Korean language

Erfahrungsbericht über das Leben als Ausländer im Land des Lächelns

Als ich zum ersten Mal thailändischen Boden betrat, wusste ich wenig über das Leben, das mich hier erwarten würde. Ich war einfach "der Farang"-der Ausländer, der Fremde. Ein Begriff, der in Thailand neutral, manchmal freundlich, gelegentlich aber auch distanziert verwendet wird. Was bedeutete es, ein Farang in diesem Land zu sein? Ich sollte es bald herausfinden. Zwischen Exotik und Alltag Zunächst fühlte sich alles an wie ein nie endender Urlaub: Straßen voller Garküchen, der Duft von Pad Thai und frisch gegrilltem Fleisch, Tempel mit goldenen Buddha-Statuen, der Klang fremder Musik und das Lächeln der Menschen. Doch schnell wurde mir klar: Wer hier leben will, muss mehr tun als nur Staunen. Ich lernte, dass Freundlichkeit nicht immer gleich Verständnis bedeutet. Die thailändische Kultur legt großen Wert auf Harmonie und Gesichtsverlust-direkte Kritik oder offene Konfrontation gelten oft als unhöflich. Für einen Europäer mit direkter Kommunikationsweise nicht immer leicht. Sprachbarrieren und Missverständnisse Ohne Thai-Kenntnisse ist man in vielen Situationen aufgeschmissen. Zwar sprechen viele Thailänder*innen in touristischen Gebieten etwas Englisch, aber für den Alltag-beim Arzt, bei der Behörde oder auf dem Markt-hilft nur eins: lernen. Ich begann also, Thai zu lernen. Langsam. Und mit vielen Missverständnissen. Einmal bestellte ich in einem Restaurant "ped mak" (sehr scharf) und verbrachte den Rest des Abends mit Tränen in den Augen und einem brennenden Mund. Ein anderes Mal sagte ich aus Versehen "maa" (Hund), als ich eigentlich "Mutter" sagen wollte ("mae"). Die Kellnerin lachte herzlich-zum Glück. Die andere Seite der Medaille Als Farang wird man oft mit einer Mischung aus Neugier, Respekt, aber auch Stereotypen konfrontiert. Viele Einheimische gehen davon aus, dass man reich ist-selbst wenn das nicht der Fall ist. In einigen Fällen führt das zu höheren Preisen, in anderen zu einer gewissen Erwartungshaltung. Manche Farangs tragen auch selbst zu einem negativen Image bei-durch respektloses Verhalten, mangelndes Interesse an der Kultur oder durch Klischees, wie sie in bestimmten Touristengegenden leider Realität sind. Ankommen bedeutet Respekt Das Leben als Farang in Thailand kann wundervoll sein-wenn man bereit ist, sich anzupassen. Wer die Sprache lernt, die kulturellen Eigenheiten respektiert und mit einem offenen, aber demütigen Herzen kommt, wird oft mit echter Herzlichkeit empfangen.

In this study, we investigate the development of Standard German vowels, concerning their formants, namely F1, F2 and F3, by a young-adult Brazilian female speaker of German as a third language (L3). The methodology entails an acoustic analysis on Praat. We analyze the vowel sounds regarding their relative formant structure, in order to verify whether (or how) they changed along the evaluated sessions by means of a Monte Carlo analysis. As a result of the analysis, we observe that the speaker uses a formant compensation strategy for the production of her German vowels. According to the Speech-Learning Model (SLM-(r)), the speaker altered her formant acoustic cues, i.e. instead of relying on F3 to produce some phonological distinctions in her German vowels, the speaker made use of F2 to account for these distinctions.

When I look back over my life and ministry, one theme shines brighter than all others: intimacy. Not the shallow intimacy of sentiment or momentary emotion, but the covenantal intimacy of knowing God and being known by Him.
For more than four decades, I have walked with the Lord and shared that journey with my wife, Jenny. Together, we have served in Cambodia, Korea, and beyond, watching God open doors we never could have imagined. We have seen the joy of lives transformed, but also the despair of those who feel forgotten, unloved, or even tempted to end their lives. Through it all, I have learned that intimacy with God is not optional—it is the very foundation of life and ministry.
Over the years, I have written many books on sustaining intimacy with God, and I have also devoted much of my study to Søren Kierkegaard. At first glance, intimacy and existential philosophy seem far apart. Yet Kierkegaard, often called the father of existentialism, was above all a Christian thinker who wrestled with what it means to live honestly before God. His call to face despair, strip away illusions, and take the leap of faith is deeply connected to the biblical call to intimacy.

According to the communicative efficiency hypothesis, speakers should produce more linguistic material when comprehension difficulty increases. Here, we investigate a potential source of comprehension difficultylisteners' language proficiencyon speakers' productions, using referential choice as a case study. Referential choice is influenced by communicative efficiency: pronouns are used less than full noun phrases (NPs) for less predictable referents (Tily & Piantadosi, 2009). However, the extent to which it is influenced by the listener is debated. Here, we compare participants' descriptions of the same picture book to children, adult L2 learners and adult native speakers. We find that speakers use more full NPs when their interlocutors are learnerschild and adult learners alike, illustrating an effect of listeners' proficiency (regardless of age) on production choices. Importantly, the increased use of full NPs relative to pronouns is found controlling for discourse-related differences (e.g., previous mention), suggesting a direct relation between listeners' perceived language proficiency and referential choice.

