Internet of Multimedia Things

In today's interconnected society, ensuring the safety and security of the public is crucial for protecting individuals from threats posed by criminals. Equally important is safeguarding individuals' privacy, which requires the development of a robust mechanism capable of withstanding attacks while remaining efficient. Surveillance cameras, such as Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV), have become essential tools in this endeavour. These cameras capture extensive visual data, often processed and stored on remote, centralized cloud servers. However, these methods have several shortcomings and are vulnerable to numerous security and privacy breaches. Various solutions have been proposed to address these challenges, each focusing solely on specific aspects of the system. However, none of them have comprehensively addressed the complete mechanism and discussed its resilience against various cyber threats. This paper proposes a secure and trusted decentralized surveillance mechanism utilizing hashgraph for faster, scalable, and secure consensus. The framework aims to defend against attacks such as DDoS and Sybil Attacks and ensures tamperproof logging of all events securely. For rapid identification, we employ I-frame generation from camera footage and a two-stage detection process: one at the camera end using the MobileNetV3-small model to forward necessary keyframes, and another on a private cloud-based analyzer. To safeguard individuals' privacy and ensure secure I-frame transmission while preventing attacks such as Known-plaintext and Replay attacks, we implement an XORing mechanism alongside AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) for I-frames.

Within an Internet of Multimedia Things, the risk of disclosing streamed video content, such as arising from video surveillance, is of heightened concern. This leads to the encryption of that content. To reduce the overhead and lack of flexibility arising from full encryption of the content, a good number of selective-encryption algorithms have been proposed in the last decade. Some of them have limitations, in terms of significant delay due to computational cost, or excess memory utilization, or, despite being energy efficient, do not provide a satisfactory level of confidentiality, due to their simplicity. To address such issues, this paper presents a lightweight selective encryption scheme, in which encoder syntax elements are encrypted with the innovative EXPer (EXtended Permutation with exclusive OR).  The selected syntax elements are taken from the final stage of video encoding that is during entropy coding. As a diagnostic tool, the Encryption Space Ratio measures encoding co...

Developing wireless technology and the exploitation of automated systems has demanded an innovative method of handling the objects that share multimedia information. The monitoring and automation system has progressed towards the Multimedia Internet of Things (M-IoT) whereas circumstance is entirely transformed to meet the requirements of the fast-moving world. Internet of Things (IoT) engrosses abundant objects and makes those objects think intelligently, which decides on their own by perceiving the situation of the circumstance. The incorporation of IoT into the real-time application facilitates the information exchange and utilizes the information for monitoring as well as prevention of complicated situations. The M-IoT-based conceptual framework and integration of smart objects in real-time applications have enriched the standard of living. M-IoT is widely used in health care, industry, and monitoring event. In this article, the specialized architecture of M-IoT is discussed alo...

The term Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interaction and communication between billions of devices that produce and exchange data related to real world objects (i.e. Things). Extracting higher-level information from the raw sensory data captured by the devices and representing this data as machine-interpretable or human-understandable information has several interesting applications. Deriving raw data into higher-level information representations demands mechanisms to find, extract and characterise meaningful abstractions from the raw data. This meaningful abstractions then have to be presented in a human and/or machineunderstandable representation. However, the heterogeneity of the data originated from different sensor devices and application scenarios such as e-health, environmental monitoring and smart home applications and the dynamic nature of sensor data make it difficult to apply only one particular information processing technique to the underlying data. A considerable amount of methods from machine-learning, the semantic web, as well as pattern and data mining have been used to abstract from sensor observations to information representations. This paper provides a survey of the requirements and solutions and describes challenges in the area of information abstraction and presents an efficient workflow to extract meaningful information from raw sensor data based on the current state-of-the-art in this area. The paper also identifies research directions at the edge of information abstraction for sensor data. To ease the understanding of the abstraction workflow process, we introduce a software toolkit that implements the introduced techniques and motivates to apply them on various data sets.

Demand for data security is increasing as information technology advances. Encryption technology based on biometrics has advanced significantly to meet more convenient and secure needs. Because of the stability of face traits and the difficulty of counterfeiting, the iris method has become an essential research object in data security research. This study proposes a revolutionary face feature encryption technique that combines picture optimization with cryptography and deep learning (DL) architectures. To improve the security of the key, an optical chaotic map is employed to manage the initial standards of the 5D conservative chaotic method. A safe Crypto General Adversarial neural network and chaotic optical map are provided to finish the course of encrypting and decrypting facial images. The target field is used as a "hidden factor" in the machine learning (ML) method in the encryption method. An encrypted image is recovered to a unique image using a modernization networ...

