Japanese Navy

L'affondamento avvenne il 26 agosto del 1925 a largo di Capo Passero. Il relitto è stato ritrovato molti anni dopo. Un cippo a Portoferraio (dove il Sebastiano Veniero aveva a lungo sostato) e un monumento nel Cimitero del Verano di Roma ricordano i marinai scomparsi.

Il sommergibile, che aveva sostato a lungo a Portoferraio, affondò il 26 agosto 1925 a largo di Capo Passero durante un'esercitazione della Marina Militare. Il relitto è stato ritrovato molti anni dopo. Un cippo a Portoferraio e un monumento a Roma  lo ricordano.

Review of No More Napoleons: How Britain Managed Europe from Waterloo to World War One by Andrew Lambert

Testing Kyle M Lascurettes (2020) &  Christopher Layne (1997) concepts Ordering &  Onshore Balancing concepts for Britain between 1793-1918 & 1939-45

PM Lord Liverpool & Castelreagh  - Wellington  - Scheldt estuary Antwerp  - harbours, ports
France  Ancien Régime  - Napoleon, Restored monarchy, Second Empire, Third Republic, Fifth Republic 

Imperial Germany & Nazi Germany  -  USA in WW1 & WW2  - Tsarist Russia, USSR

Napoleons today

Recently, remarkable progress has been made in the historiography of the Ottoman navy, particularly in the eighteenth century. Numerous studies focusing on the local fleets and clarifying the characteristics of the Ottoman Empire's naval power have been published. 1 However, studies on the Danube, which flows over a vast area, including the regions of Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine, are limited. During the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, the Danube River was part of the Ottoman Empire. During the war with the Habsburg Empire, the Danube was the significant supply line for logistics from Istanbul to the frontlines, as well as a line of defense with several important fortifications for the Ottoman Empire. Despite its importance, few scholars had examined the Ottoman Danube fleet. However, recently, several studies have been published on this topic. 2 Among them, this review focuses on the book titled İmparatorluğun Tuna Donanması, Teşk5lât ve Faal5yetler (1683-1718) [The Danube Fleet of the Emp're, Organ 'zat'ons and Act'v't'es (1618-1718)] by Seyfullah Aslan in terms of its coverage of the earliest period of the Danube fleet

The interest of historians in the Ottoman naval history is increasing day by day. Turkish and foreign researchers continue to address it from different perspectives. Especially those who can benefit from the Ottoman archives, as well as Turkish and English literature, fill a remarkable gap. Having said that, the interpretations and perspectives revealed by the studies using the secondary sources may lead us to consider the events and facts from a different point, too. Philip MacDougall's book Islamic Sea Power During the Age of Fighting Sail promises different interpretations. The author has several books in the field of naval history, along with those that deal with different areas such as local histories and air battles. The aforementioned book, which focuses on the geography of the Mediterranean, addresses events between 17 th-the mid-19 th centuries. While it deals with the influx of Maghreb mariners and discusses their relationship with the Ottomans and their influences, it also indirectly discusses the British, American, French, and Spanish navies. The author examines the Ottomans' struggle with the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea, the naval activities around the Persian Gulf, which is very important for the Safavids and other Iranian dynasties, and the conflict between the Mughal and other Muslim rulers with the Portuguese, Dutch and British sailors in India, which basically covers the Islamic maritime affairs all the way from Arab lands to the Indian Ocean. As the word "Islamic" in the title indicates, the book embraces Moorish, Ottoman, Iranian, Indian, and Egyptian maritime, which came to light in the early 19 th century, are

Alors que le Premier ministre japonais Ishiba Shigeru n’est pas encore parvenu, malgré de nombreux efforts, à prendre attache avec le nouveau président américain Donald Trump, c’est en Asie qu’il essaie d’engranger des points et de restaurer une image écornée après son échec aux élections législatives d’octobre 2024. Si un déplacement en Chine au cours de l’année 2025 est fort probable, c’est d’abord en Asie du Sud-Est1 qu’il concentre son attention. Il s’est ainsi rendu en Malaisie (qui exerce la présidence tournante de l’ASEAN) et en Indonésie en janvier 2025 pour une mission principalement axée sur les questions de coopération en matière de sécurité, y compris énergétique, et de défense. En Indonésie, il a confirmé le développement conjoint d’un futur navire de guerre nippo-indonésien, rappelant la volonté croissante du japon de devenir, à terme, un acteur majeur du marché de l’armement mondial2

