Industrial and Trade Policy

The Rajasthan Textile and Apparel Policy 2025 aims to rejuvenate Rajasthan's textile sector by integrating sustainable manufacturing, advanced infrastructure, and comprehensive financial incentives. This paper analyzes the policy framework, focusing on capital subsidies and other fiscal benefits offered under the textile and apparel subsidy for Rajasthan. The study highlights the policy's potential to stimulate investments, generate employment, and position Rajasthan as a global textile hub.

This thesis provides an original interpretation of the trajectory of South Africa's post-war industrialisation by emphasising the role played by the economy's Minerals-Energy Complex (MEC). The MEC is viewed as a system of accumulation, encompassing a number of core economic sectors and imparting a determining influence on the pattern of industrialisation and economic performance. The development of the MEC has been mediated by relationships between English and Afrikaner fractions of capital through the state, giving rise to a conglomerate form of private and public corporate structure, straddling the mining, manufacturing and financial sectors. By examining the MEC empirically, through primary and secondary material from the inter-war period to the present day, it is shown that past debates over the rhythm of industrialisation have been based, both on a false perception of the pattern of (import-substituting) industrialisation'and on a partial and even false recognition...

Response to a Problem Coffee was introduced in Acholi and Lango sub-regions in mid-Northern Uganda, by 1997, at first through pressure from political leaders, as an alternative perennial crop to the traditional cotton crop. This was an effort to fight poverty levels - aggravated by effects of a prolonged civil war in this sub-region. Cotton and other annual traditional food crops had little effect on poverty and introducing coffee, as alternative perennial crop was deemed very important to the region. Systematic coffee planting by the Uganda Coffee Development Authority (UCDA) first as a pilot (around 2001), and subsequently, has had a positive impact in the mid-North sub-region. To date, 16000 farmers in mid-Northern Uganda have planted 5,441 hectares. The current output in the sub-region is 154 metric tons; with a potential output estimated at 16,323 metric tons at peak and stable production level by 2017. The study identified districts with high potential for coffee production in...

Predictions demonstrate that climate change is likely to stifle the coffee development program in Uganda at three levels: (i) by reducing survival rate of coffee seedlings to expand coffee acreage; (ii) exacerbate productivity challenges in an inherently constrained rain-fed low input coffee production system; and (iii) contributing to reduction in quality of coffee beans (specifically bean size) produced leading to losses in absolute value in export earnings. This is likely to slow down the low middle-income status by 2020 target of exporting 20 million (60 Kg bags) annually. The farmers' ownership model piloted by the National Union of Coffee Agribusinesses and Farm Enterprises (NUCAFE), where a smallholder farmer is guaranteed premium prices for value addition, offers a strategy to sustainably invest in climate smart agriculture 1 (involving use of irrigation and fertilizer) 1 in coffee production.

The Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) is an autonomous not-for-profit organization established in 1993 with a mission to foster sustainable growth and development in Uganda through advancement of research-based knowledge and policy analysis. Since its inception, the EPRC has made significant contributions to national and regional policy formulation and implementation in the Republic of Uganda and throughout East Africa. The Centre has also contributed to national and international development processes through intellectual policy discourse and capacity strengthening for policy analysis, design and management. The EPRC envisions itself as a Centre of excellence that is capable of maintaining a competitive edge in providing national leadership in intellectual economic policy discourse, through timely research-based contribution to policy processes. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) or its management.

