Identification of Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of many diseases as vectors of several pathogens: viral, parasitic, etc. which cause health problems to humans and even animals. The analysis of the specific composition of Culicidae in the different larval sites of the province of Sidi Slimane shows first of all that each habitat has a particular faunistic characteristic. Indeed, six species of the Culicinae family were inventoried during the 2018 hydrological cycle in the different larval sites surveyed: Culex pipiens, Culex hortensis, Culex theileri, Culex modestus, Culex brempti, Culex laticinctus. The geographical distribution of these species differs according to the requirements of each species. The physico-chemical, pedological, faunistic, floristic… etc. parameters of each environment play an important role in the biodiversity of this fauna, which explains the differences in specific richness of each larval biotope.

In 1900, Giovanni Battista Grassi published one of the most important works on the current understanding of malaria, “Studi di uno Zoologo sulla Malaria” (Studies of a Zoologist study about malaria).
Francis Cox in History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors in 2010 said “…the Italian workers, now convinced that malaria was caused by a parasite, took up the challenge with vigour and Marchiafava and Bignami, using a combination of eosin-based blood stains and the oil-immersion microscope objective developed by the Carl Zeiss Company in 1882-4, observed amoeboid movement of the organism. This left them in no doubt that they were dealing with a protozoan parasite that invaded red blood cells, grew within the cells and produced daughter cells that invaded fresh blood cells. Thereafter the Italian views dominated malaria research and, based on observations of the erythrocytic stages of the parasite, Golgi between 1885-6 differentiated between tertian (48 hour periodicity) and quartan (72 hour periodicity) malaria and in 1889-1890 Golgi and Marchiafava further described the differences between mild Spring malaria (benign tertian) and severe Summer-Autumn (malignant tertian) malaria. The situation as it existed in 1900 is beautifully summarised by Grassi in his monograph, Studi di uno Zoologo Sulla Malaria and, although more details have since been added, this work remains as relevant today as it was 110 years ago”.
Despite this great praise about its relevance, this great work has not been generally available in English until now. It has now been translated and published in English for the first time.
Battista Grassi was an accomplished zoologist on many topics including helminths and protozoa and etymology before working on malaria. He also studied eels and other marine animals. At the age of 29, in 1883, he was appointed as professor of zoology at the University of Catania in Italy. In 1895, he was made the chair of comparative anatomy in the University Regia at Rome where he spent the remaining period of his active scientific life till his demise in 1925.
Note on translation by Ulick Stafford. I have reproduced Studi di uno Zoologo Sulla Malaria, second edition, as faithfully as possible as it was published in 1901 from a scanned pdf copy of the Smithsonian Library that is available on the internet. I have added occasional additional footnotes where necessary to explain difficult words and phrases. The translation is light touch retaining the structure and personal tone of Grassi’s own words.
Grassi’s book as published originally had seven foldout color illustrations at the back that are called Tables. This version has grey scale reproductions of these figures with some caption translations. The pictures of a dissected Anopheles mosquito, the modifications to a station house and the area of the railway study featured in Chapter 10 are reproduced on the cover.

: This is a taxonomic revision of the adults and 4th stage larvae of the true mosquitoes of Japan including the Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara islands, and South Korea. The pupa is only briefly considered in the subfamily Anophelinae. The family Culicidae is ...

Mosquito larvae from natural breeding sites within Attica basin were collected in 15-days intervals from March 2007 to December 2008. The two -year study revealed eight diff erent mosquito species which belong to three diff erent genera: Anopheles maculipennis complex, Anopheles claviger, Culex pipiens, Culex hortensis, Culex theileri, Culex territans, Culex impudicus and Culiseta longiareolata. Three additional species were caught as adults (Ochlerotatus zammitii, Aedes cretinus and Aedes albopictus). Culex pipiens and Culiseta longiareolata were found in almost all the breeding sites sampled. Potential threats for public health from the above mentioned species are An. maculipennis, Cx. pipiens, and Ae. albopicuts.

The aim of our researches was to follow the establishment of the symbiotic associations in “in vitro” dual cultures. The partners consisted in root cultures with continuous growth and calli derived from the root tissues in Ipomoea batatas, Zea mays, and Cucumis sativus and spores of the VAM fungus Glomus intraradices. Our results highlighted that following the processes of dedifferentiation in other cell types, specific to cells and tissue culturing in artificial conditions, the plant cells preserve not only their intrinsic capacity of morphogenetic capacity, but also the capacity of biochemical totipotency. This is expressed by signal exchanges and recognition between the plant cells and the VAM fungus, thus permitting the establishment of the symbiosis.

The purpose of study was to explore the mosquito fauna of District Narowal of Punjab-Pakistan and to construct identification keys. The selected localities were visited once a week from December 2012 to December 2013. Results showed that the collected specimens belong to 11 species in 4 genera of 2 subfamilies. The species are:

Background: There are unorganized, published documents about the ecology of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern part of Iran. The purpose of this s tudy was to determine the distribution and characteristics of larval habitats of Culicidae in Kalaleh County. Methods: Larvae were collected using dipping method and adults by human landing catch technique during April– October, 2012. Larval habitat charact eristics were recorded such as vegetation status , and sunlight, water situation . Lacto-phenol and de Faure’s media were used for conserving and mounting samples. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, version 11.5. Results: Out of the 395 larvae collected, 332 were adult mosquitoes comprising; Culiseta, Culex, Anopheles and Ochlerotatus genera and 14 species including An. superpictus, An. maculipennis s.l., An. hyrcanus, An. psudopictus, An. claviger, Culex pipiens, Cx. theileri, Cx. perexiguus, Culiseta longiareolata, Cs. subochrea, Ochlerotatus caspius, Oc...

Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of serious infectious diseases in the world. Dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever are emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, associated with the distribution of two key vectors i.e. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus throughout the world including countries neighbouring Iran. Entomological surveillance was planned and performed monthly from May to December during 2014–2020 in selected counties of Mazandaran Province, North of Iran, by ovitrap, larval collection, hand catch and human baited trap. Overall, 4410 Aedes specimens including 2376 larvae (53.9%) and 2034 (46.1%) adults belonging to six species, namely Aedes vexans, Aedes geniculatus, Aedes caspius, Aedes echinus, Aedes pulcritarsis and Aedes flavescence were collected and morphologically identified. Over the seven years of surveillance, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were not found by any sampling method. Aedes vexans and Ae. geniculatus were the most abundant species, ...

BioOne Complete (complete.BioOne.org) is a full-text database of 200 subscribed and open-access titles in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses.

Recent major taxonomic revision affecting genera, subgenera and species of the tribe Aedini (Reinert, 1999a, 1999b, 1999c, 2ooOa, 2oo0b, 2000c, 2000d) places western Palaearctic members of this tribe in the genus Aedes (containing the subgenera Aedes, Aedimorphus, Fredwardsius and Stegomyia) or the genus Ochlerotatus (containing the subgenera Finlaya, Ochlerotatus and Rusticoidus). Thus, the 50 currently recognised endemic species of mosquito in Turkey are now placed in the genera Anopheles (10), Aedes (3), Ochlerotatus (15), Culex (13), Culiseta (6), Coquillettidia (1), Orthopodomyia (1) and Uranotaenia (1). The revised list presented here will undoubtedly lengthen as morphological studies are reinforced by cytogenetic, iso-enzyme and/or DNA sequencing analysis, and as more field data become available.

Background and aims: Mosquitoes constitute a large family in Diptera and because of their ability in the transmission of a wide range of pathogens are of great public health and medical importance. This study was carried out to refresh our current knowledge on the fauna and the distribution of indigenous mosquitoes in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out during the summers of 2011 and 2012 in the all districts of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari Province. Larval specimens were collected by the standard dipping method and identified with the aid of valid keys. Identification data plus the geographical information of the collection sites were entered in ArcGIS 10.0 software to draw the map of distribution for each mosquito species. Results: In this investigation, 8335 larvae were collected from 92 larval habitats belonged to 18 mosquito species including Culiseta longiareolata Macquart, Cs. subochrea Edwards, Ochlerotattus cas...

IntroductionKarachi, a city of unique terrain and moderate tropical climate, is home to several mosquito species. The geographical distribution and density of these species may vary within the city, owing to their interaction with an ever-increasing population and urban settings. As a consequence, the prevalence of vector-borne diseases is unpredictable within the geographical limits of Karachi city. In this spatiotemporal study, 1,156 mosquito samples were collected from 50 study sites with unique ecological characteristics within the city and a taxonomical exercise was conducted to investigate different vector species thriving in different months and seasons of the year. The main genera of mosquitoes were identified and categorized using a pictorial key based on the standard guidelines of the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, substantiated with ancillary literature.ResultsThree important genera were found in Karachi:Anopheles,AedesandCulex. Important subgenera were subsequently ide...

The aim of this study is to identify the mosquito species that currently exist and their distributions in Kosovo in order to determine current potential endemic zones and areas at a higher risk for future epidemics. These scientific data will be shared with public health authorities for implementing mosquito control programs. During a two-year period of monitoring in 48 localities in 23 provinces in Kosovo, a total of 1,604 mosquitoes representing 13 species and six genera were collected and morphologically identified. Members of species complexes were also classified to species using DNA barcoding. In total, 13 species were identified with Culex pipiens s.l., the predominant species with an abundance rate of 39%. The remaining 12 species identified were grouped into five genera: Anopheles, Aedes, Coquillettidia, Culiseta, Uranotaenia, including species that are vectors of arboviruses in other parts of the world.

The genus Toxorhynchites (Tribe Toxorhynchitini), comprising 89 species worldwide which are organized under four subgenera (Afrorhynchus, 19 species; Ankylorhynchus, 4 species; Lynchiella, 16 species and Toxorhynchites, 50 species), is characterized by mosquitoes that do not feed on blood; instead they subsist on variety of plant juices and have their mouth parts commensurately designed. Globally there are about 3,543 species of mosquitoes (Family: Culicidae), of which nearly 3,061 species are culicines under Subfamily Culicinae that is further divided into eleven tribes one of which is Toxorhynchitini Lahille, 1904, represented by a solitary genus Toxorhynchites Theobald, 1901. Species of the subgenus Toxorhynchites alone are prevalent in the southeastern Asian countries (Indonesia, 12 species; India, 9 species; Thailand, 8 species; Bangladesh, 2 species; Sri Lanka, 2 species; DPR Korea, 1 species; Myanmar, 1 species; and Nepal, 1 species). A taxonomic comparison is made amongst al...

