Law and Public Administration

This study examines the illegal marine wildlife trade in Southern China, focusing on sea turtles, giant clams, and corals, to assess enforcement challenges, market dynamics, and consumer behaviors. Adopting a multi-method approach, it incorporates a comprehensive policy and regulatory review spanning 1979-2022, along with market and consumer surveys conducted before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Standardized training protocols were used for data collection, including consumer questionnaires and stakeholder interviews with a diverse range of actors. Market surveys reveal a 17.06 % decrease in the number of shops selling marine wildlife products but a 32.72 % increase in items available for sale, suggesting a concentration of trade activity. Consumer data indicate that the majority of potential buyers were aged 23-30 (38.93 %) and 31-45 (24.83 %), with 60 % identifying as female. Stakeholder interviews identify distinct supply chain nodes facilitating illegal trade across the region. Despite policy reforms and intensified enforcement at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the study finds that marine species remain vulnerable due to fragmented regulations and inconsistent enforcement across jurisdictions. Sellers continue to exploit short-term, top-down enforcement gaps, maintaining illicit trade flows and meeting persistent consumer demand. The findings underscore the resilience of illegal trade networks and the inadequacy of reactive enforcement strategies. A multi-stakeholder approach-grounded in inter-agency coordination and civic engagement-is essential. Without sustained, community-driven enforcement mechanisms, policy efforts will remain ineffective, exacerbating illegal trade and accelerating biodiversity loss in China and the wider Global South.

The debate about whether international law is fragmented or coherent is no arid discussion. If fragmentation is in the ascendancy, many commentators argue that something needs to be done. It is, of course, vital for the success of any legal system to achieve some level of predictability and certainty and to consistently deliver comprehensive justice. A legal system must, first and foremost, be a justice system, if there is any point to its existence. If it is not, then there may be another debate about whether it may be called a ‘legal’ system or a ‘justice’ system at all. I will review the debate between various leading commentators and analyse their proposals. My review of a number of different aspects and areas of international law shows that although fragmentation is apparent, the level of coherence in international law is far more surprising than fragmentation, which is inevitable, just as it is in the development of national law in, say, a federal polity. Just when internation...

problems of reconstruction of urban infrastructure requires the search for new forms of effective management to meet the needs of the population and successfully sustainable development of territorial communities. This requires expanding the possibility of introducing intermunicipal and international (through relevant programs and projects) cooperation.

Identificamos función pública profesionalizada con aquella en la que la selección para el acceso, la continuidad en el cargo y la extinción de la relación de servicio se fundamentan en un régimen jurídico que garantice la sumisión al principio de legalidad y a criterios objetivos. A lo largo de este ensayo fijaremos nuestra atención en tres aspectos fundamentales que consideramos clave para la profesionalización del empleo público en América Latina: la selección de empleados públicos, su evaluación y el derecho disciplinario que les es de aplicación.

The debate about whether international law is fragmented or coherent is no arid discussion. If fragmentation is in the ascendancy, many commentators argue that something needs to be done. It is, of course, vital for the success of any legal system to achieve some level of predictability and certainty and to consistently deliver comprehensive justice. A legal system must, first and foremost, be a justice system, if there is any point to its existence. If it is not, then there may be another debate about whether it may be called a ‘legal’ system or a ‘justice’ system at all. I will review the debate between various leading commentators and analyse their proposals. My review of a number of different aspects and areas of international law shows that although fragmentation is apparent, the level of coherence in international law is far more surprising than fragmentation, which is inevitable, just as it is in the development of national law in, say, a federal polity. Just when internation...