In this paper, we propose an agent-based architecture for remote collaboration support systems that enables the exchange of synchronous and asynchronous multimedia streams at remote sites using an Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) approach. First, we design and implement Internet of Things (IoT) applications that contain simple sensors and actuators. These applications are modularized into agentbased subsystems that can be incorporated into an IoT application with agent operations. Our aim is to develop remote collaboration support applications composed of video, data, and document channels. Because the applications will exchange enormous multimedia streams between remote sites, we propose a novel IoMT system architecture composed of several channel types that consist of various resource and network components. Users can dynamically incorporate these channels into applications to update the IoMT system's effects. Finally, we demonstrate and discuss the experimental results of our application to validate its ability to rapidly supply multimedia resources via multi-agent collaboration. Adding to its novelty, the developed system is in practical use for collaboration between France and Japan. INDEX TERMS Agent-based architecture, channel, Internet of multimedia things, multimedia resource, remote collaboration support.

The immense increase in multimedia-on-demand traffic that refers to audio, video, and images, has drastically shifted the vision of the Internet of Things (IoT) from scalar to Multimedia Internet of Things (M-IoT). IoT devices are constrained in terms of energy, computing, size, and storage memory. Delaysensitive and bandwidth-hungry multimedia applications over constrained IoT networks require revision of IoT architecture for M-IoT. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of M-IoT with an emphasis on architecture, protocols, and applications. This article starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we discuss the issues considering the characteristics of multimedia and provide a summary of related M-IoT architectures. Various multimedia applications supported by IoT are surveyed, and numerous use cases related to road traffic management, security, industry, and health are illustrated to show how different M-IoT applications are revolutionizing human life. We explore the importance of Quality-of-Experience (QoE) and Quality-of-Service (QoS) for multimedia transmission over IoT. Moreover, we explore the limitations of IoT for multimedia computing and present the relationship between the M-IoT and emerging technologies including event processing, feature extraction, cloud computing, Fog/Edge computing and Software-Defined-Networks (SDNs). We also present the need for better routing and Physical-Medium Access Control (PHY-MAC) protocols for M-IoT. Finally, we present a detailed discussion on the open research issues and several potential research areas related to emerging multimedia communication in IoT. INDEX TERMS Multimedia Internet of Things (M-IoT), multimedia communication, Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT), multimedia computing, Quality-of-Experience (QoE), Quality-of-Service (QoS), multimedia routing, medium access control (MAC).

Big Data (BD) is a new technology which rapidly growing in the telecommunications sectors, especially in the contemporary field of wireless telecommunications. Another technology that grows rapidly in the field of wireless telecommunications is Cloud Computing (CC). CC concerns an infrastructure where data storage and processing take place outside of the user's device. Both of them face security and privacy issues in their function. In order to improve them and to optimize their privacy and security issues conducted the present survey. In this paper, we survey BD and CC technology and their basic characteristics, with a focus on the security and privacy issues of both technologies. Specifically, we try to combine the functionality of the two technologies (i.e BD and CC) with the aim to examine the frequent features, and also to discover the benefits related in security issues of their integration. Concluding, we present a new method of an algorithm that can be used for the purpose of improving Cloud Computing's security through the use of algorithms that can provide more privacy in the data related to Big Data technology. At the end, there is a survey about the challenges of the integration of BD and CC related to their security level.

The Internet of Things (IoT)services and application were increasing during the last years in several life fields causes need to provide a secure identifier for protecting sensing data passing between IoT sensors/devices and embedded-subsystem connected by networks. This paper was proposed an algorithm for helping in IoT communication security can used in different IOT entities used in unofficial industrial machine to machine (M2M) communications, smart energy-grids, home or buildings and other computing devices.  This paper proposed a secure system using new proposed 4D chaotic system combined with the modified lightweight Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). The proposed 4-dimension (4D) chaos system Lyapunov was tested and pass for many initial periods and get a super chaos system (4 positive Lyapunov).  Generated chaos keys (used JORN) were used in the lightweight AES and the Secure Hash Algorithm version 3 (SHA3-256). The Lightweight AES was design in case to reduce CPU computat...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such...

The COVID-19 pandemic serves as a grim reminder of the unexpected nature of these outbreaks and gives rise to a unique set of research challenges in a variety of fields. As people all over the world adjust to this new 'normal', with most workplaces, from companies to educational institutions shifting online, enormous surges in the transmission of images and videos have been observed, creating record-breaking stresses on the internet backbone. At the same time, maintaining the privacy and security of the users' data is of immense importance, this is where fast and efficient image encryption algorithms play a vital role. This paper discusses the calamitous effects of the pandemic on the world population and how their changes in multimedia consumption have led to an urgent need for the development and deployment of secure and fast image encryption, especially selective image encryption techniques. It carefully surveys the most recent advances in this field, discusses their real-world effects and finally explores some future research avenues, to provide swift relief and recover from the disastrous effects of the pandemic.

