John Rawls (Philosophy)

This study examines John Rawls' theory of "justice as fairness", which he revised to emphasise its political nature, and evaluates it through the metaphor of the "one-sided" veil of ignorance. Rawls argues that ideological doctrines, as well as social and economic inequalities, play a role in the root causes of social justice problems. To determine the rational conditions necessary for the principles of just social cooperation, Rawls draws on the concept of the original position. The original position, an interpretation of the natural state in the contractarian literature, refers to a hypothetical situation in which representatives in a society seeking justice go behind the veil of ignorance and do not know the social and economic characteristics of the groups they represent. According to Rawls' thought, since no one would want to be in an unjust situation after the veil is lifted, the parties would rationally choose two principles of justice from the available options. The first principle of justice ensures equal basic rights and freedoms, and the second concerns equitable opportunity equality and the difference principle. However, Rawls' decision to close the initial situation, in which the principles of justice are discussed, to the testimony of social groups, even though it is not necessary for them to be blindfolded, seems to have created a significant difficulty. Two examples that indirectly confirm this problem can be seen in the deliberative criticisms of Jürgen Habermas and Seyla Benhabib, who find Rawls's original position formula problematic. Here, I discuss this problem by proposing a "one-way veil of ignorance". Since it enables social groups to witness their representatives' process of choosing the two principles of justice on a rational and impartial ground, I believe such a semi-transparent veil is more appropriate for Rawls' theory of justice which he emphasises its political character. In line with Rawls' recent works, highlighting concepts such as reciprocity, reflective equilibrium, public reason and pluralism; the oneway veil of ignorance, seeks to bridge the gap between the two principles of justice and society. In this context, the study focuses on Rawls' theory of social justice (i) by considering its revised version (ii) and its political conception. The final section assesses Rawls' conception of political justice, referring to the metaphor of the unilateral veil of ignorance that opens up the original position to social testimony.

This paper is a response to and offers supporting analysis for Gary Stevenson's (and Thomas Piketti's) claim that only rigorous Government intervention can slow the pace of the otherwise ineluctable growth in wealth inequality,which,if left unchecked is likely to have catastrophic consequences for society. The paper shows analytically through simulation that an unequal distribution of wealth (typically the norm in industrial or post industrial society) according to the Pareto curve will, over time, lead to further massive inequalities od wealth. However a small redistribution of wealth from the very richest will have the effect of slowing inequality growth. The simulation analysis is supported by an analysis of wealth inequality growth in the USA and UK between 1950 and 2020. The paper concludes with briefly reviewing the celebrated an analysis of Piketti which tells a similar story by different means

In this article I examine the importance of self-respect in the justification of Rawls's theory of justice. First, I present two elements that are part of the contemporary debate on selfrespect as a form of self-worth-namely, moral status and merit. Second, I specify the bases that support self-respect within A Theory of Justice. Finally, I discuss at length the function of selfrespect in justifying the principles of justice. This inquiry implies an analysis of the relationship between self-respect and the component parts of the two principles of justice: basic liberties, fair equality of opportunity, and the difference principle. I also explore the connection between self-respect and the sense of justice in light of the stability argument, and how the relationship between the two is important for achieving social stability.

RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho é expor, sucintamente, a teoria da justiça de John Rawls-denominada "justiça como equidade"-e discutir, com base nela, a renda básica universal. Segundo Philippe Van Parijs e Yannick Vanderborght, a renda básica seria compatível com o princípio rawlsiano da diferença. Rawls, no entanto, não oferece uma justificação normativa específica para essa proposta. Em vista disso, o artigo examina se certas formas focalizadas de transferência de renda-como a concessão de uma renda continuada a pessoas engajadas em trabalho doméstico não remunerado e cuidados pessoais-podem ser formuladas com base nos fundamentos normativos da teoria rawlsiana.

This essay aims at considering a link between liberalism of John Rawls’s conception of justice and democracy, namely, why and how practical implementation of the theory requires »a constitutional democratic regime« as Rawls calls the presumed system of governance. The key concept used in considering this connection between the political liberalism and democracy is »self-respect«.

According to Rawls, the concept of self-respect lays at the foundation of
mutual respect. And mutual respect itself is required for sustaining a society ordered according to the principles of Rawls’s conception of justice. Thus, I will examine the concept of self-respect in both A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism and try to see whether the development of Rawls’ theory of justice, called justice as fairness, from the first book to the another affected the concept and if so, how.

In this process, I will also outline Rawls’ conceptions of liberalism – political liberalism as the title of the second book defines – and of democracy. Works of some major commentators of justice as fairness will be analyzed to demonstrate the core of Rawls’ understanding of liberalism and democracy and a link between the two. Identifying equal political liberty as a key aspect of democracy, Amy Gutmann counters it to equal personal liberty, most often distinctively associated with liberalism.2 We will see that a constitutional democratic regime is secured if social basis of self-respect is ensured. The argument rests mainly on stability argument reconstructed by Rawls in Political Liberalism.

