Iron II

The solid state structures of [Ni(1) pyridyl)-2,2 0 :6 0 ,2 00 -terpyridine) are presented and the structural variation observed for the {M(1) 2 } 2+ unit is discussed. Protonation of the pendant pyridine group in [Ru(1) 2 ] 2+ leads to the formation of a hydrogen-bonded, one-dimensional polymer [{Ru(1)(H1)} n ] 3n+ exemplifed by the solid-state structure of [{Ru(1)(H1)}{Fe(NCS) 6 } AE 1.25H 2 O] n .

Keywords: Iron(II) / Photoswitching / Structural analysis / Photomagnetism / Spin crossover is the archetype of highly cooperative and low-dimensional spincrossover complexes, which exhibit low-spin (LS) to highspin (HS) light-induced conversion at very low temperature. The structural reorganizations related to the light-induced and thermally induced LS-HS transitions were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction below the relaxation temperature (T =15KϽ T LIESST ) and at 130 K within the thermal hysteresis loop. We show that the LIESST and thermal spin transitions lead to the same structural variations, namely an elongation of the Fe-N bonds by 0.18 Å (Fe-N NCS ) and 0.20 Å (Fe-N btr ), on going from LS to HS, together with a reorientation of the NCS group by nearly 13°. The atomic displacement amplitudes, derived from the crystal structures,

The paramagnetic coordination polymer [Fe(3phOHtrz) was obtained through the reaction of an iron(II) salt with the 3phOH-trz ligand and a [Pt(CN) 4 ] 2-anion. Its structure consists of two-dimensional {FePt(CN) 4 } layers linked by π-stacking interactions and a strong H-bonding network between water molecules and the hydroxy groups of the organic neutral ligand. From the paramagnetic high-spin (HS) state at 10 K, irradiation at λ = 830 nm led to the fully low-spin (LS) state, as determined through the reverse light-induced excited spinstate trapping (LIESST) process. As the compound is warmed [a]

The paramagnetic coordination polymer [Fe(3phOH‐trz){Pt(CN)4}]·2H2O [3phOH‐trz = 4‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,2,4‐triazole] was obtained through the reaction of an iron(II) salt with the 3phOH‐trz ligand and a [Pt(CN)4]2– anion. Its structure consists of two‐dimensional {FePt(CN)4} layers linked by π‐stacking interactions and a strong H‐bonding network between water molecules and the hydroxy groups of the organic neutral ligand. From the paramagnetic high‐spin (HS) state at 10 K, irradiation at λ = 830 nm led to the fully low‐spin (LS) state, as determined through the reverse light‐induced excited spin‐state trapping (LIESST) process. As the compound is warmed up, this LS state undergoes a thermally induced spin transition to high spin at ca. 105 K. This photoswitching process is reversible, and the paramagnetic state can be recovered through light irradiation at λ = 510 nm below 105 K. Moreover, permanent irradiation (λ = 830 nm) revealed a hidden hysteresis loop with a width of 37 K. Pho...

The synthesis, structural, magnetic, and Mo ¨ssbauer spectral properties of Fe[(C 6 H 5 )B(3-Mepz) 3 ] 2 (2, pz = pyrazolyl ring) are reported. The single crystal X-ray structural results indicate that at both 294 and 90 K Fe[(C 6 H 5 )B(3-Mepz) 3 ] 2 (2) has a distorted octahedral iron(II) coordination environment with Fe-N bond distances that average ca. 2.18 A ˚, distances that clearly indicate the high-spin nature of the complex at these temperatures. Both the magnetic and Mo ¨ssbauer spectral results indicate that Fe[(C 6 H 5 )B(3-Mepz) 3 ] 2 (2) remains high-spin down to 4 K. This result is surprising because the closely related Fe[(p-R-C 6 H 4 )B(3-Mepz) 3 ] 2 [R = I, AC"CAH, AC"CASiMe 3 , or AC"CAC 6 H 5 ] complexes do exhibit electronic spin-state changes on cooling. The absence of a spin-state crossover in Fe[(C 6 H 5 )B(3-Mepz) 3 ] 2 (2) is the result of its molecular structure in which the three pyrazolyl rings of each tridentate ligand are highly twisted away from an ideal C 3v coordination symmetry, a twisting distortion that favors the high-spin form of the complex with longer Fe-N bond distances.

