Human Movement and Sports Sciences

PROBLEM: An acute bout of resistance exercise may have a negative effect on vascular function. METHODS: Ten young, healthy, resistance-trained individuals (8 males, 2 females; aged 23±3 yrs) volunteered. One-repetition maximum (1RM) was assessed on the squat (144±32kg), bench press (109±33kg), and deadlift (160±40kg). Forearm blood flow (FBF) was assessed by strain gauge plethysmography at rest and followed by 5 minutes of circulatory occlusion (220 mmHg) to induce reactive hyperemia (RH) and to measure vasodilatory capacity before and 25 minutes after an acute bout of resistance exercise. Each participant also completed a quiet control session of the same duration. Area under the curve for FBF-RH was also utilized to determine differences in blood flow. Data were analyzed by an ANOVA to examine the effects of condition (acute resistance exercise, control) by time (rest, recovery). RESULTS: Area under the curve for FBF-RH significantly (p≤0.05) increased after the acute bout of free...

This paper offers a counter-narrative to the stereotype of people with physical and cognitive impairments being less inclined to participate in athletic activities. It contributes to the affirmative model proposed by Swain and French, which posits a non-tragic view of disability that encompasses positive social identities. We employed the tools of ethnography and phenomenology to explore the adaptive athlete experience among individuals practicing various sports and exhibiting divergent levels of proficiency. Findings confirm the appropriateness of the affirmative model and provide examples of movement from the state of liminality to that of communitas as defined by Victor Turner.

Building both strength and endurance has been a challenge in exercise training in the elderly, but dietary supplements hold promise as agents for improving muscle adaptation. Here, we test a formulation of natural products (AX: astaxanthin, 12 mg and tocotrienol, 10 mg and zinc, 6 mg) with both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in combination with exercise. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of elderly subjects (65-82 years) on a daily oral dose with interval walking exercise on an incline treadmill. Forty-two subjects were fed AX or placebo for 4 months and trained 3 months (3×/week for 40-60 min) with increasing intervals of incline walking. Strength was measured as maximal voluntary force (MVC) in ankle dorsiflexion exercise, and tibialis anterior muscle size (cross-sectional area, CSA) was determined from magnetic resonance imaging. Greater endurance (exercise time in incline walking, >50%) and distance in 6 min walk (>8%) accompan...

This study aimed at developing a backhand serve test model for junior badminton athletes. The research method used was a research and development method. The samples of the study were more than 120 athletes divided into ten badminton clubs in Central Java. This study involved academics and badminton practitioners with an excellent design validation score that reached an average score more than 3.5. The product of the research was Backhand Serve Test Model development, which was equipped with the test norms for junior badminton athletes. The Short Serve Test validity score was 0.702 and the reliability of the test score was 0.910. The developed Serve Test model is proven suitable to be used for measuring the serve skills of junior badminton athletes, because the samples of this study were athletes aged 15-18 years. Of course, the developed test model will be useful as a measuring tool for the backhand serve test for junior badminton athletes at the regional level.

The study aimed to examine the concurrent validity of front-crawl swimming competence as a criterion by measuring the basic swimming ability for estimated swimming distance. The research samples were 35 students (15 people from the Sports Science program and 20 from the Physics program) aged 19-21. The seven components of basic swimming ability, including submerging, floating, gliding (Gd), leg propulsion, hand propulsion, leg coordination, and breath control, were the predictors, while the front-crawl swimming competence referred to the criterion. Concurrent validity analysis used PPM correlation, while factor analysis used stepwise multiple regression methods. The results indicated a significant association between basic swimming abilities and swimming competence. The moderate relationship (r = 04-0.7, p <0.01), was found in gliding, leg propulsion, hand propulsion, hand and leg coordination, and breath control. While the relationship in the ability to submerge and float is weak (r = 0.22 and 0.16, p <0.05). Basic swimming ability as an estimator of swimming competence has a significant concurrent validity in the moderate level, except for the basic ability to dive and float, which were in the weak category. Only two factors are estimated to have the greatest influence on the beginner's front-crawl competence achievement, namely basic ability to control breathing and coordination of legs & hands.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of weight training methods and rest interval, maximum oxygen volume, flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and fat percentage in students. It employed a quasi-experimental design with 40 male undergraduate students as a sample divided into 4 groups. The instruments used the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT), sit and reach test, sit-ups, push-ups, leg and back dynamometer, and Omron karada scan body composition. The data analysis technique used the normality test, homogeneity test, and box test followed by hypothesis testing using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) with 2 2 factorial analysis. The results of the Multivariate Test calculations showed all groups had significant improvements of p<0.05, except for fat percentage (p=0,806). So that it can be said that weight training carried out according to the right exercise dose with the selection of appropriate exercise methods and by paying attention to rest between sets will be able to have a positive impact on cardiorespiratory endurance (VO 2 max), flexibility, muscle strength (legs, back), muscular endurance (upper body, abdomen), and no significant improvement in "fat percentage". But all weight training methods had a positive impact on fat percentage. The most effective exercise method for improving VO 2 max, flexibility, and lowering body fat is the superset method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds. The most effective method to increase muscle strength (legs and back) is the compound set method with a rest between sets of 120 seconds. While the most effective method to increase muscle endurance (upper body and abdomen) is a compound set method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds.

