea, get out of Japan!" "You stink like kimchi! Go back to the Korean peninsula!", shouted large men flying the Japanese national flags in front of the elementary school for ethnic Korean children in Kyoto on December 4, 2009. Those men are members of ultra-nationalist groups including "the Association of Citizens against the Special Privileges of Zainichi Koreans" (Zainichi Tokken wo Yurusanai Shimin no Kai [ 在 日 特 権 を 許 さ な い 市 民 の 会 ] or hereafter "Zaitokukukai" for short) which have been staging intimidating demonstrations employing xenophobic and hateful street propaganda targeting ethnic minorities in Japan. 1 As the marchers shouted  The author is immensely thankful to the editors of the Asian Law Review, and all collaborators for their helpful comments and revisions, and especially to those who kindly shared insightful experiences and thoughts in interviews.

Professor Torres explores the idea of "racial literacy " by working through a series of examples where being able to "read" race mattered. Reading race correctly helped policy makers and advocates understand the real problem and helped craft solutions that were generally beneficial by addressing structural defects not just individual bad actors.

Jackson, Darrell D. (Ph.D., Education; Educational Foundations, Policy, and Practice) Racing: A Critical Race Theorist's Qualitative Analysis of Whether African American Male Law School Alumni Were Mismatched or Maligned Thesis directed by Professor Michele S. Moses Despite the vast research on African Americans and affirmative action, little qualitative analysis has been done to investigate how race exists and functions in American law schools. This dissertation researches the ways in which race is constructed, deconstructed, and reconstructed within two American law schools. Three primary lenses guide this exploration: (a) Omi and Winant's theory of racial formation; (b) Bonilla-Silva's theory of color-blindness; and (c) critical race theory. The central question of this dissertation is: What can the experiences and voices of African American male former law school students reveal about race and how it functions in law schools? Additionally, how are these experiences related to attending more-selective or lessselective law schools? In the United States, the value of African Americans' law school experiences has been, most recently, reduced to a statistic. Missing from the statistics are the unique voices, perspectives, and experiences of African Americans who attended law school. Through individual and focus group interviews, my study investigated, compared, and contrasted the experiences of 10 African American male former law students who attended a less-selective or more-selective law school. Against a backdrop of 6 law school faculty interviews, to gain institutional perspective, I considered the former law students' "costs" and "benefits" as suggested by and others. The participants revealed that both institutions must better address racial issues and impediments before identical statistical outcomes can be expected at any level. Ultimately, this dissertation calls for a replacement of the mismatch theory with, what I call-the process of progress. Where the mismatch theory is grounded in exclusion, my theory is grounded in inclusion. In the struggle for equity, the focus must be on the institutions, not the individuals. I call upon the institutions to pay particular attention to groups who have historically been disenfranchised from the law school process. In the end, as long as law schools are a microcosm of American society, by implication, the process of progress will better serve America and our democratic ideals. To my committee, Professor Brayboy, Professor Dutro, Professor Maeda, and Professor Matthew, thank you for steering me through this intellectual journey. My growth as a scholar is a vi direct reflection on all that I have and continue to learn from each of you every dayinside and outside of the classroom. Thank you for the time that you gave up to nurture my development. My existence at the University of Colorado and the words in this dissertation would never have occurred without my advisor, Professor Moses. I am forever grateful for all that you have done as my friend, my teacher, and my colleague. You are, without a doubt, the best advisor any student could ever hope to find. I am grateful for the manner in which you have nurtured me and my ideas. Moreover, I am proud to be a part of your intellectual lineage. To my fellow students, the faculty, and the staff at the University of Colorado School of Education, thank you for becoming extended family. Through dialogue, discussions, and even arguments, you have helped me think and see and grow in ways that will enrich me throughout my entire life. There are far too many names to list here, but know that I recognize and thank each of you. To my academic siblings, Brandi Gilbert, Joshua Childs, and Dr. Patrick De Walt, thank you for making sure that I stayed grounded and "kept it real." You all make me think more, think harder, and think better. We have much work to do and I look forward to reminding each other to carry on, get to work, and stay strong. Finally, I also owe a special thanks to the American Educational Research Association for support through the Minority Fellowship in Education Research and to the University of Colorado for their support through the Beverly Sears Graduate Student Grant Award. This project could not have been completed in a timely manner without their funding, as well as intellectual support. vii List of Tables .

Central to the understanding of hate is an apprehension of the complexities of various hate-motivated social attitudes, which include Othering and the production of social, economic, and political hierarchies of domination. While hate speech is endemic both online and offline in contemporary society, Korean youths have difficulties recognizing its structural forces. The present study aims to offer an instructional model of a college-level course for identifying and countering hate in everyday life. As participants in this course, students read popular cultural texts thematizing hate, wrote critical reviews, and held group discussions to develop anti-hate critical thinking and raise awareness about online hate speech and hate-motivated social behavior. They showed significant progress in the surveys, which measured anti-hate critical thinking, as well as during the course, as they proceeded from observing and identifying hate speech to formulating and articulating proactive strategies to challenge it. This study provided an opportunity for college students to develop good citizenship in reading hate speech and representations of hate in popular cultural texts with a critical eye, and to reflect on the problem of hate in society.