This study examines the profound effects of steam power on military practice and doctrine from the early nineteenth century to the eve of World War I. Employing archival documents, government records, and scholarly analyses, it explores how steam-driven ships and burgeoning railroad networks reshaped warfare by accelerating troop deployments, revolutionizing maritime engagements, and intensifying geopolitical rivalries. The research draws on both quantitative data—such as historical production rates of steam vessels and railway expansions—and qualitative accounts, including memoirs of naval officers and field commanders. Findings indicate that steam propulsion liberated fleets from the constraints of wind, introduced ironclads and eventually dreadnoughts that rendered earlier vessels nearly obsolete, and enabled overland armies to traverse continents in days rather than months. These developments, in turn, catalyzed arms races among the great powers, reconfigured strategic alliances, and fueled the competitive spirit that contributed to the outbreak of global conflict in 1914. Ultimately, the paper argues that steam power was more than a mere technical innovation; it was a transformative force that redefined the balance of military power and foreshadowed the mechanized warfare of the twentieth century.

Ottoman Naval Historian Ali Haydar Emir’s 161-page book that critically details and evaluates the naval battles of the 1911-1912 war between Turkey and Italy, also contains unique information about the state of the Ottoman Navy before and between “Meşrutiyet”, the July 1908 restoration of the Ottoman constitution, and the start of that war. 
Ali Haydar Emir was an Ottoman naval officer himself, and he graphically described the woeful condition of the Naval Training School on Heybeli Island in the Sea of Marmara he attended before becoming an officer in 1907.  Next, in a narrative about the Navy during the “years of peace” prior to the Turkey-Italy war, he focused on the “31 March” reactionary rebellion that was put down by the “Hareket Ordusu” that rushed to Istanbul from Salonica, and the two British Admiralty reform delegations that were brought to Turkey to improve the readiness of the Ottoman Navy.
This is the English translation of the abovementioned portions of Ali Haydar Emir’s book, along with his description of the Battle of Preveza that occurred at the start of the war in September 1911.

The Zanzibar Naval Blockade was an international naval operation that took place between November 1888 and October 1889 off the eastern coast of Africa, involving the territory of the Sultanate of Zanzibar, including the islands and the coast of Tanzania. Although practically
ignored by our historiography, it was the largest interventions by the Portuguese Navy in that region. Promoted by the German Empire, the blockade was soon joined by the United Kingdom, Portugal, and Italy, extending the blockade to the coast of Mozambique, up to Pemba Bay.
The official mission of the international fleet was to put an end to the slave and arms trade that plagued this territory, which had become the last stronghold for traffickers after the successive abolition of slavery in African territories controlled by European powers. In addition to the official
humanitarian objectives, there were naturally territorial, strategic, and economic interests at play, as well as the control of various territories under their influence. This work aims to analyze the objectives, forces, and outcomes of this naval operation.

The American Civil War included one of the pivotal naval contests of the nineteenth century. A topic of considerable importance is the joint operations on the western waters that brought about a string of crucial victories in the conflict for the Union. The effective cooperation of the naval river fleet and the western armies was a major cornerstone of Union victory. Scholars have written biographies of the more noted admirals and narratives of the flotilla have been detailed. What has not been accomplished is an exploration of the Union officers' professional partnerships between the Mississippi Squadron commanders and their corresponding army counterparts. The Naval-Army joint missions in the riverine operations impacted the overall operational effectiveness of the Union forces and are significant to understanding the outcome of the war. This study is grounded in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion and the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, as well as key combatants' memoirs and postwar writings. These reveal the successes and failures in Army-Navy cooperation and their significance to the larger war effort. The complexities of these professional relationships underscore the challenges of combined operations and offer insight for modern military leaders and scholars examining the significance of the Western Theater of operations on the Union's ultimate victory in the American Civil War. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the help and understanding of family and friends, this thesis would not have been possible. I especially want to thank Dr. Susannah Ural for her wisdom, guidance, patience, encouragement, and expertise through this entire process. I would also like to thank Dr. Kyle Zelner and Dr. Kenneth Swope for allowing me to follow my dream of studying war and society at the graduate level. Without their guidance and support my first year of graduate study as a young immature history student, I certainly would not be celebrating the completion of this thesis. The University of Southern Mississippi's Master of Art in war and society was my top choice for graduate school and I was blessed to gain admission. The faculty and staff of the history department, along with the Dale Center for War and Society, have been invaluable. I would also like to thank the staff at Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library for their assistance in the original project that gave impetus to this thesis. These staff members include Frank Williams, Dr.