日本語教育の現場では、学習者と母語話者がともに活動に参加する様々な試みが行なわれている。参加者は、そのような場面でどのように会話に参加しているのだろうか。相手の発話を踏まえて談話を展開し合い、対称的に参加している場合もあれば、一方にイニシアチブが偏り、非対称的なやり取りになる場合もあると考えられる。このような会話参加の様相が形成されるプロセスに焦点を当てた研究は、今のところ非常に限られている。 本稿の目的は、学習者と母語話者の会話参加における対称性、非対称性という様相が協同構築されるプロセスを詳細に記述し、何がその変化のきっかけとなったかを明らかにすることである。分析対象は、留学生と日本人学生による自由会話である。会話参加の変化を量的に示すため、発話の連鎖に注目するイニシアチブ-レスポンス分析(IR 分析)のコード化システムを用いた。 変化のきっかけについては、会話における相手と自分の捉え方、つまり参加者のアイデンティティが関わっていると考え、エスノメソドロジーの会話分析におけるアイデンティティ・ カテゴリーの概念を用いて質的に分析した。分析の結果、母語話者の質問と学習者の応答という一方向的で著しく非対称的だったやり取りが、次第に自発的に意見や情報を述べ合うという双方向的で対称的なものへと変化したことがわかった。そのきっかけは、選択されるアイデンティティ・カテゴリーが「留学生対日本人」のように両者が対立するものから、「スポーツ愛好家」のように両者を結びつけるものに変わっていったことである。母語話者は、会話の展開のリソースとなる情報やコメントを提供し、学習者は、質問やあいづち等で適切に相手に働きかけ、ともに互いの接点を見出そうとしていた。両者は、共通基盤に立ってやり取りできるアイデンティティ・カテゴリーを柔軟に交渉、選択し、それが参加の様相の変化をもたらしたことが示唆された。The purpose of this study is to explore how symmetrical and asymmetrical features of participation in a native — non-native conversation are jointly constructed. The data is derived from a free con...

El uso de herramientas multimedia, en el ambito educativo, contribuye de manera beneficiosa a la adquisicion de nuevos conocimientos. La implementacion de dichos recursos incluso puede despertar mayor interes en el contenido de las clases. Partiendo de esa idea, la creacion de un material interactivo que sirva como soporte a los estudiantes de nivel basico del curso de idioma coreano de la Iglesia del Evangelio Pleno, nace de luego evidenciar el deseo, tanto de maestros como de alumnos, de utilizar otros recursos en las clases. Este proyecto contiene el material basico para los estudiantes que inician en el aprendizaje del idioma coreano. Tambien implementa actividades que pondran a prueba los conocimientos del estudiante.

'끼치다'의 어휘사*-'기티다[遺]'와 ' 티다[撒]'의 통시적 의미 변화를 중심으로-1) 정은진 ** 1. 들어가며 2. 현대국어 '끼치다'의 공시적 의미 3. '기티다[遺]'의 통시적 의미 변화 4. '티다[撒]'의 통시적 의미 변화 5. 나가며 요약 동사 '끼치다'는 두 개의 동음이의어로 구별되며, 각각 '기티다[遺]'와 ' 티다[撒]' 로부터 기원하여 별개의 의미 변화를 겪었다. "남기다" 의미의 '기티다'는 17세기 이 후 "남에게 은혜나 피해를 주다"의 의미가 파생되었고, 긍정적인 상황과 부정적인 상 황에 모두 쓰이다가 점차 부정적인 의미 운율을 갖게 되었다. "(물을) 뿌리다" 의미의 ' 티다'는 20세기 이후 결합 대상이 [액체]에서 [기체], [기운], [감정]으로 확장되었다. 결합 대상 확장 및 의미 변화에 따라 타동사에서 자동사로 문법적 변화가 수반되었다. 또한 '찬 기운이 끼쳐 소름이 돋다'로부터 '소름이 끼치다'의 구성이 새롭게 등장하였다.

The verb kkichida is distinguished as two homonyms: kkichida1, kkichida2.
kkichida1 originally meant ‘to give’. After the 17th century, the sense ‘to give’ was specified to ‘to cause sb inconvenience’ or ‘to grant sb a favor’. As kkichida1 get negative semantic parosody, it became to be used mostly in a negative context.
kkichida2 originally meant ‘to scatter water at once’, as a transitive verb. After the 20th century, the sense was extended to mean ‘(For a smell, energy, or emotion) to rush in at once’ and became to be used as an intransitive verb. The collocational expression ‘soreum-i kkichida(to get goose flesh)’ can be explained as a sentence structure made by metonomical cognition mechanism.

Aos falantes de pomerano que resistem a todos os preconceitos linguísticos e mantém viva a língua e a cultura dos seus antepassados. A uma força suprema e celestial, a quem chamam Deus, pelo ânimo e pela perseverança nos momentos de angústia. Aos meus irmãos, Gerson, Marcos, Janderson e Hilário Júnior, pelo apoio e pela confiança. A minha mãe, Lucilina, em especial, pelo incentivo, pela paciência e pela colaboração direta na gravação e análise dos dados. Ao meu pai, Hilário, que nos deixou de forma tão repentina, mas que sempre esbanjou carinho, conselhos, que sempre me incentivou, acreditou em mim e ficou imensamente orgulhoso ao me ver chegar até aqui. Ao meu querido esposo, Vercelino, pela paciência, pelo incentivo, pela compreensão e pela colaboração na análise de alguns dados. A minha tia, Joselina, pela acolhida e pelo carinho. Aos meus sogros pela compreensão e pelo apoio. Aos informantes dessa pesquisa pela disponibilidade e pela confiança. Aos colegas de curso, turma 2010/1, por compartilharem comigo muitas alegrias e muitas aflições. A Irma, em especial, pela companhia, pela força, pela amizade sincera durante essa caminhada. A Elizana pela acolhida, pelo carinho e pela amizade. A Catarina Vaz Rodrigues pela generosidade e por me mostrar os caminhos da vida acadêmica. A Thais Cristófaro Silva pelo incentivo. À Márcia Zimmer e Marta Bandeira pela generosidade. A Lilian Yacovenco pela partilha de conhecimento, pelo carinho e pela acolhida. A Maria Bernadete Marques Abaurre pela acolhida, pelo carinho e pelo ensinamento. A Alexsandro Rodrigues Meireles pela orientação e pela confiança. A todos os professores do Mestrado pelo conhecimento oferecido e pelo apoio. A CAPES pelo incentivo à pesquisa.