After three years of discussions, the renegotiation of the agreements signed in the "Samarco Case" to repair the Doce River basin was signed in October 2024. But little is known about what the communities affected by the failure of the Fundão dam think, how they live in each affected region, what they make of their losses locally and what they demand in terms of reparation. The aim of this article is to investigate the meanings of the losses and the demands for reparations in the middle part of the Doce River, also known as the Doce River Valley. To this end, the research, which is qualitative and ethnographic, used semi-structured interviews and participant observation in Tumiritinga and Galileia, two riverside towns in the region. Listening attentively to the accounts and the experience of following daily life on the banks of the Doce River allowed us to glimpse other meanings for the river, for the losses and for reparations, far removed from those considered institutionally. Something that reveals the cosmological conflict underway in the Doce River basin and exacerbates the difficulties of dealing with the disaster-crime, even after the renegotiation disregarded the local meanings expressed by the river dwellers.

Artigo publicado em coautoria com Maria Fernanda Salcedo Repolês e Francisco de Castilho Prates.
O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar que, no contexto da União
Europeia, a liberdade da mídia é indissociável do conceito do pluralismo.
Para isto, selecionaram-se documentos e casos do Tribunal Europeu dos
Direitos Humanos que tratam, direta ou indiretamente, esta questão.
Apesar de este conceito estar sempre em disputa, sua força normativa é
indiscutível, tendo sido abordado tanto em normativas do bloco europeu
quanto em decisões oriundas do Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos Humanos
que tratam do âmbito normativo da liberdade da mídia. Conclui-se que,
na União Europeia, democracia, liberdade e pluralismo da mídia são
conceitos inseparáveis, pressupondo-se em constitutiva tensão.

This excellent book is a study of elite American youth and their families; academically oriented young people, most of whom are also from affluent families, attending sought-after secondary schools, and aiming for a place at highly selective and mostly private universities. Its focus is preparation for the university admissions process as experienced by young people at three secondary schools, one state (referred to as Cannondale) and two private (Matthews and Bradford). The authors state: Our goal in this volume is to analytically unpack the production of a new upper middle class as uncovered ethnographically in privileged secondary school sites, one that swirls around access to a broadened pallet of particularly located postsecondary destination (beyond the Ivies) (24).

Pretende-se aqui apresentar análise de resultados de pesquisa científica fomentada pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP/Brasil). O escopo é a análise da complexa relação entre Liberdade Religiosa, Liberdade de Expressão e Direito Estatal no Brasil, sob a perspectiva comparativa e interativa com outros sistemas de direito da esfera internacional. A metodologia consiste em análise doutrinal, constitucional e jurisprudencial sobre a matéria religiosa sob o viés da Sociologia do Direito e da Religião, em construção. Como resultados e conclusões, espera-se cooperar para a construção de metodologia específica de análise sociológica que subsidie discussões doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais acerca das normas e dos institutos jurídicos no âmbito da relação Religião/Estado e de oferecer perspectivas de debate sobre a relevância do tema no contexto sociojurídico brasileiro.

While far-right movements are commonly associated with masculinity and women are in the minority, it is notable that they often play significant roles within these movements. To deepen our understanding of the motivations behind women's participation, this study challenges Blee's argument that women's motivations for participating are shaped by their interactions with other members. By using the psychosocial method devised by Hollway and Jefferson and developed by Gadd, the present study argues that women's pre-participation experiences can play a vital part in drawing them to the movements. Through analyzing the life stories of six far-right women in Japan and conducting an in-depth case study of three of them, the study aims to uncover a wide range of experiences that may initially appear unrelated to far-right ideology but ultimately led these subjects to become involved in far-right movements. It highlights the importance of paying attention to their complex subjectivities, which are formed by the interplay between their unique trajectories and societal transitions concerning gender norms, particularly within the era of neoliberal "emancipation." The study finds that the duality of far-right movements, which combine conservatism with

The relationship between statutory law and sex work has historically been contentious, with legal frameworks often aimed at regulating, oppressing, or prohibiting sex work, primarily affecting sex workers negatively while sparing clients. This reflects heteropatriarchal and heteronormative biases, with feminist theorists highlighting the "male paradigm" of law.

Modern sex work includes diverse gender identities and sexual orientations, necessitating a more inclusive and sensitive legal approach. Capitalism's influence extends into sex work, particularly through "emotional capitalism" and "sexual capitalism," reshaping sex work into digital forms, notably via platforms like OnlyFans.

OnlyFans has revolutionized sex work by offering creators financial autonomy and a direct connection with their audience. However, it also raises legal questions about labor rights, intellectual property, and the adequacy of current legal frameworks. This study explores the implications of digital sex work and the need for updated legal protections that account for contemporary practices and identities.

