Hydrology and water resources

En este trabajo se presenta el diseño y desarrollo de un sistema de información climático para el Estado de Querétaro, el cual tiene capacidad para administrar, manejar y reportar información proveniente de estaciones climatológicas instaladas y desarrolladas para su funcionamiento en el estado. Actualmente se han desarrollado dos estaciones climatológicas [1], y se tiene una de estas instalada en la comunidad de Adjuntas (comunidad en Querétaro), en la cual se están recolectando los primeros datos de la base de información y con ello se están realizando las pruebas finales al sistema. El sistema permite una administración eficiente de la información climatológica de acuerdo a las necesidades expresadas por expertos en el manejo de datos climáticos en el estado. Palabras clave: sistemas de información, climatología, administración, manejo de recursos bióticos.

Climate variability poses a pressing shift to the hydrological cycle and diminishing water resource availability. This shift is a prevalent challenge to day-to-day activities in the Olifants River, South Africa. This study assessed rainfall, minimum and maximum temperature variability, trend analysis, and change point detection in the Olifants River using numerous statistical analysis methods, such as coefficient of variation, Kurtosis, skewness, Pettitt, Buishand, von Neumann, Standard normal homogeneity test (SNHT), Mann-Kendall, and Sen's slope tests for the period of 1988 to 2014. The result showed that annual rainfall in most stations had moderate variation, limited stations were negatively skewed, and not normally distributed. Most of the stations, such as X1E003, B5E004, and B1E003, show less variability (CV < 20), while the rest of the stations show moderate variation ranges (20 < CV < 30) for rainfall datasets. The results of kurtosis and skewness ranged from -0.41 to 1.10 and -0.12 to 0.46 for rainfall; -0.03 to 0.92 and -0.61 to -0.17 for maximum temperature; and 0.24 to 1.61 and -0.18 to 0.14 for minimum temperature, respectively. Furthermore, the majority of stations were negatively skewed for annual maximum and minimum temperatures. Unexpectedly, the homogeneity tests for annual rainfall and maximum temperature depict favorable results, while a few stations were found to be non-homogeneous for minimum temperature. Specifically, the trend analysis indicators such as Kendall's tau, S, p-value and Sen’s slope were results ranges from -0.03 to 0.15, -11 to 53, 0.28 to 1.0, and -1.95 to 4.98 for rainfall; 0.08 to 0.15, 29 to 51, 0.30 to 0.56, and 0.009 to 0.025 for maximum temperature; and 0.13 to 0.24, 45 to 85, 0.08 to 0.36, 0.01 to 0.014 for minimum temperature, respectively. The trend analysis result revealed that the highest percentage of stations were in increasing trend, while the magnitude varies slightly for annual rainfall, maximum, and minimum temperatures. Sustainable and innovative climate variability mitigation measures must be initiated to reduce the effects of variability in agricultural productivity and environmental changes. Future researchers can investigate the effects of natural and anthropogenic activities on water resources and their implications on water availability.

Arid mountainous regions are vulnerable to extreme hydrological events such as floods and droughts. Providing accurate and continuous rainfall records with no gaps is crucial for effective flood mitigation and water resource management in these and downstream areas. Satellite data and geospatial interpolation can be employed for this purpose and to provide continuous data series. However, it is essential to thoroughly assess these methods to avoid an increase in errors and uncertainties in the design of flood protection and water resource management systems. The current study focuses on the mountainous region in northern Oman, which covers approximately 50,000 square kilometers, accounting for 16% of Oman's total area. The study utilizes data from 279 rain gauges spanning from 1975 to 2009, with varying annual data gaps. Due to the limited accuracy of satellite data in arid and mountainous regions, 51 geospatial interpolations were used to fill data gaps to yield maximum annual and total yearly precipitation data records. The root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation coefficient (R) were used to assess the most suitable geospatial interpolation technique. The selected geospatial interpolation technique was utilized to generate the spatial distribution of annual maxima and total yearly precipitation over the study area for the period from 1975 to 2009. Furthermore, gamma, normal, and extreme value families of probability density functions (PDFs) were evaluated to fit the rain gauge gap-filled datasets. Finally, maximum annual precipitation values for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years were generated for each rain gauge. The results show that the geostatistical interpolation techniques outperformed the deterministic interpolation techniques in generating the spatial distribution of maximum and total yearly records over the study area.

Chapitre 24. L'Irlande du Nord Chapitre 25. Irlande. Le centre Chapitre 26. Dublin Chapitre 27. Tallagh Chapitre 28. Pays de Galles Chapitre 29. Shropshire : la Révolution industrielle Chapitre 30. Le pays de William Shakespeare Chapitre 31. Vallée d'Aylesbury vers Londres Chapitre 32. Londres Chapitre 33. À propos de Londres Chapitre 34. Réflexions en quittant Londres Chapitre 35. Vers les Cornouailles Annexe I. Le manuscrit et son auteur, recherche biobibliographique Annexe II. Baert, explorateur de la Russie méridionale en 1784 Table des matières (par localités visitées) 39 Hugh Hume, duc de Marchmont fut un éminent membre des Whig qui s'opposaient au gouvernement de Walpole. Pope l'évoque dans le poème qui chante la beauté du parc et de sa grotte : Verses on a Grotto by the Tiver Thames at Twickenham, composed of Marbles, Spars, and Minerals (Alexander Pope, Minor Poems, (édités par Norman Ault),

The compound labyrinth weir is a new type of labyrinth weir that is considered a good applicable choice for increasing the capacity of discharge. The flow over a compound labyrinth weir is a complex problem because the flow behavior is three-dimensional. The present study aims to simulate the flow over the compound labyrinth weir into the critical regions that cannot be observed when using an experimental test. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programme was utilised to implement a sensitive analysis for this purpose and under different flow conditions. The MAPE and RMSE indices were utilised to verify the CFD results with experimental work. The statistical indices of the maximum error ME, RMSE and MAPE were 4.7%, 0.033 and 3.9 respectively. Therefore, the findings showed that there is a good matching between the experimental and CFD results. The CFD results demonstrated that the hydraulics behaviour of the compound labyrinth weir was similar to the oblique and linear weirs in ...

1. Despite becoming one of the main pressures on aquatic ecosystems globally, understanding of the ecological impacts of altered water-level regimes in lakes lags far behind that of other human disturbances (e.g. eutrophication, acidification). 2. We employed a multifaceted approach to explore the potential importance of water-level fluctuations (WLF) for the structure and functioning of littoral zones and multiple trait responses of primary producers and benthic consumers across a range of natural lakes. 3. We found that lakes with high WLF had significantly more coarse littoral substrata with less coverage of macrophyte vegetation in the shallows than in lakes with low WLF. Lakes with high WLF also had greater proportions of motile diatom species and omnivorous benthic invertebrates in shallow waters, altered taxonomic and trophic structure of benthic consumers and more homogeneous algal and benthic invertebrate assemblages. 4. Variation along the littoral depth gradient needs to be examined when assessing the impacts of hydrological pressures in lakes. We found that depth interacted with WLF in its effects on habitat structure and mediated the response of both producer and consumer benthic assemblages to WLF. 5. Our results indicate that amplified WLF significantly affect both the structure and functioning of lake ecosystems. Given the growing importance of WLF as an increasingly pervasive pressure on lake ecosystems worldwide, our findings have important implications for the conservation and management of global aquatic biodiversity. Inclusion of both biological traits and sampling along a depth gradient in existing and in future monitoring programmes could improve significantly the ability to detect and predict effects of altered patterns of WLF on lake ecosystems.