The American Civil War included one of the pivotal naval contests of the nineteenth century. A topic of considerable importance is the joint operations on the western waters that brought about a string of crucial victories in the conflict for the Union. The effective cooperation of the naval river fleet and the western armies was a major cornerstone of Union victory. Scholars have written biographies of the more noted admirals and narratives of the flotilla have been detailed. What has not been accomplished is an exploration of the Union officers' professional partnerships between the Mississippi Squadron commanders and their corresponding army counterparts. The Naval-Army joint missions in the riverine operations impacted the overall operational effectiveness of the Union forces and are significant to understanding the outcome of the war. This study is grounded in the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion and the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies, as well as key combatants' memoirs and postwar writings. These reveal the successes and failures in Army-Navy cooperation and their significance to the larger war effort. The complexities of these professional relationships underscore the challenges of combined operations and offer insight for modern military leaders and scholars examining the significance of the Western Theater of operations on the Union's ultimate victory in the American Civil War. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Without the help and understanding of family and friends, this thesis would not have been possible. I especially want to thank Dr. Susannah Ural for her wisdom, guidance, patience, encouragement, and expertise through this entire process. I would also like to thank Dr. Kyle Zelner and Dr. Kenneth Swope for allowing me to follow my dream of studying war and society at the graduate level. Without their guidance and support my first year of graduate study as a young immature history student, I certainly would not be celebrating the completion of this thesis. The University of Southern Mississippi's Master of Art in war and society was my top choice for graduate school and I was blessed to gain admission. The faculty and staff of the history department, along with the Dale Center for War and Society, have been invaluable. I would also like to thank the staff at Ulysses S. Grant Presidential Library for their assistance in the original project that gave impetus to this thesis. These staff members include Frank Williams, Dr.

The U.S. Naval Academy's naval history symposium, named the McMullen Naval History Symposium since 2006, has been held regularly in Annapolis, Maryland, since its first meeting in 1971. Initially, it was a small event for a limited group of invited speakers, but in 1973 it began to take on its present form. Today, this symposium continues to be one of the most important events for the scholarly and professional exchange of ideas and interpretations in the field of naval history. It serves this purpose not only in the United States for American naval history but in the world at large for global naval history. It has certainly become the largest regular meeting of naval historians in the world. Its meeting location in Annapolis, on the historic grounds of the Naval Academy, with its large and active history department, fine museum, rich historical collections, and numerous naval memorials, is an ideal place to bring together such a large group of highly informed experts, including naval professionals and civilian academics, to exchange research information and ideas on a scholarly level. More than a dozen published volumes of selected papers have captured the essence and growth of the Naval Academy's symposium over the decades. Like this volume, most have carried the now well-established title of New Interpretations in Naval History. Typically, each volume in the series has been a selection from the many papers presented at each symposium and has ranged widely across all periods of naval history and the histories of many navies. Not limited to any particular theme, other than presenting a new interpretation of whatever subject on which the researcher is working, each symposium and its resulting volume present very useful samplings of current thinking, new themes, and new approaches in naval history. Collectively, the series has been a great stimulus to advancing and to encouraging naval history. The volumes that these symposia generate continue to chart the state of naval history as a field of research and inquiry. The eighteenth symposium in the series took place at the Naval Academy in Mahan and Sampson Halls on 19-20 September 2013. It was directed by Dr. Lori xii NEW INTERPRETATIONS IN NAVAL HISTORY Bogle, with Dr. James C. Rentfrow, deputy director. The 2013 McMullen Naval History Symposium was generously funded by the Bill Daniels and Dr. John McMullen families. For the two-day period, the program of events listed seven sessions, with a total of forty-four panels and 212 participants serving as session chairs, presenters, or commentators. From that large number, the editors have selected for this volume twenty-two papers that range from studies in late antiquity to the Vietnam War era. In between, the topics vary in focus from the naval education of a Siamese prince in Britain to eighteenth-century medicine, environmental history, international law, amphibious operations, and personnel issues. Two major events occurred during the course of the symposium.