Askitas, Giorgos, Law in the Age of Sexual Capitalism: The Hypersexualization of Intimacy, the Digital Commercialization of Sexual Capital, Only Fans, and Legal Implications: A Comparative Analysis (May 01, 2024). Expressis Verbis Law Journal Volume 10, No. 1, pp. 222-234, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4888251

This study attempts an approach to the relationship and interaction between law and emotion, motivated but not limited to Legal Movements, such as "Law and Emotions" and "Law and Love". On the basis of these Movements, and in combination with key legal disciplines, such as Comparative Legal Studies, Critical Legal Studies, Feminist Legal Theory, and Queer Legal Theory, it emerges that the already existing emotional policies in law are inelastic and reflect social constructions that do not correspond to reality. Thus, a deconstruction and redefinition of legal cultures is attempted, through a process of cultural integration, in order to make them more inclusive. Finally, by way of example, some introductory remarks are made on the legal safeguarding of friendly love.

No século XX a metade do mundo sacrificou a justiça em nome da liberdade, e a outra metade sacrificou a liberdade em nome da justiça, e no século XXI sacrificamos as duas em nome da Globalização. (Galeano, 2010) Resumo: Em cinco de novembro de 2015, a barragem de rejeitos de Fundão, de propriedade da Samarco (Vale/BHP Billiton), rompeu, deixando 19 mortos, milhares de atingidos e um rastro de destruição ao longo da Bacia do Rio Doce. A partir desse contexto catastrófico, objetivamos compreender o modus operandi acionado pelas corporações responsáveis para gerir a crise provocada. Concluímos que as mineradoras têm administrado o desastre sob um leque de estratégias que privilegiam arranjos institucionais e judiciais. Tais arranjos revelam um "inédito" e ambicioso programa econômico que inaugura a ascensão do capitalismo de desastres no Brasil. Palavras-chave: (Neo)extrativismo; barragens de rejeitos; capitalismo de desastres; rompimento barragem de Fundão.

O 5 de novembro de 2015, a barragem de rejeitos minerais de Fundão, de propriedade da Samarco (Vale sa/ bhp Billiton), rompeu-se, deixando dezenove mortos, milhares de atingidos e um rastro de destruição ao longo da Bacia do Rio Doce. Este artigo visa compreender a relação entre o rompimento da barragem e a ascensão do capitalismo de desastre no Brasil. As informações foram coletadas em fontes primárias e secundárias e em trabalhos de campo. Conclui-se que o rompimento do reservatório possibilitou a realização do primeiro experimento de grande monta do capitalismo de desastre no Brasil que se efetivou a partir de três terapias de choque. A primeira foi o próprio rompimento da barragem, que apesar de ser evitável, aconteceu de maneira abrupta e violenta. A segunda terapia foi um ambicioso programa econômico neoliberal, antidemocrático e impopular, adotado para reparar e compensar os danos ocasionados. Não sendo suficiente, os atingidos foram ainda submetidos a diversos mecanismos e técnicas de tortura coletiva que contribuíram para reduzir o gasto social, neutralizar a resistência ao tratamento econômico e consolidar a ascensão do capitalismo de desastre no Brasil. Em suma, os três choques permitiram o desenho de uma nova "normalidade"-mais doentia, brutal e perversa-, benéfica apenas para uma pequena elite empresarial global.

No século XX a metade do mundo sacrificou a justiça em nome da liberdade, e a outra metade sacrificou a liberdade em nome da justiça, e no século XXI sacrificamos as duas em nome da Globalização. (Galeano, 2010) Resumo: Em cinco de novembro de 2015, a barragem de rejeitos de Fundão, de propriedade da Samarco (Vale/BHP Billiton), rompeu, deixando 19 mortos, milhares de atingidos e um rastro de destruição ao longo da Bacia do Rio Doce. A partir desse contexto catastrófico, objetivamos compreender o modus operandi acionado pelas corporações responsáveis para gerir a crise provocada. Concluímos que as mineradoras têm administrado o desastre sob um leque de estratégias que privilegiam arranjos institucionais e judiciais. Tais arranjos revelam um "inédito" e ambicioso programa econômico que inaugura a ascensão do capitalismo de desastres no Brasil. Palavras-chave: (Neo)extrativismo; barragens de rejeitos; capitalismo de desastres; rompimento barragem de Fundão.

A designação de entidades geográficas neste livro e a apresentação do material não implicam a expressão de qualquer opinião por parte da UICN sobre a situação legal de qualquer país, território ou área, ou de suas autoridades, ou a delimitação de suas fronteiras ou limites. As opiniões expressas nesta publicação não refletem, necessariamente, as opiniões da UICN. A UICN tem o prazer de reconhecer o apoio de seus parceiros estruturais que fornecem o financiamento principal: Ministério das Relações Exteriores da Dinamarca; o Ministério das Relações Exteriores da Finlândia; o Governo da França e a Agência Francesa de Desenvolvimento (AFD); o Ministério do Meio Ambiente da República da Coreia; a Agência Norueguesa de Cooperação para o Desenvolvimento (Norad); a Agência Sueca de Cooperação Internacional para o Desenvolvimento (Sida); a Agência Suíça para o Desenvolvimento e Cooperação (SDC); e o Departamento de Estado dos Estados Unidos. O contexto econômico, ambiental e social da bacia do Rio Doce é dinâmico e em constante mutação. O Painel do Rio Doce elaborou este estudo com as melhores informações de acesso público disponíveis no momento de sua redação e reconhece que novos estudos e informações contribuirão para nortear cada vez mais os esforços de restauração. A UICN não se responsabiliza por erros ou omissões que possam ocorrer na tradução para o português deste documento, cuja versão original é em inglês.