No capítulo 2 (“Superliberalismo: a filosofia política de Mangabeira Unger e as teorias da justiça contemporâneas (Rawls, Habermas, Honneth)”), pretendo apresentar e discutir a teoria social e política de Roberto Mangabeira Unger como alternativa às duas correntes dominantes de teorias da justiça: o liberalismo igualitário de Rawls e a teoria crítica, representada por autores como Habermas e Honneth. O capítulo é desenhado em três momentos. Primeiramente, busca comparar como cada teoria constrói sua concepção de normatividade, seu caráter “ideal” ou “programático”. A seguir, situa particularmente o “superliberalismo” de Unger. Finalmente, discute como as diferentes correntes de teoria normativa aplicam-se à análise e proposição de instituições.

Pemberlakukan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja serta aturan turunannya PP No. 35 Tahun 2021 salah satunya tentang pekerja kontrak menuai pro dan kontra. Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja mengubah, menghapus dan menyisipkan Pasal baru di dalam Undang-Undang Ketenagakerjan. Diantara aturan baru tersebut yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah Analisis Yuridis Pemberian Uang Kompensasi Pekerja Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu (PKWT) berdasarkan Undang-Undang Cipta Kerja. Pasal sisipan dalam aturan yaitu pemberian uang Kompensasi kepada pekerja/ buruh yang PKWT-nya berakhir.  Ketentuan ini adalah hal yang baru, sehingga tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis secara yuridis normatif mengenai aturan mulai dari PKWT, Kebijakan Pemberian Kompensasi dan Pemberian Kompensasi menurut ahli pada perusahaan Alih daya. Terdapat ketidakjelasan sumber pendanaan pemberian Kompensasi dan pemberian kompensasi dinilai diskriminatif. Seharusnya sumber pendanaan kompensasi sudah menjadi iuran wajib dibayar oleh pengusaha dan pemberi kerja/ user dan diikat dengan aturan Undang-Undang.  Para pekerja/ buruh sudah seharusnya sama-sama berhak atas uang kompensasi tanpa berwujud diskriminasi hal ini sesuai yang diamantkan oleh Undang-Undang 1945 Pasal 28I ayat (2) dan Pasal 38 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia.

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent.

The editorial discusses the intersection of Immanuel Kant's moral philosophy and contemporary bioethics, particularly in response to advancements in biomedicine, technology, and socio-political instability. It emphasizes that while Kant did not explicitly address bioethics, his principles on universal moral laws, dignity, autonomy, and personhood provide a solid foundation for bioethical decision-making. The papers in this issue explore Kantian philosophy in both traditional and contemporary contexts, offering valuable insights into current bioethical issues.

Descrever e analisar com base no jusfilósofo Hebert Hart e no filósofo moral John Rawls os pressupostos clássicos da teoria geral do positivismo normativo e analítico e, a partir da virada neoconstitucionalista e da teoria da argumentação jurídica neocontratualista, propõe-se uma teoria metaética do Direito em função da síntese racional e normativa/principiológica em Kant (ampliação da razão discursiva no espaço público com Rawls) e do liberalismo  político e do Estado de Direito como equilíbrio de valores (legitimidade metaética do Direito e sua relação moral e política através do foro da razão pública, o “véu da ignorância” rawlsiano), sintetizados por Dworkin, discípulo de Hart.

This article aims to study how Dharma can be integrated into modern medical ethics to enhance healthcare ethical standards. In comparison with the Indian philosophy of Dharma, which emphasizes duty, compassion, non-violence, and justice, among other things, the traditional Western principles of autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice (as established by The Belmont Report and The Declaration of Helsinki) will be considered. This integration provides a comprehensive approach towards ethical behavior in healthcare that promotes empathy and a commitment to collective wellness. It also addresses some healthcare-related ethical dilemmas while promoting a balanced view of health, including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual dimensions. This paper calls for cultural enrichment within medical practice based on ethics by adding contemporary principles with those from Dharma.