У статті йдеться про перспективу залучення теорії норм Р. Алексі в реляційну техніку як таку. Визначено поняття теорії норм Р. Алексі і реляційної техніки, а також особливості їхнього опосередкування. Для того щоб дістатися до цієї мети надаються відповіді на запитання, що таке теорія норм Р. Алексі і реляційна техніка як така, а також як вони оптимально співвідносяться. Що стосується теорії норм Р. Алексі, то констатовано, що поділ норм на правила і принципи в теорії норм може ґрунтуватися на різних критеріях, причому найбільш відомим є критерій генералізації, згідно з яким правила-це конкретніші, а принципизагальніші норми. Р. Алексі вводить новий критерій для розрізнення правил і принципів, який бере до уваги той факт, що правила можуть бути або виконані, або не виконані, тоді як принципи можуть бути виконані різною мірою. Поділ норм на правила і принципи у Р. Алексі є основою його теорії юридичного дискурсу, яка, зокрема, включає в себе аналіз деонтологічних та аксіологічних норм, принципу пропорційності, введення поняття долучених норм, взяття до уваги норм для вирішення в сенсі Є. Ерліха та ін. Що стосується реляційної техніки як такої, то вводиться розрізнення дуалістичної і моністичної реляційної техніки, причому в першому випадку йдеться про реляційну техніку, яка має процесуально-і матеріально-правовий характер, а в другому-про матеріально-правову реляційну техніку, яка інакше називається експертним стилем опрацювання правової справи. Дуалістична реляційна техніка поділяється на стару реляційну техніку, яка існує з кінця XV століття до приблизно середини XIX століття, і нову, яка існує з приблизно середини XIX століття, особливо з 1884 року, коли було опубліковане перше видання посібника з реляційної техніки Г. Даубеншпека, до наших днів. Зазначається, що нова реляційна техніка, в дещо іншому аспекті, складається як із дуалістичної, так і моністичної реляційної техніки. Наведені деякі особливості, які дозволяють поглибити розуміння наведеного розрізнення. Що стосується опосередкування теорії норм Р. Алексі і реляційної техніки як такої, то показано, що таке опосередкування можливе завдяки взяттю до уваги субсумції і зважування як двох форм застосування права, про які говорить Р. Алексі. Відзначено, що реляційна техніка як така-це методика, яка стосується переважно правил і субсумції. Тоді як нова реляційна техніка має залучати також принципи і зважування, і стати у підсумку дисципліною, яка ґрунтується на теорії норм, тобто теорії правил і принципів Р. Алексі, а також на корелятивній теорії цього автора, яка бере до уваги як субсумцію під правило, так і зважування принципів.

تلجأ الإدارة لمزاولة نشاطها على الوجه الأكمل إلى عدة أساليب تتضمن قواعد غير مألوفة في مجال القانون الخاص، ومن هذه الأساليب القرارات الإدارية.

والقرار الإداري عمل قانوني يصدر عن الإدارة بما لها من سلطة عامة ويحدث مركزا قانونيا جديدا أو يؤثر في مركز قانوني سابق.

وتتمتع الإدارة بسلطة استثنائية في تنفيذ قراراتها تنفيذا مباشرا، وفي استعمال القوة العمومية لإتمام هذا التنفيذ دون اللجوء مقدما إلى القضاء ويستتبع ذلك التزام الأفراد باحترام هذه القرارات والعمل على تنفيذها، وإلا تعرضوا للجزاء الذي يقرره القانون لمخالفي هذه القرارات استنادا إلى القوة التنفيذية للقرار الإداري.

وفي مقابل هذا الامتياز المخول للإدارة، أعطى المشرع في أغلب الدول الحق للأفراد في اللجوء إلى القضاء من أجل إلغاء تلك القرارات متى شابها عيب من العيوب تجعلها غير مشروعة، ولكن الطعن بالإلغاء لا يؤدي بقوة القانون إلى وقف تنفيذ القرار الإداري المطعون فيه، لذا اتجهت معظم التشريعات المعاصرة إلى تقرير دعوى وقف التنفيذ.