The paper examines the extent of access and use of credit by small holder farmers in Uganda. Despite several interventions in agricultural financing by government, access to credit by smallholder farmers has remained very low and stagnating over the years. The paper reviews information from the various agricultural financing initiatives government has implemented over the years including Prosperity for All (PSA) of 2008, the National Agricultural Advisory Services (2001), Entandikwa Scheme (1996), the recent Agricultural Credit Facility (ACF) and Microfinance Support Centre (MSCL), among others. It uses the Uganda Census of Agriculture dataset collected in 2008/09 to provide some insights on access to credit by agricultural households and examines two successful models of Centenary Rural Financing Scheme and Uganda Cooperative Alliance-Area Cooperative Enterprise (ACE) in promoting access to financial services to the rural poor. The findings of the review suggest that if government ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture’s effectiveness and offered suggestions. Accessible literature has chosen to deliberately modernize agriculture and acknowledged the necessity to emphasize poverty reduction as a key component. The method for this paper was a review of secondary data on accessible empirical as well as conceptual resources on the agricultural policy frameworks in Uganda encompassing the gathering of information from obtainable resources. The findings suggest that agricultural policy frameworks are essential for fostering transformation in the industry. Prior efforts to combat poverty have concentrated on the policy content and disregarded other factors, such as community livelihoods. The study assumes collaborative arrangement between local stakeholders, including those who might otherwise be targeted, in determining the success (or failure) of prior interventions and training them to deal with the problems that have hamp...

Declaration i DECLARATION I, Richard Thabang Mc Camel declare that the research work presented in this dissertation is my own, except where otherwise declared as a fact and acknowledged. It is submitted for the degree of Masters in Economics at the North West University, Vaal Triangle. This dissertation has not, either in whole or to some extent, been submitted for a degree or diploma to any other university.

Executive Summary Predictions demonstrate that climate change is likely to stifle the coffee development program in Uganda at three levels: (i) by reducing survival rate of coffee seedlings to expand coffee acreage; (ii) exacerbate productivity challenges in an inherently constrained rain-fed low input coffee production system; and (iii) contributing to reduction in quality of coffee beans (specifically bean size) produced leading to losses in absolute value in export earnings. This is likely to slow down the low middle-income status by 2020 target of exporting 20 million (60 Kg bags) annually. The farmers' ownership model piloted by the National Union of Coffee Agribusinesses and Farm Enterprises (NUCAFE), where a smallholder farmer is guaranteed premium prices for value addition, offers a strategy to sustainably invest in climate smart agriculture 1 (involving use of irrigation and fertilizer) 1 in coffee production.

Using a panel of eight Pakistani manufacturing industries, we have examined the changes in price-cost margin (gross profitability) during 1998-2009. In this study the traditional industrial organization approach of Structure-Performance has been applied to analyse the effects of concentration and import intensity on price-cost margins. It has been found that market concentration measured by four-firm concentration leads to high price-cost margin. Imports have the tendency to make the domestic firms more competitive, but their effect on more-concentrated firms is smaller as compared to non-concentrated firms. The minimum efficient scale and assets of industry have positive effects on margins while capital intensity has been found to reduce gross profitability.

According to the National Development Plan (NDP), fish farming in Uganda presents immense opportunities for socioeconomic development, in terms of livelihood, income, and employment. The need for the National Investment Policy for Aquaculture Parks in Uganda arose out of public demand for guidance on the investment in commercial scale aquaculture. Stakeholders in aquaculture demanded public guidance and support for implementation of the Aquaculture Parks Concept that is prioritized in Development Strategy and Investment Plan (DSIP) within the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF). This is the main thrust for increasing aquaculture productivity and production in order to achieve an annual 300,000 tonnes by 2016. The ICBE Research Fund is a joint initiative of TrustAfrica and the International Development Research Centre.

A dynamic model of concentration is developed, with incomplete and industry-specific adjustment to deviations of concentration from its steady state. Cross-sectional analysis is carried out against a sample of 102 Australian manufacturing industries at the Australian Standard Industrial Classification (ASIC) four-digit level over the period 1977 / 78-1984 / 85. The estimated adjustment is faster than found in studies of the more mature industrial economies and this adjustment is found to significantly increase with reductions in tariff protection. There is also empirical support for John Sutton's argument that the relationship between concentration and market size depends on whether setup costs are exogenous.

