Inaccessibility of Sanitary Pads

This paper explores the socio demographic factors that effects on the menstrual hygiene practices among the women of Ranigram Union, Sirajganj Sadar Upazila. Poor menstrual health can create a major determinant of morbidity, and physical, psychological as well as social problems. Poor menstrual knowledge and access to sanitary products, which have been concern of barriers to menstrual health, their performance and consequences, were found. There are some differences in menstrual hygiene practices. For good physical and mental health in women, menstrual hygiene practices play an important role. This study utilized primary data and secondary data to identify the socio economic factors. Women are incredibly susceptible to various physical and mental issues during this period, and socio demographic factor play a crucial function in menstrual hygiene practices; thus, it is very critical to preserve good menstrual hygiene practices. The study reveals that, 97% respondent women said that, menstruation period affects their daily life activities and only 3% said no. Nearly half of the respondents (50%) use old cloths during the menstrual period. Among the respondents (27%) who used sanitary pads, 18% were fully satisfied by using it but 60% of them said it’s expensive for buying. For cheapness and availability of material women practices different in hygienic practices in state of sanitary pads. After going through that, the study emphasis on eco-friendly sanitary pads which are not only environment friendly but also cost effective and has health benefits. The government can allocate the necessary budget to provide sanitary pads or towels free of charge to schools. Both government and non-government organizations can also take the initiative to organize awareness programs and campaigns about menstruation in schools and local communities.

A particular group of routine essentials, feminine hygiene items, might expose women to plasticizers and antimicrobial
agents. The entire world produces and uses a vast amount of chemicals, some of which may be harmful to reproductive health.
The majority of chemicals and work environments have not been investigated for their potential to harm reproductive systems up
to this point. The Republic of Korea and other recently industrialized nations have accumulated chemicals and other toxicants
quickly, endangering well-being, especially their reproductive systems.

Recently, the term “Period Tax” or “Tampon Tax” has gained much attention, and many women are expressing their opinions on period tax. Even though the period is a natural part of the women’s body, people rarely talk about it openly in Bangladesh. The good thing is many people are taking social media to talk about menstruation and menstrual products’ accessibility and affordability in Bangladesh. Many women expressed that period products are costly in Bangladesh and that it is not affordable for people of every social class. Many stated that period products are considered “luxury items” when these are the basic health products for women. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to find out about period tax, explore various aspects and issues of period tax and menstrual hygiene products, how other countries are dealing with this issue, and what Bangladesh can do to solve this issue.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of inaccessibility of sanitary pads on the academic performance of girls in primary schools in Njoro Sub-County. The survey targeted girls in primary schools in Njoro sub-county. Primary school girls do not do well in academic performance and also do not participate fully in school activities, and so the study sought to find out the causes for this. A descriptive survey design was applied in the study. Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to collect data from the girls and female teachers. The target population was 4595 class 6-8 girls in Njoro Sub –County and 858 female teachers. A sample of 101 girls was selected for the study using simple random sampling to pick the specific girls. 87 Female teachers were sampled using purposive sampling. The data was analysed through descriptive statistics, tables and charts were also used for presentation. The conclusion was drawn from the findings and recommendation for...

This paper provides a critical review of the challenges faced by the girl child during menstruation period. It provides an analysis of various literatures based on these challenges and thus focuses on the Kenyan girl child. The menstruation period among the girl-child in most cultures is termed as a period of shame. Moreover, in most communities, menstruation it negates the girl child towards developing their capacities be it educational, socially and economically. The cultural perception of menstruation is negative towards the girl child thus they are not able to participate in the social activities. The paper further establishes that the perceived cultural practices towards the girl child when menstruating, limits their ability to undertake their role in contributing towards developmental objective. This is compounded by the fact that they are dirty and they are inactive. Moreover, the paper using the literature from other studies establishes that the fact that all are equal in ac...