Climate change poses a significant threat to agricultural sustainability, particularly in semi-arid regions like southern India. This study presents a spatial assessment of agricultural vulnerability to climate change in Mandya district, Karnataka, using a Satellite-based Aridity Index (SbAI) derived from MODIS remote sensing datasets and precipitation data from the PERSIANN system. The SbAI was computed by integrating land surface temperature (LST), broadband albedo, and absorbed solar radiation over a 20-year period . Mandya district, a predominantly agrarian region located in the Cauvery basin, was selected due to its climate sensitivity and dependency on monsoon rains. Spatial and temporal analysis of SbAI revealed significant intra-district variations in aridity, with certain taluks exhibiting increasing arid trends over time. The results showed a gradual intensification of drought-like conditions, especially in the central and southern parts of the district. The study also employed NDVI-based vegetation indices to cross-validate the SbAI findings and identified areas with high vulnerability to climate stress. This spatial approach offers a costeffective, scalable framework for identifying vulnerable agricultural zones, which can inform targeted interventions and adaptive policy frameworks to mitigate the impacts of climate change on regional food security.

The compound labyrinth weir is a new type of labyrinth weir that is considered a good applicable choice for increasing the capacity of discharge. The flow over a compound labyrinth weir is a complex problem because the flow behavior is three-dimensional. The present study aims to simulate the flow over the compound labyrinth weir into the critical regions that cannot be observed when using an experimental test. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programme was utilised to implement a sensitive analysis for this purpose and under different flow conditions. The MAPE and RMSE indices were utilised to verify the CFD results with experimental work. The statistical indices of the maximum error ME, RMSE and MAPE were 4.7%, 0.033 and 3.9 respectively. Therefore, the findings showed that there is a good matching between the experimental and CFD results. The CFD results demonstrated that the hydraulics behaviour of the compound labyrinth weir was similar to the oblique and linear weirs in ...

Flood events occurrences and frequencies in the world are of immense worry for the stability of the economy and life safety. Africa continent is the third continent the most negatively affected by the flood events after Asia and Europe. Eastern Africa is the most hit in Africa. However, Africa continent is at the early stage in term of flood forecasting models development and implementation. Very few hydrological models for flood forecasting are available and implemented in Africa for the flood mitigation. And for the majority of the cases, they need to be improved because of the time evolution. Flash flood in Bamako (Mali) has been putting both human life and the economy in jeopardy. Studying this phenomenon, as to propose applicable solutions for its alleviation in Bamako is a great concern. Therefore, it is of upmost importance to know the existing scientific works related to this situation in Mali and elsewhere. The main aim was to point out the various solutions implemented by various local and international institutions, in order to fight against the flood events. Two types of methods are used for the flood events adaptation: the structural and non-structural methods. The structural methods are essentially based on the implementation of the structures like the dams, dykes, levees, etc. The problem of these methods is that they may reduce the volume of water that will inundate the area but are not efficient for the prediction of the coming floods and cannot alert the population with any lead time in advance. The non-structural methods are the one allowing to perform the prediction with acceptable lead time. They used the hydrological rainfall-runoff

This study aimed to determine the effects of climate change on hydropower generation at Kamburu Dam, Kenya. Kamburu power plant has been experiencing low volumes of water with the shortage of rainfall from its catchment area. This study primarily utilised rainfall and temperature data, as well as field survey data collected through questionnaires. Primary data was collected using questionnaires, photography, checklists, and observation guides. Secondary data sources included Kengen and the meteorological department's annual reports. The study used simple stratified sampling. The four villages of the Kivaa sub-location were sampled into 20 households, making a total of 80 households; Kengen and meteorological stations sampled every 10 respondents to make a total of 100 respondents. Collected data from the questionnaires were coded and analysed using SPSS 29. The results of this research showed that the area experiences increasing temperatures of 0.044℃ every year and decreasing rainfall of 0.5897mm every year. The research forecasted a decadal increase in temperature of 0.44℃ and a decadal decrease in rainfall of 5.897mm. The research also showed a decrease in hydropower of 18,790MWH every year, translating to a decadal decrease of 187,790MWH. The research concluded that climate change has greatly affected hydropower production at the Kamburu Dam power plant. The research recommends afforestation and re-afforestation activities, putting rules and regulations of watershed management, upgrading the Kamburu dam infrastructure to fit climate-resilient, expanding the capacity of the dam, and energy storage, among others.

Play Book for the Citizen Science Modules of the SCORE Project
By Shé Mackenzie Hawke, Francesco Pilla, Irina Cavaion (ZRS Koper), Erik Kralj (ZRS Koper), Cécil Meulenberg (ZRS Koper) Vodi Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper (ZRS Koper), Slovenija Prevedla (iz angleščine) v slovenščino Jezikovna zadruga Soglasnik z.o.o. Slovenska lektura Erik Kralj.

The English translation is available on the SCORE website SCORE Project https://score-eu-project.eu

Studies on the bacteriological and physico-chemical characteristics of different water sources in Yakurr, Cross River State, Nigeria was carried out using American Public Health Association standard procedures for physico-chemical analyses of water and standard biochemical and microbiological protocol for the analysis of water for faecal and total coliform enumeration. Average temperature, pH, turbidity and conductivity of the samples ranged from 26.90+0.02°C-27.88+0.02°C; 5.00+0.02-6.38+0.03; 3.05+0.01NTU-30.41+0.01NTU and 29.01+0.01μs/cm-72.76+0.01μs/cm respectively. BOD5, TDS and iron concentration ranged from 6.00+0.02mg/l-10.69+0.01mg/l; 18.24+0.01mg/l-43.63+0.03mg/l and 0.32+0.01mg/l-1.51+0.01mg/l respectively. Total coliform count of the sample from Kesekpang-Ekori had the highest value of 78.00+3.61cfu/100ml, followed by Sokol-Ugep and Mgbeke-Mkpani samples with values of 62.00+3.00cfu/100ml and 38.33+2.52cfu/100ml respectively. The sample from Nkinforna had the least colifo...

Understanding the spatiotemporal trend of land cover (LC) change and its impact on humans and the environment is essential for decision making and ecosystem conservation. Land degradation generally accelerates overland flow, reducing soil moisture and base flow recharge, and increasing sediment erosion and transport, thereby affecting the entire basin hydrology. In this study, we analyzed watershed-scale processes in the study area, where agriculture and natural shrub land are the dominant LCs. The objective of this study was to assess the time series and spatial patterns of LCC using remotely-sensed data from 1973 to 2018, for which we used six snapshots of satellite images. The LC distribution in relation to watershed characteristics such as topography and soils was also evaluated. For LCC detection analysis, we used Landsat datasets accessed from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) archive, which were processed using remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) t...