The IoT Internet of Things being a promising technology of the future. It is expected to connect billions of devices. The increased communication number is expected to generate data mountain and the data security can be a threat. The devices in the architecture are fundamentally smaller in size and low powered. In general, classical encryption algorithms are computationally expensive and this due to their complexity and needs numerous rounds for encrypting, basically wasting the constrained energy of the gadgets. Less complex algorithm, though, may compromise the desired integrity. In this paper we apply a lightweight encryption algorithm named as Secure IoT (SIT) to a quantized speech image for Secure IoT. It is a 64-bit block cipher and requires 64-bit key to encrypt the data. This quantized speech image is constructed by first quantizing a speech signal and then splitting the quantized signal into frames. Then each of these frames is transposed for obtaining the different columns of this quantized speech image. Simulations result shows the algorithm provides substantial security in just five encryption rounds.

Public Safety is nowadays a priority, cornerstone and major concern for governments, majors and policy makers in current (and future) smart cities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, large advances in ICT technologies are foretold to revolutionize our society and enhance our feeling of safety (and hopefully, wellbeing). This chapter presents an introduction to three of the most promising technological pillars considered to be spearheads in this transformation: Internet of things, understood as the data capillarity through billions of sensors, Intelligent Video Analytics and Data Mining Intelligence, the latter two enabling smarter contextual awareness and prediction of potential threats leading to proactive prevention of them. The associated horizontal economic implications of this evolution and its impact into the societal and economic fabric are also tackled. Part of the results and analysis produced in this chapter are the outcome of the work carried out in the FP7 EU project SafeCity, one of the eight Use Cases of the FI Programme. The Safety Transformation in the Future Internet Domain 191 to reduce emergency response time and urban crime: for example, digital surveillance cameras have been placed in many critical areas and buildings throughout cities and call dispatchers have been created to distribute the emergency calls. Moreover, advanced technological capabilities facilitate urban public safety systems to become not just more interconnected and efficient, but also smarter and self-adaptive. Instead of merely responding to crimes and emergencies after a critical situation, novel smart systems emerge to analyse, anticipate and, actually, contribute to preventing them before occurring. After the terrorist attacks of March 2004 in Madrid, the city developed a new fully integrated Emergency Response Centre which, after an incoming emergency call, simultaneously alerts the required emergency agency (police, ambulance and/or fire brigade). The system can recognize if alerts relate to a single or multiple incidents, and assign the right resources based on the requirements coming from the ground. Furthermore, specialized video analytics systems are successfully installed for traffic surveillance purposes. These are CCTV-based systems capable of automatically detect illegal vehicles behaviour (e.g. cars stopped in forbidden areas, going in the opposite direction), restricted entries behaviour (e.g. bike entering in a forbidden road), stolen vehicles, etc. In addition, M2M communications, that is, intelligent communications by enabled devices without human intervention, are nowadays present in home and industrial security monitoring systems and alarms. Several Public Safety organizations and Public Administrations are using sensor networks to monitor environmental conditions or to be temporally deployed driven by an emergency situation. Other advanced technologies are focused on enhancing emergency notification mechanisms, fire and enforcement records management, surveillance, etc. As presented, outstanding capabilities offered by advanced technologies are currently in use for safety purposes. However, there is still a wide list of non-satisfied safety capabilities requested by Public Safety agencies. Several ongoing initiatives research upon how Future Internet can assist these entities in their daily work and during emergency response phases. That is the case of SafeCity (Future Internet Applied to Public Safety in Smart Cities) [1], an EU-funded project under the FP7 FI-PPP programme which proposes to enhance the role of Future Internet by developing smart Public Safety applications of high value. SafeCity aims at significantly improving the implementation and up-taking of Future Internet services in this safety field by 2015, leveraging the internet infrastructure as the bases of Public Safety centred open innovation schemes. It is focused in situational awareness (i.e. surveillance of public facilities, transport stations, energy facilities, roads, citizens in the streets; environmental monitoring), decision-making tools in C2 centres, seamless usage of ad-hoc communication networks temporarily deployed to support additional demand communication capacity (e.g. due to a major plan event) and alerting population mechanisms. This paper presents the state-of-the-art and on going advances in these three vital technological fields (Internet of things, Intelligent Video Analytics and Data Mining intelligence) that are envisaged as fundamental pillars of the FI infrastructure in the Public Safety domain. It further continues discussing and concluding on what the economic implications of such technological advances for Safety purposes are.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such...

In recent years India is suffering from various natural disaster which have great effect on social life of people and large burden on disaster management authority. The high frequency disaster causes a serious loss of property, life and present more complex damage. Disaster management involves the detailed process of disaster response. A High-Performance Intelligent Disaster Management System can realize the complete disaster avoidance and reduction from satellite mission planning, data production, data acquisition, with the application of remote sensing and managing integrated rapid service. The main objective of proposed work is to overcome the limitations of disaster management with a novel design and development of IoT based platform for the application of disaster management system.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such...