We examined clinical and neurophysiologic measures in I0 children 4 to 9 years after neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Electroencephalograms did not correlate with clinical or other neurophysiologic measures of interhemispheric asymmetry. By ultrasound imaging, the right internal carotid artery velocity was approximately 62% of that on the left, and right internal carotid flow was reduced by 74% (p --<0.04), whereas an age-matched control group showed no differences. A decrease in the amplitude of the long-latency auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials was noted over the right hemisphere after left-sided stimulation compared with the left hemispheric potentials after right-sided stimulation (p -<0.005). No significant differences in hemispheric symmetry were noted in the amplitudes for wave V of the auditory brain-stem response or in the P30 component of the middle-latency auditory evoked potentials. Likewise, latency measures of the evoked potentials were symmetric. We conclude that (t) neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is associated with long-lasting decreased right internal carotid blood flow with compensatory increased flow through the left carotid system and (2) there is a consistent reduction in the amplitude of right hemispheric long-latency evoked potentials. These latter findings may reflect redirected cerebral blood flow patterns after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. (J PEDIATR 1990;116:343-9) Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is a cardiopulmonary bypass procedure used to substitute for heart and lung functions in patients with temporary failure of those organs.1 Neurologic sequelae of this procedure are theoretically possible because the technique often involves cannulation of the right internal jugular vein and right common carotid artery. In many centers, these vessels remain permanently ligated. Glass et al. 2 found that ligation of the right carotid artery is not associated with a consistent lat-

Locomotor movement skills are movement skills that are often or even always performed by a person. During childhood, a child will start their locomotor activities through the family environment and then move on to the school environment through physical education. This study aims to measure the level of locomotor movement skills of students at the elementary school level. This study used a descriptive quantitative approach with a survey method. This study was attended by 46 students from elementary schools with the age of 9-10 years or grade 3 elementary school. The TGMD-2 instrument was used as a test instrument in this study. The results showed that locomotor movement skills were dominated by running skills. This result is proven by the number of students who obtained the maximum score of 31 students. In gallop skills, students experience obstacles with the acquisition of a minimum score of 19 students. Based on these results, students' locomotor movement skills obtained significant results in the run variable. Appropriate interventions still need to be carried out to improve locomotor skills in the gallop variable.

Brief high intensity exercise induces peripheral leukocytosis possibly leading to a higher incidence of allergic symptoms in athletes undergoing excessive training. We studied the exercise-induced alternation of circulating Tregs and FoxP3+ Tregs due to acute intense swim exercise in elite swimmers (n = 22, 12 males, age = 15.4 yrs). Twelve had prior or current rhinitis or asthma and 10 had no current or prior allergy or asthma. Circulating Tregs increased significantly (p < .001) following exercise (pre = 133 ± 11.2, post = 196 ± 17.6) as did FoxP3+ cells (pre = 44, post = 64 cells/µl). Increases in Tregs and FoxP3+ Tregs occurred to the same extent in both groups of adolescent swimmers. Mature T Helper lymphocytes can be identified using flow cytometry as those cells which express the surface marker protein CD4, and are thus appropriately called CD4+ lymphocytes. Active CD4+ cells which also express a receptor for the potent T cell growth factor, interleukin-2, can be further identified as CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes. It is believed that these CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes, also known as Regulatory T-cells (Tregs) play an important role in actively controlling or suppressing immune function, generally via inhibition . Fork-head box Protein 3 or (FoxP3), is a key transcription factor that governs maturation of Treg cells . There is mounting evidence that FoxP3 expression in CD4+CD25+ lymphocytes may play a role in attenuating the inflammatory cytokine activity of lymphocytes in the control of allergic disease.