On, 31st October 1914, John Brown's Clydebank shipyard launched the hull of the battleship Barham, third ship of the world's first class of fast battleships, the 'Queen Elizabeths'. Just a month over thirty years later, the same concern launched the very last of the breed, Vanguard. What was remarkable was the fact that both ships were designed to take exactly the same main armament, eight 15-inch/42-calibre (ie with a bore 15 inches (381mm) in diameter, and with a rifled length 42 times that) Mark I guns in twin turrets. While smaller guns tend to be mounted aboard ships over many years, the heaviest pieces tend to be made and fitted over a very limited period of time. The most extreme examples of this were to be seen in the latter part of the nineteenth century; for instance the 12-inch 38-ton weapon was carried by no ships other than HMS Thunderer (1877), and then only as half of her four-gun main battery. In the eight years separating the launch of Dreadnought, the first all-big-gun battleship, and Barham, no fewer than five different marks of heavy gun had gone to sea in British capital ships, of 12-inch/45, 12-inch/50 and 13.5-inch/45 calibres. To be regarded as an effective weapon over a generation after its design, the 15-inch was clearly a remarkable gun. Equally remarkable were the careers of a few of the fifty-eight une made bet\ een 1912 and 1918, some examples being ordered for one ship, commissioned in another and endin,, their service in yet a further vessel. Of the ships that moun them, some were to have amongst the most distinguish careers of any modern warships. In the Beginning Development of the new heavy gun began in 1912, a armament for a revolutionary class of ships. From the ommissioning of HMS Invincible in 1908, the capital ships of Royal Navy had been divided between the slow, but " armoured, battleships, carrying ten guns, and the li~ armoured battlecruisers, carrying one turret less, but ea of four or five knots more speed, with double the inst power. The ships ordered in 1911, the 'Iron Duke' Class battl and the battlecruiser Tiger, were armed with 13.5-inch gr.ns..

This paper tests an implication of Kindleberger's hypothesis that a hegemon can provide increased commercial and financial stability. Specifically, we measure the influence of naval power projections on global trade during the latter 19th and early 20th centuries. We use archival original-source data on navies for England, France, the United States and Germany, capturing longitudinal measures of ship deployment, tonnage, and ship personnel. First we develop a model of naval power, and demonstrate that the navies of England and France in particular responded heavily to each other. We then use our estimates of naval power projected around the world by England, France and the U.S. to measure their effects on bilateral trade using a panel-data gravity model. Results suggest that both the English and American navies were positive forces for global commerce. The French navy on the other hand bolstered its own trade at the expense of other nations' trade. Our results conform with the suggested naval strategies of the time, and demonstrate that military buildups can be positive or negative for commerce, depending on their use.

Ottoman Navy Minister Hasan Rami Paşa was a “victim” of the Young Turk revolution that swept through Istanbul in 1908 and led to the fall of Sultan Abdülhamid II the following year. 

Hasan Rami Paşa's home was searched and an accumulation of allegedly ill-gotten gains was found, prompting the nickname 'Harami Rami' (Rotten Rami) in the press and during a court trial against him.

In any event, in an effort to defend his naval record and his name, Hasan Rami Paşa wrote a 'tell-all' memoir and he sent a summary of it to the newly re-established Parliament, requesting an investigation.

This is the English translation of his letter to Parliament.

The 1850s saw the general introduction of shell-guns on ships. This resulted in the destruction of the Turkish Squadron at Sinope on 30 November 1853 by the shells from the Russian ships, and the great damage inflicted on the vessels of the allied fleets at the bombardment of Sebastopol by the shells from the forts. These resulted in the introduction of armour on armoured floating batteries, as the only method of defence which would protect ships from these terrible missiles.

In 1860, the Armstrong Breech Loading Rifles were introduced into sea service. The 40-pdr replaced the upper-deck broadside armament of the larger ships but there were a series of serious accidents caused by firing the gun before the breech was properly closed. The 7-in (110-pdr) RBL was used as a pivot gun.

At the bombardments of Kagosima (1863) during the Anglo-Japanese War, a number of the quarterdeck Armstrong 40-pdr RBL guns were blown out. An officer from HMS Euryalus, published in The Times on 25 April 1864.