Pests and diseases are key production constraints for Ugandan small-scale farmers. In 2010, the Ugandan Government, as part of its agricultural development strategy, adopted plant clinics to improve plant health extension for farmers and to contribute to strengthening disease surveillance. Despite government commitment and a growing demand for this new type of farmer service, effective implementation of plant clinics turned out to be a challenge. We examine how agricultural policies and institutional setups, and their political context, influenced the implementation of plant clinics from 2010 to 2011. We argue that the political agenda surrounding the decentralization and agricultural extension reforms, initiated in 1997, substantially weakened the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries and undermined institutional stability and the effectiveness of delivery of public extension services. Implementation of plant clinics was further affected by a new district reform and the national elections taking place during the study period. The dual purpose of the plant clinics created uncertainty about their organisational belonging. They fell through the cracks of extension and disease control. This was exacerbated by the unclear roles and authority of the Ministry vs. local governments. For plant clinics to succeed the fundamental issues of governance, resources and implementation structure need to be addressed. The Ugandan experience shows the importance of understanding not only the policy and institutional frameworks in which plant clinics operate, but also the effects of political imperatives and donors on policy implementation. This study provides a basis for institutional and policy analysis related to the implementation of plant clinics elsewhere.

Ziel der Studie ist, zum besseren Verständnis und zum politischen Diskurs hinsichtlich der Reform des ländlichen Dienstleistungssektors in Uganda beizutragen. Sechs Aufsätze zeigen, wie Reformen im genossenschaftlichen Vermarktungsbereich und innerhalb der landwirtschaftlichen Beratung den Aufbau funktionsfähiger ländlicher Dienstleistungen unterstützen können, um zur Armutsbekämpfung in Uganda beizutragen. Paper 1 analysiert, warum in manchen Gemeinden ein größeres Angebot an Dienstleistungen zur Reduzierung der Armut beigetragen hat, während dies in anderen Gemeinden nicht erreicht werden konnte. Fallbeispiele zeigen, dass (1) der Zugang zu komplementären Dienstleistungen ländliche Lebensgrundlagen verbessern kann, (2) ein hoher Anteil kommunaler Dienstleistungen teilweise durch kollektive Anstrengungen, Selbsthilfe und Partizipation ersetzt werden kann, und dass (3) öffentlichen Ordnung, Sicherheit und Eigentumsrechte unentbehrliche Voraussetzungen zur Verbesserung ländlicher Lebensbedingungen und zur Verbesserung ländlicher Dienstleistungsangebote sind. Paper 2 ist eine Literaturstudie über den Zusammenhang zur genossenschaftlichen Organisation und Armutsbekämpfung. Paper 3 untersucht die Bestimmungsgründe für Resilienz und Untergang des ehemaligen Genossenschaftssystems. Paper 4 analysiert den Wandel des Genossenschaftssystems anhand struktureller Unterschiede zwischen dem alten und neuen System. Fazit: Das ‚Revival des Genossenschaftsgedankens' war begleitet von der Implementierung neuer Institutionen, Verbesserung der Fortbildung und Ausweitung politischer Unabhängigkeit sowie finanziell tragfähiger Genossenschaften. Paper 5 und 6 untersuchen den Beitrag einer der bedeutendsten politischen Reformen im ländlichen Raum des heutigen Ugandas: die Dezentralisierung des Angebotes landwirtschaftlicher Dienstleistungen. Fazit: Die weit verbreitete Einflussnahme auf den politischen Meinungsbildungsprozess schwächt das gute Image des National Agricultural Advisory Services.