Aos falantes de pomerano que resistem a todos os preconceitos linguísticos e mantém viva a língua e a cultura dos seus antepassados. A uma força suprema e celestial, a quem chamam Deus, pelo ânimo e pela perseverança nos momentos de angústia. Aos meus irmãos, Gerson, Marcos, Janderson e Hilário Júnior, pelo apoio e pela confiança. A minha mãe, Lucilina, em especial, pelo incentivo, pela paciência e pela colaboração direta na gravação e análise dos dados. Ao meu pai, Hilário, que nos deixou de forma tão repentina, mas que sempre esbanjou carinho, conselhos, que sempre me incentivou, acreditou em mim e ficou imensamente orgulhoso ao me ver chegar até aqui. Ao meu querido esposo, Vercelino, pela paciência, pelo incentivo, pela compreensão e pela colaboração na análise de alguns dados. A minha tia, Joselina, pela acolhida e pelo carinho. Aos meus sogros pela compreensão e pelo apoio. Aos informantes dessa pesquisa pela disponibilidade e pela confiança. Aos colegas de curso, turma 2010/1, por compartilharem comigo muitas alegrias e muitas aflições. A Irma, em especial, pela companhia, pela força, pela amizade sincera durante essa caminhada. A Elizana pela acolhida, pelo carinho e pela amizade. A Catarina Vaz Rodrigues pela generosidade e por me mostrar os caminhos da vida acadêmica. A Thais Cristófaro Silva pelo incentivo. À Márcia Zimmer e Marta Bandeira pela generosidade. A Lilian Yacovenco pela partilha de conhecimento, pelo carinho e pela acolhida. A Maria Bernadete Marques Abaurre pela acolhida, pelo carinho e pelo ensinamento. A Alexsandro Rodrigues Meireles pela orientação e pela confiança. A todos os professores do Mestrado pelo conhecimento oferecido e pelo apoio. A CAPES pelo incentivo à pesquisa.

Heritage speakers are “child and adult members of a linguistic minority who grew up exposed to their home language and the majority language” (Montrul, 2010, p. 4). It is common for their proficiency in the heritage language to fall short of the native-speaker level of their parents (Montrul, 2006). For example, Song, O’Grady, Cho, and Lee (1997) report that Korean heritage children (KHC) in the United States (ages 3–12) showed difficulty in understanding scrambled Korean OSV sentences: in a picture selection comprehension test, the KHC systematically misinterpreted these patterns as canonical SOV sentences, even when a context sentence was used to make the scrambled sentence sound natural. This suggests that the KHC did not make the necessary use of case marker information to establish the syntactic relations of the arguments. Rather, they interpreted the sentences linearly, with the first NP as the subject and the second NP as the direct object. There are two possible accounts for...

Hallyu atau Korean Wave telah melanda Indonesia dengan dahsyat dalam dekade terakhir. Dari drama Korea yang menguras air mata hingga musik K-Pop yang membuat kita bergoyang, pengaruh budaya Korea Selatan kini telah menjadi bagian dari keseharian masyarakat Indonesia. Fenomena ini membawa dampak yang sangat menarik: semakin banyak orang Indonesia yang tertarik mempelajari bahasa Korea atau Hangugeo (한국어).

The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness, affective domain and perception of using SNS for vocabulary learning to adult EFL learners. Especially, Instagram is used for this research due to its growing popularity and potential to be utilized for educational purposes. To substantiate how SNS affect on the learners’ vocabulary, affective factors and thoughts, three research questions were raised as follows:
1. How effective is using SNS as a vocabulary learning method for Korean adult EFL learners, compared to their using vocabulary lists?
2. How does L2 vocabulary study through vocabulary lists and SNS influence Korean adult EFL learners’ affective factors?
3. What are the Korean adult EFL learners’ perceptions of SNS as a learning method?
A total of 26 participants from English conversation club K is involved in the research for 17 weeks. As within-subject design was chosen for this research, all of the participants studied English vocabulary through vocabulary lists for 5 weeks and through SNS for 12 weeks. To compare the effectiveness of each learning method, pre-tests and post-tests were implemented before and after both treatment condition period along with a survey that collected data regarding participants’ affective domain. On the final stage of the treatment, the participants submitted their opinions of studying vocabulary through SNS.
In consequence of the research, it is verified that learning English vocabulary through SNS had more positive effect on the learners’ vocabulary competence, compared to vocabulary lists. For the investigation of the affective domain, there was gradual improvement on the overall affective factors (i.e., motivation, interest, attitude, and self-efficacy) based on the timing of the treatments. Then, after experiencing vocabulary learning through SNS, the participants commented their thoughts which were organized into facilitating learning factors (i.e., helping memorization, interesting, accessibility, and less learning burden) and impeding learning factors (i.e., distractor and huge contents).
Although these findings provide increased understandings of SNS for educational purposes, some limitations need to be considered. Firstly, the findings might not be generalized because of the small sample size. Secondly, the low reliability coefficient of some sections of the affective factors survey (i.e., motivation, interest, and attitude) is another shortcoming on this research. Regarding these weaknesses, the researcher recommends that future researches on the current topic should be implemented with larger sample sizes and make provision for consistent replies on questionnaires in order to contribute to progress of utilizing SNS for pedagogical purposes.