Background: Seasonal activity patterns of mosquitoes are essential as baseline knowledge to understand the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the monthly dynamics of the mosquito populations and their relation to meteorological factors in Mazandaran Province, north of Iran. Methods: Mosquito adults and larvae were collected from 16 counties of Mazandaran Province using different sampling techniques, once a month from May to December 2014. "Index of Species Abundance" (ISA) along with "Standardized ISA" (SISA) was used for assessing the most abundant species of mosquitoes based on the explanations of Robert and Hsi. Pearson's correlation coe cient (R) was used to assess the relationships between the monthly population uctuations and meteorological variables. Results: Overall, 23750 mosquitoes belonging to four genera and nineteen species were collected and identi ed. The highest population density of mosquitoes was in July and the lowest in May. The ISA/SISA indices showed the values of ISA/SISA: 1(larvae) and 1.25/0.973 (adult) in total catch human and shelter pit (ISA/SISA:1.68/0.938) for Culex pipiens and Culex tritaeniorhynchus, respectively, species that had the highest activity peak in July. A signi cant positive correlation was observed between Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and mean temperature (R: 0.766, P < 0.027). Conclusions: The results indicated that the mosquitoes are more active in July, Cx. pipiens and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus were the most abundant species, due to the potential of these species as vectors of numerous pathogens, control programmes can be planed based on their monthly activity pattern in the area.

Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of serious infectious diseases in the world. Dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever are emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, associated with the distribution of two key vectors i.e. Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus throughout the world including countries neighbouring Iran. Entomological surveillance was planned and performed monthly from May to December during 2014–2020 in selected counties of Mazandaran Province, North of Iran, by ovitrap, larval collection, hand catch and human baited trap. Overall, 4410 Aedes specimens including 2376 larvae (53.9%) and 2034 (46.1%) adults belonging to six species, namely Aedes vexans, Aedes geniculatus, Aedes caspius, Aedes echinus, Aedes pulcritarsis and Aedes flavescence were collected and morphologically identified. Over the seven years of surveillance, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were not found by any sampling method. Aedes vexans and Ae. geniculatus were the most abundant species, ...

The knowledge of the mosquito distribution in the Western Palaearctic region has significantly improved in recent decades. We here synthesise published records in an updated distribution chart. The western Palaearctic region is divided into 5 areas and 75 geographical units, the latter mainly considered on a country basis or on a geographical basis (e.g. islands). The total number of species accounts for 145. The status of each species for a defined geographic unit is given according to five categories: 'Present native', 'Present introduced', 'Uncertain for presence or absence', 'Absent extinct' and 'Absent never observed'. Relevant references are given per country in the annex.

Background: In 2016, a field study was implemented in all Armenian provinces in order to update knowledge on the presence and distribution of both native and invasive mosquito species. Larvae and adult mosquitoes were sampled and identified on the basis of their morphology. Supplementary field surveys were performed in 2017–2018.Results: Between June 20 and July 12, 2016, 117 localities were visited. A total number of 197 sampling units were checked, of which 143 (73%) were positive for mosquitoes (with 1–6 species per sampling unit). A total number of 4157 mosquito specimens were identified to species or species complex level. Ten species represent first records for Armenia:Aedes albopictus, Ae. annulipes, Ae. cataphylla, Ae. cinereus/geminus(probablyAe. cinereus), Ae. flavescens,Anopheles plumbeus,Coquillettidia richiardii,Culex martinii,Cx. torrentiumandCuliseta subochrea. The invasive speciesAe. albopictuswas recorded in a single locality (Bagratashen) at the border point with G...

The knowledge of the mosquito distribution in the Western Palaearctic region has significantly improved in recent decades. We here synthesise published records in an updated distribution chart. The western Palaearctic region is divided into 5 areas and 75 geographical units, the latter mainly considered on a country basis or on a geographical basis (e.g. islands). The total number of species accounts for 145. The status of each species for a defined geographic unit is given according to five categories: 'Present native', 'Present introduced', 'Uncertain for presence or absence', 'Absent extinct' and 'Absent never observed'. Relevant references are given per country in the annex.

Background & objectives: Mosquitoes transmit the important diseases such as Malaria, West Nail, Yellow Fever, Dengue fever, Rift Valley Fever, Sand Biz and Dirofilariasis. Sand Biz and Dirofilariasis disease were reported from North regions of Iran. The aim of this study was the determination of fauna and distribution of culicidae family larvae in Ardabil province. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2016. Thirty-thrre areas were randomly selected from 10 counties. Larvae samples were collected during the seasonal activity of mosquitoes 2 times per month. After the collection of mosquitos, microscopic slides were prepared and identified using valid keys. Results: In total, 2087 larvae were collected from 33 different areas that included 13 species from 4 genus (Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Culiseta). Most observed genus were Culex (82%) and the lowest genus were Aedes (2.43%). In this study, Ae.flavisence was reported for first time in the Ardabil province. Conclusion: The Culex genus was the most common larva collected in this study and Culex Pippins with 59% was the dominant species of Ardabil province.

Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of many diseases as vectors of several pathogens: viral, parasitic, etc. which cause health problems to humans and even animals. The analysis of the specific composition of Culicidae in the different larval sites of the province of Sidi Slimane shows first of all that each habitat has a particular faunistic characteristic. Indeed, six species of the Culicinae family were inventoried during the 2018 hydrological cycle in the different larval sites surveyed: Culex pipiens, Culex hortensis, Culex theileri, Culex modestus, Culex brempti, Culex laticinctus. The geographical distribution of these species differs according to the requirements of each species. The physico-chemical, pedological, faunistic, floristic… etc. parameters of each environment play an important role in the biodiversity of this fauna, which explains the differences in specific richness of each larval biotope.