The purpose of this article is to explore the current status of opportunities in the Ugandan rice sector in order to form informed decisions for future investment and support for the farmers. The Government of Uganda has prioritised rice as a strategic commodity for the national economy. Uganda produces up to 350,000 metric ton (MT) of rice annually, and has set a target to produce 680,000 MT by 2020. A national rice development strategy and a robust rice stakeholder platform have been put in place in order to guide potential investors. Despite the already-existing economic opportunities for the smallholder farmers who participate in producing more than 90% of the rice output in Uganda, productivity still remains low. This is primarily due to the frequent use of low-yielding rice varieties, limited farmer access to the seed of improved varieties and other yield-enhancing inputs, the limited usage of time and labour-saving technologies, and limited knowledge of good agronomic practices. There are three major high rainfall areas in the Northern, Eastern, and Western parts of the country. The mean annual rainfall is estimated at 1,180 mm, and the mean annual temperature is within the range of 18 to 35 o C. Nine major varieties of rice, including Namche, Komboka, Kaiso, Wita 9, Basmat 370, IR 64, Supa, Buyu, and NERICA are being cultivated in Uganda. The two Korean rice varieties, such as KAF-172-67 and KAF-304-287 strains, which were developed through a Korea-Africa Food & Agriculture Cooperation Initiative (KAFACI) project, will also be registered. This will help to increase domestic rice production, stabilize domestic prices, and make rice more affordable for consumers.

This paper critically evaluates the role and performance of the International Trade Administration Commission of South Africa (ITAC) with a focus on tariff investigations. The paper analyses ITAC’s poultry and paper tariff investigations. For both of these cases, we analyse the economic context, assess parties’ submissions and perceptions of the tariff investigation processes and outcomes, evaluate the duration of the investigation, consider the balancing of the various interests involved, and analyse ITAC’s recommendations. From these two important cases it appears that ITAC has changed its approach to tariffs in line with developments in South Africa’s trade policy. The findings also indicate that ITAC is not yet consistently meeting the stipulated tariff investigation timeframes. Possible policy implications arising from the analysis are discussed.

To explain why many manufacturing industries have remained highly concentrated, John Sutton has developed a new theory of endogenous sunk costs which predicts that industries with significant endogenous sunk costs will have a lower bound on concentration even as industry demand increases. Endogenous sunk costs are fixed costs that firms can choose to invest in, which affect the price-cost margin of a firm. Any optional fixed investments in quality, advertising, and cost-reducing plant, that allow the firm to raise its price or lower its variable costs, qualify as endogenous sunk costs. This paper cuts through the mathematical complexity of the model and examines the intuition behind the theory, to provide a better understanding of how and when the theory of endogenous sunk costs can be applied, and its limitations. How the incentive for firms to invest in endogenous sunk costs increases as the market expands, and how this can limit the number of firms that can profitably remain in the market, is discussed. The paper examines the key conditions required for this effect, and shows how the same basic results can be obtained even if some of Sutton's assumptions are relaxed. It also examines the reasons for the model's unusual result that in some circumstances, a market expansion can actually induce a reduction in the number of firms, contrary to the usual expectation in industrial organization theory. A proof is provided of the proposition that concentration is bounded below for the Cournot model. The paper then discusses how endogenous sunk costs are likely to have a significant impact on industrial development in ways that Sutton did not discuss, for example when firms have a choice of variable cost-reducing investments.

Government has responded positively to the need to increase production and productivity of priority agricultural commodities by committing more public funds for distribution of planting materials. Results are already observable for coffee. However, some major inconsistencies have emerged that could slow the effectiveness of the planting programme. These include; (a) large and significant shifts of public financing from technology generation to input distribution (b) mismatch between quantity of planting materials distributed and what is required, and (c) unreliable extension support system. Consequently, there is a need to refocus the input distribution programme to include the following: prioritizing and increasing public funding to research and development; increasing the per household volume of planting materials distributed by Operation Wealth Creation; and facilitation of extension staff to effectively deliver extension services.

The Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) is an autonomous not-for-profit organization established in 1993 with a mission to foster sustainable growth and development in Uganda through advancement of research-based knowledge and policy analysis. Since its inception, the EPRC has made significant contributions to national and regional policy formulation and implementation in the Republic of Uganda and throughout East Africa. The Centre has also contributed to national and international development processes through intellectual policy discourse and capacity strengthening for policy analysis, design and management. The EPRC envisions itself as a Centre of excellence that is capable of maintaining a competitive edge in providing national leadership in intellectual economic policy discourse, through timely research-based contribution to policy processes.