This article examines the application of learning among Korea Studies alumni, Department of East Asian Studies, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, University of Malaya. Among those are the application of Korean language at the work place, the application of Korean language in the higher degree programme and the application of Korean language in everyday life. In order to answer these questions, survey question method was adopted in this study to glean data for analysis and findings. Questionnaires were distributed to Korea Studies alumni from the first batch of graduates in 1999 until the recent one. The studies found that both knowledge of Korea Studies and language are important. Korean related course influences their way of thinking, open their mind and contributes to positive behaviour. The skills allow them to interact cross-culturally and understand the Korean mindset and their way of life. A good command of the language opens wider opportunities in career development as well. Currently, there are many employment opportunities for students proficient in Korean, from market research companies to social media outfits. Furthermore, post covid witnessed the rapid economic reconstruction of both Malaysia and South Korea and this resulted in the implementation of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) which opened more job opportunities in Malaysia. Therefore, graduates with Korean language skills can seize this opportunity and help the students to be competitive in the job market. The respondents suggested that students who wish to work with Korean companies be prepared with various language skills, such as taking a course in TOPIK Korean language before stepping into the real world.

The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages—that is, Japanese, Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic—is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian population history1–3. A key problem is the relationship between linguistic dispersals, agricultural expansions and population movements4,5. Here we address this question by ‘triangulating’ genetics, archaeology and linguistics in a unified perspective. We report wide-ranging datasets from these disciplines, including a comprehensive Transeurasian agropastoral and basic vocabulary; an archaeological database of 255 Neolithic–Bronze Age sites from Northeast Asia; and a collection of ancient genomes from Korea, the Ryukyu islands and early cereal farmers in Japan, complementing previously published genomes from East Asia. Challenging the traditional ‘pastoralist hypothesis’6–8, we show that the common ancestry and primary dispersals of Transeurasian languages can be traced back to the first farmers moving across No...

A computer-based instruction system for language learners, dubbed ATR CALL, is described. This system is a collection of speech perception, production and/or comprehension training tools, which have been mainly developed for second language learners. Each component focuses on the acoustic-phonetic, prosodic, lexical, or semantic decoding level of spoken language. Speech analysis tools for language learners are also provided. State-of-the-art technologies are used for each tool. The current system consists of a Japaneseteaching system as well as an English-teaching system.

This study investigates borrowability of basic vocabularies such as kinship terms, body parts, and natural and weather terms in nine bilingual villages in Northeastern Iran. The surveyed villages serve as a rich bilingual area for linguistic and societal change. Speakers in these villages speak at least one or more languages including Turkish, Turkmen (Turkic), Balochi (Indo-Iranian), and Arabic (Semitic). These languages are widely spoken in the Gulf area in countries such as Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Afghanistan, and other neighboring regions. Therefore, it can be a benchmark for further similar studies. The corpus is extracted from the database of Iran Language Atlas (ILA) which include questionnaire data and interviews in different genders, ages, and educational backgrounds. The results show deep basic lexical changes in the speech communities.

This study investigates the possible cause(s) of English spelling errors by Arabic learners of English (ALEs). Studies show that ALEs make significantly more English spelling errors than other English second-language learner groups. Studies also show ALEs make more errors with vowels. The omission of short vowels in Arabic writing has been proposed to cause vowel blindness in English, resulting in the poorer spelling performance. This study evaluates this claim by comparing the distribution of short and long-vowel errors and vowel and consonant error types from handwritten texts by ALEs. While this study found more vowel than consonant errors, only the distribution of vowel graph-choice and insertion errors significantly differed from the number of consonant errors by subcategory. Graph-choice errors, not omission errors, were exceedingly the most common error type. Vowel length was not significantly associated with either vowel omission or graph-choice as expected under the vowel blindness hypothesis. The results, thus, did not indicate a missing vowel orthographic transfer effect as the primary reason for ALE orthographic production difficulty in English. Instead, this paper proposes an underdeveloped lexical-orthographic-representation hypothesis to account for both the degree and range of errors found. This study also found that low and high proficiency groups only significantly differed in consonant graphchoice and silent-graph error categories, with the advanced group performing better. These results suggest that ALE spelling skills are not markedly improving with the advancement of other writing skills and that ALEs may need explicit spelling instruction, especially to connect vowel phonemes with multiple graphemes.

Hangul is widely categorized as a classic example of a morphophonemic orthography, in which each morpheme receives a single spelling, even if its pronunciation varies from context to context. This paper makes the case that Hangul is in fact a hybrid orthography that adheres to a morphophonemic strategy for spelling consonants but adopts the conventions of a phonetic writing system for representing vowels. Various explanations for this arrangement are considered.

Speech learning model aims to explain the variables contributing to the differences in L2 phonetic productions. Most previous studies comparing L2 vowel production with L1 vowel production mostly attribute the differences to the mother tongue inference, which is also proposed by Speech learning model. However, the past transfer studies show a number of discrepant findings even regarding the same L2 vowel production. Therefore, this systematic review collected past studies compared L2 vowel production with L1 vowel production to understand the causes to the discrepant findings. Relevant articles published 2000 onward were searched with key words, such as "L2 accented English", "vowel space", "L2 Formants", "Chinese-accented English", "comparing Chinese English" in the online database. In the initial search with the key words, 120 articles were found. After two screenings on titles and abstracts, and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 articles were kept to be reviewed. Another search was conducted by referring to the reference lists of the selected articles. Another 2 articles were added, which is 16 articles totally reviewed in this paper. This review starts with a review on the speech learning model. Then synthesizing and analyzing the collected articles are followed. Pedagogical implications and recommendations for future studies regarding the language transfers studies are discussed.