Recebido em 12/9/08; aceito em 8/4/09; publicado na web em 26/8/09 FeBr 2 has reacted with an equivalent of mnt 2-(mnt = cis-1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolate) and the α-diimine L (L = 1,10'-phenantroline, 2,2'-bipyridine) in THF solution, and followed by adding of t-butyl-isocyanide to give [Fe(mnt)(L)(t-BuNC) 2 ] neutral compound. The products were characterized by infrared, UV-visible and Mössbauer spectroscopy, besides thermogravimetric and conductivity data. The geometry in the equilibrium was calculated by the density functional theory and the electronic spectrum by the time-dependent. The experimental and theoretical results in good agreement have defined an octahedral geometry with two isocyanide neighbours. The π→π * intraligand electronic transition was not observed for cis-isomers in the near-IR spectral region.

This paper presents a cache of 31 astragali from the site of Tel Nagila, dating to the Middle Bronze Age. This is the earliest known cache of astragali from the Southern Levant outside tombs, and may be the forebearer of the later caches found in cultic contexts in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. This paper presents the context in which the cache was found, adjacent to a tower that functioned as part of the site's fortifications; the social mechanisms behind the use of astragali; their deposition in a cache; and how the cache may have related to the function of the context in which it was found.

In 1984 Eliezer Oren identified a series of structures found at 13th and 12th centuries BCE sites of southern Canaan, calling them Egyptian Governors' Residencies. He identified Bliss's City IV as a defining site. In 2000 Blakely identified Petrie's Pilaster Building as a second example from Tell el-Hesi. It is now clear that Bliss's City IV dates to the 13th century and that some of its architectural elements were salvaged after its destruction to build Petrie's Pilaster Building in the 12th century. All of the southern examples are found in an agricultural zone of uncertainty where there is no clear likelihood of a harvestable crop in any given normal year. As it happens, the 13th and especially the 12th centuries BCE were far from normal, being a period of drought and extreme drought. Thus no crops could have been expected. This suggests the structures could not have been centres for the collection of a grain harvest tax, the accepted view. Rather, one wonders if the sites did not monitor a large pasturage.

Monosegmented flow analysis (MSFA) has been used as a flow-batch system to produce a simple, robust, and mechanized titrator that enables true titrations to be performed without the use of standards. This paper also introduces the use of coulometry with monosegmented titration by proposing a versatile flow cell. Coulometric generation of the titrand is attractive for titrations performed in monosegmented systems, because the reagent can be added without increasing the volume of sample injected. Also, biamperomeric and potentiometric detection of titration end-points can increase the versatility of the monosegmented titrator. The cell integrates coulometric generation of the titrand with detection of end-point by potentiometry or biamperometry. The resulting titrator is a flow-batch system in which the liquid monosegment, constrained by the interfaces of the gaseous carrier stream, plays the role of a sample of known volume to be titrated. The system has been used for determination of ascorbic acid, by coulometric generation of I 2 with biamperometric detection, and for determination of Fe(II), by coulometric generation of Ce(IV) with potentiometric detection of the end-point, both in feed supplements.