Camille Roelens, maître de conférences habilité à diriger des recherches en philosophie de l'éducation à l'INSPÉ de l'Académie de Lyon (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1), codirecteur de la SOFPHIED, est un chercheur avéré et l'auteur d'une vaste bibliographie. Ce livre reprend sa thèse de doctorat, intitulée L'autorité bienveillante dans la modernité démocratique. Entre éducation, pédagogie et politique et soutenue en 2019, sous la direction de Philippe Foray. Une préface écrite par celui-ci et une introduction de l'auteur préparent le corps du texte, qui se divise en quatre grandes parties, comprenant sept chapitres, et s'achève par une conclusion, une postface d'Eirick Prairat et une importante bibliographie. S'inscrivant dans le domaine de la philosophie politique de l'éducation, « parce que la source dernière des problèmes auxquels nous avons affaire tient à la conversion du projet démocratique en pratiques éducatives » (Blais et al., 2002 : 9), l'ouvrage étale un argumentaire complexe et détaillé qui mobilise une quantité imposante de références, dont certaines plus fréquentes, comme c'est le cas pour Marcel Gauchet, Hannah Arendt, Alain Renaut, Philippe Foray, Eirick Prairat, ayant la prétention de soutenir, selon l'expression heureuse du préfacier, l'idée d'« une nouvelle autorité, non autoritaire » (p. 8). Il faut donc s'attendre, comme l'auteur lui-même le mentionne, à trouver une lecture qui se veut, en même temps, descriptive (issue d'une sociologie compréhensive, qui présente des traits significatifs des phénomènes en cause, vérifiables dans l'expérience sociale des lecteurs), normative (du fait que ce discours herméneutique porte l'espoir non seulement de pouvoir atteindre le dire vrai, mais aussi de contribuer à un ajustement de la réalité en fonction de la conception avancée), et pragmatique (visant un plan d'application dans la réalité des sujets concernés par un tel cadre discursif). L'orientation épistémologique choisie permet de justifier l'ampleur du titre, qui fait penser à un livre de philosophie politique et dont l'absence du mot éducation, ou d'un autre de sa constellation terminologique, risque de le rendre moins visible pour un lecteur conventionnel en matière de philosophie de l'éducation. De même, ce choix détermine la logique de l'exposition. Celle-ci part du plus général (la caractérisation de la société d'aujourd'hui), passe par la discussion des concepts d'autorité et de bienveillance, reprend quelques traits essentiels de l'expérience culturelle et historique de l'individu contemporain, et n'aboutit qu'en dernière instance à la considération de la praxis éducative, même si la réflexion sur la thématique de l'éducation s'avère transversale et l'inscription de l'ensemble des propos dans le champ de la philosophie de l'éducation incontestable. L'approche proposée vise en outre à briser les conceptions établies sur l'autorité et à produire une avancée menant à une conceptualisation plus fine et plus proche de ce qu'une interaction démocratique doit être. L'ambition dernière du projet de Camille Roelens est en effet d'achever en cette matière l'équivalent de ce que Kant suggérait être sa révolution copernicienne, soit par l'adoption d'un point de vue transcendantal en ce qui concerne les dynamiques historiques, misant sur les conditions de possibilité de l'exercice de l'autorité dans le contexte des démocraties libérales, soit par l'effectuation d'une vraie inversion des rôles du sujet et de l'objet d'un tel type d'action, menant à l'écarter d'un rapport convenu avec des processus de domination pour lui préférer celui moins évident de la bienveillance. Si Roelens est d'accord avec Marie-Claude Blais et ses co-auteurs sur le rapport nécessaire entre éducation et autorité, non moins qu'entre démocratie et autorité ou entre différentes sortes d'interactions humaines et autorité, voulant ainsi relancer en toute forme

Alumni Lettere e Filosofia Tor Vergata", si propone tra le sue finalità la pubblicazione di lavori dei dottorandi e dei dottori di ricerca della Macroarea di Lettere e Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata". Condizione imprescindibile e obiettivo della Collana è la serietà e la qualità scientifica degli elaborati, pertanto essa è organizzata attorno a un comitato scientifico, un comitato direttivo e un comitato redazionale, i quali collaborano al fine di garantire pubblicazioni in linea con gli standard qualitativi richiesti dall'Anvur. La Collana ha un carattere multidisciplinare e in essa potranno essere ospitati studi giudicati meritevoli di stampa secondo le procedure della double blind peer review.

ince March 2010, when U.S. President Barack Obama signed the Affordable Care Act into law, the aca has been at the center of American politics. Tea Party activists and their allies in the Republican Party have tried to stymie the law at nearly every turn. The Republican-controlled House of Representatives has voted more than 40 times in favor of repealing or defunding it, and last October the House allowed a partial shutdown of the federal government in an attempt to block or delay the law. The controversy surrounding the aca shows no sign of ending anytime soon. Obamacare, as the law is commonly known, is the most significant reform of the U.S. health-care system in half a century. It aims to increase the share of Americans who have health insurance, improve the quality of health insurance plans, and slow the growth of health-care spending. But the fight over the law is about more than just health-care policy, and the bitterness of the conflict is driven by more than just partisan polarization. Obamacare has become the central battleground in an ongoing war between liberals and conservatives over the size and scope of the U.S. government, a fight whose origins stretch back to the Great Depression and the New Deal. Opponents of President Franklin Roosevelt's innovations were silenced when the New Deal's reforms were locked in during the Truman and Eisenhower years, and the U.S. welfare state took another leap