인간의 언어 표현은 규칙성과 불규칙성을 동시에 가지고 있다. 일반적으로 규칙성이 크다고 생각되는 통사 단위에서도 불규칙성이 나타나며, 불규칙적인 표현이라고 여겨지는 관용표현/숙어도 규칙성을 포함하고 있다. 그러므로 표현들은 규칙적인 것과 불규칙적인 것으로 양분할 수 있는 것이 아니라 그 정도성에 차이가 있는 것으로 보아야 한다. 이렇게 규칙성과 불규칙성은 통사 현상의 본질적 속성임에도 불구하고 대부분의 기존 연구에서는 규칙성에 초점을 맞춘 파싱 방안을 연구하였기 때문에 분석에 한계가 있어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 언어의 규칙성과 불규칙성의 구별을 중심으로 한국어 문장을 분석하는 새로운 방안에 대해 제안한다.

This paper investigates the morphosyntactic status of Korean ‘particles’, which should be reanalyzed as affixes, clitics, or words. Despite their central role in Korean grammar, few studies have acknowledged the existence of clitics in the language. Building on the foundational analysis in Chae (2020), this study revises and extends previous claims in two key directions. First, following Chae (2023a), we argue that the particles -i/ka and -ul/lul, conventionally treated as nominative and accusative case markers, are more accurately analyzed as delimiters with identical meanings. This reanalysis has broad implications for constructions traditionally explained in terms of case marking. Second, we propose a new lexical category of ‘verbal postpositions’ (vPs) to account for sentence endings, thereby eliminating the need to posit a complementizer phrase (CP) at the sentence level. We argue that the CP analysis is both conceptually and empirically problematic, as CPs are typically selected by elements within a clause.

이 글은 2007년부터 2023년까지 나온 한국어 대상의 언어학 출판물 중 형태론과
통사론 분야의 연구물을 살펴 봄으로써 그 동향과 쟁점을 정리하고 나아가 방향성
을 파악해 보려는 시도이다. 여기서는, 특정의 이론적 색채가 두드러지지 않은 연
구물과 더불어, “구절구조 문법(phrase structure grammars)” 계통의 이론 등 표면 구조만을 설정하는 “단층, 제약 기반(mono-stratal, constraint-based)” 이론의 관점에서 쓰인 연구물에 초점을 맞출 것이다. “변형 생성 문법(transformational generative grammars)”의 전통에 따라 심층 구조도 설정하는 “다층, 도출(multi-stratal, derivational)” 이론의 관점에서 수행된 연구물은 이 책의 박소영(2024)에서 다루고 있다. 우리는 이와 같이 시기적, 이론적으로 대상을 한정함과 동시에 언어학과 국어학 영역도 구별하여 언어학 연구물에 치중하려
고 한다. 물론, 이 두 영역을 구별하는 것은 거의 불가능할 뿐만 아니라 무의미할
수도 있겠지만 국어학 연구물은 따로 정리가 되고 있다. 우리의 연구 대상물은 위
와 같이 한정이 되어 있긴 하나 필요에 따라서는 2007년 이전의 연구물이나 다층
이론의 연구물 또는 국어학 영역의 연구물도 언급이 될 것이다.

expressions are ambiguous between a progressive meaning (P-reading) and a resultative meaning (R-reading). Most previous analyses assume that there is only one construction involved. Only a few previous analyses assume that there are two: the progressive construction, which we will call the P(-reading) construction, and the resultative construction. Under this latter assumption, we argue that the resultative construction has to be further divided into two types. That is, we will show that the seeming resultative [… V-ko iss-] expressions are realizations of two different constructions: the (real) R(-reading) construction and the p(seudo)-R(-reading) construction. Although, unlike the P construction, both of them are modifier-modified constructions, they have different properties. The major source of differences is that of the verbs in the [… V] position: while the verbs in the R construction can indicate a present state with their past tense form, those in the p-R construction have a present state meaning inherently. The p-R construction comprises all those cases in which negative verbal expressions appear in the [… V] position. In addition, this construction is not subject to the constraints operating on the R construction. We will see that the present approach provides a systematic analysis and covers a wider range of data than previous approaches.

In this paper', we will examine several different types of tough-and similar constructions. They have A -positon fillers and show unbounded dependency between filler and gap. Problems with the rule-based approach of GKPS arise when the triggering element of the construction concerned is not the head of the local structure and when the same lexical items in different constructions carry their gap-licensing properties with them. I propose a new gap licensing mechanism, which introduces a FOOT feature [<GAP a) LICENSOR], which is specified in the lexicon as a part of the syntactic information of those lexical items which trigger the construction. We will see that the present analysis can handle all the problems posed by the GKPS approach and can account for some recalcitrant data, which are too tough to handle in other approaches. ( i ) The book is impossible for Tom to read. (easy-type) ( ii ) ?* The book is an impossible thing (stuff) for Tom to read. ( ill) ?* That is an impossible book for Tom to read.