The new potentially N-4-multidentate pyridyl-functionalized scorpionates 4-((tris-2,2,2-(pyrazol-1-ypethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy, (1)) and 4-((tris-2,2,2-(3-phenylpyrazol-1yl)ethoxy)methyl)pyridine (TpmPy(Ph), (2)) have been synthesized and their coordination behavior toward Fe-II, Ni-II, Zn-II, Cu-II, Pd-II, and V-III centers has been studied. Reaction of (1) with Fe(BF4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O yields [Fe(TpmPy)(2)](BF4)(2) (3), that, in the solid state, shows the sandwich structure with trihapto ligand coordination via the pyrazolyl arms, and is completely low spin (LS) until 400 K. Reactions of 2 equiv of (1) or (2) with Zn-II or Ni-II chlorides give the corresponding metal complexes with general formula [MCl2(TpmPy*)(2)] (M = Zn, Ni; TpmPy* = TpmPy, TpmPy(Ph)) (4-7) where the ligand is able to coordinate through either the pyrazolyl rings (in case of [Ni(TpmPy)(2)Cl-2 (5)) or the pyridyl-side (for [ZnCl2(TpmPy)(2)] (4), [ZnCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (6) and [NiCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (7)). The reaction of (1) with VCl3 gives [VOCl2(TpmPy)] (8) that shows the N-3-pyrazolyl coordination-mode. Moreover, (1) and react with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)] to give the disubstituted complexes [PdCl2(TprnPy)(2)] (9) and [PdCl2(TpmPy(Ph))(2)] (10), respectively, bearing the scorpionate coordinated via the pyridyl group. Compounds (9) and (10) react with Fe(BF4)(2) to give the heterobimetallic Pd/Fe systems [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Fe](BF4)(2) (11) and [PdCl2(mu-TpmPy(Ph))(2)Fe-2(H2O)(6)]BF4)(4) (13), respectively. Compound (11) can also be formed from reaction of (3) with cis-[PdCl2(CH3CN)(2)], while reaction of (3) with Cu(NO3)(2).2.5H(2)O generates [Fe(mu-TpmPy)(2)-Cu(NO3)(2)](BF4)(2) (12), confirming the multidentate ability of the new chelating ligands. The X-ray diffraction analyses of compounds (1), (3), (4), (5), and (9) are also reported.

While excavating at Tell el-Hesi in the spring of 1890, W. M. F. Petrie discovered the Early Bronze Age, which was further explored by F. J. Bliss over the next two years. Soon other large and important sites in Palestine were excavated and they came to define the Early Bronze Age while Hesi was almost forgotten. Starting in 1970, the Joint Archaeological Expedition to Tell el-Hesi returned to the site and as part of that work they excavated additional Early Bronze Age remains there. The Joint Expedition identified a large one-period EBIIIA city, but most of this work remains unpublished. Today, we recognize a variety of unique aspects that define the EBIIIA site and the region. This article discusses the major changes that have taken place in the interpretation of Tell el-Hesi and its surroundings in the 3rd millennium BCE from Petrie to the present. The authors contextualize Tell el-Hesi in the recent debates on the nature of EBII–III in the Southern Levant and present a summary o...

A transect across the eastern North Atlantic from 42jN, 23jW towards the European continental shelf and English Channel shows a gradient of increasing concentrations of dissolved iron (0.7-1.9 nM), iron-binding ligands and iron(II) across the continental rise. Other data, notably aluminium and manganese, indicate that the increases are part of a front in the metal concentrations, which is due to admixture of bottom waters. Metal fronts in shelf waters are well known, but it was not known that this may include iron(II) and organic iron-complexing ligands. The iron gradient covered a narrow salinity band between 35 and 36, and was linearly related to salinity indicating conservative behaviour, possibly caused by organic complexation keeping the iron in solution. The open ocean iron(II) levels were low but a major proportion of the increased iron levels in the shelf and coastal waters was found to occur as iron(II), and the increase in the overall iron concentration was matched by increased ligand concentrations causing the iron to remain organically complexed. A sedimentary origin for the iron(II) in the surface waters would require iron(II) to be more stable than expected, perhaps through complexation-stabilization.