Within an Internet of Multimedia Things, the risk of disclosing streamed video content, such as arising from video surveillance, is of heightened concern. This leads to the encryption of that content. To reduce the overhead and lack of flexibility arising from full encryption of the content, a good number of selective-encryption algorithms have been proposed in the last decade. Some of them have limitations, in terms of significant delay due to computational cost, or excess memory utilization, or, despite being energy efficient, do not provide a satisfactory level of confidentiality, due to their simplicity. To address such issues, this paper presents a lightweight selective encryption scheme, in which encoder syntax elements are encrypted with the innovative EXPer (EXtended Permutation with exclusive OR).  The selected syntax elements are taken from the final stage of video encoding that is during entropy coding. As a diagnostic tool, the Encryption Space Ratio measures encoding co...

The process over the plaintext data X i is independent of the process over the secret key, and is called KeySchedule. It is made up of two components: the KeyExpansion and the RoundKeySelection. The Expanded-Key is a linear array of 4-byte words and is given by W [N b × (N k + 1)], where N b is the number of columns of the data block and N k is the number of columns of the cipher key. The first N k words contain the cipher key and all of

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such...

The application of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in medical systems has brought much ease in discharging healthcare services by medical practitioners. However, the security and privacy preservation of critical user data remain the reason the technology has not yet been fully maximized. Undoubtedly, a secure IoMT model that preserves individual users’ privacy will enhance the wide acceptability of IoMT technology. However, existing works that have attempted to solve these privacy and insecurity problems are not space-conservative, computationally intensive, and also vulnerable to security attacks. In this paper, an IoMT-based model that conserves the privacy of the data, is less computationally intensive, and is resistant to various cryptanalysis attacks is proposed. Specifically, an efficient privacy-preserving technique where an efficient searching algorithm through encrypted data was used and a hybrid cryptography algorithm that combines the modification of the Caesar ciph...

The process over the plaintext data X i is independent of the process over the secret key, and is called KeySchedule. It is made up of two components: the KeyExpansion and the RoundKeySelection. The Expanded-Key is a linear array of 4-byte words and is given by W [N b × (N k + 1)], where N b is the number of columns of the data block and N k is the number of columns of the cipher key. The first N k words contain the cipher key and all of

The application of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in medical systems has brought much ease in discharging healthcare services by medical practitioners. However, the security and privacy preservation of critical user data remain the reason the technology has not yet been fully maximized. Undoubtedly, a secure IoMT model that preserves individual users’ privacy will enhance the wide acceptability of IoMT technology. However, existing works that have attempted to solve these privacy and insecurity problems are not space-conservative, computationally intensive, and also vulnerable to security attacks. In this paper, an IoMT-based model that conserves the privacy of the data, is less computationally intensive, and is resistant to various cryptanalysis attacks is proposed. Specifically, an efficient privacy-preserving technique where an efficient searching algorithm through encrypted data was used and a hybrid cryptography algorithm that combines the modification of the Caesar ciph...

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a complete network of networked computer devices, digital and mechanical equipment, and the capacity to send data over the Internet based on machine to machine interaction. It is also known as the Internet of Everything (IoE). The Internet is a packet-switched network, which means that the Quality of Service (QoS) elements (such as packet loss, latency, jitter, and so on) have an influence on the Quality of Experience (QoE) for the Internet of Things services. This research used a subjective evaluation method in order to evaluate the relationship between the quality of service (QoS) measures such as packet loss, latency, and jitter and the quality of experience (QoE) for Internet of Things services. In addition to that, a mapping model from quality of service to quality of experience was suggested. According to the results of this research, there is a close connection between the subjective opinion score and the quality of service (QoS) variables such...

Due to the huge growth in communication and digital technologies in support of multimedia sharing, video security has recently attracted the attention of researchers. Since video data representation takes up a large amount of data, it has to be minimized before being transmitted through the channels. To do so, that data has to be subjected to a compression process. This process is performed according to the video coding standard (video compression). There have been different types of video coding standards, but High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the latest video coding standard being introduced. Whereas, in the field of video security, there are several types of encryption algorithms utilized by researchers, such as Rivest- Shamir-Adleman (RSA), Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES). All of those encryption algorithms are classified as asymmetric and symmetric algorithms. Since the video data is still huge even after the compression process, most ...

Cloud, edge, and fog computing enable Internet of Things (IoT) applications, offering high connectivity, scalability, and high availability. Smart cities, smart agriculture, and e-health systems are examples of IoT applications that can exploit the opportunities generated by these technologies. However, due to the scale and complexity of the IoT and the heterogeneity of the devices and service level expectations, resource management is not a trivial task. While facilitating storage and processing at the end device (the edge), at the intermediary layer (the fog), or centrally (the cloud), new points of failure are introduced at and between each layer. In some use cases, such as e-health, device availability also has high criticality. Any downtime impacting one or more components in the architecture can result in adverse effects and/or additional logistical effort and cost. This chapter discusses extant research on how cloud, fog, and edge computing is being used in smart city, smart ...