Este artículo pretende revisar algunas de las críticas que Martha
Nussbaum, en El ocultamiento de lo humano, le dedica a la idea de libertad en Mill. El marco de análisis de dichas críticas está dado por la tensión entre una justificación utilitaria y una justificación basada en el valor per se de la libertad. La hipótesis que persigue el artículo consiste en que no se puede reducir la fundamentación de la libertad en Mill a su valor utilitario, sino que antes de cuestionar la concepción de libertad milleana debe atenderse aquellos aspectos de la justificación que no apuntan sólo el valor instrumental de la libertad, sino también su valor intrínseco. Para dar cuenta del valor intrínseco de la libertad se adoptará la sugerencia de Bernard Williams en el sentido de que el valor intrínseco de un bien humano se reconoce a partir de la relación coherente que guarda con otros valores y necesidades humanas. Al final se dejará esbozado el problema de qué tan coherente resulta ser el utilitarismo de Mill frente al conjunto de sus desarrollos teóricos.

Resumo: Este artigo parte da discussão de Rawls e Habermas sobre a interação entre realismo político e normatividade para responder a uma pergunta fundamental na filosofia política contemporânea. Quão realista é uma teoria normativa da política que critica ou rejeita muitos compromissos religiosos, filosóficos e metafísicos profundos? Rawls sustenta que a teoria política adquire realismo e objetividade quando se abstém de se pronunciar sobre teorias metafísicas (nãometafísica). Habermas argumenta que o realismo surge quando a teoria política embate com teorias metafísicas e prioriza a práxis sobre a metafísica (pós-metafísica). O artigo examina criticamente as objeções de Rawls ao conteúdo metafísico, à falta de interesse prático e à instabilidade dos fundamentos da teoria democrática de Habermas. Enfrentando essas objeções, defende-se o maior realismo político da abordagem normativa pós-metafísica.

Reflexiones sobre los derechos humanos, la construcción de la ciudadanía y la lucha por el reconocimiento pleno y real de las diversidades culturales en las sociedades latinoamericanas.
Índice:
- El «No» radical como «lo universalmente intolerable»
- Los límites de la tolerancia
- Lo intolerable desde la concepción liberal
- Lo público como espacio de convivencia de lo diverso
- Tolerancia y autonomía: ¿dos caras de la misma moneda?
- El problema de las minorías culturales
- Autonomía con restricciones
- Tolerancia e intolerancia: una línea delgada pero precisa
- Hacia un universalismo intercontextual dialógico

Moh. Fathoni, Dr. A. Rachmad Budiono, SH., MH., Ratih Dheviana Puru HT, SH., LLM. Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya Jalan MT Haryono 169 Malang Email: 135010107121007@mail.ub.ac.id ABSTRAK Ketenagakerjaan di Indonesia tidak memiliki peraturan yang mengatur mengenai perjanjian kerja paruh waktu. Perjanjian kerja dalam undang-undang ketenagakerjaan terbagi menjadi 2 (dua) yaitu perjanjian kerja waktu tertentu (PKWT) dan perjanjian kerja waktu tidak tertentu (PKWTT). Tidak adanya peraturan yang mengatur mengenai paruh waktu membuat kebingungan bagi pelaku dalam ketenagakerjaan. Posisi pekerja yang lemah membuat pekerja lebih rentan mendapatkan kesewenang-wenangan, maka dari itu membutuhkan perlindungan. Terdapat hukum yang berlaku internasional yang dapat dijadikan acuan yaitu Part-Time Work Convention No. 75, 1994. Di dalam konvensi terdapat beberapa ketentuan mengenai pekerja paruh waktu diantaranya adalah waktu kerja, pengupahan, dan masa berlaku perjanjian kerja paruh waktu, Wak...

Klausuraufgabe mit ausführlicher Musterlösung. Unter anderem gilt es, die Fragestellung und Problematik der normativen Verteilungstheorie zu diskutieren und die Verteilungskonzepte des Utilitarismus bzw. des Rawlsianismus kritisch darzustellen. Ferner gilt es zu reflektieren, inwiefern die von vielen Politikern erhobene Forderung nach "gerechter" Einkommensverteilung auf einer unzulänglichen Zielformulierung beruht, warum dieses Ziel so gern anderen wirtschaftspolitischen Zielen vorgezogen wird und worin sein besonderer Reiz für die Politik liegt.