Trata-se de estudo de acórdão favorável a adolescente ao qual havia sido aplicada medida socioeducativa de internação pela prática de ato infracional equiparado ao tráfico de entorpecentes. A análise teve como parâmetro o direito fundamental à liberdade de locomoção e a teoria do conteúdo essencial dos direitos fundamentais. Examinou-se o direito à liberdade de locomoção a partir da Doutrina da Proteção Integral, que concede ao adolescente a prioridade na proteção dos Direitos Fundamentais. Observou-se que a decisão seguiu a interpretação estrita da norma infraconstitucional regulamentadora da obediência ao princípio constitucional da excepcionalidade quando da aplicação, à criança ou ao adolescente, de qualquer medida privativa da liberdade. Concluiu-se que, no caso concreto, o acórdão seguiu a teoria absoluta do conteúdo essencial dos direitos fundamentais, que indica abstratamente o conteúdo essencial do direito fundamental à liberdade de locomoção do adolescente, independentemen...

El interes por la lectura constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo sociocultural de los estudiantes. Es necesario entonces invertir recursos y esfuerzos en la creacion y ejecucion de programas que garanticen el desarrollo sociocultural a partir de los intereses lectores, y eso es lo que se pretende con esta busqueda, en la cual se ofrece un programa contentivo en acciones que estimulen el interes por la lectura para lograr el desarrollo sociocultural en los jovenes. La indagacion efectuada permitio detectar que no existe un programa similar con la intencion marcada del desarrollo cultural del estudiante. En la descripcion del programa se pueden encontrar propuestas para la lectura, a partir del uso del enfoque cognitivo-comunicativo-sociocultural y con una perspectiva de diversidad cultural, pues posibilita las relaciones logicas entre diferentes manifestaciones del arte, a partir del uso de medios de ensenanza y formas de organizacion variada. Palabras clave: ...

by Thato Magano 'who will bury you?' my mother sometimes asks 'who will bury you, ngwanaka?' she asks, my mother. with a sting of contempt, and disapproval and longing. yes, longing, I think, longing for the buriable child she birthed. when she asks, 'who will bury you?' her eyes looking beyond the child in front of her their corneas glinting with the sadness of unmet expectations grandchildren, lobola negotiations and white flags at the gate, her desires, my suffocation. 'who will bury you' she sometimes asks with a voice defeated her ears victim to too many jokes about me her mouth tired from warning in good faith 'ga se tsa banyana mare, ngwanaka?' 'don't you want to try a dress at least once, ngwanaka?'

Sociology is not confined to study of social action alone; it studies certain other factors as well. The basic fact is that social action is that action that is social in nature and in so far as by virtue of the subjective meaning attached to it by acting individual, it takes account of the behaviour of others and is thereby oriented in its course. The theory of social action is a good pointer into the understanding the thoughts in management, most especially production management. This study assessed the social action theory with respect to the four factors underpinning the theory. Contents analysis was adopted by reviewing the available literature in the field of this study. Managers and those charged with governance of any organisation would find this study useful, most especially how the social action theory's four factor could be used to understand the behaviour of workers and how effective management of same could lead to increase in value of the organisation in terms of profitability and growth. Social action theory gives researchers better understanding of actions behind human behaviour, which may be traditional, affective, value or rational.

Max Weber and Ludwig von Mises were two of the 20 th century's foremost theorists of human action. Mises held Weber, his senior by some 17 years, in great esteem and often discussed his theories, even weaving some, such as Weber's model of ideal types, deeply into the fabric of his own social thought. However, at least at first glance, there seems to be a deep rift between the two men's conceptions about the rationality of action. Weber classified "social actions" into several distinct categories, some of which he saw as exhibiting little, if any, rationality. Mises, in contrast, held that all action is rational by conceptual necessity. Various writers have taken their views to be obviously incompatible, among them, Mises himself. This article suggests that the appearance of a conflict is produced by the failure to discern that Weber and Mises were addressing different sorts of questions and constructing frameworks to support different modes of analyzing social phenomena. I contend that, if that divergence of aim is properly understood, then the apparent contradiction will be seen as illusory. I

This essay is a contribution to the 100-year anniversary of the publication of Mhudi by Solomon Tshekisho Plaatje. The aim of this paper is to situate Mhudi in Plaatje’s broader argument against colonial pariahdom. Plaatje’s decision to write the first-ever English novel by a “Black African” was impelled by an aspiration to counter and debunk a dehumanising discourse aimed at depicting African people as a people without history, religion, art, political jurisprudence, and most importantly; a knowledge system. Plaatje used Mhudi to demonstrate that before the arrival of settler-invaders, his
people (the Barolong) had already constituted a civilised, society and had an unwritten constitution that was geared towards ensuring societal harmony, that was opened to assimilating edifying foreign influences, and that commanded that non-nationals must be treated with hospitality. This essay seeks to show that Plaatje understood that to challenge constitutionally-sanctioned pariahdom, he had to produce works of fiction and non-fiction that contested and undermined the discourse that under-girded this constitution.