My opinion, and also that of the gunnery lieutenant, is that for long range they [Armstrong guns] are most successful. The 110-pdr [7-in RBL] as a pivot gun is superior to the 8-in of 95 cwt [smoothbore] gun; but as broadside guns between decks we do not like them; the smoke is too great. Rear choke carriages with such heavy guns are very slow in working and the decks dreadfully cut up. The common shell is one of its great efficiencies, the bursting charge is so great. At Kagosima one vent-piece of the pivot-gun broke and a piece went up to foreyard, but no one was hurt, and it was the fault of the gun captain not putting the tin cap in. If the gun is understood and worked properly, it is very successful.

It very soon became evident that the heaviest spherical projectile from a smoothbore gun was inadequate to pierce the newly adopted armour plates, and attention was turned to producing weapons powerful enough to again turn the scale in favour of the gun and against the ship. Only in 1863, when Sir William Palliser’s invention of chilled iron shot was tested successfully at Shoeburyness came the first major advantage. This was an elongated projectile with thick walls of cast iron that was hardened on the outside in a cooled metal mould. They were inexpensive and the Royal Navy into the 20th Century.

With the definite adoption of the muzzle-loading rifled gun in 1864 into the Royal Navy, there began the great contest between guns and armour. Smoothbore guns could only use spherical projectiles that did not lend itself to the penetration of even thin iron plates and the range of the heaviest of these guns was limited and the shooting inaccurate.

The Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord some additional information and damage statistics to further highlight the effectiveness of the attacks. He rounds out the work with a few paragraphs on surviving airframes related to the Truk campaign. Pre-Hailstone information on Truk from 1914 to 1939 is covered, if not repeated, in several places throughout the work. If this was reduced to just one location, it would help the work flow more smoothly and free up space within the restrictions of Osprey's format for additional information or photographs. Additionally, having a section at the end of an operation's coverage with statistical information or tables of losses would be an appreciated addition. This would allow for quick referencing of force disparity and loss illustration, further driving home the effectiveness of Allied operations and the dwindling Japanese capabilities as the campaign progressed. Finally, since the Aftermath section discusses the surviving aircraft of the engagements, it is surprising that the various sunken wrecks of Truk only warranted two sentences and no images (86). Given the ongoing efforts to locate airframes in the waters, the renown of some of the shipwrecks, and the looming threat posed by the fuel and munitions carried within, a more detailed discussion would help further illustrate the campaign's lingering presence in the modern day. Truk 1944-45 is a good introductory work about the various air assaults carried out by American and Commonwealth aircrews across 18 months against a beleaguered Japanese force who expected an altogether different type of enemy attack. Lardas provides solid summary information and important details regarding the involved airframes, plans, and attacks that illustrate the innovative island-hopping technique of aerial reduction that helped Truk morph from a potentially dangerous enemy base into a convenient live-fire training tool. For those interested in the air operations of the late war Pacific and the Japanese defenses of important forward naval anchorages, this text offers one a decent initial exposure to the topic.

Balkan independence movements achieved great success in the struggle against the Ottoman Empire. These achievements, such as the Russo-Turkish War 1877-1878(93 Harbi) and the Berlin Treaty, had a positive impact on international developments as well. The governments of Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro, which gained their independenceone by one, were aware of the importance of having a strong army to protect their independence. As in the example of Greece, significant efforts were made to establish the army and navy
and to be poised for war. In this effort, the help of European military-experts was sought, and European manufacturers were preferred to
equip the armies with modern weapons. Considering that the Ottoman, Russian and Japa-nese administrations followed the same methods,
this effort of the Balkan States was based on a very solid foundation. The Balkan armies, equipped with modern infantry and artillery weapons, turned these efforts into an extraordinary success in the war they started against the Ottoman Empire.

With more than 65% of approved foreign investment in Cambodia in 2023 coming from China, and the two countries signing a series of new agreements in October 2023 for further Chinese investment under the "Belt and Road" initiative, Cambodia, far from being totally under China's thumb, is seeking to better balance its economic relations, as well as its international security cooperation. In this context, the strengthening of its relations with Japan is considered to be of prime importance. The mooring of two Japanese destroyers in the port of Sihanoukville in February 2024 is an illustration of Cambodia's desire to rebalance, coupled with Japan's determination to stay in the game. December 7, 2023: relations between Cambodia and Japan are upgraded to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership on the occasion of the 70th e anniversary of diplomatic relations between the two countries. This is the highest level of partnership for Cambodia. Since 2010, only China has enjoyed this status.