The history of halalan thayyiban food in Indonesian society is an undone research study. This research is to study the transformation of scholars' (ulama) roles based on the history of halalan thayyiban food law in Indonesia's society. The method used was qualitative data analysis using archival research for the history of halalan thayyiban food and in-depth interviews conducted with figures of several religious-based organisations in Banten-Indonesia to strengthen the results. The respondents were leaders from Muslim and Non-Muslim organisations in Banten Province. In addition, the recorded conversation transcribed was used to support the findings. The results found that the ulama roles in the halal standard are different in three levels of eras. In the pre-colonial period, scholars acted as exemplars of Islam by applying Islamic values in people's daily lives, including the concept of halalanthayyiban food, based on the Islamic boarding school educational system. Scholars became missionaries in the colonial era, who are believed to be enforcers of Islamic law. The colonisers did not interfere in the rules of religion, especially on halalan thayyiban food law. During this period, Islamic law became a custom that developed in the community. Next, the post-colonial era, when the role of scholars on halalan thayyiban food standard is done by issuing halal certificates based on halal fatwas. The government intervened to legalize it under

Підходи в доктрині щодо правової природи та юридичної сили Декларації про державний суверенітет України різняться. Практика законотворчості періодично оперує посиланнями на Декларацію, тим самим підтверджуючи її чинність і статус нормативного обов'язкового документа. Проведене дослідження свідчить про концептуальну несформованість української наукової доктрини й офіційної доктрини Конституційного Суду України щодо ролі, статусу та юридичної сили Декларації. Водночас про доктрину конституційного блоку або ж визнання статусу конституційних актів Акту проголошення незалежності й Декларації про державний суверенітет України говорити поки що зарано. Якщо ж в частини Декларації така теза однозначно, як мінімум, спірна, то щодо Акту проголошення незалежності прямий зв'язок із Конституцією очевидний. Так, наприклад, в американській конституціоналістиці аксіоматичним є зв'язок Конституції США й Декларації незалежності й визнання за останньою статусу конституційного акта.

As a result of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (or TRCC, 2015a, 2015b), calls to action concerning education and law reform have been made. Currently, there is an increase in reconciliation discourse in law, healthcare and education policy, curricula and pedagogy. In Canada, efforts to decolonize institutional structures compel scholars and activists to highlight the imperative of critical analysis of identity and place in answering the calls to action. Although it was developed by the Ministry of Education for the province of Ontario, more than a decade ago, prior to the TRCC, the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Education Policy Framework continues to inform policy and administrative procedures. Informed by Indigenous knowledge systems embedded in restorative justice and peace-building practices, this paper presents a critical analysis of the First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Education Policy Framework (2007) and finds evidence resembling discursive settler-colonial patterns of Indigenous erasure through the practice of silencing Indigenous participation and voice. Through this critical analysis, several themes emerged including colonialism, survivance, patriarchy, self-identification, notions of education, assessment, and "us versus them" binary narratives. In response, this paper argues for a trans-systemic and transdisciplinary approach to the critical analysis of discursive patterns of silencing and erasure in policy, law reform, and administrative processes. Further, through deepening interpretations and understandings of Indigenous theory and knowledge systems, it may be possible for settler-colonial stakeholders to more acutely discern the impact of settler-colonialism embedded in education, policy, administration, and legal discourses. These findings have implications for educators and administrators as well as administrative, law and policy reform.

Н. О. Максіменцева докторка юридичних наук, доцентка кафедри парламентаризму Навчально-наукового інституту публічного управління та державної служби Київського національного університету імені Тараса Шевченка М. Г. Максіменцев доктор юридичних наук, заступник директора Юридичного бюро «АЛЬМЕГА» 2023 р., № 2 167 in France. The following sections examine the role and functions of local governments, including executive bodies, elected bodies, and their relations with the central government. It then discusses the key aspects of the legal framework that contribute to the rule of law in local government. This includes constitutional and legislative guarantees governing the competencies, procedures, and responsibilities of local governments. Particular attention is paid to the principles of transparency, democracy, and separation of powers, which help to ensure the legitimacy and credibility of local governments.

This paper, built from a bibliographic review, using the hypothetical deductive method, deals with the growing problem related to the dissemination of false information, which in its turn interferes directly in the formation of public opinion and, consequently, in democracy and the fundamental civic rights exercise. Throughout the text, it is observed how this phenomenon is present and takes power in different media, particularly in electronic media, reaching many people and blurring the right to information. In this way the Brazilian political scenario was observed, especially in the 2018 electoral process, in which fake news marked the campaigns, bringing to the public a series of distorted values rather than cohesive proposals and well-defined strategies. From this analysis we understand the need for an education on the subject, so that the practices of disinformation can be gradually combated preserving and praising reliable information committed to the citizen's rights and ...