The attention garnered by the Internet of Things (IoT) term has taken the world by a storm. IOT concepts have been applied to various domains revolutionizing the way business processes are conducted. Health Informatics is a nascent multidisciplinary field that aims at applying information engineering concepts to healthcare. The information traditionally came from a variety of sources such as healthcare IT systems but recently is being stored in variety of IOT devices. Application of IOT concepts is becoming the norm giving rise to the Internet of Medical Things (IOMT). However, IOMT introduces many challenges such as the real-time nature, security, and privacy of data along with others. Thus, understanding the underlying structure of IOMT is of paramount importance. Given the importance of the underlying networks, we explore various solutions currently employed in developing the Personal Area Networks (PANs) that are the underlying cornerstone of IOMT). PANs allow the sensors to mea...

The IoT Internet of Things being a promising technology of the future. It is expected to connect billions of devices. The increased communication number is expected to generate data mountain and the data security can be a threat. The devices in the architecture are fundamentally smaller in size and low powered. In general, classical encryption algorithms are computationally expensive and this due to their complexity and needs numerous rounds for encrypting, basically wasting the constrained energy of the gadgets. Less complex algorithm, though, may compromise the desired integrity. In this paper we apply a lightweight encryption algorithm named as Secure IoT (SIT) to a quantized speech image for Secure IoT. It is a 64-bit block cipher and requires 64-bit key to encrypt the data. This quantized speech image is constructed by first quantizing a speech signal and then splitting the quantized signal into frames. Then each of these frames is transposed for obtaining the different columns of this quantized speech image. Simulations result shows the algorithm provides substantial security in just five encryption rounds.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is being applied in multiple domains, including smart homes and energy management. This work aims to tighten security in IoTs using fingerprint authentications and avoid unauthorized access to systems for safeguarding user privacy. Captured fingerprints can jeopardize the security and privacy of personal information. To solve privacy- and security-related problems in IoT-based environments, Biometric Authentication Frameworks (BAFs) are proposed to enable authentications in IoTs coupled with fingerprint authentications on edge consumer devices and to ensure biometric security in transmissions and databases. The Honeywell Advanced Encryption Security-Cryptography Measure (HAES-CM) scheme combined with Hybrid Advanced Encryption Standards with Chaotic Map Encryptions is proposed. BAFs enable private and secure communications between Industry 4.0’s edge devices and IoT. This work’s suggested scheme’s evaluations with other encryption methods reveal that the...

We are traversing the growing emerging technology paradigms in today’s advanced technological world. In this present era, the Internet of Things (IoT) is extensively used in all sectors. IoT is the ecosystem of smart devices which contains sensors, smart objects, networking, and processing units. These integrated devices provide better services to the end user. IoT is impacting our environment and is becoming one of the most popular technologies. The leading use of IoT in human life is to track activities anywhere at any time. The utmost utilities achieved by IoT applications are decision-making and monitoring for efficient and effective management. In this paper, an extensive literature review on IoT has been done using the systematic literature review (SLR) technique. The main focus areas include commercial, environmental, healthcare, industrial, and smart cities. The issues related to the IoT are also discussed in detail. The purpose of this review is to identify the major areas ...

Within an Internet of Multimedia Things, the risk of disclosing streamed video content, such as arising from video surveillance, is of heightened concern. This leads to the encryption of that content. To reduce the overhead and lack of flexibility arising from full encryption of the content, a good number of selective-encryption algorithms have been proposed in the last decade. Some of them have limitations, in terms of significant delay due to computational cost, or excess memory utilization, or, despite being energy efficient, do not provide a satisfactory level of confidentiality, due to their simplicity. To address such issues, this paper presents a lightweight selective encryption scheme, in which encoder syntax elements are encrypted with the innovative EXPer (EXtended Permutation with exclusive OR).  The selected syntax elements are taken from the final stage of video encoding that is during entropy coding. As a diagnostic tool, the Encryption Space Ratio measures encodi...