In December 1865, a group of samurai retainers of the Shogun of Japan toured the Royal dockyards at Woolwich, Portsmouth, and Devonport, as well as docks in the London area. At each dockyard, they were accorded great hospitality and spent hours receiving detailed briefings, asking numerous questions, and taking copious notes. The Japanese delegation also inspected British warships present at the facilities they visited, including HMS Black Eagle, HMS Royal Alfred, HMS Minotaur, and HMS Scorpion. Eager to build a Western-style dockyard to produce steam warships like those that Commodore Matthew Perry had used to open Japan in 1854, the Shogun's government concluded an agreement with France in early 1865 to hire engineers and technicians for the construction and operation of a new dockyard and arsenal at Yokosuka. A delegation of the shogun's samurai retainers, led by Superintendent of Foreign Affairs Takenaka Shibata, was dispatched to France to oversee the hiring of French workers and the purchase of machinery and equipment necessary for a complete turn-key operation. The visit of Shibata and party to Britain in late 1865 had a political motive: to placate the British minister to Japan, Sir Harry Parkes, who was not pleased to see his French counterpart gain an upper hand in commercial dealings with the Shogun's government. The visit also had an important intelligence gathering objective-to undertake a first-hand investigation of the situation in British dock yards to compare what they saw there with what they had seen in France. This paper is the first scholarly examination of the visit by the Japanese to British dockyards in 1865.

Different European countries planned, funded, and built a wide variety of fortifications and military strongholds in the modern period from the Crimean War to the end of the Second World War. Some were more or less permanent installations prepared during peacetime over years and decades and manned by dedicated troops, while others were definitely ad hoc in response to wartime exigencies, time and available resources, geography, as well as particular threats and needs. Fortifications primarily fulfilled defensive purposes to bolster the fighting capabilities of positional armed forces, to slow down or ward off attacks, and to provide greater temporal space for formulation of policy, plans, and national mobilization. Technological changes in the art and design of fortifications were also notable in the so-called second industrial revolution, as the characteristics of weapons and materials advanced. Joseph and Hanna Kaufmann, a husband and wife team based in Texas, both retired from careers in public school and college education, are well-known for previous publications on fortresses and fortifications in the new and old world. The present work updates and synthesizes many themes and topics developed previously and gives particular attention to coastal defences and fortifications depending on the locale and strategic circumstances of particular countries near the sea. The book is divided into 17 distinct chapters, each covering a specific country and area for either part of or the entire time period. The focus progresses from smaller neutral countries and the Baltic region to Central and Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean, and finishes with the big three-the British Isles, Third Republic France, and Germany from the Kaiser to Hitler. The Kaufmanns explain the changes wrought from introduction of rifled artillery, high explosive shells, and replacing centuries-old stonework with better protection from new materials. At first, Hermann Grüson's process for chilled cast iron possessed superior qualities for resisting penetrating fire compared to steel and was used extensively in armour facings and armoured turrets. The contest between protective armour and bigger and better guns played out with new offerings from private companies with state contacts like Armstrong, Krupp, and Schneider. The Belgian fort designer Henri Brialmont and his French counterpart Raymond Séré de Rivières, though less lasting, were recognized at the time for their expertise and innovation in the field. Quickly obsolete once completed, these types of fortifications proved their worth in the

Both traditional and asymmetric threats continue to pose challenges to any combatant commander in a Stability, Security, Transition, and Reconstruction (SSTR) Operation. Limited threats that were once confined to littoral and brown waters now extend to the green water theater. Many NATO countries operate frigates in green water SSTR missions, typically as a single unit scouting vast areas. In the calm waters of the Mediterranean and Gulf of Aden, small, agile, fast and usually cheap small craft are often encountered. In this study we investigate the question of whether a swarm of 4 8 small vessels, armed with hand-held weapons, can attack and achieve a mission kill on a typical NATO FFH operating in a SSTR mission. In this context our primary goals for IDFW18 were to examine the factors driving the model and create a suitable experimental design. Our secondary goals were to create inputs based on the selected design, conduct runs on the SEED Center’s cluster computer, and analyze th...