Indonesia is the largest Muslim population country in the world, so the market demand for halal products is enormous. However, in fact, there are not many business actors who submit and have halal certificates, especially in small and medium enterprises. This problem can be due to lack of information and sufficient understanding to apply for a halal certificate. The aim of the research is to give technical guidance for preparing halal certification process. The manual method is used to provide training on the halal guarantee system for the preparation of the halal assurance system (HAS). The workshop began with a pre-test and then the presentation of halal assurance system material, the guidance on how to prepare and discussion. All the activities were done by online (WhatsApp group and zoom meeting). The training ended with the post-test to assess the improvement of knowledge of the. To analyze the difference, we used a paired T-test statistical method. The result of this research shows an increasing understanding of participants (p<0,05) through the comparison between before and after training. These activities conclude that the practice of technical guidance for facing halal certification is beneficial for small and medium enterprises in improving knowledge and capability of the halal certification process.

The changes that have been brought about by the General Data Protection Regulation starting with May 2018 are complex and ambitious. The General Data Protection Regulation is one of the most wide ranging pieces of legislation passed by the EU in recent years, and it introduces many concepts that are yet to be fully discovered in practice, such as the right to be forgotten, data portability and data breach notification. This paper intends to analyze the main obligations that public bodies, particularly, have after the GDPR has entered into force, and to evaluate the impact this legislative act has on the routine activities carried out by public authorities in Romania. To reach our goal, we will make reference to the obligations that are specific to public administration authorities as well as to those that public bodies are exempted from. We will also analyze the national legislative measures adopted in Romania after GDPR started to be in force, and the degree to which these have par...

Russia-United Kingdom Diplomatic ties have been banter of ally-crises-ally relations and have not fared well since its first diplomatic contact in 1553 during the era of Tsardom of Russia, and currently at its most tensed point occasioned by the alleged poison attack on Sergei Skripal in Salisbury. While it remains unclear which exactly of the Novichok variants were used to poison Skripal and his daughter? The medical effect of the poison is well understood and Britain with their allies points at Russia as the culprit. This single act has turn sour the diplomatic relations of these great powers. However, it raised multiplicity of arguments among scholars and analysts, who try to highlight and analyse views on who seeks to gain from the cold war between the power megalomaniacs. It is on this ground that the paper looks at the diplomatic crisis between Russia and United Kingdom over the attempted poisoning of Skripal and his daughter. The paper employed a combination of Psycho-Cultura...

Sądy administracyjne w uzasadnieniach orzeczeń posługują się terminem „wartość”. Pojęcie to już w sferze języka naturalnego ma co najmniej cztery znaczenia. W języku prawniczym stosowanym w orzecznictwie przybrało nowe znaczenia na użytek praktyki sądowej. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wyników analizy orzecznictwa sądów administracyjnych pod kątem używania terminu „wartość” oraz przypisywanych mu znaczeń. Autor przedstawia słownikowe definicje omawianego terminu, jego aspekty teoretycznoprawne, tj. relacje wartości-oceny, wartości-zasady, oraz cztery znaczenia terminu „wartość” używane w orzecznictwie sądów administracyjnych, tj. wartość w sensie ekonomicznym, wartość w odwołaniu do innych systemów ocen (poza ekonomicznym), wartość dowodowa, wartość w sensie odnoszącym się do systemu ocen prawodawcy. Wnioski dotyczą aksjologicznej warstwy uzasadnień orzecznictwa i powoływania się przez sądy administracyjne w orzecznictwie na wartości przypisywane prawodawcy.

