Ionic Concentration Polarization

Experimental and numerical results reveal a distinct signature of electroconvective instability in the transient response for a microchannel-nanoslot system. We study the development of the electroconvective instability from equilibrium during the transient chronopotentiometric (galvanostatic operation) and chronoamperometric (potentiostatic operation) responses at overlimiting current conditions and observe a distinct signature of nonmonotonic transient response resulting from the emergence of electroconvective instability. This stands in contrast to previously reported experimental nonmonotonic transient responses in heterogeneous membrane systems associated with linear electroosmotic flow.

Experimental and numerical results reveal a distinct signature of electroconvective instability in the transient response for a microchannel-nanoslot system. We study the development of the electroconvective instability from equilibrium during the transient chronopotentiometric (galvanostatic operation) and chronoamperometric (potentiostatic operation) responses at overlimiting current conditions and observe a distinct signature of nonmonotonic transient response resulting from the emergence of electroconvective instability. This stands in contrast to previously reported experimental nonmonotonic transient responses in heterogeneous membrane systems associated with linear electroosmotic flow.

Experimental and numerical results reveal a distinct signature of electroconvective instability in the transient response for a microchannel-nanoslot system. We study the development of the electroconvective instability from equilibrium during the transient chronopotentiometric (galvanostatic operation) and chronoamperometric (potentiostatic operation) responses at overlimiting current conditions and observe a distinct signature of nonmonotonic transient response resulting from the emergence of electroconvective instability. This stands in contrast to previously reported experimental nonmonotonic transient responses in heterogeneous membrane systems associated with linear electroosmotic flow.

Experimental and numerical results reveal a distinct signature of electroconvective instability in the transient response for a microchannel-nanoslot system. We study the development of the electroconvective instability from equilibrium during the transient chronopotentiometric (galvanostatic operation) and chronoamperometric (potentiostatic operation) responses at overlimiting current conditions and observe a distinct signature of nonmonotonic transient response resulting from the emergence of electroconvective instability. This stands in contrast to previously reported experimental nonmonotonic transient responses in heterogeneous membrane systems associated with linear electroosmotic flow.

Experimental and numerical results reveal a distinct signature of electroconvective instability in the transient response for a microchannel-nanoslot system. We study the development of the electroconvective instability from equilibrium during the transient chronopotentiometric (galvanostatic operation) and chronoamperometric (potentiostatic operation) responses at overlimiting current conditions and observe a distinct signature of nonmonotonic transient response resulting from the emergence of electroconvective instability. This stands in contrast to previously reported experimental nonmonotonic transient responses in heterogeneous membrane systems associated with linear electroosmotic flow.

General anaesthesia appears to disrupt cardiovascular stability by causing changes in cardiac function. The assessement of the chronobiological aspects of the pentobarbital anaesthesia impact on myocardial electrophysiology, acid-base balance and ion concentrations in a rat model was the aim of present study. The study was performed using pentobarbital-anaesthetized (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) female Wistar rats after adaptation to a 12h light : 12h dark (LD) cycle. Heart rate, rectal temperature, PQ interval, QT interval, QRS complex, QTc interval, and P, R and T wave amplitudes, acid-base balance and arterial concentrations of Na + , K + , Ca 2+ and Cl – were evaluated for their dependence on the LD cycle. LD differences were found in heart rate and rectal temperature measured before administration of the anaesthetic agent. Pentobarbital anaesthesia, however, eliminated LD differences in all electrophysiological parameters, parameters of acid-base balance and ion concentrations. LD differences with borderline statistical significance were found only for Na + levels, with a higher level in the light (ie, nonactive) period. Results of the present study suggest that pentobarbital is probably not the most suitable anaesthetic agent for chronobiological myocardial electrophysiological studies in rat models.

Fresh water scarcity is one of the major challenges facing our society. Established technologies exist, though they are still very expensive preventing them from the immediate use and possible final solution. In this work it is analyzed an innovative technology developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) for desalination, using Ionic Concentration Polarization (ICP).