Smart object interconnected between each other and producing a large volume of information in Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT) is a huge challenge. The things that we expect to connect to the Internet will consist of sensors, actuators with information processing and communication capabilities that will make themselves intelligent. Sensors are collecting continuously environmental data (e.g. body area network, smart city, cars, smartphones, etc.). We used Arduino, XBee, Raspberry Pi 3 and open source software for framework design. This architecture process real-time data and maximize the delivery of raw data to the cloud for post processing. It also ensure efficient eventdriven data collection given the buffer space and communication bandwidth limitations of each sensor. An intelligent IoMT gateway and middleware used to support different message format of sensor data and efficient decision-making system. We also propose an Android data collection system where data collectors are smartphones. This paper defines a data collection architecture supporting the physical dimension of sensors to the storage of data in a cloud-based service. This class of architecture must tackle several challenges, e.g., buffer management, sensor message ordering, data alignment for multiple temporal data streams, data storage, sensor heterogeneity, high throughput and avoiding processing bottlenecks. For the issues of an extended advancement cycle, poor transportability and high-chance in the improvement procedure of ZigBee remote system, presents the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to institutionalize the advancement procedure, enhancing improvement productivity and guaranteeing item quality.

Video encryption techniques enable applications like digital rights management and video scrambling. Applying encryption on the entire video stream can be computationally costly and prevents advanced video modifications by an untrusted middlebox in the network, like splicing, quality monitoring, watermarking, and transcoding. Therefore, encryption techniques are proposed which influence a small amount of the video stream while keeping the video compliant with its compression standard, High Efficiency Video Coding. Encryption while guaranteeing standard compliance can cause degraded compression efficiency, so depending on their bitrate impact, a selection of encrypted syntax elements should be made. Each element also impacts the quality for untrusted decoders differently, so this aspect should also be considered. In this paper, multiple techniques for partial video encryption are investigated, most of them having a low impact on rate-distortion performance and having a broad range in scrambling performance 1. Index Terms-High Efficiency Video Coding, encryption, transcoding, video scrambling I. INTRODUCTION Applications using video encryption can range from pay TV up to confidential military applications. When confidentiality is of the highest priority, encryption of the entire video stream is advised. In a scenario of television distribution, some disadvantages can be associated with full video encryption. First, useful technical information, irrelevant for end users, becomes obscured. For example, a video stream contains

Advances in Deep Neural Network (DNN) techniques have revolutionized video analytics and unlocked the potential for querying and mining video event patterns. This paper details GNOSIS, an event processing platform to perform near-real-time video event detection in a distributed setting. GNOSIS follows a serverless approach where its component acts as independent microservices and can be deployed at multiple nodes. GNOSIS uses a declarative query-driven approach where users can write customize queries for spatiotemporal video event reasoning. The system converts the incoming video streams into a continuous evolving graph stream using machine learning (ML) and DNN models pipeline and applies graph matching for video event pattern detection. GNOSIS can perform both stateful and stateless video event matching. To improve Quality of Service (QoS), recent work in GNOSIS incorporates optimization techniques like adaptive scheduling, energy efficiency, and content-driven windows. This paper...

Smart object interconnected between each other and producing a large volume of information in Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT) is a huge challenge. The things that we expect to connect to the Internet will consist of sensors, actuators with information processing and communication capabilities that will make themselves intelligent. Sensors are collecting continuously environmental data (e.g. body area network, smart city, cars, smartphones, etc.). We used Arduino, XBee, Raspberry Pi 3 and open source software for framework design. This architecture process real-time data and maximize the delivery of raw data to the cloud for post processing. It also ensure efficient eventdriven data collection given the buffer space and communication bandwidth limitations of each sensor. An intelligent IoMT gateway and middleware used to support different message format of sensor data and efficient decision-making system. We also propose an Android data collection system where data collectors are smartphones. This paper defines a data collection architecture supporting the physical dimension of sensors to the storage of data in a cloud-based service. This class of architecture must tackle several challenges, e.g., buffer management, sensor message ordering, data alignment for multiple temporal data streams, data storage, sensor heterogeneity, high throughput and avoiding processing bottlenecks. For the issues of an extended advancement cycle, poor transportability and high-chance in the improvement procedure of ZigBee remote system, presents the Unified Modeling Language (UML) to institutionalize the advancement procedure, enhancing improvement productivity and guaranteeing item quality.

Cyber physical systems (CPS) are mission critical systems engineered by combination of cyber and physical systems respectively. These systems are tightly coupled, resource constrained systems and have dynamic real time applications. Due to the limitation of resources, and in order to improve the efficiency of the CPS systems, they are combined with cloud computing architecture, and are called as Cyber Physical Cloud Computing Systems (CPCCS). These CPCCS have critical care applications where security of the systems is a major concern. Therefore, we propose a Secure Service provisioning architecture for Cyber Physical Cloud Computing Systems (CPCCS), which includes the combination of technologies such as CPS, Cloud Computing and Wireless Sensor Networks. In addition to this, we also highlight various threats/attacks; security requirements and mechanisms that are applicable to CPCCS at different layers and propose two security models that can be adapted in a layered architectural format.