Sediment deposition in river channels from various topographic conditions has been one of the major contributors to water quality impairment through non-point sources. Soil is one of the key components in sediment loadings, during runoff. Yazoo River Watershed (YRW) is the largest watershed in Mississippi. Topography in the watershed has been classified into two types based on land-use and slope conditions: Delta region with a slope ranging from 0% to 3% and Bluff hills with a slope exceeding 10%. YRW spans over 50,000 km 2 ; the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to estimate soil-specific sediment loss in the watershed. Soil predominance was based on spatial coverage; a total of 14 soil types were identified, and the sediment contributed by those soils was quantified. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated for streamflow, sediment, Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Crop yield for soybeans. Model performance was evaluated using the Coefficient of determination (R 2), Nash and Sutcliffe Efficiency index (NSE), and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The performance was good for streamflow, ranging between 0.34 and 0.83, and 0.33 and 0.81, for both R 2 and NSE, respectively. Model performance for sediment and nutrient was low-satisfactory as R 2 and NSE ranged between 0.14 and 0.40, and 0.14 and 0.35, respectively. In the case of crop yield, model performance was satisfactory during calibration and good for validation with an R 2 of 0.56 and 0.76 and with a MAPE of 11.21% and 10.79%, respectively. Throughout YRW, soil type Smithdale predicted the highest sediment loads with 115.45 tons/ha/year. Sediment loss in agricultural fields with a soybean crop was also analyzed, where soil type Alligator predicted the highest with 8.37 tons/ha/year. Results from this study demonstrate a novel addition to the scientific community in understanding sediment loads based on soil types, which can help stakeholders in decision-making toward soil conservation and improving the environment.

Climate change and water security are pressing global issues. Although international frameworks for both were developed separately, they share global significance and local transboundary surface and aquifer level impact. A new approach to international climate change law and international water law is needed to recognize the synergies between climate change and water governance at both global and basin levels. This article examines these links by analysing the perspectives of both legal regimes and basin water agreements, making several proposals to enhance synergies between both fields, which are tested in two case studies: the Nile River Basin and the Guarani Aquifer.

This study examined the patterns, drivers, and consequences of spatial development and urbanisation in Ugep, a rapidly transforming town in Cross River State, Nigeria. Utilising perception data obtained through the administration of a structured questionnaire, the study quantified changes in land use and land cover, urban sprawl, and population growth, and assessed their developmental implications. Descriptive statistics, simple percentages and tables were employed to analyse the data. The results revealed that Ugep's urban development was predominantly residential, with 47.4% identifying residential infrastructure as the most prominent. The direction of physical expansion was mainly towards the north (28.1%) and multiple directions (24.3%), suggesting dispersed and potentially uncoordinated growth patterns. The Socioeconomic conditions showed a divided trend. While 44.2% of respondents perceived improvement, especially in housing (27.5%) and the economy (22.2%), a significant proportion (23.9%) reported a decline. Between 1970 and 2020, Ugep experienced marked population growth, with 76% indicating an increase or great increase. The primary driver (43.6%) is natural growth (high birth rates and low death rates), followed by migration and economic opportunities. Infrastructural development led to housing growth (26.6%), road expansion (24.5%), and changing land use (20.5%). It also resulted in increased congestion (21.1%), housing demand (22.8%), and infrastructure strain (16.3%), revealing a mismatch between growth pace and planning capacity. The study concluded that Ugep was undergoing rapid urbanisation and spatial transformation, primarily driven by population growth, residential expansion, and infrastructural development. The study recommended that a comprehensive urban development master plan be adopted for Ugep, which integrates land use regulation, infrastructure investment, environmental conservation, and housing policies.

This paper deals with the results of a pilot study conducted to estimate the shallow groundwater resource potential and irrigation capacity at the household level in Tahtay Koraro Woreda, northwestern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. The potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration of the study area are estimated to be 1484 mm/year and 814 mm/year respectively. The runoff is approximately calculated to be 280 mm/year and the annual groundwater recharge is estimated to be 29 mm/year. The total annual groundwater abstraction for human, livestock, and irrigation is estimated to be 25 mm/year. It should be noted that the groundwater recharge rate is expected to remain constant while the total annual groundwater discharge is expected to increase from year to year. This relation when projected over a long period may result in a negative groundwater budget which can result in depletion of groundwater (lowering of groundwater levels), reduced baseflow to streams, and deterioration of...

This paper presents the evaluation of the impact of climate change on water resources and yield capacity of Asa and Kampe reservoirs. Trend analysis of mean temperature, runoff, rainfall and evapotranspiration was carried out using Mann Kendall and Sen's slope, while runoff was modeled as a function of temperature, rainfall and evapotranspiration using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). Rainfall and runoff exhibited positive trends at the two dam sites and their upstream while forecasted ten-year runoff displayed increasing positive trend which indicates high reservoir inflow. The reservoir yield capacity estimated with the ANN forecasted runoff was higher by about 38% and 17% compared to that obtained with historical runoff at Asa and Kampe respectively. This is an indication that there is tendency for water resources of the reservoir to increase and thus more water will be available for water supply and irrigation to ensure food security.

More frequent and severe extreme climate events have caused both economic and non-economic losses to local communities in disaster-prone areas due to climate change. This study examines the economic loss and damage to agriculture caused by an unseasonal flood in October 2021 in Rajapur Municipality, located along the Karnali River. The lower Karnali basin is highly prone to flooding, and Rajapur, situated between two arms of the river, has a long history of such events. Using household surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and secondary literature, the study assessed flood-related losses among small, medium, and large farmers based on key indicators from the Building Information Platform Against Disaster (BIPAD), including agricultural land, paddy production, stored grains, livestock, and farm machinery. The October 2021 flood, which occurred just before harvest, caused significant economic losses. Small farmers incurred a loss of $21,709.77, medium farmers faced a loss of $50,225.24, and large farmers experienced a loss of $32,393.49, resulting in a total production loss of $104,328.10. Small and medium farmers suffered greater impacts on their livelihoods, income, and food security than large farmers. Coping mechanisms included purchasing rice, consuming wheat instead of rice, taking loans, working as labourers, abandoning education, and cultivating spring-season rice. While adaptation measures, such as early warning systems and embankments, have helped prevent human casualties, mitigating agricultural losses remains a challenge as floodwaters continue to devastate farmlands, underscoring the need for improved flood management strategies to safeguard agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods.