This study's purpose was to establish teachers’ views towards their involvement in the choice and development of curriculum support materials and implementation of the secondary school curriculum in Kenya. The study involved 342 secondary school teachers and employed a descriptive survey research design. Data from principals and teachers was collected using an interview schedule and questionnaires, respectively. Analysis of the collected data was carried out using inferential and descriptive statistics. The study's findings showed that there existed a statically significant relationship between teachers’ views on their involvement in the choice and development of curriculum support materials for secondary school curriculum. However, teachers’ voice in the process of developing curriculum support materials was at the minimum: to a small extent (M=1.97). The study recommends that teachers who are key curriculum implementers should be engaged in planning and developing the curr...

for your continued support, expertise, and encouragement throughout this process. Dr Dupre, thank you for all the extra meetings and guidance as I wrote up my dissertation, your guidance is always very appreciated. A special thank you to Professor Friday Okonofua, who kindly hosted us in Benin City, Nigeria with hospitality and kindness while introducing me to the study sites for this project. It was an honor to work alongside your esteemed team and learn more about global health and Nigeria through your vast experience in medical and public health. Thank you also to Mrs. Pat Okonofua for the ongoing support and kindness throughout the summer of data collection, your family made my first time in Nigeria a wonderful experience. I would also like to extend my gratitude to Dr Ken Toby, Ms Vivian Onoh, my data collectors, and everyone else at the Women's Health and Research Centre who made my first trip to Nigeria so welcoming and fruitful. A big thank you to my chair, Dr. Anne Wallis who has acted as much more than an advisor over the past 5 years. Dr. Wallis has been a role model, advocate, and friend as I have navigated new public health skills, new cultures, and new connections during my graduate training. Learning the trials and triumphs of global health research with the leadership of Dr. Wallis has been one of the most rewarding journeys of my academics to date. A very special thank you for my fellow classmates and colleagues, Lindsey

Menstruation is shrouded in stigma and shame—that is the common refrain in burgeoning initiatives on menstrual health and hygiene. Public policies alone cannot undo stigma and enact social change, but they do interact with social norms. They can reflect and adopt stigmatizing attitudes and, as a result, institutionalize, formalize, and legitimize stigma; or they can actively challenge and denounce it and mitigate existing discrimination. Against this background, we explored whether and how policies on menstrual health and hygiene address menstrual stigma and advance menstrual literacy based on an analysis of 34 policy documents and 85 in-depth interviews with policy-makers and advocates in four countries: India, Kenya, Senegal, and the United States. We found that policiesrecognizedmenstrual stigma and set out to break the silence surrounding menstruation and advance menstrual education, but they did not contribute todismantlingmenstrual stigma. Policy-makers seemed constrained by t...

Efficacious menstrual health management (MHM) is critical to ensure effective physiological and psychological functionality as well as academic performance of school-going adolescent girls. This chapter presents an impact evaluation involving 60 [experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30)] adolescent girls in primary five class in two distant schools in Tororo District in Eastern Uganda using a randomised controlled trial. A pencil and paper pre-test composed of English language, Mathematics, Integrated Science, and Social Studies was administered to both groups. The experimental group was entirely one school that was then engaged in storying and gamification of menstrual health management for sixty days. Participants in the control group were not provided with these. A pencil and paper post-test was again administered to both groups. Results indicated that the girls in the treatment group (provided with MHM) (t = 8.498, df = 29, p < .05), with (M = 16.67, SD = 10.74) obtained si...

Access to accurate, timely and age-appropriate information about menarche is an essential part of menstrual health. Reliable evidence shows that girls primarily obtain information from their mothers and/or other female family members, therefore, it is important to determine parents’ knowledge and their predictions about other parents’ knowledge of the age of menarche. To this end, we performed a pre-registered study with data collected from 360 households in Santa Rosa de Copán, Honduras. We implemented a novel procedure to avoid social desirability bias whereby participants answered two separated questions: i) their knowledge about the age of menarche (self-report) and ii) to predict or guess the modal response of the other participants regarding the same question (modal guess). Participants were paid according to accuracy. Both questions appeared randomly in the survey. Results show that parents’ knowledge is high in the study area. Recent studies indicate the age of menarche at 1...

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of inaccessibility of sanitary pads on the academic performance of girls in primary schools in Njoro Sub-County. The survey targeted girls in primary schools in Njoro sub-county. Primary school girls do not do well in academic performance and also do not participate fully in school activities, and so the study sought to find out the causes for this. A descriptive survey design was applied in the study. Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to collect data from the girls and female teachers. The target population was 4595 class 6-8 girls in Njoro Sub –County and 858 female teachers. A sample of 101 girls was selected for the study using simple random sampling to pick the specific girls. 87 Female teachers were sampled using purposive sampling. The data was analysed through descriptive statistics, tables and charts were also used for presentation. The conclusion was drawn from the findings and recommendation for...