Este trabalho buscou realizar uma investigacao a respeito do Termo de Ajustamento de Conduta (TAC) em materia de Direito Ambiental como uma forma de alternativa extrajudicial a Acao Civil Publica Ambiental. O TAC foi inserido na legislacao brasileira, primeiramente atraves do Estatuto da Crianca e do Adolescente – Lei no 8.069/1989, artigo 211, restando conhecido como instrumento que surtia efeitos nas esferas civel, penal e administrativa. Posteriormente, o Codigo de Defesa do Consumidor - Lei no 8.078/1990 passou a disciplinar sobre o TAC, ampliando sua esfera tutelar para casos de natureza difusa. A questao do tempo e fundamental quando se trata da reparacao de danos ambientais, isso porque, quanto maior a demora na reparacao do prejuizo sofrido pelo meio ambiente mais dificil sera a recuperacao do bioma atingido, o que podera gerar a irreversibilidade da situacao fatica, sendo a conciliacao extrajudicial altamente eficaz para dirimir questoes que envolvam conflitos ambientais. P...

Hans Kelsen's legal theory has a cosmopolitan aim not only when it turns, particularly after the Second World War, to the construction of a theoretical framework for international law. His reflection on law formulated in the 1920s is essentially cosmopolitan, since he conceived that law establishes the formal connection between individuals, but no content-related cultural unity. Kelsen's legal theory presupposes heterogeneity, rather than any homogeneity of society. Ultimately, the goal of any liberal normative political theory or legal theory is to consider the law and the rule of law as independent of culturally uniform, religious, or nationalist elements. The law should have normatively universal content. But claiming normative universal law does not help one understand why cosmopolitan emancipatory transformations do not happen. In this regard, Kelsen wants to explain some form of homogeneity through authoritarianism and Freud's mass psychology-"identification" is the main phenomenon. And if any substantial content is built up in a state, there is not even identification, but the authoritarian state acts directly on individuals and disidentifies them, rather than identifying themwhich is what Etienne Balibar 2 has explained as the transition from mass psychology to the superego theory in Freud's psychoanalysis. This should bring up another question: Why is it so difficult, even with "universal rights", to build a normative state that paves the way for a cosmopolitan society?

O dia 5 de novembro marcou a vida de comunidades inteiras. O rompimento da barragem de Fundão, operada pela Samarco, uma joint-venture entre Vale e BHP Billiton, causou mortes e danos ao longo dos mais de 600 km percorridos pelo mar de lama no curso do leito do rio Doce, de Mariana ao litoral do Espírito Santo. Para gerenciar a crise e lidar com o processo de reparação as empresas responsáveis pelo desastre, em parceria com alguns órgãos do Estado brasileiro, criaram uma figura aparentemente inédita sob a lógica de uma fundação corporativa, chamada de Fundação Renova. O tratamento institucional dado ao desastre reestruturou relações de poder entre órgãos públicos, judiciário, e entidades da socie­dade civil e movimentos sociais. A partir de observações etnográficas e análise de documentos que ver­sam sobre os acordos e arranjos institucionais vinculados à fundação, neste artigo nos perguntamos so­bre a dita autonomia desta, analisando sua posição no sistema de governança do desastre...

La investigación tiene por objeto el trabajo con métodos científicos en la enseñanza aprendizaje en la universidad como recurso democratizador. La experiencia fue desarrollada en cuatro periodos académicos y en seis asignaturas, en los años 2018-2020, en una universidad de la ciudad de Quito, República de Ecuador. El objetivo valora el trabajo con los métodos científicos como base para lograr participación, articulación teoría-práctica, posicionamientos críticos ante la vida y satisfacción con los procesos, sobre bases democráticas, superando escollos precedentes y presentes en la educación superior. Teóricamente la investigación se sustenta en el pensamiento crítico, incluido enfoques del pensamiento complejo. Se asume que la ciencia es un derecho ciudadano y que debe propiciar una educación de naturaleza emancipatoria, proceso en el cual los métodos científicos resultan esenciales. El análisis se asienta en los resultados del trabajo con 675 estudiantes que participantes en cursos desde varias asignaturas, proceso concluido con 307 participantes que evalúan desde un cuestionario, las práctica democráticas y la satisfacción con la enseñanza-aprendizaje, los resultados académicos y el acto docente. Articulando métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos en la experiencia presentada se verifica la hipótesis de partida. Se concluye que el acto educativo soportado en la ciencia y sus métodos, se puede convertir en un recurso verdaderamente democrático, con resultados favorables en la formación.