Despite the eradication of malaria across most European countries in the 1960s and 1970s, the anopheline vectors are still present. Most of the malaria cases that have been reported in Europe up to the present time have been infections acquired in endemic areas by travelers. However, the possibility of acquiring malaria by locally infected mosquitoes has been poorly investigated in Europe, despite autochthonous malaria cases having been occasionally reported in several European countries. Here we present an update on the occurrence of potential malaria vector species in Europe. Adopting a systematic review approach, we selected 288 papers published between 2000 and 2021 for inclusion in the review based on retrieval of accurate information on the following Anopheles species: An. atroparvus, An. hyrcanus sensu lato (s.l.), An. labranchiae, An. maculipennis sensu stricto (s.s.), An. messeae/daciae, An. sacharovi, An. superpictus and An. plumbeus. The distribution of these potential vector species across Europe is critically reviewed in relation to areas of major presence and principal bionomic features, including vector competence to Plasmodium. Additional information, such as geographical details, sampling approaches and species identification methods, are also reported. We compare the information on each species extracted from the most recent studies to comparable information reported from studies published in the early 2000s, with particular reference to the role of each species in malaria transmission before eradication. The picture that emerges from this review is that potential vector species are still widespread in Europe, with the largest diversity in the Mediterranean area, Italy in particular. Despite information on their vectorial capacity being fragmentary, the information retrieved suggests a re-definition of the relative importance of potential vector species, indicating An. hyrcanus s.l., An. labranchiae, An. plumbeus and An. sacharovi as potential vectors of higher importance, while An. messeae/daciae and An. maculipennis s.s. can be considered to be moderately important species. In contrast, An. atroparvus and An. superpictus should be considered as vectors of lower importance, particularly in relation to their low anthropophily. The presence of gaps in current knowledge of vectorial systems in Europe becomes evident in this review, not only in terms of vector competence but also in the definition of sampling approaches, highlighting the need for further research to adopt the appropriate surveillance system for each species.

Background and purpose: Sand flies are widespread in Iran and are vectors of leishmaniasis and pappatci fever in most parts of the country including Southern Khorasan Province. Faunistic and ecological studies of these flies are necessary in order to implement proper vector control programs. This research was conducted to determine the sand flies fauna in Southern Khorasan province. Materials and methods: Sand fly specimens were collected from seven cities in Southern Khorasan province during May to August 2012 using sticky paper traps. The specimens were identified and their monthly activity and frequency in the province were measured. Results: In this study, a total of 1294 insect specimens was collected of which 171 sand flies were identified. Species belonged to Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia genera including four species: Phlebotomus sergenti s.l., Ph. papatasi, Sergentomyia sintoni and S. dentata. Phlebotomus sergenti s.l. was the dominant species in this study which is also the main vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. The most and the least abundances were observed in Darmian (29.2%) and Boshrooye cities (1%), respectively. Conclusion: According to the results, two vectors of cutaneous leishmaniasis were found to be active in studied area. Ph. sergenti s.l. was the dominant species in all study areas with relatively high frequency especially in July. Therefore, the health system of the province should be aware of the potential of anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in these areas.

The knowledge of the mosquito distribution in the Western Palaearctic region has significantly improved in recent decades. We here synthesise published records in an updated distribution chart. The western Palaearctic region is divided into 5 areas and 75 geographical units, the latter mainly considered on a country basis or on a geographical basis (e.g. islands). The total number of species accounts for 145. The status of each species for a defined geographic unit is given according to five categories: 'Present native', 'Present introduced', 'Uncertain for presence or absence', 'Absent extinct' and 'Absent never observed'. Relevant references are given per country in the annex.

The conventional morphological characterization of mosquito species remains heavily used for species identification in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. It requires substantial expertise and time, as well as having difficulty in confirming identity of morphologically similar species. Therefore, to establish a reliable and accurate identification system that can be applied to understanding spatial distribution of local mosquito species from the Jazan region, DNA barcoding was explored as an integrated tool for mosquito species identification. In this study, 44 adult mosquito specimens were analyzed, which contain 16 species belong to three genera of potential mosquito disease vectors (Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex). The specimens were collected from the Jazan region located in southwest Saudi Arabia. These included old and preserved mosquito voucher specimens. In addition, we assessed the genetic distance based on the generated mitochondrial partial COI DNA barcodes to detect cryptic diversity acro...

Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of many diseases as vectors of several pathogens: viral, parasitic, etc. which cause health problems to humans and even animals. The analysis of the specific composition of Culicidae in the different larval sites of the province of Sidi Slimane shows first of all that each habitat has a particular faunistic characteristic. Indeed, six species of the Culicinae family were inventoried during the 2018 hydrological cycle in the different larval sites surveyed: Culex pipiens, Culex hortensis, Culex theileri, Culex modestus, Culex brempti, Culex laticinctus. The geographical distribution of these species differs according to the requirements of each species. The physico-chemical, pedological, faunistic, floristic… etc. parameters of each environment play an important role in the biodiversity of this fauna, which explains the differences in specific richness of each larval biotope.