The occurrence of dental/skeletal fluorosis among the people in the study area provided the motivation to assess the distribution, severity and impact of fluoride contamination in groundwater of Bankura district at Simlapal block, West Bengal, India. To meet the desired objective, groundwater samples were collected from different locations of Laxmisagar, Machatora and Kusumkanali regions of Simlapal block at different depths of tube wells in both pre-and post-monsoon seasons. Geochemical results reveal that the groundwaters are mostly moderate-to hard-water type. Of total groundwater samples, 37% are situated mainly in relatively higher elevated region containing fluoride above 1.5 mg/L, indicating that host aquifers are severely affected by fluoride contamination. Machatora region is highly affected by fluoride contamination with maximum elevated concentration of 12.2 mg/L. Several symptoms of fluorosis among the different age-groups of people in Laxmisagar and Machatora areas are indicating consumption of fluoridated water for prolonged period. The groundwater samples were mainly Na-Ca-HCO 3 type and rock dominance indicating the dissolution of minerals taking place. Ion exchange between OH -ion and F -ion present in fluoride-bearing mineral is the most dominant mechanism of fluoride leaching. High concentration of Na + and HCO 3 -increases the alkalinity of the water, providing a favorable condition for fluoride to leach into groundwater from its host rocks and minerals.

The northern Sikkim Himalaya hosts numerous high-altitude glacial lakes, many of which exhibit rapid expansion, rendering them highly susceptible to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). These events release substantial volumes of water downstream, posing significant hydrometeorological hazards. The downstream regions of Sikkim, particularly the lower Teesta basin, experience flood hazards due to both direct precipitation and enhanced discharge from upstream glacial lakes. Among these, South Lhonak Lake (SLL), one of the largest lakes in the Teesta basin, has undergone rapid volumetric expansion, making it a critical hotspot for GLOF hazards. The study explores the application of the WRF model for GLOF-related research, offering a novel approach to understanding and predicting such events. This study used Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate and analyze heavy precipitation events across Sikkim, with a specific focus on the GLOFtriggering precipitation event of October 3-4, 2023, over the SLL region. The results suggest that intense precipitation, coupled with ice mass instability and lateral moraine failure, acted as the primary triggers for the catastrophic GLOF. Model simulations were conducted using high-resolution precipitation data acquired from the newly deployed X-band Doppler Weather Radar (DWR) installed by DGRE-DRDO at NIT Sikkim. The resulting outburst flood caused extensive damage to settlements, infrastructure, and hydropower projects along its course, extending several tens of kilometers downstream. The findings underscore the urgent need for an integrated monitoring framework combining high-resolution numerical weather prediction, satellite-based glacial lake surveillance, and real-time radar observations. This study represents the first application of the WRF model for GLOF-related precipitation forecasting in Sikkim, demonstrating its potential for enhancing early warning capabilities and risk mitigation strategies in the region.

The study examined rainfall variability pattern and its implication on groundwater recharge in Obudu. Data on rainfall was obtained from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency office Obudu Dam, while Chaturvedi Empirical Method was employed to generate data on groundwater recharge. Results from the analysis revealed that rainfall correlated positively with groundwater recharge (r=0.90; p>0.05). The long term means from 1982-2012 for the region was 2138.0mm. Rainfall of 2001 recorded the highest negative departure of 41.1 per cent below the mean (below normal), and in 2012, it recorded the highest positive departure of 56.1 per cent above normal. The result revealed that rainfall events below the long-term mean would result in low recharge which could pose serious challenges to water resources management. The study recommended the need to create an effective rainwater capture and storage system to reduce water scarcity problem during period of shortage.

Studies on the bacteriological and physico-chemical characteristics of different water sources in Yakurr, Cross River State, Nigeria was carried out using American Public Health Association standard procedures for physico-chemical analyses of water and standard biochemical and microbiological protocol for the analysis of water for faecal and total coliform enumeration. Average temperature, pH, turbidity and conductivity of the samples ranged from 26.90+0.02°C-27.88+0.02°C; 5.00+0.02-6.38+0.03; 3.05+0.01NTU-30.41+0.01NTU and 29.01+0.01μs/cm-72.76+0.01μs/cm respectively. BOD5, TDS and iron concentration ranged from 6.00+0.02mg/l-10.69+0.01mg/l; 18.24+0.01mg/l-43.63+0.03mg/l and 0.32+0.01mg/l-1.51+0.01mg/l respectively. Total coliform count of the sample from Kesekpang-Ekori had the highest value of 78.00+3.61cfu/100ml, followed by Sokol-Ugep and Mgbeke-Mkpani samples with values of 62.00+3.00cfu/100ml and 38.33+2.52cfu/100ml respectively. The sample from Nkinforna had the least coliform count of 10.00+2.00cfu/100ml. Sample from Ekori River had the highest THBC value of 2.13+0.31x10 6 cfu/ml, Kesekpang-Ekori and Sokol-Ugep samples had 1.10+0.17x10 6 cfu/ml and 1.03+0.06x10 6 cfu/ml respectively. Mgbeke-Mkpani sample had the least valve of 7.00+1.00x10 5 cfu/ml. A total of nine bacterial species were isolated, they were Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Serratia maecesen, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Enterobacter cloacae and Micrococcus leteus. The study had revealed a high level of poor quality sources of water in Yakurr and makes need for urgent health intervention by relevant body.

Long-term trends and variability of hydroclimate variables significantly impact water resources. This study aims to investigate trends and variability of hydroclimate variables in the Didessa subbasin. Modified Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope estimators were used to analyze the trends. At the same time, variability was assessed using the standardized anomaly index (SAI), precipitation concentration index (PCI), and coefficient of variation (CV). The seasonal and annual rainfall trend analysis results showed an increasing tendency, except for the winter. The PCI and SAI results for most of the stations in the sub-basin exhibit moderate rainfall concentration. The subbasin mean temperature showed a significant upward trend, with annual average rates of +0.02 • C. Analysis of streamflow at Arjo and Bunobedele stations showed a significant upward trend of 0.5 m 3 /s/yr and 0.015 m 3 /s/yr, respectively, in the spring season. Mixed trends were observed at upstream stations; Big Anger exhibits a downward trend with a declining rate of 3.04 m 3 /s/yr, while Little Anger displays a rising trend with an increasing rate of 0.25 m 3 /s/yr. Flow data at upstream and downstream gauged stations positively correlated with mean rainfall. The findings of this study have significant implications for water resource management and climate change mitigation by giving insight to policymakers and water resource managers in developing adaptation strategies for changing hydroclimate conditions to ensure sustainable water utilization globally.

This paper examined the spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall in the Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Rainfall data from fifteen stations from 1991 to 2020 is included, as well as data from important stations with longer observation periods. The variability of rainfall at the annual and seasonal scales was analyzed by using the coefficient of variation (CV) and standardized rainfall anomalies (SRA) over the study area. Mann-Kendall test was used to determine trend and Sen's slope estimator was used to determine magnitude of the trend. Rainfall was highly variable during Belg season. The Belg season is the second rainy season, which received from 309.3 mm to 694.5 mm. Rainfall was moderately variable during the Kiremt season. The Kiremt season is the main rainy season, which received from 379.5 mm to 752.8 mm. Rainfall is less variable during annual times. At the annual time, rainfall was recorded from 910.3 mm to 1465.9 mm. At the annual and Kiremt time, almost all stations show increases in trend when P values < 0.005. On the other hand, at the Belg season, almost all stations show decreases in trends when P values < 0.005. The spatial distribution of rainfall is increasing in the highland area while decreasing in the lowland area of the Wolaita zone. The studying of rainfall variability and trend at temporal and spatial scales is hence useful for communities, local-level actors, and decision-makers for planning activities and devising appropriate adaptive strategies as well as to take informed decisions.

