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Iron tools

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Iron tools refer to implements and instruments made primarily from iron, utilized in various applications such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing. The development and use of iron tools mark significant advancements in technology and craftsmanship, influencing societal progress and economic structures throughout history.
lightbulbAbout this topic
Iron tools refer to implements and instruments made primarily from iron, utilized in various applications such as agriculture, construction, and manufacturing. The development and use of iron tools mark significant advancements in technology and craftsmanship, influencing societal progress and economic structures throughout history.

Key research themes

1. How did ancient metallurgical techniques shape the properties and uses of iron tools?

This theme investigates the knowledge, technological processes, and metallurgical properties of ancient iron production and smithing methods. Understanding these aspects clarifies how ancient blacksmiths achieved specific material characteristics such as hardness, toughness, and aesthetic qualities in iron tools and weapons. These properties influenced tool functionality and cultural significance.

Key finding: This study reveals that ancient blacksmiths had empirical knowledge paralleling modern iron-carbon phase diagrams, enabling them to produce ultrahigh carbon Damascus steels (1.0 to 2.1% carbon) with exceptional cutting edges,... Read more
Key finding: Through microstructural and chemical analyses, this paper demonstrates the occurrence of iron and steel in Bronze Age artifacts with varying carbon contents, evidencing unintentional carburization and early experimentation... Read more
Key finding: Using integrated morphological, chemical, and petrographic analyses of smithing slag from three Swahili sites in East Africa, the study identifies distinct technical traditions associated with different hearth atmospheres... Read more

2. What social, economic, and cultural factors influenced the innovation and adoption of iron tools in ancient societies?

This research theme focuses on understanding the broader socio-political contexts that shaped the diffusion, acceptance, and transformative impact of iron metallurgy. It explores how iron’s material advantages, supply dynamics, and symbolic value intersected with shifting social structures, trade networks, and cultural preferences in various ancient regions.

Key finding: Synthesizing archaeological, textual, and analytical data, this review concludes that iron metallurgy originated in Anatolia early in the 2nd millennium BC but only saw broad expansion across the Near East around the late 2nd... Read more
Key finding: Field ethnographic research in regions of India and Brazil documents how local communities resisted large-scale iron ore mining projects, emphasizing the sociopolitical dimensions of resource extraction linked to iron. These... Read more
Key finding: The intentional deposition of Late Iron Age iron tools, including shaft-hole adze-axes and winged axes, in the Carpathian region reveals ritual or votive practices associated with iron implements. This reflects the cultural... Read more

3. How do archaeological findings inform us about the organization of metalworking and the distribution of iron tools in ancient communities?

This theme explores the spatial, functional, and social organization of smithing, metal production, and tool use within ancient settlements. It examines evidence from workshop remains, tool deposits, and grave goods to reconstruct artisanal roles, technological transfer, and the integration of iron objects into daily life, economy, and status systems.

Key finding: By analyzing archaeological traces of metalworking across diverse European regions, this study concludes that smithing was a socially embedded, visible activity with varying organization. Evidence suggests decentralized... Read more
Key finding: Technical analysis of an early iron drawing plate from a royal workshop demonstrates the presence of advanced metalworking (wire-drawing) before the Viking Age. The detection of silver residues within the die holes evidences... Read more
Key finding: The study of a Late La Tène iron tool hoard from a regional context combines typological and spatial data with archival research, demonstrating usage patterns and depositional practices within the Idrija pri Bači cultural... Read more