Background & objectives: Mosquitoes transmit the important diseases such as Malaria, West Nail, Yellow Fever, Dengue fever, Rift Valley Fever, Sand Biz and Dirofilariasis. Sand Biz and Dirofilariasis disease were reported from North regions of Iran. The aim of this study was the determination of fauna and distribution of culicidae family larvae in Ardabil province. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2016. Thirty-thrre areas were randomly selected from 10 counties. Larvae samples were collected during the seasonal activity of mosquitoes 2 times per month. After the collection of mosquitos, microscopic slides were prepared and identified using valid keys. Results: In total, 2087 larvae were collected from 33 different areas that included 13 species from 4 genus (Anopheles, Aedes, Culex and Culiseta). Most observed genus were Culex (82%) and the lowest genus were Aedes (2.43%). In this study, Ae.flavisence was reported for first time in the Ardabil province. Conclusion: The Culex genus was the most common larva collected in this study and Culex Pippins with 59% was the dominant species of Ardabil province.

The diversity, distribution and ecology of mosquitoes, especially arbovirus vectors are important indices for arthropod-borne diseases control. The mosquito larvae were collected in different habitats in four sites of Annaba district, Algeria, during the period of March 2018 to February 2019 and the properties of larval habitats were recorded for each site. The systematic study revealed the presence of 8 species belonging to 4 genera; including Culex pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758), Culex modestus (Ficalbi, 1889), Culex theileri (Theobald, 1903), Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart, 1838), Anopheles labranchiae (Falleroni, 1926), Anopheles claviger (Meigen, 1804), Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894). Among the species, C. pipiens presented the highest species abundance (RA %) (55.23%) followed by C. longiareolata (20.21%). The Aedes species are recorded for the first time in the study urban area. Variation of diversity in different sites depends on the type of br...

Malaria still represents a potential public health issue in Italy, and the presence of former Anopheles vectors and cases imported annually merit continuous surveillance. In areas no longer endemic, the concurrent presence of gametocyte carriers and competent vectors makes re-emergence of local transmission possible, as recently reported in Greece. In October 2017, due to the occurrence of four suspected introduced malaria cases in the province of Taranto (Apulia region), entomological investigations were performed to verify the involvement of local anopheline species. In 2019–2020 entomological surveys were extended to other areas historically prone to malaria between the provinces of Taranto and Matera and the province of Foggia (Gargano Promontory). Resting mosquitoes were collected in animal shelters and human dwellings, larvae were sampled in natural and artificial breeding sites, and specimens were both morphologically and molecularly identified. A total of 2228 mosquitoes wer...

Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit serius di Indonesia dan menjadi target Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah dalam Program Eliminasi Malaria. Salah satu upaya untuk memebaskan malaria adalah dengan mengetahui bionomik vektor, Anopheles spp sebagai dasar kebijakan pengendalian. Penelitian dilakukan di lokasi yang terindikasi kasus malaria yaitu di Desa Wagirpandan Kecamatan Rowokele Kabupaten Kebumen. Lokasi penelitian di dua dusun sebagai lokasi sampling, dengan mengambil sampel nyamuk dewasa dan larva untuk mengetahui bionomik vektor. Parameter lingkungan yang diamati antara lain pH, suhu, curah hujan dan kelembaban serta vegetasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada tujuh spesies nyamuk vektor yaitu Anopheles aconitus, An. Annularis, An. barbirostris, An. balabacencis, An. kochi, An. maculatus. An. vagus. Nyamuk Anopheles spp yang diduga sebagai vektor lebih sering ditemukan di luar rumah dan sekitar kandang ternak. Puncak aktivitas menghisap darah Anopheles spp pada pukul 20.00-21.00; 22.00-23.00 dan 04.00-05.00. Habitat perkembangbiakan larva nyamuk di kobakan/genangan sekitar aliran sungai yang mengering dan di sekitar persawahan. Proporsi parous nyamuk yang tertangkap 42,8% di Dusun Cuntelan dan 69,49% di Dusun Borang. Semua jenis nyamuk yang ditemukan kecuali An. annularis dan An. kochi terkonfirmasi sebagai vektor malaria.

The phylogenetic relationships and generic assignments of 'Ochlerotatus' and related taxa of uncertain taxonomic position in the classification of Aedini previously proposed by the authors in 2004 and 2006 are explored using 297 characters from eggs, fourth-instar larvae, pupae, adults and immature habitat coded for 158 exemplar species. The ingroup comprises 54 species and the outgroup includes four non-aedine species and 100 aedine species, 21 of which were previously classified as incertae sedis. Data are analysed in a total-evidence approach using implied weighting. The analysis produced 158 most parsimonious cladograms. The strict consensus tree (SCT) corroborates the monophyly of the 30 generic-level taxa recognized previously that are included in the analysis. Overall, the results show remarkable congruence with those obtained previously despite differences in the taxa and morphological characters analysed in this and the two previous studies. All species of Ochlerotatus s.s., subgenus 'Ochlerotatus' sensu auctorum, Geoskusea, Levua, Pseudoskusea and Rhinoskusea included in the analysis fall within a single clade that is treated as genus Ochlerotatus; thus, the last four taxa are restored to their previous subgeneric rank within this genus. Nine additional subgenera, of which four are new, are proposed for monophyletic clades of Ochlerotatus species based on the strength of character support and application of the principle of equivalent rank. Acartomyia stat. nov., Culicelsa stat. nov., Gilesia stat. nov., Protoculex stat. nov. and Chrysoconops stat. nov. are resurrected from synonymy with Ochlerotatus; and Empihals subgen. nov. (type species: Culex vigilax Skuse), Pholeomyia subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes calcariae Marks), Buvirilia subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes edgari Stone & Rosen) and Sallumia subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes hortator Dyar & Knab) are described as new. The sister group of Ochlerotatus includes a number of species that were previously regarded as incertae sedis in 'Oc. (Finlaya)' and 'Oc. (Protomacleaya)'. Based on previous observations, refined relationships and new character support, three additional genera are recognized for species previously included in 'Finlaya', i.e. Danielsia stat. nov. (type species: Danielsia albotaeniata Leicester), Luius gen. nov. (type species: Aedes fengi Edwards) and Hopkinsius gen. nov. (type species: Aedes ingrami Edwards). Additionally, Alloeomyia subgen. nov. (type species: Culex pseudotaeniatus Giles) and Yamada subgen. nov. (type species: Aedes seoulensis Yamada) are introduced as subgenera of Collessius and Hopkinsius, respectively. As is usual with generic-level groups of Aedini, the newly recognized genera and subgenera are polythetic taxa that are diagnosed by unique combinations of characters. The analysis corroborates the previous observation that 'Oc. (Protomacleaya)' is a polyphyletic assemblage of species.