This paper examined the spatiotemporal variability and trends of rainfall in the Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia. Rainfall data from fifteen stations from 1991 to 2020 is included, as well as data from important stations with longer observation periods. The variability of rainfall at the annual and seasonal scales was analyzed by using the coefficient of variation (CV) and standardized rainfall anomalies (SRA) over the study area. Mann-Kendall test was used to determine trend and Sen's slope estimator was used to determine magnitude of the trend. Rainfall was highly variable during Belg season. The Belg season is the second rainy season, which received from 309.3 mm to 694.5 mm. Rainfall was moderately variable during the Kiremt season. The Kiremt season is the main rainy season, which received from 379.5 mm to 752.8 mm. Rainfall is less variable during annual times. At the annual time, rainfall was recorded from 910.3 mm to 1465.9 mm. At the annual and Kiremt time, almost all stations show increases in trend when P values < 0.005. On the other hand, at the Belg season, almost all stations show decreases in trends when P values < 0.005. The spatial distribution of rainfall is increasing in the highland area while decreasing in the lowland area of the Wolaita zone. The studying of rainfall variability and trend at temporal and spatial scales is hence useful for communities, local-level actors, and decision-makers for planning activities and devising appropriate adaptive strategies as well as to take informed decisions.

The aim of this paper to analyze an agricultural potential of Azerbaijan in the case of its olive production. Due to widespread of olive products in the Mediterranean countries, people often associate manufacturing of olive oil and preserved olives with such countries as Spain, Portugal, Greece, Turkey, Italy, Cyprus, Malta, France, Slovenia, and others. The goal of this paper to reveal the agricultural potential of the domestic market, provide a SWOT analysis of effective functioning of the olive sector in Azerbaijan, learn the world and domestic trends of olive oil production and consumption. Research shows that sales of olive oil non-producing countries have been growing and olive oil production is under the regulation of the common agricultural policy of the European Union. Because of distinctive flavor and healthy characteristics, olive products occupy a premium position in the mind of consumers. Mathematical analysis of future trends of olive oil system also is reviewed in thi...

Bovilla catchment is part of the Ishëm River. The artificial lake created in 1998 from the Bovilla dam is one of the most important water resources in Albania because is used as the main source from the Tirana Municipality water supply system. About 60% of Bovilla catchment is covered by forest (both broad-leaved and coniferous) and 5% of the area is bare or only barely wooded. Grasslands and pastures cover about 8-9% of the area, while 18% are dedicated to agriculture. Climate change, growing population, unsustainable development, and inappropriate land use threaten to induce or intensify natural hazards' exposure and vulnerability with disastrous consequences for the environment and societies. The performance and the spatial resolution of General Circulation Models (GCMs) have continuously improved in the recent years, but the typical state of the art spatial scale is still too coarse to realistically reproduce present climate and project climate change signals on local scales, especially in the presence of complex orography. In order to provide seasonal and annual water balance with different climate change scenarios for Bovilla catchment, the hydrological rainfall-runoff model HEC-HMS was implemented. In the absence of measured data, the parameters' values of the hydrological model were assigned based on acceptable data ranges from the manual, from literature, and on the expert experience. The parameters have been finalized in order to well match the simulated and observed data.

The current work addresses one of the key building blocks towards an improved understanding of flood processes and associated changes in flood characteristics and regimes in Europe: the development of a comprehensive, extensive European flood database. The presented work results from ongoing cross-border research collaborations initiated with data collection and joint interpretation in mind. A detailed account of the current state, characteristics and spatial and temporal coverage of the European Flood Database, is presented. At this stage, the hydrological data collection is still growing and consists at this time of annual maximum and daily mean discharge series, from over 7000 hydrometric stations of various data series lengths. Moreover, the database currently comprises data from over 50 different data sources. The time series have been obtained from different national and regional data sources in a collaborative effort of a joint European flood research agreement based on the exchange of data, models and expertise, and from existing international data collections and open source websites. These ongoing efforts are contributing to advancing the understanding of regional flood processes beyond individual country boundaries and to a more coherent flood research in Europe.

Water scarcity contributes to the poverty of around one-third of the world’s people. Despite many benefits, tree planting in dry regions is often discouraged by concerns that trees reduce water availability. Yet relevant studies from the tropics are scarce and the impacts of intermediate tree cover remain unexplored. We developed and tested an optimum tree cover theory in which groundwater recharge is maximized at an intermediate tree density. Below this optimal tree density the benefits from any additional trees on water percolation exceed their extra water use, leading to increased groundwater recharge, while above the optimum the opposite occurs. Our results, based on groundwater budgets calibrated with measurements of drainage and transpiration in a cultivated woodland in West Africa, demonstrate that groundwater recharge was maximised at intermediate tree densities. In contrast to the prevailing view, we therefore find that moderate tree cover can increase groundwater recharge ...

The review chronicles morphometric studies of drainage basins across the regions of Nigeria. This is done against the backdrop of the importance of the drainage basin in terms of its morphometric characteristics, water resources exploration, planning and development, and its associated environmental problems of flooding, erosion and drought. Both conventional and non-conventional methods are classified into pre-and Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information Systems (GIS) era, where they were used. The results of analysis showed that the linear, areal and relief attributes of the basin varied across the country. The Nigeria drainage basins range: Basin Area(Ab) 40.75km 2 to 9,926km 2 , Stream Order(Nu) 3 rd

Halda, one of the major tributaries of the mountainous river Karnaphuli, is well known as the country's only natural carp spawning ground. Naturally fertilized eggs of carps collected from Halda River are hatched in mud-made scoops on the river bank for aquaculture purposes. However, the river habitat is under constant threat due to human interventions like loop cutting, pollution from the paper mill and power plant, blocking natural water flow of larger tributaries by introducing sluice gates, embankments and rubber dam over the river at upstream, as well natural causes like siltation, erosion and climate change impacts. A study is conducted to address the issues of the ecosystem, sustainable management and the flow regulation impacts of dams in the Halda River, although the flow regulation assessments are conducted based on the macroinvertebrate, index-based framework, land-use effects on the hydrology, new indicators development, hydrologic impact assessment, hydrodynamics in dam regulated rivers, surface-water hydrodynamics and regimes of a small mountain stream and wide range of initiatives. In our case, we considered runoff flow, mountainous flow and dams in the rivers are primary parameters for assessment, so based on previous studies we decided to simulate a hydrologic and hydrodynamic model for the dam and without dam scenarios. Major difficulties and challenges for the environmental flow analysis of a river are continuous data availability. In this research, a hydrologic model ArcSWAT has been built to assess the contribution of rainfall on the river discharge to be used as output from the tributaries in the hydrodynamic model Delft3D. The research findings help us to perceive the effect of the dams on fish breeding condition in the river. In order to perform the environment flow analysis of the river, Tennant method has been followed in the study, which is a secure and reliable approach. The flow regulation impacts are assessed for fish habitat and spawning in the river area based on the simulations. Finally, the findings are further analyzed for velocity profiles for dams by building block method for the sustainable aquatic habitat in the Halda River.