Between 1845 and 1860, the Royal Navy engaged in transitioning from wooden hull construction to those built of iron. Though HMS Warrior has consistently been identified as the first successful British iron ship of war, the role of the economy, diplomacy, politics and industry in the developmental process of Warrior has not been fully developed in the historiography. Previous work on the Royal Navy's nineteenth century trajectory has inordinately focused on outdated methodologies of military history. These historians neglected to reconcile the role played by the Admiralty in politics, diplomacy, industry and economy, and the part each of these elements played in the creation of a cohesive maritime defense of the British Empire. Warrior represents the collective manifestation of the aforementioned four themes out of the British Empire of the long nineteenth century. How these forces helped shape and reshape the military's response to various challenges against the British Empire's will be explored through sources like The Times and The United Service Magazine, the yearly Naval Estimates as a part of the broader Parliamentary Budget, and the various records of the private shipbuilding companies involved in the early iron construction for the Royal Navy and private commercial use. The role played by the Admiralty in the maintenance and defense of the British imperial domain is critically important to fully understand the relationship between the Royal Navy and the British Empire during the middle of the nineteenth century. A close study of the transition from HMS Simoom through Warrior will help establish links between the British political system, the British imperial economy, British industry and the British diplomatic policy and the construction of these respective warships. A year ago, I never would have thought it possible that I would have reached this point. So many people deserve acknowledgement, but, unfortunately, I have limited space to do so in. Nevertheless, several people deserve recognition here. Foremost, obviously, is my advisor, Dr. Gordon Morrell. Without his guidance, both in North Bay and afterwards, this piece would never have achieved what it has. I must also thank Dr. Stephen Connor and Anna Pearson for sharing their home, their hospitality and their guidance throughout much of this process. Dr. Peter Nosko's contributions at both my defense and afterwards must be recognized here. Finally, this piece would be nowhere near what it is without the support and criticism provided by my three companions in the Nipissing Master's program this year,

Literature Review. 7. This research will refer its operation to some literatures or previous research made on the same topic. There are three researches that closely related to this research. The previous two researches, however, conferred more broadly topic, i.e. the Russo-Japanese War. Nevertheless, the two see this war from two different perspectives, Operational Art and Learning Theory in Military Effectiveness. The other one was discussing topic similar to this research project. However, it was seen from the IRN's Operational Level point of view. The differences between the three literatures are displayed in the table below:-Sr Research Literatures Findings Relations Differences (a) "The Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905 and the Evolution of Operational Art" Sr Research Literatures Findings Relations Differences Examining Theories of Learning During the Russo-Japanese War" Researcher:-William A.

War is an important thing that is necessary for each country to defend the territory, as it can be a deterrent factor against the opposing war effort. In the modern era, war is no longer made by the truce, but it has been more referring to technology, politics, economy, etc. In this study, we analyze the causes of the Russia-Japan War, the strategies used in the Russia-Japan War, and lessons learned in the Russia-Japan war based on a military perspective. The theories used are a threat, energy, and war strategy. The methodology used is the qualitative descriptive method. Data for this study came from document review. The data were analyzed based on the analysis promoted by Miles and Huberman. This study found that The cause of the Japan-Russia war is the war developed from Russia's and Japan's rivalry for dominance in Korea and Manchuria. Japan planned a strategy that could cut the relationship between Port Arthur and the outside world. One interesting Russian strategy in th...

The Imperial Japanese Navy asked in 1934 for a drastic revision of the Washington system of naval arms control, eventually leading Japan to withdraw from the system in late 1936. Given the arms race and the tensions that ensued with the United States, the rejection of arms control was a decisive step on Japan’s road to the Pacific War. Why did the Japanese government embrace the navy’s strategic requirements and take such a risky decision? The present article first shows that to disengage from arms control was strategically rational for the navy as an institution. It was its duty to oppose arms control if the latter jeopardized national security, which was the case in the mid-1930s. If the navy perfectly played its role, it should not have been able to impose its view about arms control on the government. Japanese leaders should have prioritized diplomacy, not power politics. This undue political influence of the navy came from dysfunctions in civil-military relations dating back to the early Meiji era.

The Rijksmuseum has a number of nineteenth-century ship models once owned by the former naval officer and marine painter Jacob Eduard van Heemskerck van Beest (1828-1894). One of them, a model of the earliest generation of screw steamships with sails, a hybrid of a traditional sailing ship and a steamship, has recently been restored. During the restoration it was found to have the generic characteristics of a screw steamship, but a specific identification of function (navy or merchant navy) was not possible because of the lack of details. There are, though, strong indications that it must have been a sailing toy model. Given the presence of a drive shaft to the screw, grease stains (lubrication?) and a removable funnel, it seems that there was once a little steam engine in the empty cavity gouged out of the block from which the model was made. The model also has a lead keel, which gave this toy the stability it needed. In a normal ship model, the keel would have been made of wood. T...