I declare that this work has not been previously submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself.

The menstruation cycle is an essential occurrence in a woman’s life. It commences at the age of 12-14 and lasts up to the age of 45-50. Nowadays, there are some irregularities in the commencement of menstruation and menopause due to the imbalanced lifestyle and inclination of females towards junk and fast foods. As per definition, “Menstruation, or period, is normal vaginal bleeding that occurs as part of a woman's monthly cycle. Every month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the uterus, or womb, sheds its lining. The menstrual blood is partly blood and partly tissue from inside the uterus. It passes out of the body through the vagina.” (medlineplus). During these days, that lasts up to three to five days, and women go through various pains and disturbance. Generally, menstruation brings abdominal or pelvic cramping pain, lower back pain, bloating and sore breasts, food cravings, mood swings and irritability, headache and fatigue. It is very amazing and shocking as well that people are willing to get a baby, but they do not accept menstruation positively. They even disregard the period-having woman. India is a country of the conservative mindset that keeps various restrictions upon women.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of inaccessibility of sanitary pads on the academic performance of girls in primary schools in Njoro Sub-County. The survey targeted girls in primary schools in Njoro sub-county. Primary school girls do not do well in academic performance and also do not participate fully in school activities, and so the study sought to find out the causes for this. A descriptive survey design was applied in the study. Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to collect data from the girls and female teachers. The target population was 4595 class 6-8 girls in Njoro Sub-County and 858 female teachers. A sample of 101 girls was selected for the study using simple random sampling to pick the specific girls. 87 Female teachers were sampled using purposive sampling. The data was analysed through descriptive statistics, tables and charts were also used for presentation. The conclusion was drawn from the findings and recommendation for ...

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of inaccessibility of sanitary pads on the academic performance of girls in primary schools in Njoro Sub-County. The survey targeted girls in primary schools in Njoro sub-county. Primary school girls do not do well in academic performance and also do not participate fully in school activities, and so the study sought to find out the causes for this. A descriptive survey design was applied in the study. Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to collect data from the girls and female teachers. The target population was 4595 class 6-8 girls in Njoro Sub-County and 858 female teachers. A sample of 101 girls was selected for the study using simple random sampling to pick the specific girls. 87 Female teachers were sampled using purposive sampling. The data was analysed through descriptive statistics, tables and charts were also used for presentation. The conclusion was drawn from the findings and recommendation for ...

The onset of menstruation has proven challenging for girls in school, with absenteeism, missed class time, reduced participation, teasing, fear, shame, and risky adaptive behaviours among the most commonly noted impacts in many settings. In 2012, Emory University and UNICEF conducted a multi-country formative study to gain a global perspective of girls' experiences. A compendium of tools was created to ensure investigation of common themes across all settings. This paper describes the process of adapting the focus group discussion (FGD) tool for Bolivia into a board game as a method to ease girls' discomfort discussing menstruation and elicit richer data. We describe the development of the menstrual hygiene management game, including structure and strategies for adapting FGD questions that increased interaction, stimulated detailed responses, and diversified participatory activities. A discussion of lessons learned will highlight elements of success and areas for improvement in future game adaptations. The paper discusses games as a research method for other topics and their applications for programme design, monitoring, and skills-based learning.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of inaccessibility of sanitary pads on the academic performance of girls in primary schools in Njoro Sub-County. The survey targeted girls in primary schools in Njoro sub-county. Primary school girls do not do well in academic performance and also do not participate fully in school activities, and so the study sought to find out the causes for this. A descriptive survey design was applied in the study. Questionnaires and Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were used to collect data from the girls and female teachers. The target population was 4595 class 6-8 girls in Njoro Sub-County and 858 female teachers. A sample of 101 girls was selected for the study using simple random sampling to pick the specific girls. 87 Female teachers were sampled using purposive sampling. The data was analysed through descriptive statistics, tables and charts were also used for presentation. The conclusion was drawn from the findings and recommendation for further research was made.