Most Court watchers expect Justice Kennedy to cast the deciding vote when the Supreme Court hands down its decision in this term's installment of Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin 1 or, as it is colloquially titled, Fisher II. What divides observers is not whose vote will be crucial, but the law that vote will make. At one extreme, Justice Kennedy could vote to uphold the Fifth Circuit's reaffirmation of its earlier decision. When the case was heard, this would almost certainly have meant affirming the circuit court's decision by an equally divided Court. (Justice Kagan, an almost certain supporter of the Texas holistic admissions plan, has recused herself because when the Fifth Circuit heard the appeal in Fisher I 2 , she was Solicitor General and her office, representing the United States, sided with the University.) With Justice Scalia's death, if Kennedy voted to uphold the Fifth Circuit's decision there would be an opinion. At the other extreme, Justice Kennedy could vote to find race-conscious admissions plans unconstitutional, either retreating from his view that the Fourteenth Amendment did not necessarily prohibit all race-conscious governmental

El texto que se presenta tiene el objetivo de socializar reflexiones desde posicionamientos teóricos y metodológicos en torno al estudio de caso como metodología de enseñanza del Derecho Civil, con énfasis en el Código Civil, documento normativo que se utiliza como material de enseñanza-aprendizaje. Para ello se emplearon los métodos de revisión bibliográfica, el estadístico y la triangulación teórica; así como las técnicas de entrevista y cuestionario. Como resultado se obtienen reflexiones y consideraciones teóricas y metodológicas; así como la percepción de los docentes y discentes acerca del método en análisis y su importancia para la formación práctica de los futuros profesionales del Derecho en la rama del Derecho Civil.

Trata-se de estudo de acórdão favorável a adolescente ao qual havia sido aplicada medida socioeducativa de internação pela prática de ato infracional equiparado ao tráfico de entorpecentes. A análise teve como parâmetro o direito fundamental à liberdade de locomoção e a teoria do conteúdo essencial dos direitos fundamentais. Examinou-se o direito à liberdade de locomoção a partir da Doutrina da Proteção Integral, que concede ao adolescente a prioridade na proteção dos Direitos Fundamentais. Observou-se que a decisão seguiu a interpretação estrita da norma infraconstitucional regulamentadora da obediência ao princípio constitucional da excepcionalidade quando da aplicação, à criança ou ao adolescente, de qualquer medida privativa da liberdade. Concluiu-se que, no caso concreto, o acórdão seguiu a teoria absoluta do conteúdo essencial dos direitos fundamentais, que indica abstratamente o conteúdo essencial do direito fundamental à liberdade de locomoção do adolescente, independentemen...

, in the new millennium, has been immersed in the process of migration to free software, in compliance with a policy outlined by the country in this regard. Among the advantages of this policy are the technological independence, economic savings for the payment of patents and the democratization of knowledge. The research was carried out with the objective of analyzing the influence that the use of free computational tools has in the process of teaching-learning of Mathematics, to promote the democratization of knowledge in university students. The proposed goals are analyzed, from 20 years ago to the present, in relation to the democratization of knowledge. A study is made of existing computer tools, based on free software that can be used as an alternative to proprietary software in the teaching-learning process of Mathematics. The benefits are analyzed of the use of free software and presents results obtained using a free mathematical assistant in the Computer Engineering career of this university.

O 5 de novembro de 2015, a barragem de rejeitos minerais de Fundão, de propriedade da Samarco (Vale sa/bhp Billiton), rompeu-se, deixando dezenove mortos, milhares de atingidos e um rastro de destruição ao longo da Bacia do Rio Doce. Este artigo visa compreender a relação entre o rompimento da barragem e a ascenso do capitalismo de desastre no Brasil. As informações foram coletadas em fontes primárias e secundárias e em trabalhos de campo. Conclui-se que o rompimento do reservatório possibilitou a realização do primeiro experimento de grande monta do capitalismo de desastre no Brasil que se efetivou a partir de três terapias de choque. A primeira foi o próprio rompimento da barragem, que apesar de ser evitável, aconteceu de maneira abrupta e violenta. A segunda terapia foi um ambicioso programa econômico neoliberal, antidemocrático e impopular, adotado para reparar e compensar os danos ocasionados. Não sendo suficiente, os atingidos foram ainda submetidos a diversos mecanismos e técnicas de tortura coletiva que contribuíram para reduzir o gasto social, neutralizar a resistência ao tratamento econômico e consolidar a ascensão do capitalismo de desastre no Brasil. Em suma, os três choques permitiram o desenho de uma nova “normalidade” — mais doentia, brutal e perversa —, benéfica apenas para uma pequena elite empresarial global.

O Estado hoje é o ator central no desenvolvimento de tecnologias revolucionárias. Incentiva, financia e tem a paciência necessária para assumir os riscos de um investimento futuro e incerto. Porém os objetivos desta atuação estatal vão muito além da geração de empregos ou arrecadação. Trata-se de assegurar vantagem na corrida militar, ficar na vanguarda dos movimentos econômicos e, principalmente, em uma Sociedade do Conhecimento, permitir que a sociedade que represente esteja na dianteira intelectual. A tecnologia, entendida como inovação, desvenda uma estratégia política econômica de o Estado deter soberania em um ambiente mundial. Depende invariavelmente das instituições e, infelizmente, o Brasil ainda não percebeu essas variáveis.

INTRODUCTION In this issue, the Northwestern University Law Review revisits a 2007 essay by Katherine Barnes in which she entered the academic debate over whether law school affirmative action programs help their putative beneficiaries. In a well-known 2004 article, Richard H. Sander argued that these programs hurt minorities because large admissions preferences put many minority students in schools where their credentials—that is, their LSAT scores and undergraduate grades—are far below those of the other students. These credential gaps create “educational mismatch”: according to the mismatch hypothesis, these mismatched students learn less than they would at schools where their credentials gaps were smaller, and their graduation rates and bar passage rates suffer as a result. Barnes approached the debate with an interesting idea for testing both the effects of law school admissions preferences on students and the aggregate impact of affirmative action on the number of minority law...