This paper presents a cache of 31 astragali from the site of Tel Nagila, dating to the Middle Bronze Age. This is the earliest known cache of astragali from the Southern Levant outside tombs, and may be the forebearer of the later caches found in cultic contexts in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. This paper presents the context in which the cache was found, adjacent to a tower that functioned as part of the site's fortifications; the social mechanisms behind the use of astragali; their deposition in a cache; and how the cache may have related to the function of the context in which it was found.

This paper presents a cache of 31 astragali from the site of Tel Nagila, dating to the Middle Bronze Age. This is the earliest known cache of astragali from the Southern Levant outside tombs, and may be the forebearer of the later caches found in cultic contexts in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. This paper presents the context in which the cache was found, adjacent to a tower that functioned as part of the site's fortifications; the social mechanisms behind the use of astragali; their deposition in a cache; and how the cache may have related to the function of the context in which it was found.

A nanoencapsulation technique was applied to an oxygen-scavenging system, and thermal processing was investigated as an activator to trigger the oxygen-scavenging reaction. R-Tocopherol-loaded polycaprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using an oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation method. The influences of iron(II) chloride, water, and thermal processing on the oxygen-scavenging capability were investigated. NPs without iron(II) chloride, moisture, and thermal processing had no oxygen-scavenging effect. However, the oxygen content (%) in the cup headspace of 20.9% decreased to 20.4% when the oxygen-scavenging system contained NPs, water, and iron(II) chloride. The oxygen content (%) decreased further to 19.5% when water was eliminated from the mixture. In this research, NPs and iron(II) chloride with thermal processing had an oxygen-scavenging capacity of 6.44 cm 3 of O 2 /g and an oxygen-scavenging rate of 0.21 cm 3 of O 2 g-1 day-1. Results indicated that NPs and iron(II) chloride in an oxygen-scavenging system can be used as a heat-activated oxygen scavenger.

site Tell en-Naṣbeh and dating mostly to the Iron Age II. The vessels analyzed represent main Iron Age II types appearing at the site (bowls, kraters, cooking pots, jars, jugs), alongside a number of special groups from this and other periods, including Philistine Bichrome vessels, vessels thought to have been imported, and several Judean pillar and other figurines. The primary aim of the study was to characterize the raw materials used for pottery production at this site and in the region of Benjamin, and to identify evidence for trade in vessels on various scales. The results show that, in general, the vast majority of the vessels were locally made (or made in the central hills region) from two main types of clay related to terra rossa or Moẓa type soils. Different classes of pottery, such as cooking pots or storage vessels, were made of different clay types. As not much compositional analysis of pottery from this region has been published, this study may also prove useful as comp...

The complexation of Fe(II) with organic matter (OM) and especially with humic acids (HA) remains poorly characterized in the literature. In this study, batch experiments were conducted on a pH range varying from 1.95 to 9.90 to study HA-mediated Fe(II) binding. The results showed that high amounts of Fe(II) are complexed with HA depending on the pH. Experimental data were used to determine a new set of binding parameters by coupling PHREEPLOT and PHREEQC-Model VI. The new binding parameters (log KMA = 2.19 ± 0.16, log KMB = 4.46 ± 0.47 and ΔLK2 = 3.90 ± 1.30) were validated using the LFER (linear free energy relationship) method and published adsorption data between Fe(II) and Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) (Rose and Waite, 2003). They were then put in PHREEQC-Model VI to determine the distribution of Fe(II) onto HA functional groups. It was shown that Fe(II) forms mainly bidentate complexes, some tridentate complexes and only a few monodentate complexes with HA. Moreover, Fe(II)...

HAL is a multidisciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

FeBr 2 has reacted with an equivalent of mnt 2-(mnt = cis-1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolate) and the α-diimine L (L = 1,10'-phenantroline, 2,2'-bipyridine) in THF solution, and followed by adding of t-butyl-isocyanide to give [Fe(mnt)(L)(t-BuNC) 2 ] neutral compound. The products were characterized by infrared, UV-visible and Mössbauer spectroscopy, besides thermogravimetric and conductivity data. The geometry in the equilibrium was calculated by the density functional theory and the electronic spectrum by the time-dependent. The experimental and theoretical results in good agreement have defined an octahedral geometry with two isocyanide neighbours. The π→π * intraligand electronic transition was not observed for cis-isomers in the near-IR spectral region.