Seni Silat Cekak Malaysia Association (PSSCM) is a martial art organisation that functions not only to develop and expand the Malay silat but also to educate members and families to practise Malay-Muslims way of life. The main purpose of this paper is to clarify and explain the method of developing human capital among members of the PSSCM through the practice of volunteering, gotong-royong, slaughtering, processing and preparing halal food and feast. Observation was done using case studies, interviews and personal acknowledgement of members who involved directly in these practices. All these practices were carried out in celebrating holy days in Islam and also official ceremonies organised by the association at state as well as national level. The methods and approaches applied were deemed to inculcate positive manners such as volunteering, leadership, teamwork and strengthening the relationship among the members and society. Apart from that, members could also interact and communicate effectively and be independent in the efforts to develop the economy and improve the management of the association. In the context of the slaughter practice and the preparation of halal food, selfdevelopment could be more nourished in implementing the requirements of the religion and culture of the Malay-Muslim. Eventually, the concept of teamwork in form of gotong-royong that is part of the culture can once more be practised and sustained for future generation

Всички права са запазени! Не се разрешават копиране, възпроизвеждане и разпространение на книги или на части от тях по какъвто и да е начин без писменото разрешение на ИК-УНСС. Издателският комплекс не носи отговорност за съдържанието и стила на изложение на автора.

Space debris is a global mounting ultimatum to the enduring maintainability of outer space activities and ought to be managed from the very beginning; otherwise, it will be too late. Based on the last couple of years, collisions are incidents that have enhanced space debris accumulation, and the rate at which space activities have resulted in the production of debris is at a threshold position in a linear fashion. Ultimately, space has become the rendezvous of space debris. Based on the growing accumulation of debris and the emerging apprehension regarding a horrible strike and collapse of whole space programs, to remove debris is very expensive process so this paper focuses on the financial challenges and solution as well. Developing and developed countries realize the value of a competent establishment of an International Fund for Debris Mitigation and Removal (IFDMR) that could address the financial issues. Thus, this paper suggests to create incentive opportunities for remediati...

As biggest moslem population in the world, Indonesia has the most moslem population and also Moslem consumers. Halal should already become Moslem's way of life in Indonesia and also goes in the same trend. In concept of Islam, the product that bought and consumed by moslem must be halal based on the Islamic rules and principles. The research aimed at testing moslem's perception of halal product among moslem consumer. The sample of this study were moslem consumer who taken as respondent. Sample in this study were 142 respondents, but only 98 were useable responses. It is found that among three dimension in perception of moslem consumer about halal product. Halal product awareness could not reflect the concept of moslem perception of halal product. Only halal product knowledge and halal product belief that could reflected perception of halal product. Halal product belief is considered as the most important factor in reflecting perception of halal product among moslem consumer. Thus, this study gives some contribution to Islamic marketing especially how marketers would treat and facing moslem consumer based on their perception of Halal product. Its contribution to extant literature is the development of conceptual framework that identifies multidimensional construct implementation from perception of halal product. The findings could help the halal product players to formulize strategy in their future marketing plans.

Policing and mental ill health are inextricably entwined. The police have a role to respond to distressed persons and depending on the circumstances act as mental health practitioners or law enforcement officers.  Policing can have an impact on the mental health of those delivering the service. Those working within policing will either experience, work alongside and/or manage colleagues with mental ill health. Therefore it is important that the attitudes of police officers and police staff to mental ill health are established. The research employs the Time to Change Survey to bench mark police attitudes against the general public. Results indicate that police officers/staff hold similar attitudes to the public. However police officers are less supportive of community based interventions. Police data portrays an organisation where mental health related stigma persists, where discussing or seeking help is avoided and having a mental health issue seen as career destroying.

This research is designed to get the analysis of purchase intension of the customer for the local community-based products in Kelantan with focus on the impact of products halal certification and product hygiene on the consumers purchase intention. 100 respondents were recruited in convenient sampling. This quantitative study using survey and questionnaire as a tool of data collection. Results found that the purchasing intention of the Muslims regarding the local community-based halal products is dependent mainly on the halal logo and certification and also the hygienic factor. This study addresses an important knowledge gap in the local community-based product literature, proposing and clarifying the relationship between Halal logo and certification, hygienic factors and purchase intention.

This work wants to analyze, from the theoretical-conceptual architectural frame of the General Theory of Social Systems (TGSS), and problematize the relationships and the logical articulations between the system of politics, economics and law to observe what have been the hetero-descriptions of the democratic state in the periphery of modern society (1).The processes of functional differentiation characterizing the institutionalization of structures and expectations –normative, cognitive– in the evolutionary becoming of the State-nation, in Latin America, stabilized the logic of the patrimonial political centralism, so that the history of innumerable legal-political and economic reforms have been used rather to perpetuate the status quo than to change something (2). It&#39;s interesting to observe, for this reason, the developing of many forms of coordination and social development to achieve the desired modernity in the continent, from the presidential caudillism, Cepalian developm...