The conventional framework for cross-sectional studies of industrial organisation focuses on the hypothesised relations among structure, conduct and performance (SCP). This paper investigates these relationships for the food and beverage manufacturing industries in a European country, i.e., Greece. 3SLS method is used to estimate the parameters of the profitability, concentration and advertising model for a sample of 38 four-digit industries in 1994. The main results, which are in line with the relevant empirical work, show that profitability is determined by advertising, which, in tum, is affected by both profitability and concentration, while the latter is determined by economies of scale.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ACODE policy work is supported by generous donations and grants from bilateral donors and charitable foundations. The reproduction or use of this publication for academic or charitable purpose or for purposes of informing public policy is excluded from this general exemption. Acknowledgements This paper is part of ACODE's overarching effort to promote evidence-based policy debate on increasing public expenditure in critical sectors of economic development and socioeconomic transformation in Uganda. Similar studies have been conducted in the area of budget policy and public administration expenditure. This study is among the products of the Citizens' Budget Tracking and Information Centre (CBTIC) project, being supported by ...

This study examines the Metroliner passenger rail trains manufactured by the Budd Company in the 1960s and 1970s. I show that while transportation companies and the government facilitated the development of a high(er) speed rail line and trains, this procurement process was not sufficient for sustaining Budd as a national rail producer. This case study is based on government documents, interviews, news reports, published studies and archival work. The limits to the Metroliner program as industrial policy were based on: (a) company innovative lags; (b) weakness in Budd's industrial profile and endogenous capacities; (c) failures in systems integration and (d) the contradictions of an indirect industrial policy, where companies gain capacities from the state indirectly or insufficiently.

All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted without the express permission of the publisher. It may be quoted, and short extracts used, provided the source is fully acknowledged. ISBN: 978-1-920653-12-5 Cover: Traffic jam, Bangkok, Thailand. Gallo Images. The Centre for Development and Enterprise is a leading South African development think tank, focusing on vital national development issues and their relationship to economic growth and democratic consolidation. Through examining South African realities and international experience, CDE formulates practical policy proposals for addressing major social and economic challenges. It has a special interest in the role of business and markets in development.

Although there is no unanimous consensus on how trade openness affects different economies, the debate around trade openness has received considerable attention in previous studies. In the light of the emerging debates on different aspects of trade openness, this article aims at exploring the dynamics of trade openness in South Africa. Using an exploratory review approach, this article traces the origins of trade openness in South Africa, covering the country's import substitution regime and the export promotion regime. The findings of this study reveal that South Africa has been economically reformed from an inward-oriented import substitution trade regime into a more open, export-oriented trade regime. However, given the current challenge of fluctuating trade openness in South Africa, the country could in the long-term, seek the expansion of its bilateral trade in the sub-Saharan African region. This could be done by making provisions in South Africa's trade policy that ai...

The paper focuses on the evolution of the South African iron and steel industry from the industrial engineering perspective. The earliest ironmaking in South Africa dates to the fifth century CE; but the major evolution of the industry began in 1882 and, by the year 1934, steel production from native ore was in full swing. The study highlights the major developments in South Africa’s iron and steel industry, and ends by exploring the extent of the application of industrial engineering techniques to published research into the steel industry.

This paper provides an overview of existing agricultural policies in Uganda and how they address the key AgriFose2030 target groups that include; smallholder farmers, women and youth. One of the main policies in Uganda’s agricultural sector is the National Agriculture Policy (NAP) which deals with commercialization of smallholder agriculture through accessibility of financial services such as, loans. However, NAP lacks a consistent and implementation framework thereby hindering proper transformation and increase of agricultural production in the sector. The Agriculture Sector Strategic Plan (ASSP) of 2015/16 to 2019/20 lays out the priorities and interventions that are crucial to transforming smallholder farmers into commercial farmers. The five year strategy focuses on improving the accessibility of critical farm inputs such as, fertilizers as wells value addition and markets for the agricultural produce. However, the strategy is constrained by unfavorable conditions for agricultur...