Risk assessment and vector control programs rely on a comprehensive knowledge of mosquito diversity in different areas. The present study aims to evaluate mosquito biodiversity in different areas of Sirjan County, Kerman Province, as one of the most important economic zones of Iran. Totally 4538 mosquitoes representing 19 species and four genera were collected and identified. Results showed that Culiseta longiareolata and Culex quinquefacsiatus were constant, Culex destricola, Culex pusillus, Culex pipiens and Culex laticinctus were common and the other captured species were accidental species in Sirjan County. In this study, Aedes vittatus was recorded for the first time in Kerman Province. The highest rate of richness was in Balvard (2034 meters above sea level) and the highest rate of evenness and Shannon-Wiener indices belong to Zeid Abad (1718 m.a.s.l.) districts. The lowest similarity rate was between Balvard (2034 m.a.s.l.) and Pariz (2322 m.a.s.l.), and the highest was between Homashahr (1984 m.a.s.l.) and Khajo-Shahr districts (1723 m.a.s.l.). In this study, an agricultural area showed the highest; conversely, the area neighboring a copper mine showed the lowest rate of biodiversity. Biotic and abiotic factors and human activities can affect mosquito biodiversity; therefore, mosquito surveillance and control programs should consider these factors.

Nyamuk merupakan kelompok familia serangga yang termasuk dalam ordo Diptera. Jumlah spesies nyamuk di dunia saat ini sebanyak 3.583 spesies yang termasuk ke dalam 2 sub-familia dan 41 genera, dengan sistem klasifikasi komposit genus Aedes (Harbach, 2020). Indonesia memiliki keanekaraga-man spesies nyamuk terbesar kedua di dunia setelah Brasil (Foley et al., 2007). Catatan spesies nyamuk di Indonesia terdapat sebanyak 456 spesies yang termasuk ke dalam 18 genus (O'Connor dan Sopa, 1981). Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan dengan biodiversitas dan sebaran fauna yang

Indonesia is an archipelago that has complex biodiversity and distribution of fauna, including mosquitoes. Indonesia currently has around 456 species of mosquitoes and is the second-largest in the world. Update on the information about the species list and distribution of mosquitoes in Indonesia compiled by O&#39;Connor and Sopa (1981) have never been conducted for nearly 40 years. The purpose of this study is to convey taxonomic updates and species distribution as well as the key to identifying mosquito in the tribe Ficalbiini in Indonesia. The Ficalbiini tribe consists of the genus Ficalbia and Mimomyia. The author has reviewed some literature about taxonomic information, species distribution, and morphological characters of tribe Ficalbiini members. The list of species and their distribution updated with literature study and mosquitoes collection from Rikhus Vektora 2015 – 2018 organized by Balitbangkes, Ministry of Health, Indonesia. The mosquitoes were identified on the spot an...

Indonesia merupakan negara kepulauan yang sangat menarik dan kompleks ketika dikaji dalam hal persebaran faunanya. Indonesia memiliki sekitar 450 spesies nyamuk dan merupakan yang terbanyak kedua di dunia. Informasi mengenai daftar spesies dan sebaran nyamuk di Indonesia belum mengalami pembaruan sejak hampir 40 tahun yang lalu dihimpun oleh O'Connor & Sopa (1981). Tujuan artikel ini adalah menyampaikan pembaruan daftar spesies dan data sebaran sekaligus kunci identifikasi spesies nyamuk dalam tribe Ficalbiini di Indonesia. Informasi daftar spesies dan sebarannya diperoleh dari studi literatur ditambah dengan hasil riset khusus vektor dan reservoir penyakit (Rikhus Vektora) pada tahun 2015-2018. Keanekaragaman nyamuk dalam tribe Ficalbiini di Indonesia saat ini sebanyak 11 spesies dan satu subspesies yang termasuk ke dalam dua genus, yaitu Ficalbia dan Mimomyia. Terdapat penambahan dua spesies dari daftar yang disusun O'Connor & Sopa. Spesies anggota tribe Ficalbiini tersebar di seluruh Indonesia, kecuali di kepulauan Maluku. Kunci identifikasi untuk spesies dalam tribe Ficalbiini di Indonesia belum pernah disusun sebelumnya. Kunci identifikasi dalam artikel ini disusun berdasarkan karakter morfologi nyamuk betina.