When referring to this thesis, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given e.g. AUTHOR (year of submission) "Full thesis title", name of the School or Department, PhD Thesis, pagination.

The Rijksmuseum has a number of nineteenth-century ship models once owned by the former naval officer and marine painter Jacob Eduard van Heemskerck van Beest (1828-1894). One of them, a model of the earliest generation of screw steamships with sails, a hybrid of a traditional sailing ship and a steamship, has recently been restored. During the restoration it was found to have the generic characteristics of a screw steamship, but a specific identification of function (navy or merchant navy) was not possible because of the lack of details. There are, though, strong indications that it must have been a sailing toy model. Given the presence of a drive shaft to the screw, grease stains (lubrication?) and a removable funnel, it seems that there was once a little steam engine in the empty cavity gouged out of the block from which the model was made. The model also has a lead keel, which gave this toy the stability it needed. In a normal ship model, the keel would have been made of wood. T...

The political cartoon above shows an engineer named Charles Ellet attempting to get a meeting with General George McClellan. Ellet contacted many government officials and important men to try to get his ideas recognized and implemented. Ellet was born in Pennsylvania in 1810 and was inspired to become an engineer when he watched the opening of the Erie Canal. At age 20, he went to Paris to learn his craft, attending lectures for civil engineers and examining bridges, railroads, and other structures. He returned to the United States afterwards and in 1835 went to work as an assistant engineer for the James River and Kanawha Canal Company. This company was working to connect the Virginia tidewater region to the Ohio River. In 1854, his family went on a vacation touring Europe. The Crimean War was going on at that time, and Ellet witnessed two warships collide accidentally, causing immense damage to one of the ships. This was when Ellet’s passion was born. Because of this event, he cam...

The Battle of Tsushima, in which the Japanese Imperial Navy defeated the Russian Imperial Navy, was unprecedented in many ways. It marks the first naval victory of an Asian power over a major European power; the most devastating defeat suffered by the Imperial Russian Navy in its entire history; and the only truly decisive engagement between two battleship fleets in modern times. In addition, the Battle of Tsushima was also the most decisive naval engagement of the Russo-Japanese War and one that exerted a major impact on the course of that war. Its impact was so dramatic, in fact, that the two belligerents concluded a peace agreement within three months of the battle's conclusion. Beyond the military and diplomatic realms, being the first great defeat of a “Western” “power” by a non-Western modern military the battle had profound implications across Asia and the colonial world.

This essay investigates why guncotton was not commonly used by both sides of the American Civil War, despite it being a more powerful explosive than the standardexplosive (gunp owder/black powder). The question hitherto has not been fully answered; it is proposed that both sides did realize its superiority yet chose different modes of action. The Union army tested the material in America, but chose the Britishcourse of action, to wait until the material, with its known instability, was improved.
The Confederate navy was willing to take the risk and looked in mid-1864 for large amounts in Europe for use in certain types of sea and river mines (“torpedoes”). Large quantities did arrive, but were too late to be used. The types of torpedoes to be employedwith guncotton are not known but it is estimated that the material was intended for those types where gunpowder limited their effectiveness.

170 years have passed since the guns of Admiral Nakhimov's battleships roared in Sinop Bay. This battle was the critical moment of the Russo-Turkish War and led to the entry into the war of England and France, the strongest military powers in the world. But Russian historians still cannot explain the phenomenal, record-breaking rate of fire of the Russian ships. Moreover, they avoid touching this delicate issue.  This is how Russian history is written...
So I was the first to raise this question, first in the Russian naval magazine Gangut and now in the American magazine The Artilleryman, in the summer 2023 issue.

This journal explores the history and evolution of warships, from ancient times to the modern era. It delves into the development of various types of warships, their roles in naval warfare, and the technological advancements that shaped their design. The journal highlights significant milestones in naval history and provides insights into the blurred distinction between warships and merchant ships during wartime. The aim is to provide a comprehensive overview of the evolution of warships and their importance in naval warfare.