This Essay delves into the Supreme Court oral arguments in Fisher v. Texas, which occurred on October 10, 2012. It examines the exchanges between the advocates and Justices, focusing on the meaning of \u27critical mass\u27 and the quest for total race neutrality in UT admissions. It argues that both of these are futile endeavors and unnecessary to decide Fisher. The entire Fisher case is a fishing expedition - albeit one that might reel in race-conscious admissions

use the term diversity here to mean characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, age, ability and sexual orientation with a focus specifically on diversity in the sense of including persons with the aforementioned characteristics who have traditionally been marginalized or

El interes por la lectura constituye uno de los pilares fundamentales para el desarrollo sociocultural de los estudiantes. Es necesario entonces invertir recursos y esfuerzos en la creacion y ejecucion de programas que garanticen el desarrollo sociocultural a partir de los intereses lectores, y eso es lo que se pretende con esta busqueda, en la cual se ofrece un programa contentivo en acciones que estimulen el interes por la lectura para lograr el desarrollo sociocultural en los jovenes. La indagacion efectuada permitio detectar que no existe un programa similar con la intencion marcada del desarrollo cultural del estudiante. En la descripcion del programa se pueden encontrar propuestas para la lectura, a partir del uso del enfoque cognitivo-comunicativo-sociocultural y con una perspectiva de diversidad cultural, pues posibilita las relaciones logicas entre diferentes manifestaciones del arte, a partir del uso de medios de ensenanza y formas de organizacion variada. Palabras clave: ...

This Article offers a novel doctrinal resolution of the key issues in Fisher v. Texas, the impending Supreme Court case which involves race-conscious admissions policies at the University of Texas at Austin ("UT"). The resolution proposed here addresses justice Anthony Kennedy's concerns about race-conscious policies, but also preserves most of the Courts 2003 Grutter v. Bollinger ruling, in spite of the fact that Justice Kennedy dissented in Grutter. Substantively, the Article clarfies the key issues in Fisher (the meaning of "critical mass" and the scope of deference that courts give to universities) by focusing on a simple idea that permeates Grutter and Fisher but has not been analyzed in the scholarly literature to date: the significance of diversity within racial groups. It argues that under Grutter, a race-conscious policy can aim not only to increase minority representation overall, but also to increase diversity within racial groups. Moreover, the Article contends that diversity within racial groups is key to understanding the constitutionality of raceconscious admissions policies for several reasons: 1. Within-group diversity elucidates clearly how a "critical mass" of minority students is different from numerical goals and quotas; 2. Withingroup diversity directly reflects the compelling interest in educational diversity at the classroom level that was articulated in Grutter-the breakdown of racial stereotypes and the facilitation of cross-racial understanding through admission of a "critical mass"; 3. A holistic admissions policy that emphasizes within-group diversity reduces the stigmatic harm of race-conscious measures; and *

In 2011, the Top Ten Percent Law was amended "to cap the number of students guaranteed admission at UT Austin to 75% of the seats available to Texas residents." Fisher, 631 F.3d at 224 n.56. In prior years, the Top Ten Percent Law had accounted for the admission of over 80 percent of UT undergraduates. 3 539 U.S. 306, 343 (2003) (holding that a school may use race in admissions decisions if the use is narrowly tailored to further a compelling interest in creating a "critical mass" of minority students to obtain the benefits of a diverse student body).

This article gives an overview of the Right to Education in the main Human Rights protection systems at international and national levels. The inductive method is used in the investigation phase; the Cartesian method is used for the data analysis; and the techniques of referent, category, operational concepts, bibliographical research and filing are also used.

El estudio tuvo por objeto una experiencia en la enseñanza de la sociología del derecho y la satis-facción entre los participantes en el periodo 2018-2020. El objetivo valora la satisfacción expresada por los participantes considerando sus resultados académicos y la actividad del docente. En el contexto latinoamericano la enseñanza tradicional arrastra prácticas obsoletas, aprendizajes memorísticos, re-produce el pensamiento colonial sin enfoque crítico. La experiencia se enfoca a cambiar estas formas de enseñanza aprendizaje. Metodológicamente se ha desarrollado una investigación explicativa combinando una intervención activa. Los tres ejes esenciales de la experiencia científica pedagógica se han centrado en el manejo de la teoría - práctica, el trabajo con fuentes de información científica, y el uso de dos softwares para desplegar los métodos cien-tíficos. Observaciones, entrevistas informales y la perspectiva antropológica fue desarrollada. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 134 de los 182 estudiantes que tomaron parte en los tres cursos, mostrando resultados favorables. El análisis factorial aplicado verifica el valor de la relación teoría práctica y el método científico aplicado para subvertir prácticas obsoletas en los procesos de la enseñanza- aprendizaje