This paper examines some popular misanalyses in Korean morphology. For example, contrary to popular myth, the verbal haand the element -(nu)ncannot be analyzed as a derivational affix and as a present tense marker, respectively. We will see that hais an independent word and that -(nu)nis part of a portmanteau morph. In providing reasonable analyses of them, we will consider some computational implications of the misanalyses. It is really mysterious that such wrong analyses can become so popular in a scientific field of linguistics.

Although there is a lot of literature dealing with the classification and distribution of Korean adverbials, there does not seem to be any satisfactory work. This is partly due to the properties of the adverbials themselves, whose classification and distribution vary depending not only on the lexical properties of each adverbial but also on its distributional environment. However, the distinction between "regular adverbials" and "concord adverbials (CAs)" is very clear and plays a significant role in elucidating the properties of the adverbials as a whole. The former have only the function of modifying other phrases, while the latter show a correspondence to some specified elements in the sentence. One of the major differences between them is that a CA and what it corresponds to can be separated from each other unboundedly across clausal boundaries. CAs are comprised of such "modality adverbials" as those indicating 'concession,' 'condition, ' 'possibility,' 'necessity,' and so on (Chae 2002). These adverbials require the existence of a verb with a particular ending ("VE," henceforth) in the sentence, as in (1): (1) a. pilok yengca-ka ttena-ess-telato, CA Youngja-Nom leave-Past-VE/although, The Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on HPSG.

In Korean, there are many little words that can best be analyzed as clitics: The copula iand the adjectival ha-, as well as some nominal and verbal particles. Among others, the clitic analysis of adjectival haleads to a unified account of light predicate constructions.

L&#39;article concerne l&#39;analyse de la montee du noeud droit en anglais, de type : Alice composes, and John performs, Philadelphia-style punk rock music. Les proprietes particulieres de cette construction rendent caduques les approches traditionnelles. L&#39;auteur en propose une nouvelle, inspiree de la grammaire syntagmatique indexee. Son idee de base est que le facteur qui declenche cette construction reste dans la seconde conjonction et autorise l&#39;element vide dans la premiere conjonction

is ambiguous between progressive and resultative meanings. We assume that it is ambiguous in three ways: P(rogressive)-reading, R(esultative)-reading and p(seudo)-R-reading constructions. These constructions allow different sets of predicates in the [… V] position. Most previous analyses agreed that telic predicates are responsible for the (traditional) resultative reading. However, this telicity condition does not adequately predict the occurrence of the reading: i) p-R predicates are not necessarily telic, and ii) not all telic predicates can trigger the R construction. The aim of this paper is to provide a set of constraints operating on the R construction under the understanding that p-R predicates should be excluded in advance. First, only those telic predicates that can indicate a present state in their past tense form can trigger the R construction. In addition, we show the need to posit two more constraints: a syntactic/semantic constraint and a pragmatic constraint. We further show that the present approach based on these new observations can properly characterize the R construction while excluding the P and p-R constructions. In dealing with the present state reading, we face the recalcitrant phenomenon of a theta role change in the subject of the predicate concerned.

expressions are ambiguous between a progressive meaning (P-reading) and a resultative meaning (R-reading). Most previous analyses assume that there is only one construction involved. Only a few previous analyses assume that there are two: the progressive construction, which we will call the P(-reading) construction, and the resultative construction. Under this latter assumption, we argue that the resultative construction has to be further divided into two types. That is, we will show that the seeming resultative [… V-ko iss-] expressions are realizations of two different constructions: the (real) R(-reading) construction and the p(seudo)-R(-reading) construction. Although, unlike the P construction, both of them are modifier-modified constructions, they have different properties. The major source of differences is that of the verbs in the [… V] position: while the verbs in the R construction can indicate a present state with their past tense form, those in the p-R construction have a present state meaning inherently. The p-R construction comprises all those cases in which negative verbal expressions appear in the [… V] position. In addition, this construction is not subject to the constraints operating on the R construction. We will see that the present approach provides a systematic analysis and covers a wider range of data than previous approaches.

Korean [… V-ko iss-] expressions are well-known for their ambiguity between a progressive meaning (P-reading) and resultative meaning (R-reading). Depending on the properties of the verbs in the V position, we can divide them into three groups: those with only a P-reading, those with only an R-reading, and those with both P-and R-readings. Many previous analyses have assumed that there is only one construction involved while a few have assumed two constructions. In this study, we provide a new analysis of the P(-reading) and R(-reading) constructions. We argue that the former is a complement-head construction, while the latter is a modifier-modified construction. The [… V-ko] part is a complement of the auxiliary predicate iss-in the former, but it is a modifier of the following VP in the latter. Previous analyses of the R construction failed to observe that [… V-ko] is an adjunct of the following VP and that iss-constitutes just one of an almost unlimited number of VPs. We will show that the present analysis is more systematic and covers a wider range of data than previous analyses.

Dictionaries and ontologies are very important resources not only for linguistic research and applications but also for other areas dealing with knowledge. In general, however, they fall short of our expectations. One reason for this under-expectation is that their basic units are not well-established. Dictionary head words have to be words rather than affixes or phrases. The meaning of a (head) word has to be carved into different senses on the basis of objective criteria. In addition, building blocks of ontologies have to be (simple and/or complex) concepts rather than senses.

adviser for five years of my stay here a t Ohio State University (OSU). Throughout these years he guided me with his keen insights into linguistic phenomena. He helped me look at linguistic fads precisely in a broader perspective. As my dissertation adviser he directed me to pay attention to the constructions containing "degree expressions" as well when I first showed an interest in tough-and related constructions. His influence throughout this dissertation is tremenaous, reflecting our discussions of so many hours. I also express my thanks to other dissertation committee members, David Dowty and Robert Levine. Their comments and suggestions on earlier versions, especially on Ch. VIII and Ch. V, respectively, were invaluable for the.development of the dissertation. Needless to say, all remaining faults are of my own. Comments from Carl Pollard on earlier papers which became parts of the dissertation are also appreciated. Comments &om Robert Kasper and Philip Miller on Ch. IV were very helpful in elucidating facts about formal 7 I bothered several fellow students with English data from time to tune: Gayle