dari 21 genus nyamuk yang terdapat di Indonesia. Tripteroides termasuk dalam Tribe Sabethini bersama dengan genus Kimia, Malaya dan Topomyia, Empat dari lima subgenus dalam genus Tripteroides terdapat di Indonesia, yaitu Polylepidomyia, Rachionotomyia, Rachisoura, dan Tripteroides. Tujuan studi ini adalah memperbarui daftar spesies, sebaran, informasi perkembangan taksonomi dalam genus Tripteroides di Indonesia serta kunci identifikasi spesies untuk nyamuk betinanya. Data dikumpulkan dengan studi literatur dan menghimpun laporan penelitian nasional riset khusus vektor dan reservoir penyakit (Rikhus Vektora). Tercatat sebanyak 47 spesies nyamuk Tripteroides di Indonesia dan sebagian besar (33 spesies) merupakan spesies endemik Papua. Terdapat penambahan sebanyak empat spesies dibanding data spesies yang diterbitkan sebelumnya. Penemuan Tp. affinis dari Rikhus Vektora menjadi catatan spesies baru anggota genus Tripteroides di Indonesia. Spesies Tp. tenax, Tp. nepethisimilis dan Tp. li...

I. PENDAHULUAN Malaria merupakan salah satu penyakit menular yang menjadi masalah di Indonesia (Kemenkes RI, 2017). Malaria disebabkan oleh parasit protozoa Plasmodium yang ditransmisikan oleh nyamuk Anopheles (An.) betina kepada manusia (CDC, 2017). Pada tahun 2011, terjadi Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) di Indonesia. Salah satu daerah yang mengalami KLB di Jawa Timur adalah Desa Bangsring, Kecamatan Wongsorejo, Kabupaten Banyuwangi dengan 90 kasus dari 173 kasus malaria di Banyuwangi pada tahun 2011. Antara tahun 2013-2016, kejadian malaria di Kabupaten Banyuwangi cenderung menurun dan kebanyakan merupakan kasus import (Dinkes Banyuwangi, 2016). Namun demikian, tempat perindukan Anopheles sebagai vektor malaria masih banyak ditemukan di daerah tersebut. Nyamuk Anopheles yang berperan sebagai vektor malaria di Indonesia sekitar 22 spesies (Bonne, 1953). Sebagian besar merupakan spe

Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of many diseases as vectors of several pathogens: viral, parasitic, etc. which cause health problems to humans and even animals. The analysis of the specific composition of Culicidae in the different larval sites of the province of Sidi Slimane shows first of all that each habitat has a particular faunistic characteristic. Indeed, six species of the Culicinae family were inventoried during the 2018 hydrological cycle in the different larval sites surveyed: Culex pipiens, Culex hortensis, Culex theileri, Culex modestus, Culex brempti, Culex laticinctus. The geographical distribution of these species differs according to the requirements of each species. The physico-chemical, pedological, faunistic, floristic… etc. parameters of each environment play an important role in the biodiversity of this fauna, which explains the differences in specific richness of each larval biotope.

The Mosquitoes of Prešov Town (Slovakia)-a pilot study.-Acta Mus. Siles. Sci. Natur., 69: 249-257, 2020. Ab st ra ct : Mosquitoes and in particular their impact on human life and health are often the subject of applied research. Nevertheless, at present, basic research in this area, especially in cities seems to be neglected. This paper aims to bridge, at least in part, the gap in the knowledge of mosquito fauna at the local level and summarizes results of mosquitoes research in the Prešov town based on male morphological characters. In total, the presence of eight species of mosquitoes was confirmed in the study area (literary data and new records) which represents 15 % of the Slovak mosquito biodiversity.

Background and Objectives: Scorpion's sting has created one of the most significant health and medical issues in Iran. Lack of sufficient knowledge of the fauna and the seasonal activity of scorpions in an area poses a serious challenge to the control programs. Each year, several cases of scorpion sting are reported in Qaenat county. In this regard, the present study aimed to identify and determine the fauna and scorpions of this region. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on the scorpions that were caught using UltraViolet (UV) light, pitfall traps, and hand-catching methods every month in Qaenat City in South Khorasan Province in Iran during 2017. After their capture, the scorpions were stored in plastic containers of glycerin and 70% ethanol and were identified using a valid morphological key. Results: A total of 912 scorpion specimens from the buthidae family were collected, including six species of Mesobuthus eupeus, Androctonus crassicauda, Orthochirus scrobiculosus, Compsobuthus matthiesseni, Mesobuthus caucasicus, and Odontobuthus doriae. M. eupeus and O. doriae had the highest (60.96%) and lowest (0.88%) frequencies, respectively. Moreover, most of the scorpions were collected in December in rural areas, while the least number of them were collected in May. Conclusion: Due to the diversity of scorpion species in the studies region, it is essential to educate and raise the awareness of individuals living in this region about methods of preventing scorpion stings.

The knowledge of the mosquito distribution in the Western Palaearctic region has significantly improved in recent decades. We here synthesise published records in an updated distribution chart. The western Palaearctic region is divided into 5 areas and 75 geographical units, the latter mainly considered on a country basis or on a geographical basis (e.g. islands). The total number of species accounts for 145. The status of each species for a defined geographic unit is given according to five categories: 'Present native', 'Present introduced', 'Uncertain for presence or absence', 'Absent extinct' and 'Absent never observed'. Relevant references are given per country in the annex.