I commend Professor Richard Sander for calling our attention to the many ways in which the admissions and financial aid policies of law schools-especially elite law schools, on which I will focus in my Response-work to perpetuate class privilege. I am not a quantitative social scientist, and so I must leave questions about Professor Sander's methodology to the experts, a group well-represented in the collected responses to this Article. I will assume for purposes of this Response that Sander is right that the class distribution in elite law schools is sharply skewed in favor of the most privileged. I will also assume, without defense, that socioeconomic integration is an important social good.' f AnBryce Professor of Law, New York University Law School. My thanks to Richard Lempert and Eli Wald for comments, to Gretchen Feltes for superb librarianship, and to NYU's AnBryce Scholars for letting me be part of their lives. I. I make this assumption without conceding that the imperative for socioeconomic integration in the United States is as strong as the imperative for racial integration (let alone stronger, which one might take to be Sander's assumption). It remains my view that race-based differences in opportunity "weigh[] [more] heavily on the moral scale" than do purely class-based differences. Deborah C. Malamud, Affirmative Action, Diversity, and the Black Middle Class, 68 U. COLO. L. REV. 939, 993 (1997). For a strong philosophical defense of the importance of race-based integration and of affirmative action as a means of achieving and maintaining it, see ELIZABETH ANDERSON, THE IMPERATIVE OF INTEGRATION 112-16, 148-54 (2010). The question of the place of mixed-race and immigrant students, especially black students (given the larger "plus" diversity programs offer to black applicants), in an integrationist narrative (particularly one which, like Anderson's, is rooted in historical, durable group-based inequalities) is a complex one. It is best dealt with in "mend it" rather than "end it" terms.

El  estudio  tuvo  por  objeto  una  experiencia  en  la  enseñanza  de  la  sociología  del  derecho  y  la  satis-facción  entre  los  participantes  en  el  periodo  2018-2020.  El  objetivo  valora  la  satisfacción  expresada  por  los  participantes  considerando  sus  resultados  académicos y la actividad del docente. En el contexto latinoamericano la enseñanza tradicional arrastra prácticas obsoletas, aprendizajes memorísticos, re-produce el pensamiento colonial sin enfoque crítico. La  experiencia  se  enfoca  a  cambiar  estas  formas  de  enseñanza  aprendizaje.  Metodológicamente  se  ha  desarrollado  una  investigación  explicativa  combinando una intervención activa. Los tres ejes esenciales  de  la  experiencia  científica  pedagógica  se  han centrado en el manejo de la teoría - práctica, el trabajo con fuentes de información científica, y el uso de dos softwares para desplegar los métodos cien-tíficos.  Observaciones,  entrevistas  informales  y  la  perspectiva antropológica fue desarrollada. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 134 de los 182 estudiantes que tomaron  parte  en  los  tres  cursos,  mostrando  resultados favorables. El análisis factorial aplicado verifica el valor de la relación teoría práctica y el método científico  aplicado  para  subvertir  prácticas  obsoletas en los procesos de la enseñanza- aprendizaje

This study intends to describe polygamous laws in Muslim countries such as Tunisia, Saudi Arabia, and Indonesia. In general, the provisions (legislation) relating to family law in modern Muslim countries are linked to polygamous rules, something that can be classified into three. Firstly, countries that completely prohibit the practice of polygamy such as Turkey and Tunisia. Secondly, countries that allow polygamy with relatively strict (complicated) conditions such as Pakistan, Egypt, Morocco, Indonesia and Malaysia. Thirdly, countries that more loosely handle polygamy, such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and Qatar. This research, used samples from three countries representing three approaches to law in response to polygamy: Tunisi, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia. The results of this study were as follows; first, the Tunisian Family Law prohibits polygamy, the Indonesian Family Law allows polygamy under strict conditions, and the Saudi Family Law allows polygamy without strict restrictions. Secondly, majority of the citizens follow the laws applying in their country on polygamy. As a result, Tunisians are not polygamous and very few Indonesians practice it in while in Saudi Arabia, it is a common practice.

This issue features a critique by Stephen P. Turner of an important paper by Robert Marsh on Weber’s analysis of the Chinese legal system. Turner’s critique is followed by a response from Robert Marsh. Then we have an article by a young scholar, François Dépelteau, about the sociological imagination. We have also listed all of the books submitted for the Barrington Moore Award since they constitute a nice selection of recent work in CHS. Bakker has enjoyed editing this newsletter during 2000-2001 for a total of six issues.

In spite of the most recent victory for diversity in higher education handed down by the Supreme Court in Fisher v. Texas, there seems to be no end in sight to the legal assault on race-conscious admissions plans. Rather than attempt to defend race-conscious admissions plans on the disputed legal terms, this article instead asks whether the opposition demand for race-neutral “meritocratic” admissions is itself legitimate. This article suggests that the insistence on “meritocracy” in admissions implicates an historical pattern and practice by certain advantaged racial groups of perpetuating the systemic educational disadvantages experienced by subordinate racial groups while further entrenching their own educational advantages. Recognizing this, the demand for race-neutral “meritocratic” admissions in higher education ought to be rejected as incompatible with the guarantee of equal educational opportunity first recognized in Brown v. Board of Education. At the same time, race-conscio...