The Internet of Things with support to mobility is already transforming many application domains, such as smart cities and homes, environmental monitoring, health care, manufacturing, logistics, public security etc. in that it allows to collect and analyze data from the environment, people and machines, and to implement some form of control or steering on these elements of the physical world. But in order to speed the development of applications for the Internet of Mobile Things (IoMT), some middleware is required. This paper summarizes seven years of research and development on the ContextNet middle ware aimed at IoMT, discusses what we achieved and what we have learned so far. We also share our vision of possible future challenges and developments in the Internet of Mobile Things.

Telemedicine platforms have emerged as one of the most harnessed studies in recent years, especially after the spread of pandemics. Due to the epidemic, telemedicine distribution to rural or isolated areas has become an urgent need. However, there are several obstacles to providing remote medical care, the most significant of which is protecting patient data while sustaining the speed of communication between the patient and the medical staff. The significant of this study is to provides a lightweight encryption/decryption technique that uses on the internet of medical things in stance of bio-sensors and bio-actuators. This study is one of the cybersecurity approaches, such type of encryption has little effect on the speed of data transmission. The Diffie Hellman technique is used as a lightweight encryption method because it includes four encryption-keys. The efficiency of the proposed encryption method has been compared with several equivalent methods. According to experimental results, the proposed encryption method represents a lightweight and secure method which can accomplish the level of protection that required to secure medical information despite the data’s disarray.

The attention garnered by the Internet of Things (IoT) term has taken the world by a storm. IOT concepts have been applied to various domains revolutionizing the way business processes are conducted. Health Informatics is a nascent multidisciplinary field that aims at applying information engineering concepts to healthcare. The information traditionally came from a variety of sources such as healthcare IT systems but recently is being stored in variety of IOT devices. Application of IOT concepts is becoming the norm giving rise to the Internet of Medical Things (IOMT). However, IOMT introduces many challenges such as the real-time nature, security, and privacy of data along with others. Thus, understanding the underlying structure of IOMT is of paramount importance. Given the importance of the underlying networks, we explore various solutions currently employed in developing the Personal Area Networks (PANs) that are the underlying cornerstone of IOMT). PANs allow the sensors to mea...

Devices are increasingly getting connected to the internet with the advances in technologies called the Internet of Things (IoT). The IoTs are the physical device in which are embedded with software, sensors, among other technologies. Linking and switching data resources with other devices, IoT has been recognized to be a trending research arena due to the world’s technological advancement. Every stage of technology avails several capacities, for instance, the IoT avails any device, anyone, any service, any technological path or any network, any place, and any context to be connected. The effective IoT applications permit public and private business organizations to regulate their assets, optimize the performance of the business, and develop new business models. In this study, we scrutinize the IoT progress as an approach to the technological upgrade through analyzing traits, architectures, applications, enabling technologies, and future challenges. To enable an aging society, and o...

In the era of smart devices and connected neighborhoods, the ubiquitous monitoring and care of patients are possible with the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Smart healthcare devices may serve their purpose well when they are able to share patient's data with each other. However, data formats vary widely across vendors, rendering these devices not interoperable. Recent solutions mostly rely on cloud services where a source device uploads the data, and the sink devices download it conforming to their own native formats. However, the quality of service is expected to deteriorate in a cloud processing regime with inherent network delays and traffic congestion, and the real-time data acquisition and manipulation is, therefore, not possible. This article presents MeDIC, a framework of Medical Data Interoperability through Collaboration of healthcare devices. MeDIC improves over a cloud-based IoMT by utilizing translation resources at the network edge, with its probing and translating agents. The probing agents maintain a capability list of MeDIC devices within a local network and enable one MeDIC device to request data conversion from another device when the former is not capable of this conversion by itself. The translating agent of the later then converts the data into the required format and returns it to the former. These novel agents allow IoMT devices to share their redundant computing resources for data translations in order to minimize cloud accesses. Legacy devices are supported through MeDIC-enabled, fog resource managers. We evaluate MeDIC in four use cases with rigorous simulations, which prove that this collaborative framework not only reduces the uplink traffic but also improves the response time, which is critical in real-time medical applications.

There is an increasing number of devices available for the Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT). The demands these ever-more complex devices make are also increasing in terms of energy efficiency, reliability, quality-of-service guarantees, higher data transfer rates, and general security. The IoMT itself faces challenges when processing and storing massive amounts of data, transmitting it over low bandwidths, bringing constrained resources to bear and keeping power consumption under check. This paper’s research focuses on an efficient video compression technique to reduce that communication load, potentially generated by diverse camera sensors, and also improve bit-rates, while ensuring accuracy of representation and completeness of video data. The proposed method applies a video content-based solution, which, depending on the motion present between consecutive frames, decides on whether to send only motion information or no frame information at all. The method is efficient in term...