This study focuses on local agglomeration effects on productivity, in which the spatial size-distribution of firms is taken into consideration. The data set is comprised of four-digit firm level data on Japanese manufactures for 2005. The estimation by use of firm data enables us to identify various agglomeration effects. The estimation model is based upon the stochastic frontier (labour) production function approach, in which we examine what type of local agglomeration contributes to improve productive efficiency. The estimation results suggest that for most light industries agglomeration of various sizes of firms is important for productivity rather than the concentration of uniform small size firms.

The Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) is an autonomous not-for-profit organization established in 1993 with a mission to foster sustainable growth and development in Uganda through advancement of researchbased knowledge and policy analysis. Since its inception, the EPRC has made significant contributions to national and regional policy formulation and implementation in the Republic of Uganda and throughout East Africa. The Centre has also contributed to national and international development processes through intellectual policy discourse and capacity strengthening for policy analysis, design and management. The EPRC envisions itself as a Centre of excellence that is capable of maintaining a competitive edge in providing national leadership in intellectual economic policy discourse, through timely research-based contribution to policy processes.

The Economic Policy Research Centre (EPRC) is an autonomous not-for-profit organization established in 1993 with a mission to foster sustainable growth and development in Uganda through advancement of research –based knowledge and policy analysis. Since its inception, the EPRC has made significant contributions to national and regional policy formulation and implementation in the Republic of Uganda and throughout East Africa. The Centre has also contributed to national and international development processes through intellectual policy discourse and capacity strengthening for policy analysis, design and management. The EPRC envisions itself as a Centre of excellence that is capable of maintaining a competitive edge in providing national leadership in intellectual economic policy discourse, through timely research-based contribution to policy processes. Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Econo...

Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment Plot 96, Kanjokya Street, Kamwokya P. O. Box 29836, Kampala. Tel: +256 312 812150 Email: acode@acode-u.org; library@acode-u.org Website: www.acode-u.org ISBN 978 9970 34 04 08 Russell Rhoads is an applied Anthropologist, with a PhD from the University of Kentucky, USA. He is an Associate Professor of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University (USA) and a Research Fellow at ACODE. He is trained in applied anthropology with a specialty in agricultural anthropology, globalization and development, and ethnography / qualitative research. His research interests intersect between local food and global systems. Rhoads is a Fulbright Scholar (2014-2015) at Makerere University, Kampala.

Since the early 1990s, Uganda has implemented a number of reforms in the agricultural sector. However, in the past 10 years, the performance of the sector has lagged behind other sectors particularly services and industry. There are concerns among researchers and policy analysts that institutional constraints in agriculture play a central role in the lacklustre agricultural performance registered during the 2000s. This study examines the institutional constraints affecting agricultural production in Uganda. We recommend reforming the land tenure system as well as the architecture of the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries as means of dealing with the major constraints.

Market structure is determined by the entry and exit decisions of individual producers.
These decisions are driven by past profit rate and expectations of future profits which,
in turn, depend on the nature of competition within the market generally speaking.
Profitability is therefore directly dependent on the market structure that the firm has
been operating in the defined geographic and product market. There are two influential
industrial organization hypotheses that deal with relation between market structure and
firms performance. The structure-conduct-performance paradigm believed that firms’
performance is highly related with the existence of concentration which directly leads to
collusion among firms in the market and create monopoly power in which all the firms
in the industry get monopoly profit. On the other hand, the efficiency hypotheses
suggests that firms’ performance is determined by efficiency gain in the market which
minimizes costs and expands firms’ market share so that firm with high market share
(efficient) will get market power and profit rate to each firm depends on their
performance. Based on these classical theories the study examines whether the SCP
paradigm or the efficiency structure paradigm determines firm’s performance. The
study finds that the structural conduct approach holds true in Ethiopian leather
industry. That means, there exists monopoly power in the industry. The concentration
ratio proxy for monopoly is significant while the efficiency variable explained by the
market share is insignificant. The barrier of market entry and exit is also significant
which sustains the monopoly power by avoiding contestability in the domestic market.
However the ten year trend of concentration dynamics has been decreasing from 66%
to 33%. Thus, if this trend continues the monopoly power may not exist in the near
future.