La tolerancia, su necesidad, sus alcances y sus límites, configuran un núcleo de controversia en el discurso actual en ética y filosofía política.
En 2009, las estudiantes avanzadas de la Licenciatura en Filosofía de la
Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de
la República Deborah Techera y Jacqueline Fernández presentaron un proyecto de investigación que fue aprobado y financiado por la CSIC, radicado en el Departamento de Filosofía de la Práctica, en el marco de la voluntad de la mencionada universidad de impulsar trabajos de jóvenes estudiantes investigadores.
Las actividades, desarrolladas en 2010, fueron acompañadas por quien escribe en calidad de docente orientador. Cerca del cierre, se organizó un taller donde las ponencias aquí reunidas fueron presentadas y ampliamente discutidas.
Las mismas han sido levemente reelaboradas para esta publicación.
Hemos decidido poner como subtítulo a nuestro libro un interrogante que resume los interrogantes de esa jornada: «Tolerancia, ¿el valor último
o el último de los valores?». Consideramos que los valores fundamentales son inconmensurables.

En este trabajo realizaremos una comparación entre Rawls y Raz, de forma de echar luz sobre las tensiones que subtenderían a la relación entre liberalismo y perfeccionismo. Para realizar esto, el trabajo procederá en dos movimientos. Primero, buscará especificar la concepción del bien de cada autor para luego, en segundo lugar, elucidar como esta especificidad de la noción del bien informa una propia conceptualización del Estado.

John Rawls, in Political Liberalism, acknowledges that justice as fairness, as it stands, may fail to deliver justice to people with severe cognitive impairment. He continues, How deep a fault this is must wait until the case itself can be examined. The intent of this work, then, is to revisit Rawls\u27s justice as fairness in light of intervening decades of disability consciousness and the emergence of competing theoretical constructs pertinent to the lives of people with impairment, specifically to people with an inability to reason or to reason fully, and determine whether new perspectives can expand its scope into a more comprehensive model. A fully democratic theory of justice cannot exclude the hard cases, so in addition to Rawls\u27s two principles of justice, the author will argue that a third principle of justice must be included to assure true democratic outcomes. The new principle will state: All structures arising from the first two principles must be open to all human b...

John Rawls wrote a great book called A Theory of Justice. In order to answer the criticisms about the fact that he ignored the International Context and that countries cannot be looked in isolation He wrote The Law of the People.
My argument is that Rawls principles in the Law of the People are not as powerful as the two principles. This is so because he excludes some proscrit countries, and if we want justice and peace, we have to considers all the countries. And he does not take all the cultures seriously which  is very important to understand other countries. In the same vein as Rawls I propose within a federalist paradigm two principles, and I make the parties to have an exercise of empathy. That way the parties will arrive at a negotiation that is accepted to both of them and therefore will arrive closer to justice and peace.

Neste trabalho  apresenta-se  a  principal  crítica  de  direita  ao  pensamento  de  Rawls,  elaborada pelo filósofo Robert Nozick em seu livro Anarchy, Stateand Utopia. Nozick defende a teoria da produtividade marginal e que impostos seriam uma maneira de escravidão, frente às ideias redistributivas imputadas pelo autor ao pensamento de Rawls. Nozick é um árduo defensor da ideia  de  mérito  moral,  no  qual  a  ideia  é  que  o  Estado  serviria  apenas  para  a  manutenção  e segurança dos contratos firmados entre as pessoas –e qualquer Estado maior que esse deveria ser  renegado.  Contra  as  críticas  de  Nozick,  pretende-se  mostrar  que o  pensamento  rawlsiano está ancorado em uma ideia de cooperação social que permite as pessoas desenvolverem suas qualidades, sem que seus dotes naturais sejam determinantes em suas posições sociais, pois a ideia de mérito moral não pode ser usada para finspolíticos. Assim, a igualdade não impõe uma escravidão  aos  talentosos,  como  argumentava  Nozick,  mas  todas  as  pessoas  compartilham igualmente  os  benefícios  e  encargos  da  vida  social.  E  contra  a  ideia  de  Estado  mínimo,  se argumentará que cabe às instituições sociais (i.e., ao Estado) a divisão social entre os ônus e os bônus que as pessoas terão à disposição em suas vidas, pois justo ou injusto é a maneira como as instituições sociais lidam com as diferenças naturais entre as pessoas.

This article presents a critique of the contemporary realist political theory developed as an antithesis to the Rawlsian normative political philosophy. John Rawls's A Theory of Justice (1971) fosters a colossal influence on the current Anglo-American political thought which defends that political philosophy ought to be an applied moral philosophy. It offers a normative standpoint. Political realists, on the other hand, argue that political philosophy should be independent of moral philosophy. It offers a realist standpoint. The core contention between these two standpoints is that whether political philosophy is (in)dependent to moral philosophy. The normative standpoint places ethics at the centre of politics while the realist standpoint places sociology and history at the centre of politics. In this paper, I examine the central contours of political realism to understand whether it can be consistent with political moralism. I conclude that reverence as a moral and political ideal could be a common foundation for political realism and moralism.