All papers in Iron tools

Located on the western shore of Lake Balaton, the site of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta has been in the focus of archaeological research for over 150 years. It provides a unique possibility to study transformation processes in Pannonia during... more
Concentration of La Tène iron object hoards from Zadní Arnoštov, Svitavy District. Four iron object hoards from the La Tène period and many solitary La Tène artefacts were discovered in the Zadní Arnoštov cadastral area (Pardubice Region,... more
Les agglomérations du nord-est de la Gaule Bilan critique des données Il s'agit ici d'appréhender de façon globale le corpus des agglomérations du nord-est de la Gaule (Alsace, Bourgogne, Champagne-Ardenne, Franche-Comté, Lorraine) en... more
The Sarmatians who arrived in the Carpathian Basin made a relatively quick transition from nomads to farmers, raising livestock and cultivating crops, as evidenced by the large number of settlements. Crop cultivation is represented by the... more
A Kis-Balaton program kereteben 1983 es 1996 kozott a Somogy Megyei Muzeumok Igazgatosaganak munkatarsai asatasokat vegeztek a Vors–Papkert B lelőhelyen, ahol tobbek kozott egy kora kozepkori temető feltarasara kerult sor. A leletanyag... more
Клады представляют собой относительно немногочисленный вид археологических источников для изучения культур охотников, рыболовов, собирателей. На территории Нижнего Приангарья, клады, относящиеся к интервалу от мезолита до бронзового века,... more
Dass sich K.-D. Jägers besonders ausgeprägtes Interesse an Ostmitteleuropa auch auf Litauen erstreckt, merkte man unter anderem an der von ihm gern erzählten Indogermanisten-Anekdote von Professor Hauschild in Jena (»Was, Sie können nicht... more
Avhandlingen undersoker kulturell anpassning bland kust- och skargardsbor i sydvastra Finlands och Alands skargard. Olika skargardsomraden jamfors med varandra for att identifiera regionala skillnader och tidsmassiga forandringar under... more
zu luftbildarchäologischen Forschungen in und um die spätantike Befestigung von Keszthely-Fenékpuszta ROBIN DÜRR, CONSTANTIN BĂJENAR and FELIX TEICHNER Fundatori pacis aeternae?-Fortifi cations between the High Rhine and the Black Sea... more
Исследуется железный меч, который был случайно обнаружен в начале ХХ в. в окрестностях с. Курагино на территории Минусинской котловины. В настоящее время он хранится в Минусинском краеведческом музее. Является редкой находкой для данной... more
I de ekonomiska vetenskaperna har frågorna om konsumtion alltid spelat en central roll. Framstående ekonomer som Ricardo och Smith, Keynes och Friedman har alla berört konsumtionens betydelse för den ekonomiska utvecklingen. Ännu saknas... more
The paper deals with a small deposit of iron tools recently found with the metal detector in a forested area in Argeș County (Furești village, Dobrești commune): a shaft-hole adze-axe, a bellows cleaner and a winged axe. Additionally, is... more
Auf die Besonderheit der Keramik des Wachturms von Leányfalu, nämlich auf das gemeinsame Vorkommen von römischen und barbarischen Elementen, machte zuerst András Alföldi 1932 aufmerksam, als er die von Bálint Kuzsinszky 1915 ausgegrabenen... more
Purpose. The paper describes the experience of implementing a brand new interactive education platform at Novosibirsk State University (NSU). The purpose of the platform is to effectively use all potential communication channels between... more
Edición corregida y aumentada de la guía del museo CIEN PIEZAS, publicada en 2011 con ocasión del centenario de su creación, con la que se conmemora en 2021 los 50 años de la apertura al público de la Casa de los Deanes, como sede del... more
Rezension zu: András Mócsy (Hrsg.), Die spätrömische Festung und das Gräberfeld von Tokod. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1981. 263 Seiten mit 208 Abbildungen auf 133 Tafeln
We deal with the imports from the south and the east of the Iberian Peninsula which have been found in the site of El Raso de Candeleda (Ávila) and its surroundings. To do so, we will review the scarde documented archaeological materials,... more
The implements found at Dejbjer g A Viking Age craftsman's tools In 1969, while some construction-work was being carried out in the village of Dejbjerg in westjutland, a collection of iron implements came to light, about I m down below... more
of PhD thesis submitted in 2015 to the Archaeology Doctoral Programme, Doctoral School of History, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest under the supervision of László Borhy.