În lucrare sunt analizate rezultatele cercetărilor recente, şi celor efectuate în anii precedenţi, privind ţînţarii hematofagi răspîndiţi pe teritoriul Republicii Moldova. Lista adnotată a speciilor de ţînţari este completată cu şase specii noi pentru fauna republicii: Anopheles pseudopictus, Aedes geminus, Culex torrentium, Culiseta longiareolata, Coquillettidia buxtoni şi Uranotaenia unguiculata. În perioada aa. 1947-2011 în Republica Moldova au fost semnalate 40 specii de ţînţari, 8 dintre care aparţin subfamiliei Anophelinae şi 32 de specii – subfamiliei Culicinae, din 8 genuri: Aedes, Aedimorphus, Dahliana, Ochlerotatus, Culex, Culiseta, Coquillettidia şi Uranotaenia. Cuvinte-cheie: Culicidae – ţînţari specii noi forme adulte – larve pupe populaţii abundenţa speciilor vectorul malariei. Depus la redacţie 28 martie 2012 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Adresa pentru corespondenţă: Şuleşco Tatiana, Institutul ...

Mosquitoes play an important role in the transmission of many diseases as vectors of several pathogens: viral, parasitic, etc. which cause health problems to humans and even animals. The analysis of the specific composition of Culicidae in the different larval sites of the province of Sidi Slimane shows first of all that each habitat has a particular faunistic characteristic. Indeed, six species of the Culicinae family were inventoried during the 2018 hydrological cycle in the different larval sites surveyed: Culex pipiens, Culex hortensis, Culex theileri, Culex modestus, Culex brempti, Culex laticinctus. The geographical distribution of these species differs according to the requirements of each species. The physico-chemical, pedological, faunistic, floristic… etc. parameters of each environment play an important role in the biodiversity of this fauna, which explains the differences in specific richness of each larval biotope.

Most of Earth's mosquito-borne illnesses are transmitted by mosquitoes in one of three genera: Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex. Mosquitos of such genera are located in all continents but Antarctica and infect millions of humans with parasitic viruses yearly. However, a special concern is reserved for Anopheles mosquitoes for their unique ability to carry and transmit Malaria, a disease that, according to WHO, infects more than 200 million and kills over 500,000 humans annually (Malaria, 2022). While it is most prevalent in Africa, Southeast Asia, and Central America, Malaria could soon spread to northern and southern latitudes with a changing global climate. Therefore, it is crucial to track the extent of the Anopheles range and identify any changes that could have detrimental consequences on public health. One way this can be done is using the NASA GLOBE Observer Mosquito Habitat Mapper (MHM) tool, which allows global users free access to photograph mosquito larvae, attempt to identify their genus, and upload said images to a worldwide database that records the location at which they were taken. While citizen science data is extremely helpful for mosquito research, it can be difficult for citizens with minimal training to classify the

Sebkhet Ezzemoul, wet area of international importance, is a site considered to establish a systematic inventory and study the ecology of mosquitoes. To this end, we analyzed their habitat by the determination of ecosystem surface water physicochemical parameters, followed their spatial and temporal variations and their Culicidae various species impacts. The species identified belong to two subfamilies: Anophélinae with one genus Anopheles and Culicinae with two genera Aedes and Culiseta. The Aedes genus is represented best by far particularly with the species Aedes dorsalis and Aedes detritus, which the presence is in relation to the type of prospected lodging. In this study, the salinity seems to be a parameter determining in the distribution of collected species. Results are interpreted using a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

This study reports Aedes mcintoshi (Huang, 1985) for the first time from India. It was collected from Berhampur University Campus, District Ganjam, Odisha, India. This species is considered to have medical importance, as it can carry pathogens like viruses and protozoans and can act as a potential vector. Therefore, the present finding of this species will provide baseline information to understand its zoogeography, biology, and pathogenicity related to this mosquito.

We have contributed, for a period of 12 months, from October 2013 to September 2014, to the development of an inventory of culicidal fauna. The study area is located in the western region of the city of Annaba, classified by RAMSAR on 4 June 2003. For the sampling of specimens, two different sites were considered: urban and rural areas. The systematic identification established the determination of 7 genera and 12 species. Three species belonging to Culex (Cx. pipiens, Cx. torrentium and Cx. laticinctus); the genus Anopheles was represented by 4 species (An. plumbeus, An. maculipennis, An. claviger and An. sergentii). The other five genera were represented by only one species Culiseta glaphyroptera, Uranotaenia unguiculata, Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis, Ochlerotatus atropalpus and Aedes aegypti. The species Culex pipiens is best represented by its frequency and abundance in the various sites, the other species are very rare. However, we record the abundance of Anopheles maculipennis i...

Beginning about 80 years ago, the recognition of morphological varieties of mosquitoes was gradually replaced by the recognition of subspecies. As an examination of revisionary and detailed taxonomic studies of mosquitoes clearly shows, subspecies are untenable concepts which have been synonymized with nominotypical forms or recognized as distinct species. Thus, from our perspective, subspecies is not a functional or practical taxonomic rank. Consequently, in this study we critically assessed the taxonomic status of the 120 nominal taxa distinguished as subspecies before now to determine whether they should be recognized as separate species or synonymous names. As a result, 96 subspecies are formally elevated to specific rank, 22 are relegated to synonymy with nominotypical forms, one is considered a nomen dubium, one a species inquirenda and the names of four nominal species regarded as synonyms are revalidated. The subspecies and their new status are listed in a conspectus. The re...