In the present, one of the major problems plaguing the Nigerian society is that of social justice. And great thinkers from time immemorial have attempted to discuss the meaning of and the need for social justice in a society like Nigeria. But recently, a contemporary American social and political thinker, John Rawls, is his advocacy for social justice, is very vocal in the need and eventual formation of the social theory concept. Thus, this paper attempts to give a philosophical critique of Rawls' conception and the necessity of the application of his social justice theory in the Nigerian political landscape. This work does not intend to present Rawls' position as the most logical, perfect social and political arguments in the consideration of social justice. But it intends to point out some defects about Rawls' social justice. But the main consideration shall be on the need and relevance of it to the Nigerian nation. In this way, it shall effectively point to the evils that can accompany its negligence.

El presente trabajo analiza y reflexiona sobre la desigualdad como punto de partida desde la filosofía política, encontrando en Rousseau y su Discurso sobre la desigualdad el hilo conductor, que dará lugar a la propuesta rawlsiana a través de la teoría de la justicia, la cual será interpelada desde el pensamiento crítico de Charles Mills. De esta manera se parte de la filosofía política moderna en el razonamiento del problema de la desigualdad que se refleja en la realidad de donde surge el trabajo de Rousseau y aún hoy, se discute todavía, desde diferentes tradiciones teórico-políticas contemporáneas como la teoría de la justicia de Rawls. Esta teoría, generó un gran impacto en la filosofía occidental, que había caído según Mills, en un estancamiento de ideas desde fines del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX.

El presente trabajo analiza y reflexiona sobre la desigualdad como punto de partida desde la filosofía política, encontrando en Rousseau y su Discurso sobre la desigualdad el hilo conductor, que dará lugar a la propuesta rawlsiana a través de la teoría de la justicia, la cual será interpelada desde el pensamiento crítico de Charles Mills. De esta manera se parte de la filosofía política moderna en el razonamiento del problema de la desigualdad que se refleja en la realidad de donde surge el trabajo de Rousseau y aún hoy, se discute todavía, desde diferentes tradiciones teórico-políticas contemporáneas como la teoría de la justicia de Rawls. Esta teoría, generó un gran impacto en la filosofía occidental, que había caído según Mills, en un estancamiento de ideas desde fines del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX.

Para quienes tengan interés en la filosofía moral y política contemporánea la obra de John Rawls es sin discusión una parada necesaria. De hecho, la tesis de Robert Nozick según la cual resulta imposible hacer filosofía moral y política sin considerar el marco ofrecido por Rawls, aunque parezca extrema, resulta bastante acertada. En gran medida el impacto de la obra de Rawls radica en su interés por ofrecer una teoría sustantiva de la justicia, teoría que hundiendo sus raíces en la tradición de la filosofía sea capaz de orientarnos al momento de abordar las discusiones contemporáneas sobre justicia social. En los trabajos que componen este libro el lector podrá encontrar una discusión actualizada sobre aquellos elementos que definen la base moral y política que Rawls presentó como fundamento de su teoría de la justicia<em>. </em>Al mismo tiempo, estos ensayos intentan construir un puente entre la <em>justicia como equidad</em> y otras tradiciones de la filoso...

The making of employment agreement is based on the agreement between two sides; they are the employer who gives the job and the employee who gets the job instead. The employment agreement between the company and its employees is made as the basis of work relationship. In a certain employment agreement, the employees are bound to the company. This thesis deals with the application of the balanced principle in the employment agreement seen from how the legal responsibility of the parties in carrying out their rights and obligations in the employment agreement in UD. Surya Abadi Furniture. The research method used by the writer is descriptive method with normative juridical approach. The research result done by the writer in this thesis can be concluded that the application of the balanced principle in the employment agreement seen from how the legal responsibility of the parties in carrying out their rights and obligations in the employment agreement in UD. Surya Abadi Furniture. stil...

The Latin American university for the achievement of its mission, has been characterized by exercising educational activity almost from a single vision of teaching, relegating research and extension to the background, therefore, this research seeks to reflect, proposing at the same time guidelines for the process of integration between these substantive functions. For this purpose, indexed investigations were approached through documentary analysis that allowed hermeneutically assessing the purpose of the study. Educational integration must take place from a pedagogical-curricular systemic framework where the epistemological bases of academic functions recreate a problematic vision of the complex social thing. The meeting space between social and academic actors-the original function of the universityallows a succinct approach to complex social problems through socio-integrative research, using dialogical didactics, while allowing the participants to develop the promotion of creativity and critical thinking.

Resumen Los múltiples factores que controlan la calidad universitaria en Latinoamérica son complejos, asociados a procesos desarticulados y ofrecen perspectivas teóricas diferentes, desde este enfoque el estudio busca establecer criterios de calidad educativa universitaria desde la perspectiva docente que favorezcan la gestión del conocimiento con impacto social. La metodología se centró en el análisis documental, utilizando el razonamiento crítico con bases sustentadas en la valoración hermenéutica. Entre los hallazgos resaltantes están, la instauración de un sistema integrado gestión-información del currículo con impacto a grupos de interés internos y externos, para el desarrollo de la administración docente con calidad y eficiencia. Como mecanismos de promoción de la permanencia de la calidad educativa que permitan el control y seguimiento de la gestión se proponen, la formación multidisciplinar del docente y la evaluación educativa mediante auditorías de los procesos sustantivos, basadas en soportes de las normativas de estandarización ISO-9001:2015.