This study presents an investigation on the decadal variability of maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) air temperature in southern Brazil during the period 1961-2011. Daily data from 26 meteorological stations, obtained from Brazil's National Meteorology Institute (INMET), were used to calculate annual and decadal means and standard deviations. From the annual statistics we computed linear trends in Tmin, Tmax and daily temperature range (DTR). The decadal means were used to compute changes in Tmax and Tmin. Annual anomalies were obtained by removing the climatology for 1961-2011. Results show that most of the region experienced a statistically significant increase in both Tmin and Tmax, i.e. nights as well as days are becoming hotter. The increase in Tmin is however more pronounced than in Tmax, resulting in a decrease in DTR. Of particular notice were the increases in Tmin over the state of Paraná and in Tmax along the southern Brazilian coast. Trends in standard deviations show asignificant increase in the amplitude of variability of Tmin for most of the region's stations. Overall, there was a cooling period during the 1960s and 70s. From the early 1980s until early 90s we observed a sharp and unprecedented warming in both Tmin and Tmax time series. After 1993 the Tmax and Tmin anomalies are relatively smaller in magnitude and, in the last eight years of the record, temperatures remained near the climatological average. These results suggest a halt in the overallwarming trend over southern Brazil after mid-2003.

Watershed models are evaluated through calibration and validation processes. However, sediment model parameters and observed data for calibration are often expensive and difficult to collect. Where sediment data is limited, sensitivity analysis can identify the most influential parameters in the model. Identifying sensitive input parameters is critical for model development and application. This paper aims to improve understanding of the sensitivity of the sediment input parameters in the Hydrologic Engineering Center&#39;s Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS 4.0). Historically, HEC-HMS was focused on modeling rainfall-runoff processes using a full range of components for meteorology, canopy, soil, surface runoff, baseflow, channel routing, reservoirs, and diversions. Recently, components have been added for representing land surface erosion, channel erosion and transport, and lake turbulent settling. A sensitivity analysis evaluated model parameters required by these new sediment c...

This study seeks to determine the nutritive potential of Moringa oleifera Leaf (MOL) meal as replacement for soybean meal in the diet of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Five diets of 25% crude protein were formulated with MOL meal substituting soybeans (14.68 level of inclusion) at 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and control diet had no inclusion of MOL. Twenty fingerlings were randomly allocated in replicate for each treatment in outdoor hapas and fed 5% body weight for a of 56 days, weighing was done weekly and feed adjusted appropriately. Results obtained revealed that 50% substitution of MOL meal for soybean meal gave the best growth and nutrient utilization, beyond this, growth significantly reduced, hence for better performance of O. niloticus, MOL should not be included more than 7.34%.

The estimation of excess rainfall is critically important in water resource management as it provides the basis for calculating flood peak discharge that results in surface runoff. Kelantan River basin in Malaysia is a tropical catchment receiving heavy monsoon rainfall coupled with intense land use/cover (LULC) changes making the area consistently flood prone. The current study is therefore aimed to achieve the following goals: (1) to develop a curve number (CN) and runoff maps for 1984 , 2002 , and 2013 LULC conditions and (2) LULC conditions and (2) to determine runoff dynamics due to changes in LULC as well as to assess how the extent of LULC change will affect surface runoff generation. To achieve the aforementioned goals, land use maps corresponding to 1984, 2002, and 2014 LULC conditions were analyzed and prepared for the calculation of CN values using Soil Conservation Service (SCS-CN) method. CN and runoff maps corresponding to 1984, 2002, and 2013 LULC changes were successfully developed and the performance of the method was tested. The results indicated that forest was found to be the major land use type to have changed in all the LULC conditions across the watershed leading to intense runoff dynamics in the entire watershed. Higher runoff values were observed under 2013 LULC conditions across the watershed mainly due to intense deforestation relative to those of 1984 and 2002. The results of this study indicated that runoff generation is significantly affected by deforestation instead of changes in the rainfall pattern. The findings may be useful to water resource planners in controlling water loss for future planning.

Rainfall characteristics are directly related to the climate of a basin, but this can only be noticed after a long period. Human activities, such as deforestation, tend to play a major role in transforming the land use land cover (LULC). Knowledge of the relationship between design floods and LULC is important in modeling and designing watershed management strategies. A study was conducted in the Kelantan River basin, Malaysia, to determine the impact of past and present LULC changes on peak discharge and runoff volumes. To achieve this, the basin was delineated into four catchments (Galas, Pergau, Nenggiri, and Lebir) due to its size and increased precision. Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) model was calibrated based on December 20-30th, 2014, flood in Kelantan. Flood hydrographs corresponding to 1984, 2002, and 2013 LULC conditions were simulated, and relative changes in peak discharge and runoff volume were determined for different return periods (2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 years). Results of LULC analysis showed that Galas recorded highest deforestation (54.35%). When the four catchments were compared with respect to highest contribution of outlet peak discharge, Lebir under 2013 LULC condition was the highest with 2847.70 m3/s. This was followed by Nenggiri (2196.90 m3/s), Galas (1252.7 m3/s), and Pergau (328.7 m3/s), all under the 2013 LULC condition. Results of unit response approach applied based on 50-year return period to the catchments for ranking their sub-basins revealed that the novel fa index developed in this study provides a better way of ranking subbasins with respect to their contribution to the outlet and therefore is recommended for use. Methodologies developed in this study may be useful to land use planners from around the world which when applied can provide alternatives that will minimize the adverse effects of floods.

Hydrological models are vital component and essential tools for water resources and environmental planning and management. In recent times, several studies have been conducted with a view of examining the compatibility of model results with streamflow measurements. Some modelers are of the view that even the use of complex modeling techniques does not give better assessment due to soil heterogeneity and climatic changes that plays vital roles in the behavior of streamflow. In Malaysia, several public domain hydrologic models that range from physically-based models, empirical models and conceptual models are in use. These include hydrologic modeling system (HEC-HMS), soil water assessment tool (SWAT), MIKE-SHE, artificial neural network (ANN). In view of this, a study was conducted to evaluate the hydrological models used in Malaysia, determine the coverage of the hydrological models in major river basins and to identify the methodologies used (specifically model performance and evaluation). The results of the review showed that 65% of the studies conducted used physical-based models, 37% used empirical models while 6% used conceptual models. Of the 65% of physical-based modelling studies, 60% utilized HEC-HMS an open source models, 20% used SWAT (public domain model), 9% used MIKE-SHE, MIKE 11 and MIKE 22, Infoworks RS occupied 7% while TREX and IFAS occupy 2% each. Thus, indicating preference for open access models in Malaysia. In the case of empirical models, 46% from the total of empirical researches in Malaysia used ANN, 13% used Logistic Regression (LR), while Fuzzy logic, Unit Hydrograph, Auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model and support vector machine (SVM) contributed 8% each. Whereas the remaining proportion is occupied by Numerical weather prediction (NWP), land surface model (LSM), frequency ratio (FR), decision tree (DT) and weight of evidence (WoE). Majority of the hydrological modelling studies utilized one or more statistical measure of evaluating hydrological model performance (R, R 2 , NSE, RMSE, MAE, etc.) except in some few cases where no specific method was stated. Of the 70 papers reviewed in this study, 16 did not specify the type of model evaluation criteria they used in evaluating their studies, 17 utilized only one method while 37 used two or more methods. NSE with 27% was found to be the most widely used method of evaluating model performance; R and RMSE came second with a percentage use 24% each. R 2 (20%) was recorded as the third most widely used model evaluation criteria in Malaysia, MAE came fourth with 16% while PBIAS is the least with 11%.The findings of this work will serve as a guide to modelers in identifying the type of hydrological model they need to apply to a particular catchment for a particular problem. It will equally help water resources managers and policy makers in providing them with executive summary of hydrological studies and where more input is needed to achieve sustainable development.