Denna rapport ar resultatet av ett projekt vars syfte har varit att bygga upp en forskningsdatabas over och kartera svenska mikro-/hantverksbryggerier verksamma under framst 2000-talet. Sammanstallningen har skett genom insamling,... more
* Författare n vill härmed tacka Börje Johansson, Terry Friesz, Zhong-Gui Sou, Roberto Roson, Imdad Hussain, Erik B ergkvist samt det högre seminariet vid Nationalekonomiska institutionen för deras bidrag, kommentarer till denna rapport... more
We deal with the imports from the south and the east of the Iberian Peninsula which have been found in the site of El Raso de Candeleda (Ávila) and its surroundings. To do so, we will review the scarde documented archaeological materials,... more
Minden út Kínába vezet? Avagy a Római Birodalommal kapcsolatba hozható régészeti leletek problematikája Cecília G 33 Plinius a gemmákról István Gergő F 55 Nomen provinciae. A principátus kori Raetia-Vindelicia kérdéskör megoldása Ildikó T... more
Por primera vez se publica un análisis de conjunto, implicando las seis Zonas de enterramiento que se localizaron en las excavaciones de este importante cementerio vettón, llevadas a cabo en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Intentando... more
y se presentan las dos bases de datos empleadas y algunas aplicaciones informáticas. El análisis de la distribución espacial y la riqueza relativa de las tumbas ha ofrecido algunas conclusiones interesantes. El resultado del análisis... more
Juan Cabré Con la colaboración de su hija Encarnación excavó varios yacimientos del ámbito vettón abulense, entre ellos el del Castro de Las Cogotas, en el cual uno de los aspectos más destacados es el repertorio de herramientas y útiles... more
This report describes the structure and amount of knots in triangular profiles from StarSawing of pine (Pinus silvestris L) and spruce (Picea abies Karst). The yield of blanks is determined mainly with a defined knot structure and the... more
This article presents three iron implements, found in 2013/2014 on the Roman villa site "Dëschtelratt" at Contern: a scythe hammer, a scythe anvil and a scythe. Roman hay cutting techniques are also discussed. (Archaeologia... more
Mémoire de Master 2 Recherche en Protohistoire européenne, sous la direction de Patrice BRUN. Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne, 2010
Впервые представлена характеристика образа лисицы в устном народном творчестве хакасов. Исследование базируется на фольклорных, этнографических и лингвистических источниках. Изучены различные жанры повествовательной традиции, в которых... more
2 Тобольский историко-архитектурный музей-заповедник Тобольск, Россия Аннотация При раскопках в исторической части города Тобольска получена представительная коллекция находок, на ос-нове которой можно охарактеризовать огнестрельное... more
Lors de travaux archéologiques en 2016 sur l’éperon barré du Schieferberg, dans la vallée du Rhin supérieur, un dépôt composé de plusieurs attaches de joug, de chaînes et d’outils a été mis au jour. L’objectif de cet article, au-delà de... more
Combinând aceste informații scrise cu rapoartele de săpătura, rezultă dimensiunile pentru o tabără regulată :
Only six of the 21 Late Roman Period graves excavated at the site of Dombóvár TESCO in 2007 contained animal bones. These could be interpreted as food incorporated into the set of grave goods. According to the field notes, these remains... more
Впервые в оборот отечественной науки вводятся материалы эпохи бронзы из окрестностей оз. Лобнор (Синь- цзян, КНР), хранящиеся в фондах Национального музея Республики Корея. Они получены в ходе работ экспе- диции под общим руководством... more
The Castellum Pannonicum Pelsonense series was established in 2010, its aim being to publish the results from archaeological investigations in and around the Roman fortification of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta. Chronologically, it focuses on... more
Extensive, rectangular Roman-era establishments in the vicinity of Keszthely-Fenékpuszta, Környe, Tác, Alsóhetény and Ságvár are long since been known. These installations are located at definite locations, favouring similar geological... more
В статье впервые представлена характеристика образа ящерицы в традиционной культуре хакасов. Основу исследования составили фольклорные и этнографические источники. Используемые в работе фольклорные материалы – отрывки из героических... more
Im 4. Jahrhundert n. Chr. wurde auf dem Boden der römischen Provinz Pannonien in Keszthely-Fenékpuszta eine 15 ha große Festung errichtet. Die bisherigen archäologischen Untersuchungen am Westufer des Plattenseeshaben Wehr- und... more
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