What has been seen in the last thirty-five years is a significant shift in the psyche of contemporary society. Beck’s theory of “risk society” has captured the concerns of governments and its institutions to focus fears on risks and insecurity. Within the criminal justice context, this has led to the pervasive consciousness that crime has become part of the everyday experience to be controlled by risk management techniques framed within Foucault’s concept of “governmentality.” Crime has become a ubiquitous risk that must be routinely assessed and managed. This shift in criminological thought has also been seen in the move away from the liberal ideals of due process to the favoring of public protection over the rights of individuals found within the normative model of crime control. The problem in this devaluation of due process is the consequent imbalance of power between the individual and the State. Due process rights are enshrined in the Charter to protect against this imbalance ...

Recently, we have been witnessing a critical level of a the degradation of the marine environment and depletion of fish stocks in the South China Sea. This has many adverse consequences on the politics, economics of the countries in the region as well as on the socio-economic life of the coastal population. One of the activities that has been causing serious damage to the marine environment and living resources of the South China Sea is the large-scale land reclamation and artificial island construction undertaken by China in the Spratly and Paracel islands recently. These activities have caused severe harm to the precious coral reef environment and thus, violated the obligation to preserve and protect fragile ecosystems and the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species under the international law of the seaThe paper explores the impact of China’s large-scale land reclamation and artificial island construction activities on the marine biodiversity of the South China Sea,...

As biggest moslem population in the world, Indonesia has the most moslem population and also Moslem consumers. Halal should already become Moslem's way of life in Indonesia and also goes in the same trend. In concept of Islam, the product that bought and consumed by moslem must be halal based on the Islamic rules and principles. The research aimed at testing moslem's perception of halal product among moslem consumer. The sample of this study were moslem consumer who taken as respondent. Sample in this study were 142 respondents, but only 98 were useable responses. It is found that among three dimension in perception of moslem consumer about halal product. Halal product awareness could not reflect the concept of moslem perception of halal product. Only halal product knowledge and halal product belief that could reflected perception of halal product. Halal product belief is considered as the most important factor in reflecting perception of halal product among moslem consumer. Thus, this study gives some contribution to Islamic marketing especially how marketers would treat and facing moslem consumer based on their perception of Halal product. Its contribution to extant literature is the development of conceptual framework that identifies multidimensional construct implementation from perception of halal product. The findings could help the halal product players to formulize strategy in their future marketing plans.

The paper takes a critical look at the application of the European Charter of Local Self-Government 1985 and considers the question whether its terms and mode of implementation have the potential for application beyond (the countries of the Council of) Europe.

The historical of curriculum in Malaysia contains various of historical events whether it's related to the things in Malaysia as well as in the world. The historical of curriculum arranged in such way so that all of the students can follow the curriculum throughout the national education system. In 2014, the Ministry of Education Malaysia created history when history subjects were introduced at primary school which started at the second level that is fourth year students by using a curriculum better known as Curriculum Standard Content and Learning (DSKP). Malay historiography is one of the historical events of traditional texts which the way it was written contrasts with the style of modern history writing based on western traditions. Hence, Malay historiography should be an important platform for the sustainability of the Malay tradition history in the context of the Nusantara and Malaya (Malaysia). This study aims to see the ability of students whether in primary or secondary schools using the Malay historiography texts to help their ability to think outside the box based on events or incidents which are written in Malay histriography that are mixed with historical facts, mythical stories and fairy tale. The conclusions from this study are necessary for the efforts of the school and the Ministry of Education to build space for primary and secondary school students in order not to continue making the treasures that contained in Malay historiography be the only study material, it's should be read and appreciated by all students in Malaysia to be aware that the histriography should be the basis to deepen Malaysia's history in a dynamic context.