FeBr 2 has reacted with an equivalent of mnt 2-(mnt = cis-1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolate) and the α-diimine L (L = 1,10'-phenantroline, 2,2'-bipyridine) in THF solution, and followed by adding of t-butyl-isocyanide to give [Fe(mnt)(L)(t-BuNC) 2 ] neutral compound. The products were characterized by infrared, UV-visible and Mössbauer spectroscopy, besides thermogravimetric and conductivity data. The geometry in the equilibrium was calculated by the density functional theory and the electronic spectrum by the time-dependent. The experimental and theoretical results in good agreement have defined an octahedral geometry with two isocyanide neighbours. The π→π * intraligand electronic transition was not observed for cis-isomers in the near-IR spectral region.

The recovery of a ceramic assemblage from a pit in Area T2 at Tel Azekah provided new data for the analysis of the Iron Age II. Following restoration of the vessels, it became clear that the assemblage did not conform to the known ‘ceramic pegs’ of the Iron II i.e., Iron IIA or Iron IIB.

The following study evaluates the context of the ceramic assemblage i.e., a pit, and proposes a framework for the broad analysis of pits, along the vectors of construction, contents, and location. The integration of Garbology and refuse analysis into a consideration of pits facilitates the classification of the Tel Azekah pit as a short- term refuse pit. Such an analysis enables the treatment of the ceramic material as a homogenous assemblage, which is indicative of a specific ceramic horizon.

Following the identification of the assemblage as holistic, this study aims to provide ceramic parallels for the Tel Azekah assemblage, effectively placing it within a wider typological (relative) framework. A consideration of the Tel Azekah material in conjunction with alternate sites, indicates that the assemblage rests somewhere between the late Iron IIA (Tell es-Safi/Gath Stratum A3) and the Iron IIB (Lachish Level III).

The emergence of new archaeological data from sites such as Jerusalem (Spring House Stratum 9), Tel Beth Shemesh (Level 3), and Tel Nagile (Stratum IV), in conjunction with Tel Azekah, suggest that it is now possible to narrow the ceramic horizon of the Shephelah during the Iron IIB to ‘early Iron IIB’ (late 9th–mid 8th century BCE) and the ‘late Iron IIB’ (mid-end 8th century BCE). The ‘early Iron IIB’ is here perceived as the reorientation of the Shephelah following the late 9th century BCE destruction of Tell es-Safi/Gath by Hazael of Aram Damascus, and subsequent consolidation of Shephelite networks with Jerusalem and associated Highland sites.

The Biblical texts are replete with references to priests and Levites in ancient Israel and Judah, and are portrayed as playing a crucial and central role in these societies. While it is quite clear that priests and Levites did exist in Iron Age Israel and Judah, and have been extensively discussed in biblical research, insufficient attention has been placed on possible archaeological evidence of these groups. In this paper, I attempt to collect and assess archaeological evidence for priests and Levites in Iron Age Israel and Judah, and how this interface interplays with the textual evidence.

Up until now, only a small number of studies have been dedicated to the binding processes of As(III) with organic matter (OM) via ionic Fe(III) bridges; none was interested in Fe (II). Complexation isotherms were carried out with As(III), Fe(II) or Fe(III) and Leonardite humic acid (HA). Although PHREEQC/Model VI, implemented with OM thiol groups, reproduced the experimental datasets with Fe(III), the poor fit between the experimental and modeled Fe(II) data suggested another binding mechanism for As(III) to OM. PHREEQC/Model VI was modified to take various possible As(III)-Fe(II)-OM ternary complex conformations into account. The complexation of As(III) as a mononuclear bidentate complex to a bidentate Fe(II)-HA complex was evidenced. However, the model needed to be improved since the distribution of the bidentate sites appeared to be unrealistic with regards to the published XAS data. In the presence of Fe(III), As(III) was bound to thiol groups which are more competitive with reg...