The paper focuses on the evolution of the South African iron and steel industry from the industrial engineering perspective. The earliest ironmaking in South Africa dates to the fifth century CE; but the major evolution of the industry began in 1882 and, by the year 1934, steel production from native ore was in full swing. The study highlights the major developments in South Africa’s iron and steel industry, and ends by exploring the extent of the application of industrial engineering techniques to published research into the steel industry.

Research in the mainstream of industrial organization has tested the relationship between profit rates (an index of performance) and concentration (an index of structure) including other variables (e.g., capital intensity, advertising intensity, growth, measures for barriers to entry, import and export intensity). Specification of this relationship is often largely ad hoc and its testing is subject to a number of statistical criticisms. Major criticisms that require attention are: i) omission of the relevant explanatory variables, ii) simultaneous causality among variables, and iii) measurement error in the variables. This paper derives a profit-concentration relationship from a well known oligopoly model. Empirical analysis is carried out against a sample of Australian manufacturing industries for 1984-85. The resulting estimates suggest the importance of dealing with each of the specification and testing issues in explaining the profit-concentration relationship.

The g overnment's Integrated Manufacturing Strategy identifies competitiveness as its primary focus, and value-matrices as the framework within which to assess manufacturing performance. This paper addresses these issues through two main components. The first is a review of interpretations of competitiveness and its determinants. The second is an assessment of South African manufacturing performance in a comparative context. This makes reference to recent studies of manufacturing sub-sectors, and draws comparisons with the performance of other developing countries. Drawing on the analysis, implications are discussed for the government's industrial policy framework and the use of a value matrix methodology.

The question of how interventions from the Competition Authority (CA) affect investment is not a straightforward one: a tougher competition policy might, by reducing the ability to exert market power, either stimulate firms to invest more to counter the restrictions on their actions, or make firms invest less because of the reduced ability to have a return on investment. This tension is illustrated using two models. In one model investment is own-cost-reducing whereas in the other investment is anti-competitive. Anticompetitive investments are defined as investments that increase competitors' costs. In both models the optimal level of investment is reduced with a tougher competition policy. Furthermore, while in the case of an anti-competitive investment a tougher authority necessarily leads to lower prices, in the case of a cost-reducing investment the opposite may happen when the impact of the investment on cost is sufficiently high. Results for total welfare are ambiguous in the cost-reducing investment model, whereas in the anti-competitive investment model welfare unambiguously increases due to a tougher competition policy.

The conventional framework for cross-sectional studies of industrial organisation focuses on the hypothesised relations among structure, conduct and performance (SCP). This paper investigates these relationships for the food and beverage manufacturing industries in a European country, i.e., Greece. 3SLS method is used to estimate the parameters of the profitability, concentration and advertising model for a sample of 38 four-digit industries in 1994. The main results, which are in line with the relevant empirical work, show that profitability is determined by advertising, which, in tum, is affected by both profitability and concentration, while the latter is determined by economies of scale.

In this paper we study the comparative performance of Indian manufacturing industries during relatively recent periods of domestic regulation and de-regulation of plant entry. The period of de-regulation is accompanied by largely unchanging levels of import competition ...

Purpose: Todays, advertising intensity is different among various types of market structure. In other words, concentration as an important indicator of market structure plays significant role in the firms’ decision about the amount of advertising expenditures. This study aims at analyzing the relationship between competition index (concentration) and advertising in the Iranian food and beverage industries.