Internet of Medical Thing (IoMT) is the most emerging era of the Internet of Thing (IoT), which is exponentially gaining researchers’ attention with every passing day because of its wide applicability in Smart Healthcare systems (SHS). Because of the current pandemic situation, it is highly risky for an individual to visit the doctor for every small problem. Hence, using IoMT devices, we can easily monitor our day-to-day health records, and thereby initial precautions can be taken on our own. IoMT is playing a crucial role within the healthcare industry to increase the accuracy, reliability, and productivity of electronic devices. This research work provides an overview of IoMT with emphasis on various enabling techniques used in smart healthcare systems (SHS), such as radio frequency identification (RFID), artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain. We are providing a comparative analysis of various IoMT architectures proposed by several researchers. Also, we have defined various...

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Public Safety is nowadays a priority, cornerstone and major concern for governments, majors and policy makers in current (and future) smart cities. Notwithstanding the foregoing, large advances in ICT technologies are foretold to revolutionize our society and enhance our feeling of safety (and hopefully, wellbeing). This chapter presents an introduction to three of the most promising technological pillars considered to be spearheads in this transformation: Internet of things, understood as the data capillarity through billions of sensors, Intelligent Video Analytics and Data Mining Intelligence, the latter two enabling smarter contextual awareness and prediction of potential threats leading to proactive prevention of them. The associated horizontal economic implications of this evolution and its impact into the societal and economic fabric are also tackled. Part of the results and analysis produced in this chapter are the outcome of the work carried out in the FP7 EU project SafeCity, one of the eight Use Cases of the FI Programme. The Safety Transformation in the Future Internet Domain 191 to reduce emergency response time and urban crime: for example, digital surveillance cameras have been placed in many critical areas and buildings throughout cities and call dispatchers have been created to distribute the emergency calls. Moreover, advanced technological capabilities facilitate urban public safety systems to become not just more interconnected and efficient, but also smarter and self-adaptive. Instead of merely responding to crimes and emergencies after a critical situation, novel smart systems emerge to analyse, anticipate and, actually, contribute to preventing them before occurring. After the terrorist attacks of March 2004 in Madrid, the city developed a new fully integrated Emergency Response Centre which, after an incoming emergency call, simultaneously alerts the required emergency agency (police, ambulance and/or fire brigade). The system can recognize if alerts relate to a single or multiple incidents, and assign the right resources based on the requirements coming from the ground. Furthermore, specialized video analytics systems are successfully installed for traffic surveillance purposes. These are CCTV-based systems capable of automatically detect illegal vehicles behaviour (e.g. cars stopped in forbidden areas, going in the opposite direction), restricted entries behaviour (e.g. bike entering in a forbidden road), stolen vehicles, etc. In addition, M2M communications, that is, intelligent communications by enabled devices without human intervention, are nowadays present in home and industrial security monitoring systems and alarms. Several Public Safety organizations and Public Administrations are using sensor networks to monitor environmental conditions or to be temporally deployed driven by an emergency situation. Other advanced technologies are focused on enhancing emergency notification mechanisms, fire and enforcement records management, surveillance, etc. As presented, outstanding capabilities offered by advanced technologies are currently in use for safety purposes. However, there is still a wide list of non-satisfied safety capabilities requested by Public Safety agencies. Several ongoing initiatives research upon how Future Internet can assist these entities in their daily work and during emergency response phases. That is the case of SafeCity (Future Internet Applied to Public Safety in Smart Cities) [1], an EU-funded project under the FP7 FI-PPP programme which proposes to enhance the role of Future Internet by developing smart Public Safety applications of high value. SafeCity aims at significantly improving the implementation and up-taking of Future Internet services in this safety field by 2015, leveraging the internet infrastructure as the bases of Public Safety centred open innovation schemes. It is focused in situational awareness (i.e. surveillance of public facilities, transport stations, energy facilities, roads, citizens in the streets; environmental monitoring), decision-making tools in C2 centres, seamless usage of ad-hoc communication networks temporarily deployed to support additional demand communication capacity (e.g. due to a major plan event) and alerting population mechanisms. This paper presents the state-of-the-art and on going advances in these three vital technological fields (Internet of things, Intelligent Video Analytics and Data Mining intelligence) that are envisaged as fundamental pillars of the FI infrastructure in the Public Safety domain. It further continues discussing and concluding on what the economic implications of such technological advances for Safety purposes are.

Internet of Multimedia Things (IoMT) faces the challenge of how to realize low-cost data acquisition while still preserve data confidentiality. In this work, we present a lowcost and confidentiality-preserving data acquisition framework for IoMT. Firstly, we harness chaotic convolution and random subsampling to capture multiple image signals. The measurement matrix is under the control of chaos, ensuring the security of the sampling process. Next, we assemble these sampled images into a big master image, and then encrypt this master image based on Arnold transform and single value diffusion. The computation of these two transforms only requires some lowcomplexity operations. Finally, the encrypted image is delivered to cloud servers for storage and decryption service. Experimental results demonstrate the security and effectiveness of the proposed framework.