A transect across the eastern North Atlantic from 42jN, 23jW towards the European continental shelf and English Channel shows a gradient of increasing concentrations of dissolved iron (0.7-1.9 nM), iron-binding ligands and iron(II) across the continental rise. Other data, notably aluminium and manganese, indicate that the increases are part of a front in the metal concentrations, which is due to admixture of bottom waters. Metal fronts in shelf waters are well known, but it was not known that this may include iron(II) and organic iron-complexing ligands. The iron gradient covered a narrow salinity band between 35 and 36, and was linearly related to salinity indicating conservative behaviour, possibly caused by organic complexation keeping the iron in solution. The open ocean iron(II) levels were low but a major proportion of the increased iron levels in the shelf and coastal waters was found to occur as iron(II), and the increase in the overall iron concentration was matched by increased ligand concentrations causing the iron to remain organically complexed. A sedimentary origin for the iron(II) in the surface waters would require iron(II) to be more stable than expected, perhaps through complexation-stabilization.

The paper attempts to integrate the study of the manufacture, function and discard of chalices from three sites in Philistia in order to form a coherent 'life-cycle story' of this vessel type. The analyses include examination of the sources of the ceramic raw material using petrography; study of the modes of manufacture, employing visual inspection and ethnographic data; and examination of the function of these vessels, using organic residue analysis. By combining these analytic perspectives, the authors shed new light on cultic practices in Iron Age Philistia and offer an alternative view of Philistine identity.

Highlights  We prepared highly reproducible iron(II)-polygalacturonate hydrogels by external diffusion of Fe(II)  These hydrogels are heterogeneous at macroscopic scale but have a constant mesh size  Iron / polymer ratio is constant within the hydrogel, despite the high concentration gradient  These hydrogels protect iron(II) against oxidation even in oxidative conditions  We propose a gelation mechanism that explains the relationship between macroscopic heterogeneities and the local structure.

FeBr 2 has reacted with an equivalent of mnt 2-(mnt = cis-1,2-dicyanoethylene-1,2-dithiolate) and the α-diimine L (L = 1,10'-phenantroline, 2,2'-bipyridine) in THF solution, and followed by adding of t-butyl-isocyanide to give [Fe(mnt)(L)(t-BuNC) 2 ] neutral compound. The products were characterized by infrared, UV-visible and Mössbauer spectroscopy, besides thermogravimetric and conductivity data. The geometry in the equilibrium was calculated by the density functional theory and the electronic spectrum by the time-dependent. The experimental and theoretical results in good agreement have defined an octahedral geometry with two isocyanide neighbours. The π→π * intraligand electronic transition was not observed for cis-isomers in the near-IR spectral region.

The paper attempts to integrate the study of the manufacture, function and discard of chalices from three sites in Philistia in order to form a coherent 'life-cycle story' of this vessel type. The analyses include examination of the sources of the ceramic raw material using petrography; study of the modes of manufacture, employing visual inspection and ethnographic data; and examination of the function of these vessels, using organic residue analysis. By combining these analytic perspectives, the authors shed new light on cultic practices in Iron Age Philistia and offer an alternative view of Philistine identity.