One of the main purposes of this paper is to establish the identity of verbal nouns (VNs): they constitute a special sub-class of nouns which are responsible for both subcategorization and case-marking. They are neither verbs (even though they have some verbal properties) nor do they have the same properties as regular nouns. As for their lexical category, they are nouns because they show the morphological and distributional characteristics of typical nouns. They also exhibit some syntactic properties which are not shared by regular nouns. Another purpose here is to provide syntactic criteria to factor out VNs from the set of potential VNs. Some verbs can function both as a heavy verb and a light verb (LV). LVs need to be combined with VNs to become regular predicates. We can factor out VNs from other nouns by considering whether the noun in Question has its own complements which can be verbally case-marked or not. This decision can be made on the basis of the subcategorization frames and/or the thematic roles of the verb under consideration when it functions as a heavy verb. If there are some complements in the clause which are not attributable to this heavy verb, they can be judged to come from some other source with verbal properties. which proves that the noun is a VN.

Concord adverbial constructions in Korean show unbounded dependency relationships between two non-empty entities. There are two different types of unboundedness involved: one between a concord adverbial and a verbal ending and the other between the adverbial as a modifier and a predicate. In addition, these unboundedness relationships exhibit properties of "downward movement" phenomena. In this paper, we examine the Indexed Phrase Structure Grammar analysis of the constructions presented in Chae (2003, 2004), and propose to introduce a new feature to solve its conceptual problem. Then, we provide an analysis of conditional-concessive constructions, which is a subtype of concord adverbial constructions. These constructions are special in the sense that they contain a seemingly incompatible combination of a conditional adverbial and a concessive verbal ending. We argue that they are basically conditional constructions despite their concessive meaning.

We will provide a theory/platform-neutral framework for representing idiomatic expressions. Previous analyses on idioms, including those for some systems implemented on the basis of specific theories and platforms, are not flexible enough to deal with the gradational nature of syntactic and semantic anomalies of idioms, and/or are not explicit enough to be useful in natural language processing. We will overcome these problems by introducing some theory-neutral notational mechanisms, which apply to regular phrases, to capture the peculiarities of idioms. The present framework will become a very useful guide in building effective computational resources for a variety of languages, although we are focusing on the analysis of English and Korean idioms. One of the strong points of our approach is that we can formalize precisely the properties of potentially numerous different types of idioms, which is possible because we are using regular phrases built from phrase structure rules to represent the peculiarities of idiomatic expressions. The resulting resources will enhance the parsing accuracy and speed significantly, and will play an important role in disambiguation. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies) Keywords idioms, constructions, structure of the lexicon, representation of idioms, computational resources, English idioms, Korean idioms * I appreciate the constructive comments and suggestions of anonymous reviewers of this journal.

There have been heated debates on whether tense markers in Korean are inflectional affixes or syntactic words. One of the strongest pieces of evidence for the latter position comes from tense-related phenomena in -ko constructions. These constructions are usually assumed to consist of two coordinate clauses. In this paper, we will see that the tense phenomena can be accounted for naturally by correctly identifying the non-past tense marker and by seriously taking consideration of the fact that -ko is ambiguous between a coordinate marker and a subordinate marker. It will be shown that the tense marker in the second conjunct does not have any effect on the first conjunct when -ko functions as a coordinate marker, which will render the position very weak that tense markers are syntactic words.