Long-term changes in rainfall are a key factor influencing climatic variability. Therefore, analyzing the spatial and temporal patterns of rainfall is essential. The examination of the spatiotemporal patterns of seasonal and yearly rainfall through creative trend analysis, however, has not been covered in previous studies. The study examined the spatiotemporal patterns of annual and seasonal rainfall in western Amhara using the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator. Additionally, the latest innovative trend analysis method was employed to assess the clusters of low, medium, and high rainfall. Thirty chosen grid points from the Enhancing National Climate Services daily rainfall dataset were obtained from the Ethiopian Meteorology Institute, covering the period from 1991 to 2020. The result indicated that, in total, of 120 annual and seasonal time series, the ITA approach revealed 95-time series with significant trends in all annual and seasonal timeframes. However, the Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope estimator found significant trends in only 14-time series across all timescales at a 5% significance level. Furthermore, the ITA method demonstrated that most rainfall grid points exhibited significant clusters and upward trends during the Kiremt and annual periods; however, the Bega season experienced reduced rainfall, suggesting downward trends. As a result, the comparative results showed that the innovative trend analysis method is more reliable and effective than the Mann-Kendall test because it can identify both monotonic and non-monotonic trends that the Mann-Kendall method cannot recognize. Hence, the rainfall trends during the Kiremt and Bega seasons are increasing and decreasing, respectively. Therefore, adapting to the risks of rainfall variability requires strategies such as climate advisory services, water conservation, supplemental and deficit irrigation, and planting drought-resistant and early-maturing crops.

Glacier retreat has become a major concern in recent decades, which is contributing to the formation and expansion of glacial lakes. These lakes are particularly susceptible to Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) due to adverse climatic conditions and geotectonic settings. In this paper, we utilize the multi-temporal Sentinel2 and Landsat imagery, digital elevation model (DEM), seismic and meteorological data to assess the susceptibility associated with more than thirteen hundred glacial lakes present in the Northwest Himalayan region of India. The Northwest Himalayan region witnessed ~ 8.71% growth in the total area of these lakes (area ≥ 0.01 km 2) from 2018 to 2022, with elevations between 5000-6000 m exhibiting the most noticeable increase. We incorporated the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and AHP-complex proportional assessment (COPRAS) approaches to identify potentially dangerous glacial lakes (PDGLs), using 15 key criteria. More than 6 lakes were identified as having a high susceptibility to GLOF, whereas more than 16 lakes were categorized as moderately susceptible. The Indus sub-basin has the largest glacial lakes with a higher likelihood of a potential GLOF event, followed by the Jhelum and Qura-Qush sub-basins. To validate our approach, we studied the historical GLOF events that occurred in the study area. Our analysis finds that the majority of the past GLOFs are identified as PDGLs, either in the high or moderate category. This finding is consistent with the fact that these lakes indeed led to outburst events, therefore confirming the validity of the two approaches employed to evaluate the susceptibility of the glacial lakes. Furthermore, we observed that temperature in the region shows a rising trend across seasons, while precipitation decreases in spring, followed by winter and summer, with a gradual increase in autumn.

Groundwater depletion is emerging as one of the most pressing environmental and socioeconomic issues of the 21st century, driven by rapid population growth and increasing demand for freshwater. Groundwater supplies about 30% of the world's freshwater, but in many regions, it is being extracted faster than it can naturally replenish. This overuse is leading to severe consequences for ecosystems, agriculture, and communities, with wells drying up, agricultural productivity threatened, and freshwater supplies becoming increasingly unreliable. Additionally, the depletion of groundwater exacerbates climate change, contributing to local temperature increases and altered precipitation patterns. While much attention is given to the role of greenhouse gas emissions in global warming, groundwater depletion is also a significant, yet underexplored, driver of climate change. As groundwater levels fall, heat trapped in the soil increases, further warming the surface and disrupting climate systems. This feedback loop amplifies local climate effects, intensifying droughts, heatwaves, and erratic weather patterns. Moreover, groundwater depletion impacts the accuracy of climate data from weather stations, as urbanization and changes in land cover affect temperature readings. This research highlights the need for a more integrated approach that includes sustainable groundwater management, accurate climate monitoring, and a broader understanding of the complex relationship between water resources and climate. Groundwater depletion is not only a water crisis but also a climate crisis that demands immediate and comprehensive attention.

Groundwater depletion is emerging as one of the most pressing environmental and socio-economic issues of the 21st century, driven by rapid population growth and increasing demand for freshwater. Groundwater supplies about 30% of the world's freshwater, but in many regions, it is being extracted faster than it can naturally replenish. This overuse is leading to severe consequences for ecosystems, agriculture, and communities, with wells drying up, agricultural productivity threatened, and freshwater supplies becoming increasingly unreliable. Additionally, the depletion of groundwater exacerbates climate change, contributing to local temperature increases and altered precipitation patterns. While much attention is given to the role of greenhouse gas emissions in global warming, groundwater depletion is also a significant, yet underexplored, driver of climate change. As groundwater levels fall, heat trapped in the soil increases, further warming the surface and disrupting climate systems. This feedback loop amplifies local climate effects, intensifying droughts, heatwaves, and erratic weather patterns. Moreover, groundwater depletion impacts the accuracy of climate data from weather stations, as urbanization and changes in land cover affect temperature readings. This research highlights the need for a more integrated approach that includes sustainable groundwater management, accurate climate monitoring, and a broader understanding of the complex relationship between water resources and climate. Groundwater depletion is not only a water crisis but also a climate crisis that demands immediate and comprehensive attention.