The history of halalan thayyiban food in Indonesian society is an undone research study. This research is to study the transformation of scholars’ (ulama) roles based on the history of halalan thayyiban food law in Indonesia's society. The method used was qualitative data analysis using archival research for the history of halalan thayyiban food and in-depth interviews conducted with figures of several religious-based organisations in Banten-Indonesia to strengthen the results. The respondents were leaders from Muslim and Non-Muslim organisations in Banten Province. In addition, the recorded conversation transcribed was used to support the findings. The results found that the ulama roles in the halal standard are different in three levels of eras. In the pre-colonial period, scholars acted as exemplars of Islam by applying Islamic values in people's daily lives, including the concept of halalan-thayyiban food, based on the Islamic boarding school educational system. Scholars became missionaries in the colonial era, who are believed to be enforcers of Islamic law. The colonisers did not interfere in the rules of religion, especially on halalan thayyiban food law. During this period, Islamic law became a custom that developed in the community. Next, the post-colonial era, when the role of scholars on halalan thayyiban food standard is done by issuing halal certificates based on halal fatwas. The government intervened to legalize it under public law. The results contributed theory to fill the gap of knowledge about the transformation of ulama roles on halalan-thayyiban food law in Indonesia.
Keywords: Halalan Thayyiban Food, Law, Ulama, Indonesia, History

Integrated project "Making democratic institutions work" Council of Europe Executive summary There is a sense that democracy has reached a significant point in its development in Europe. The institutions of democracy are more widely accepted and practised across the continent than ever before. More Europeans live in democracies and more Europeans subscribe to the values of democracy in their day to day lives than ever before. At the same time, however, there is also a perception of democratic atrophy. Mistrust of political institutions, declining turnout in elections and the rise of terrorism as a major threat to democratic practices are all challenging the conventional wisdom of a comfortable political consensus around core institutions. Developing democracy in Europe-an analytical summary of the Council of Europe's acquis examines the Organisation's activities to enhance democratic institutions, in particular through adopted texts and their support material. In summarising the Council's acquis in the field of democracy, it provides both a stock take of what the Council thinks in this area and an analysis of the problems and opportunities that face European democracy. Problems, challenges and opportunities It is important to recognise the problems, challenges and opportunities that face European democracy, because it is these issues that provide the context in which the Council of Europe is seeking to make democratic institutions work.

This year, in October 2015, the European Charter of Local Self-Government celebrates its 30th birthday. This paper outlines the Congress of the Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe and its historical institutional evolution. The focus is directed at its most important instrument to safeguard local and regional democracy in Europe: The European Charter of Local Self-Government. The paper illustrates core provisions of the Charter, questions of its implementation as well as the monitoring activities of the Congress, which aim at supporting the effectiveness and implementation of the Charter. This is exemplarily shown by drawing on the most recent report on local and regional democracy in Hungary since 2013. The paper concludes with an outlook on current needs and future challenges of local and regional democracy in Europe and especially envisions the ‘individualization’ of local democracy.