우리나라에 전혀 알려지지 않은 언어들, 그리고 그런 언어들의 언어 구조에 관심을 두고, 연구하여 국내 학계에 소개하는 일  아프리카 언어에 대한 국내 연구는 스와힐리어 분석에 관한 것으로 권명식(1986, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997a, 1998, 1999)이 있고, 아프리카 언어분류에 관한 것으로 권명식(1988, 1993a, 1997b, 2001)이 있다.
은 나름의 의의가 있을 것이다. 당장은 관심을 보이는 사람이 없겠지만 시간이 흘러가면 언젠가 다시 이들 언어에 관한 흥미를 갖게 될 후학이 있게 될 것임은 자명한 일이다. 지난번 논문에서는 아프리카 대륙 서쪽 끝 해안 연안 지역, 요컨대 세네갈, 기니 비소, 감비아, 기니, 시에라리온, 라이베리아 등 해안 지역에 분포된 대서양어들을 살펴보았고(권명식 2001), 그들의 언어 구조를 몇몇 언어들을 바탕으로 규명해 보았다. 순수 언어학이나 언어 자체에 관심을 가진 사람들은 이들 언어에만 나타나는 특이한 구조상의 특징들에 흥미를 느꼈을 것이다. 자음 전이, 명사 부류, 언어분류 방법으로서의 어휘 통계학, 내파음, 성조, 호응체계, 동사의 모음 변이와 파생, 위치 명사가 전치사로 문법화한 것 등이 특이한 사항이었다. 대서양어가 쓰이는 지역에서 동쪽으로 조금 이동하면 만데 지역이 나타난다. 이 지역에서 더 동쪽으로 가면 상아해안, 가나, 토고, 베냉, 그리고 나이지리아로 이어지는 일련의 서아프리카국가들이 연이어 나타나게 되는데, 특히 해안 지역을 중심으로 꾸어어들이 분포되어 있다. 이 언어에 관한 연구는 오래전에 시작되어 서구에서는 많은 자료들이 있고 그 구조에 대한 것도 많이 알려져 있다. 특히 베스터만의 연구(Westermann 1930, 1935, 1954)를 바탕으로 독일 쾰른대 연구팀들이 이 언어 구조에 대한 새로운 분석을 시도하기도 했다.
  아프리카 언어들에 관한 연구를 아프리카 미지의 문화와 정신세계를 이해해 들어간다는 측면이 강하지만 요즘에 와서는 언어에 대한 일반적인 설명을 가하는 데 있어 새로운 이론을 정립하고 언어와 인간, 인간과 자연의 관계를 이해하는 데 필요한 다양하고 구체적인 자료들을 이들이 제공하고 있다는데 큰 의의를 찾기도 한다. 인지언어학  국내에도 (담화)-인지 언어학회가 결성되어 언어 연구에 있어 인지의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 인지언어학에 대한 문헌으로는 Lakoff(1987), Lakoff & Johnson(1980), Langacker(1987, 1991a, 1991b, 1992) 참조. 국내에 소개된 개설서로는 임지룡(1997)이 있음.
에서는 인간이 외부 세계를 어떻게 감지하여 이를 지식화, 개념화해 나가고 있는지에 특별한 관심을 둔다. 언어 구조는 인간의 인지구조를 반영하는 것으로 이해되기도 한다. 생소한 아프리카 언어 구조를 접하면서 기존의 구태의연한 접근으로 설명하기 어려운 다양한 현상들을 우리는 새로운 시각으로 설명하고 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 언어 구조를 이루고 있는 문법 범주와 구조가 고정적이고 내재적으로 주어진 것이 아니라, 시간의 흐름과 사용하는 언어 집단의 변화에 따라 끊임없이 역동적으로 변화해 나가고 있고 지금, 이 시점에서 관찰되고 있는 언어 구조도 기실은 그런 변화 과정상의 한 단면임을 이해할 수 있게 되었다. 주어진 어휘는 인간의 언어 개념을 구체화한 것이고 이는 다시 보다 추상적인 문법 개념으로 진화되어 나감으로써 보다 더 섬세하고 다양한 메시지를 인간들이 명시적으로 표현할 수 있게 되었다. 여기에 인간과 인간의 지식, 범주화, 창조성, 언어의 의의가 있게 되는 것이다. 이 논문은 이런 점에서 두 가지 목적으로 갖고 있다. 우선은 아프리카 꾸아어를 소개하고 이 언어들의 구조를 살펴보는 것이, 우선 과제이다. 하지만 이들 구조적 특성을 설명하고 규명하는 데 있어 문법화 이론  문법화 이론은 언어의 구조 및 변화를 설명하는 이론으로서 인지 언어학과 맥을 같이 하지만 문법 구조의 생성과 변화에 더 큰 관심을 둔다는 데 차이가 있다. 이 이론에 관련된 주요 도서로는 Heine(1989, 1992, 1992a, 1993, 1997, 1997a), Heine, Claudi & Huennemeyer(1991), Heine & Reh (1982, 1984), Hopper & Traugott (1993), Traugott & Heine (1991) 가 있다. 앞에 소개한 스와힐리어 연구 논문들(권명식, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 1999a)은 문법화 이론을 바탕으로 한 것이다. 국내에 소개된 일반이론 개설서로 이성하(1999)가 있다.
과 인간의 인지적 측면이 고려되어야 한다는 또 다른 측면을 염두에 두고 있다.

The aim of this contrastive study is to analyze temporal converb constructions between Turkish and Lezgian and it is a morphological analysis since it examines inflectional temporal converb constructions between two languages. The contrastive analysis involves three methodological steps: description, juxtaposition, and comparison and the analysis is based on the classifications of temporal converb constructions by Nedjalkov (1998) and Çetintaş Yıldırım (2004), namely, (i) simultaneity, (ii) anteriority and (iii) posteriority meaning relationships. The temporal converbial suffixes examined in this study are-(y)IncA (when),-DIğI zaman (when),-DIğIndA (when),-(A/I) r…-mAz (as soon as),-DIğIndAn beri (since),-DIktAn sonra (after),-mAdAn önce (before),-(y)IncAyA kadar / dek (until),-ken (while) and-DıkçA (whenever) in Turkish and-la (when),-waldi (as soon as),-namaz(di) (as soon as),-zamaz (as soon as),-daldi (before) and-daldi (until) in Lezgian. In terms of meaning relationships, the results of the study show that although Turkish and Lezgian employ same strategies in that both languages express three temporal relationships of anteriority, posteriority, and simultaneity for temporal converb constructions; the number of the suffixes and temporal meaning relationship parameters differ for these categories. In terms of morphosyntactic relationships, the results of the study show that all converbial suffixes are added to the base verb segment in Turkish and they are attached to verb stems or participles in Lezgian. Moreover, temporal converbial suffixes may be simple and composite in both languages.

Data collection was funded by UCMEXUS and CONACYT (Mexico) (Grant No. CN0255). We express our gratitude to research assistant, Adam Lassila of UGA, to Kim Love-Myers and Andrea Moncayo González of the Statistical Consulting Center of UGA, and to the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments. Any remaining errors are ours. 1 Thanks to one anonymous reviewer for pointing this out. 2 Because it is impossible to directly assess the "cognitive" status of referents in the minds of speakers and hearers through discourse analysis, we use the term "discourse" status here, as suggested by the same reviewer, but hereafter we refer to this concept as "cognitive" status, following the terminology used by .