O ensaio objetiva discutir formas de apropriação conceitual do ideal de educação integral. A partir do método de revisão bibliográfica, contemplando referências históricas do pensamento pedagógico, a legislação educacional brasileira e a literatura educacional brasileira contemporânea, busca-se apreender em que consiste a educação integral. Os resultados evidenciam que não há homogeneidade na compreensão da educação integral, embora, paradoxalmente, exista consenso em sua busca. Além da necessidade de maior aprofundamento conceitual e contextualização histórica, as elaborações em torno da educação integral são muito divergentes e não aprofundam o seu sentido, fornecendo balizas superficiais para políticas públicas e assimilando-a a políticas de proteção social.  Por fim, o debate sobre o tema reivindica a fundamentação a partir de uma filosofia do ser humano que discuta, efetivamente, a integralidade de suas dimensões constitutivas e permita sua expressão em termos de necessidades e...

Corporate social responsibility has focused fundamentally on the role that the company must develop in the economic, social, and environmental field, so that it does not harm stakeholders; however, no significant progress has been made, due to the primacy of the company's objective: maximizing its benefits, even if this implies social and environmental costs. The objective of the research is to analyze the importance of consumer decision making in corporate social responsibility. The research was developed under the qualitative methodological perspective, following the procedures of the documentary research method. The main results are consumer decision making is based mostly on emotions rather than rationality; and consumer decision-making is essential, through their purchasing power, to improve corporate social responsibility practices. It is concluded that corporate social responsibility must change its focal point: from company management to consumer decision-making.

Resumen Se propone-a partir de las complejidades del mundo de hoy-repensar la formación humana en Salud, donde se incluyan lógicas no clásicas y otras perspectivas de la ciencia actual. Una configuración contextualizada de la actuación profesional, frente a dilemas de salud/ enfermedad; para la perpetuación de la vida. Se empleó una metodología centrada en el abordaje epistemológico-performativo, a modo de construcción discursiva. El carácter performativo descansa en lo cuestionado y en la propuesta praxiológica acerca de la formación humana del (a) profesional de la salud: viviente en un mundo posthumano que lo (a) alcanza en sus pensamientos, discurrir profesional y vida personal.

En este artículo se reflexiona sobre la concepción polisémica de la calidad educativa de nivel superior en Colombia. Para ello, fue necesario realizar bajo el análisis documental hermenéutico un breve recorrido histórico y estado actual del sistema, con fines de explorar el legado de la definición y su aplicación actual. En Colombia la certificación de alta calidad educativa es vista desde el enfoque de la eficiencia de los procesos implícitos en la construcción académica, que si bien cierto es considerado un paso importante, representa solo el inicio hacia una aproximación de la visión cosmogónica del concepto, cuya perspectiva debe estar centrada en la construcción, democratización y descolonización del conocimiento necesario para la surgencia de nuevas relaciones sociales multiculturales que impliquen el bienestar de la población. Por lo tanto, es necesaria una resignificacion epistemológica, filosófica y política del concepto en concomitancia con el nuevo estamento constitucional, legal y social existente.

Thanks also to Dominic Byatt, an editor's editor, who guided the manuscript deftly through the review and publication process, and to three anonymous reviewers for Oxford University Press, each of whom made many helpful comments and suggestions. As a result of their assistance, the book you have before you is much better than the manuscript that they were sent. My final thanks go to my wife Della Davidson, whose loving support and encouragement I was lucky enough to enjoy for twenty-seven years. Her faith in me and her enthusiasm for my work never faded, even when she was forced to embark on a merciless battle with breast cancer during the last year of the book's creation. I could not have written this book without her. I miss her very, very much.

Analizar la psicocrítica y la sociocrítica literarias no como conjunto total y coherente de teorías críticas sino como macro-visiones que engloban dos sensibilidades para la categorización del texto en literario y no-literario es la premisa de investigación. La metodología basada en un acercamiento al psicoanálisis como crítica literaria, la primera como estudio de la interioridad configuradora, producto de tensiones irresolutas y la segunda como expresión de relaciones productivas determinadas en una unidad espaciotiempo específica. Los hallazgos derivan a descubrir, explicar y reflexionar sobre la crítica literaria fundamentada desde la materialidad (relaciones entre sujeto-contexto), resultado no de propiedades inmanentes del texto sino de interrelaciones en múltiples niveles de articulación textual y contextual entre la literatura y propiedades externas.