Il contributo intende analizzare l’impatto che l’introduzione di procedure tecniche e di standard di valutazione (ex ante, in itinere ed ex post) possono aver avuto sulla tutela di quello che a pieno titolo va considerato un diritto sociale: vale a dire il diritto a vivere in un ambiente salubre, concetto generale (e generico) che insiste su numerosi diritti costituzionalmente garantiti.
In tutti i numerosi campi regolativi che coinvolgono tale diritto, dall’urbanistica alla pianificazione economica territoriale, alla localizzazione di infrastrutture e industrie socialmente impattanti, sono infatti all’opera diversi strumenti tecnici di valutazione. Il riferimento è in particolare, da un lato, alle forme di pianificazione strategica più direttamente tecnocratiche e che si basano sull’analisi SWOT, e, dall’altro, ai variegati strumenti pubblici (VIA/VAS; Autorizzazione Integrata Ambientale) e privati (valutazione della Corporate Social Responsibility) all’opera nell’ambito della localizzazione o controllo di infrastrutture ed impianti industriali.
In particolare, riferendosi a casi concreti quali quelli della linea ad alta velocità Torino-Lione e dell’ILVA di Taranto, e richiamando i modelli di Lascoumes e Le Galès (2009), Borraz (2009) e Innes e Booher (2003), si intende mostrare come in realtà l’applicazione di norme tecniche, più che configurarsi quale strumento neutrale ed oggettivo che fa venire meno ogni forma di discrezionalità, si traduca più spesso in una nuova e maggiore fonte di discrezionalità per il decisore pubblico a fronte di una sua minore responsabilità. Discrezionalità da intendersi non in senso classico quale luogo dell’autonomia decisionale concreta, ma quale possibilità di negoziazione fra interessi pubblici e privati sulla definizione degli standard, la scelta dello standard da utilizzare, la dipendenza da chi raccoglie e fornisce i dati. In questo senso il riferimento a norme tecniche certe, più che una tutela su materie socialmente sensibili quali quelle ambientali e sanitarie, pare rappresentare un mezzo per porre la discrezionalità al riparo del controllo pubblico, dietro standard apparentemente oggettivi. Nel caso degli interventi infrastrutturali, viceversa, si riscontra ad esempio, sovente, un uso ambiguo delle procedure e un certo grado di opportunistica incertezza sulla norma tecnica di riferimento (nello specifico gli strumenti previsti dalla normativa ordinaria, o da quella straordinaria della Legge Obiettivo), con impatti dubbi sulla tutela dei diritti sociali relativi alla salute pubblica locale.

E-democracy is becoming increasingly important trend in the world of legal and political practice. In 2009, the European Council has identified in its recommendation to the role and place of e-democracy as a means to strengthen the existing system of democracy by increasing public participation and ensuring access to the democratic process. As one of the areas of e-democracy, the Council of Europe highlighted the e-justice system. E-justice involves the creation of a transparent, accountable and independent judiciary based on electronic workflow. Questions the impartiality and independence of the arbitrators are key to any trial, including arbitration. Ensuring fair and independent trial, as in the system of arbitration courts, and in the system of state arbitration courts is often seen as a factor for the investment attractiveness of the business, as an impartial and independent judicial proceedings obviously gives us confidence in the future. The author of this paper tried to evaluate the legal perspectives of e-justice in ensuring the impartiality and independence of the arbitrators based on international experience and legal positions of the European Court of Human Rights.

The certification and accreditation system is a new governance and administrative mechanism. Created on the market, it is being increasingly used by global, regional and domestic administrations to serve several regulatory goals. Conformity assessment, product safety, sustainability and climate protection are analyzed, and using these as reference fields the development of an international administrative “Verbund” is shown. The Verbund is a compound of administrative actors, levels and networks that cooperate in the frame of global governance. The Verbund signifies the evolution of an international administrative polity and serves as the functional equivalent of the state for the administration beyond the state. Its development is accompanied by the emergence of further administrative phenomena like integrated administration and societal administration. The unifying principle of the heterogeneous Verbund is the principle of cooperation that entails a global duty to cooperate; moreover, the global rule of law as a meta-principle of the global legal order plays a major role in the juridification and the legitimation of the Verbund.

Le système de certification et d’accréditation est un nouveau mécanisme de gou-vernance et administratif. Créé dans le cadre du marché, il est de plus en plus uti-lisé par les administrations mondiales, régionales et nationales pour servir certains objectifs de réglementation. Evaluation de conformité, sécurité des produits, dura-bilité et protection du climat sont analysées et, à partir de ces champs de référence, il est montré comment un Verbund administratif international se développe. Le Verbund est un ensemble d’acteurs, de niveaux et de réseaux administratifs qui co-opèrent dans le cadre d’une gouvernance mondiale. Le Verbund signifie l’évolution d’un système administratif international et sert d’équivalent fonctionnel de l’Etat pour l’administration au-delà de l’Etat. Son développement s’accompagne de l’émergence d’autres phénomènes administratifs tels que l’administration intégrée et l’administration sociétale. Le principe unificateur de ce Verbund hétérogène est le principe de coopération, qui implique un devoir mondial de coopérer; de plus, l’Etat de droit global comme méta-principe de l’ordre juridique mondial joue un rôle majeur dans la juridicisation et la légitimation du Verbund.