Proposed Gold mining Site X is located on Nigerian basement rocks in the Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State. The geology and geochemistry of the rock formations in a mining site contribute significantly to understanding the economics of the mineral deposits and the impacts on the environment, particularly the surface and groundwater viz-a-viz the health of the community inhabitants, soil, vegetation and other salient parameters, including weather conditions and socio-economy of the people. The geology and geochemistry of rock units, soils, stream sediments and water of Site X indicate rich deposits of Gold attractive for exploitation, concentrated in three delineated portions of the site as “Concentrates” A, B, C. With these results and impending mining of the gold deposits, some aspects of the environmental impact of mining the gold resources have been studied and reported herein. This is to ensure successful mining operations with minimum negative impacts on the surroundin...

the entire Korean Peninsula suffered from extensive flooding and landslides on being hit by Typhoon Rusa. Gangneung, a city on the east coast of the peninsula, was one of the most devastated areas, 870 mm/d being recorded on August 31, 2002 -the highest historical record -and a total rainfall of 898 mm recorded from August 31 to September 1. The heavy rainfall caused severe flooding in the region, inundating the entire urban area of Gangneung. The purpose of this study was to clarify by two methods the magnitude of the flooding in 2002 caused by Typhoon Rusa in the Gangneung Namdae River Basin. One was to compare the magnitude of flooding in Gangneung with flooding that occurred in Japan. The other was to estimate the actual areal rainfall in the Gangneung Namadae River Basin by rainfall-runoff analysis. The magnitude of the flooding in Gangneung was analyzed by means of equations of enveloping curves used to assess regional flood peaks in the Tohoku district of Japan. The equations used in Japan were applied to the Gangneung Namdae River Basin because the east coast area of the Korean Peninsula is considered to have climatic conditions similar to those of the Tohoku. Areal rainfall in the basin was reevaluated in order to examine the possibility of there have been much more rainfall than was recorded at observatories. This could be assessed by analysis of the water balance during the storm, as well as from analysis of radar rainfall data. In addition, rainfall-runoff was analyzed by means of a kinematic runoff model, and the calculated discharge estimated from observed rainfall data compared to the observed discharge. In another approach, areal rainfall throughout the Gangneung Namdae River Basin was estimated by means of a power-type Tank Model from discharge data recorded in Gangneung. The Gangneung Namdae River rises in the Taebaek Mountain Range, runs through the city of Gangneung after joining the Wangsan River, and then flows into the Japan Sea (Fig. ). The basin area is 258.7 km 2 , and length of the main channel is 32.9 km (Ministry of Construction and Transportation, Korea, MOCT). In this study, the area of focus was the region upstream of the urban area of Gangneung City, an area of 171.1 km 2 . This area is separated into two parts; upstream and downstream of the Gangneung Reservoir. The upstream area consists of two sub-basins; the Namdae River and the Wangsan River basins. The terrain of the study area is very steep with a elevation range of as much as 1,400 m, and the main channel is only 32.9 km long. Landuse in the area is mainly for agriculture and forestry. Rainfall and runoff data for flooding in the basin are available for August 30 to September 4, 2002. The Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) has installed two rain gauges at Gangneung and Daegwallyeong, and the MOCT has observed water levels at Gangneung. Water level data was converted to observed discharge by means of two rating curves determined by the MOCT (see Section 3.2).

Land use in the upper river basin of the Lam Phra Phloeng reservoir, especially the forested area has mainly been for agricultural and residential purposes. The area suffers periodically from floods and droughts. Increased erosion since forest clearance has led to the increase of sediment load in rivers draining into the reservoir. As a result, sediment deposition in the reservoir gradually decreased the water storage capacity from 150 million m 3 in 1970 to 108 million m 3 in 2014. The objective of this study is to estimate the sediment loaded to the Lam Phra Phloeng reservoir based on the 10% and 25% deforestation using SWAT Model. SWAT is hydrological model which continuously simulate time model and operates on a daily time step at basin scale. The land use map on 2008 and the weather data during January 1981 to March 2010 were computed to simulate the monthly sediment. The results for land use for 10, 20, 50 and 100 year period are provided. If there is 10% deforestation, the accumulated annual sediment at the rainfall return period 10,

Se realiza un análisis comparativo de la incidencia mensual de malaria con los índices de oscilación del sur (IOS), en el sureste de Venezuela, en el municipio Sifontes del estado Bolívar, durante el período 1995-2006. Se emplearon los registros mensuales del IOS (caracteriza El Niño/Oscilación del Sur: ENOS) e incidencia de casos de malaria para el área de estudio, luego se compararon a partir de representaciones graficas. Los registros IOS fueron categorizados según su intensidad siguiendo la clasificación de Cárdenas (2003) (0,64 neutro a >1,5 fuerte). Se realizaron análisis de correlación simple entre las series hasta con 12 rezagos o desplazamientos temporales y se evidencian que los primeros rezagos son los más significativos; finalmente, los resultados de autocorrelación señalan una mayor dependencia de la serie de la incidencia de malaria (26 períodos) y análisis de correlación cruzada sugieren que la periodicidad de las series es de 10 meses. Se concluye que las intensidades neutras a moderadas del IOS tienen un efecto (tiempo de respuesta) de 4 a 10 meses sobre la incidencia de malaria en el área de estudio.

Demostrar la presencia de asociación entre las variaciones climáticas (variables macro y microclimáticas) con los casos de dengue en el Hospital Pérez de León (HPL) de Caracas, Venezuela, en el período 1998-2004. Materiales y métodos: Se recolectó el registro mensual de los casos confirmados de dengue del Servicio de Epidemiología del HPL. Los datos microclimáticos se obtuvieron del Servicio de Meteorología de la Fuerza Aérea Venezolana, las precipitaciones se expresaron en mm de lluvia al mes y la temperatura máxima y mínima extrema de cada mes. Se usaron como índices climáticos el NAO, SOI, ONI de acuerdo con la clasificación de la NOAA, se clasificó en años El Niño y No El Niño (neutrales y La Niña). Para encontrar las asociaciones se usaron modelos de regresión lineal.

The U.S. Global Climate Change Research Program has identified climate change as a growing public health threat. We investigated the potential effects of changes in ambient daily maximum temperature on hyperthermia and cardiovascular emergency department (ED) visits using records for patients age 64 and younger from a private insurance database for the May–September period for 2005–2012. We found a strong positive relationship between daily maximum temperatures and ED visits for hyperthermia but not for cardiovascular conditions. Using the fitted relationship from 136 metropolitan areas, we calculated the number and rate of hyperthermia ED visits for climates representative of year 1995 (baseline period), as well as years 2050 and 2090 (future periods), for two climate change scenarios based on outcomes from five global climate models. Without considering potential adaptation or population growth and movement, we calculate that climate change alone will result in an additional 21,00...

Western United States forest wildfire activity is widely thought to have increased in recent decades, yet neither the extent of recent changes nor the degree to which climate may be driving regional changes in wildfire has been systematically documented. Much of the public and scientific discussion of changes in western United States wildfire has focused instead on the effects of 19th- and 20th-century land-use history. We compiled a comprehensive database of large wildfires in western United States forests since 1970 and compared it with hydroclimatic and land-surface data. Here, we show that large wildfire activity increased suddenly and markedly in the mid-1980s, with higher large-wildfire frequency, longer wildfire durations, and longer wildfire seasons. The greatest increases occurred in mid-elevation, Northern Rockies forests, where land-use histories have relatively little effect on fire risks and are strongly associated with increased spring and summer temperatures and an ea...