Methodology: Using a panel of 22 four-digit Iranian food and beverage industries, this study analyses the relationship between advertising intensity and concentration over the period 2007– 2019.

Findings: The results show that an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between the advertising intensity and concentration. Also, the profitability has negative and export intensity has positive and significant effects on the advertising intensity.

Originality/Value: The structure-conduct-performance (SCP) paradigm suggests that performance of the industry is affected by the conduct of the participants in the market, which is influenced by the companies’ market structure.

difficulty of defining and implementing them in transitional economies. Risk and uncertainty are the key words for these chapters. This focus provides a good linkage with the material in the first two chapters. The last chapter provides conclusions. It also reiterates the view that these nations cannot be ignored by forward looking mineral investors. Overall the book is well written, balanced and provides many useful insights. To a large extent it fulfills its stated objective of assisting business planners to understand the impacts of transition on mining activities and to re-evaluate their strategies and market development policies. The document is likely to be of even greater use to mineral sector analysts and decision makers in transition economies. For them it will serve both as a guide to policy formation and as a reminder of the urgency and complexity of the tasks before them.

This paper uses the Chilean manufacturing censuses of 1967 and I979 to examine the effects of the Chilean reforms in the mid-1970s on market structure and performance. The reforms substantially increased the concentration in industry and substantially reduced profitability. These outcomes are interpreted in the light of hypotheses about the effect of potential entrants on market structure and on the pricing behavior of incumbents. Next, a cross-sectoral simultaneous equations model of structure and performance is estimated to isolate the contribution of import and export shares to cross-sectoral variations in concentration and profitabihty and to test for structural change between the two censuses. The analysis confirms that the liberalizaiion of trade changed the way import and export shares determined profitability and supports the import discipline hypothesis. *This paper is part of the World Bank Research Project on Liberalization with §tabilizatlon in the Southern Cone (RPO 672-85). An earlier version of the paper was presented at the annual EARIE meetings, Cambridge, September 11-13, 1985 We thank participants and Alexis Jacquemin for helpful comments. This is a shortened and revised version of an earlier paper [de Meio and Urata (1984)]. We also thank a referee, Vittnsio Csrbo, John Kwoka, James T/bout and especially Eric Swanson for helpful discussions, G:ll)riel Castillo, Narayana Poduval and Kalayarat Suriyasat for extremely efficient research ssGstance, and Bruce editorial help. An appendix is available from the authc,r;. The World Bank &L'S not ;a~~cpt responsibility for the v~sws expressed herei!; which are those of the authors and sho~lld not hc attributed to the World Bank or t,o its afGlia.ted orqarlizat!ons. TEr firtdin~s.

Although in Uganda, the group approach has been found to be essential for farmers' accessibility to extension services among others, the perception of farmers on its performance is rarely sought. This study aimed to conduct an evaluation of the group approach to agricultural development from the point of view of the farming community in Sanga sub-county, Kiruhura District. The objectives of the study were to establish the perceptions of the farmers on the role of farmer groups, their perceptions of the challenges and possible solutions that would make group participation an avenue for individual and community development. A survey using a random sample of 117 farmers was conducted in June 2014. Employing a descriptive study design, responses on their opinions were weighted using a Likert Scale. Key informants consisting of district officials, staff of non-governmental organizations and selected farmer groups were also interviewed. The results show that group membership was positively and significantly associated, at the 5% level, to the level of education. Although the sex of the respondent was not significantly associated with group membership, non-group respondents felt there was gender-based discrimination in access to group services and benefits. While the respondents acknowledged the importance of farmer groups as avenues for the provision of agricultural inputs and extension services, inaccessibility to land and production funds propelled poor participation in farmer groups. Efforts to improve this access especially to young farmers, improve infrastructural development would enhance the contribution of the farmer group approach to sustainable agricultural development.