The publication of a Proto-Canaanite inscription from Eilat Mazar’s excavations at the Ophel has stimulated much interest in research but also controversy regarding its date. In this article, I discuss the emergence of neckless pithoi with outfolded rim in Israel, Judah and Philistia while considering the changes that were introduced in the relative and absolute chronology of Iron Age Judah and nearby regions. My objective is to trace the earliest appearance of this pithos type systematically and consequently to estimate whether the various dates suggested for the Ophel pithos inscription fit the evidence from the field. A detailed review of the archaeological data indicates that setting the beginning of the production of the neckless pithoi in the late 10th or even the early 9th century BCE is a bit too high. In contrast, dating their earliest examples, including the inscribed piece, to the second half of the 9th century BCE is reasonable and may suggest that some second millennium BCE cultural traditions survived longer than expected in Iron Age IIA Jerusalem.

ell e s-Í âf i /Gath is a large multiperiod archaeological site located in central Israel, on the border between the southern Coastal Plain (Philistia) and the Judaean Foothills (Shephelah), approximately halfway between Jerusalem and Ashkelon (fig. 1). The site, which is identified as Canaanite and Philistine Gath, Crusader Blanche Garde, and the Medieval and modern village of Tell e s-Í âf i (Rainey 1975; Schniedewind 1998; Boas and Maeir 2008), was settled, almost continuously, from prehistoric through modern times. 1 As of 1996, a long-term archaeological investigation of the site and its environs (The Tell e s-Í âf i / Gath Archaeological Project) has been in process (e.g.

ell e s-Í âf i /Gath is a large multiperiod archaeological site located in central Israel, on the border between the southern Coastal Plain (Philistia) and the Judaean Foothills (Shephelah), approximately halfway between Jerusalem and Ashkelon (fig. 1). The site, which is identified as Canaanite and Philistine Gath, Crusader Blanche Garde, and the Medieval and modern village of Tell e s-Í âf i (Rainey 1975; Schniedewind 1998; Boas and Maeir 2008), was settled, almost continuously, from prehistoric through modern times. 1 As of 1996, a long-term archaeological investigation of the site and its environs (The Tell e s-Í âf i / Gath Archaeological Project) has been in process (e.g.

In this paper we examine why common methodologies for determining ‘religious architecture’ do not account for the diverse and fluid ways in which religious behaviour can be expressed. We focus on religious architecture from the Iron Age Southern Levant highlighting certain sites that ‘fall through the cracks’ of current taxonomies. We propose a different way of approaching evidence for religious practice in the archaeological record, viewing religion as one dimension of social action made visible along a spectrum of ritualization.

Based on recent studies on the Philistine culture deriving from the Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project, which indicate the complex and multi-faceted composition of the Philistine culture and its developmental trajectory, and in particular, the complex identity politics that existed in Philistia and surrounding regions (especially the Shephelah) during the Iron Age, in this paper, I explore similar indications that complex identity matrices, far more multi-faceted than the standardly used ethnic definitions (e. g. Israelite, Judahite, Canaanite, etc.), existed in Israel and Judah during the Iron Age. Based on these examples, I call for a heightened awareness and caution from simplistic identifications of various identities based on the archaeological remains.

Tell el-Fār a (South) in southwest Israel is well known from the excavations by FLINDERS PETRIE in 1928. Between 1998, the site was reinvestigated by a team of Ben-Gurion University directed by GUNNAR LEHMANN. The renewed excavations exposed evidence dating from the Middle Bronze Age through the Roman Period. Of particular importance are the fortifications and the ceramics of the Iron Age published here. The evidence from the renewed excavations allows a new evaluation of the site and the northwestern Negev in the context of recent archaeological research in southern Israel. 110 Gunnar Lehmann, Revital Golding-Meir, Bat-Ami Neumeier-Potashnik, Hermann M. Niemann southeast of Gaza and 30 kilometers west of Beer-Sheba on a loess cliff above the banks of the Wādī Ġ azze /Wādī eš-Šellāle /Naḣ al B e śōr (map reference: New Israel Grid 1507.5770).

Essays from an international group of experts on the ancient Near East and the Hebrew Bible honor Oded Borowski's pioneering work in the archaeology and history of ancient Israel and Judah. Contributors approach the question of what we know of eighth-century Judah from multiple angles, including a survey of Judah's neighbors, the land of Judah and its cities, daily life and material culture, religious beliefs and practices, and early forms of what are now biblical texts.