Except to the Theory of Justice from 1971, which fundamentally changed the view of pluralist democracies with a market system on the welfare state and redistribution, John Rawls was also responsible for another application of philosophical doctrine to political practice by the form of the idea of political liberalism. This approach, as in the case of the „Theory of Justice“, was to once again solve the fundamental dilemma of democratic and pluralist societies built on the value basis of liberal tradition and market economy, how to approach opinion opponents who hold other ideological attitudes, which operate in democratic frameworks. In the presented text, we tried for an objective definition of John Rawls's political liberalism, while the study had the ambition to analyze the perspectives and pitfalls of this concept for the contemporary civil-political discourse. For the purpose of the presented study, we chose the method of analysis of the author's original work as well as secondary literature. Subsequently, we synthesized the obtained partial findings into statements and knowledge of new quality. The study demonstrated that, similar to the author's work „Theory of Justice“, this concept of the author in the form of „Political Liberalism“ is workable and applicable in civil-political practice. However, the text also works with the idea, that this approach is currently accepted rather formally, and the idea of political liberalism necessarily runs into the problem of gradual preference of liberal conceptions of the good life. By referring to authors from domestic and also foreign philosophical communities, the text demonstrated the international and interdisciplinary scope of the problem, which extends into the broad field of humanities and social sciences..

En las sociedades contemporáneas es muy común escuchar hablar sobre pluralismo y tolerancia. Se oyen voces que proclaman la benignidad del pluralismo -razas, culturas, ideas, etc.-, por considerarlo un factor que enriquece la vida de la comunidad. Otras tantas voces exaltan el fenómeno de la tolerancia como concepto clave en la lucha contra los fundamentalismos y piedra angular para la definitiva puesta en escena de formas marginales de comprender e interpretar el mundo, lo social, la vida humana, etc. Autores contemporáneos de diferentes corrientes de pensamiento hacen su opción por la tolerancia. Adela Cortina, por ejemplo, en su libro Ética de la Empresa, 1 nota que las sociedades occidentales que han llegado a instituir formas de gobierno democráticas y donde han proliferado multiplicidad de maneras de interpretar el mismo fenómeno, sean estos religiosos, culturales, ideológicos, etc., demandan la existencia de sujetos abiertos al diálogo y a la búsqueda de soluciones colectivas...

In Capital in the Twenty-First Century, Thomas Piketty provides a sweeping explanation of inequality, but his proposed remedies offer reform, rather than the fundamental change essential to guiding the global economy toward a just and sustainable future.

For Rawls, the problem of political philosophy is the lasting and stable existence of democratic society, which is profoundly divided in the cultural instance. The concept of citizen implies epokhé about identifications and justice as equity discriminates between the public and private use of reason. The privatization of cultural rationality undermines durability and stability. These exacting identifications transcend privacy and mutual strangeness in the form of indifferent tolerance, which polarizes the public space regarding power. Virtuous tolerance (Ricoeur) implies critical identifications and educational liberty. The hypothesis of the meaning of the historical past is an unavoidable example of exacting identification and live democracy.

La educación forma parte de los intereses centrales de la humanidad, pero muchas veces es deslindada y descontextualizada de la realidad circundante. Esto obedece al detrimento de la investigación, de enfoques incompletos e inconexos, que no comprenden la conexión existente entre los aspectos ontológicos, epistemológicos y metodológicos en la investigación educativa. Por esta razón, el artículo plantea el análisis desde dos enfoques divergentes: Por un lado, un enfoque teórico-filosófico, donde se señalan los fundamentos conceptuales de la investigación educativa, que implica la evaluación de la realidad (concreta, material, fenoménica, tangible), de aspectos cognitivos y marcos metodológicos adecuados para brindar una evaluación compleja, holística, transdisciplinar e interdisciplinar de la realidad educativa, así como de sus sujetos y objetos de exploración. Por otro lado, precisa las implicancias de los fundamentos onto-epistemológicos y metodológicos en la calidad de la investigación educativa. Desde un enfoque cuantitativo,

Regime change in Indonesia new order into the order of the reform has given rise to policy change, including in employment policy through the implementation of law No,13 of 2003 on Manpower, in which set about outsorcing policy that is still debatable and controversial among workers and employers. in Indonesia This occurs because of a difference of interests as well as the Understanding between outsorcing sistym by workers and employers.This paper aims to examine the issue of outsorcing as seen from the prespective employers and workers on the basis of the results of the study of literature In the imployers and system, working relationship has encountered various outsorcing violations.these offences and concerned, among others, the types of jobs that are outsored, length of contract, the right of workers who are not covered by employers as well as excluded labour outsorcing in the National social security system. Thereforeit takes concrete steps to complete outsorcing agreement involving different stakeholdes, especially the aspirations of workers and employers.