This study developed the Futsal Basic Skill Test Series (FBSTS), an innovative tool employing a series approach to assessing futsal technical skills in higher education. The research was guided by a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the Borg and Gall model to develop the Futsal Basic Skill Test Series (FBSTS). The research process consisted of a needs analysis phase through literature review and a survey of 51 respondents (47 students, 4 lecturers) to identify gaps in futsal skill assessment; design and development phase involved constructing tests for passing, dribbling, receiving, and shooting, validated by experts; testing phase included initial and final trials of 15 and 60 students respectively, with validity analyzed using product-moment correlation and reliability assessed through Cronbach’s alpha; and revision phase was based on design, development, and testing results, enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of FBSTS as a futsal skill assessment tool. Statistical analyses indicated high validity (r > 0.70) and reliability (α > 0.80), substantiating the FBSTS as a reliable evaluation instrument. The FBSTS integrates fundamental skills (dribbling, passing, receiving, and shooting) within dynamic game scenarios, promoting comprehensive skill assessment. Designed for environments with limited resources, it utilizes basic equipment such as balls, cones, and bounce boards, ensuring accessibility and practicality. The findings underscore the FBSTS's substantial contributions to futsal education, facilitating objective assessments and supporting adaptive learning strategies tailored to diverse student needs. This tool provides educators with a comprehensive framework to enhance technical proficiency and align instruction with contemporary sports education demands. While the FBSTS has demonstrated efficacy, further research is recommended to expand its applicability to broader demographics and settings, with the incorporation of digital technology enhancing operational efficiency and minimizing errors. The FBSTS's social impact is notable, as it fosters inclusivity by democratizing access to quality futsal training, addressing regional disparities, and fostering equitable opportunities in sports education. The research's advancement of the pedagogical framework for futsal is significant, as it bridges gaps in skill assessment, reinforces its role in higher education curricula, and elevates the standards of sports education in Indonesia and beyond.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of weight training methods and rest interval, maximum oxygen volume, flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and fat percentage in students. It employed a quasi-experimental design with 40 male undergraduate students as a sample divided into 4 groups. The instruments used the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT), sit and reach test, sit-ups, push-ups, leg and back dynamometer, and Omron karada scan body composition. The data analysis technique used the normality test, homogeneity test, and box test followed by hypothesis testing using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) with 2 2 factorial analysis. The results of the Multivariate Test calculations showed all groups had significant improvements of p<0.05, except for fat percentage (p=0,806). So that it can be said that weight training carried out according to the right exercise dose with the selection of appropriate exercise methods and by paying attention to rest between sets will be able to have a positive impact on cardiorespiratory endurance (VO 2 max), flexibility, muscle strength (legs, back), muscular endurance (upper body, abdomen), and no significant improvement in "fat percentage". But all weight training methods had a positive impact on fat percentage. The most effective exercise method for improving VO 2 max, flexibility, and lowering body fat is the superset method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds. The most effective method to increase muscle strength (legs and back) is the compound set method with a rest between sets of 120 seconds. While the most effective method to increase muscle endurance (upper body and abdomen) is a compound set method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of weight training methods and rest interval, maximum oxygen volume, flexibility, muscle strength, muscular endurance, and fat percentage in students. It employed a quasi-experimental design with 40 male undergraduate students as a sample divided into 4 groups. The instruments used the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT), sit and reach test, sit-ups, push-ups, leg and back dynamometer, and Omron karada scan body composition. The data analysis technique used the normality test, homogeneity test, and box test followed by hypothesis testing using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) with 2 2 factorial analysis. The results of the Multivariate Test calculations showed all groups had significant improvements of p<0.05, except for fat percentage (p=0,806). So that it can be said that weight training carried out according to the right exercise dose with the selection of appropriate exercise methods and by paying attention to rest between sets will be able to have a positive impact on cardiorespiratory endurance (VO 2 max), flexibility, muscle strength (legs, back), muscular endurance (upper body, abdomen), and no significant improvement in "fat percentage". But all weight training methods had a positive impact on fat percentage. The most effective exercise method for improving VO 2 max, flexibility, and lowering body fat is the superset method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds. The most effective method to increase muscle strength (legs and back) is the compound set method with a rest between sets of 120 seconds. While the most effective method to increase muscle endurance (upper body and abdomen) is a compound set method with a rest between sets of 30 seconds.

Sports and physical activities contribute to developing the kinetic and cognitive abilities of children with intellectual disabilities (IDs). These activities promote physical competence, social inclusion and quality of life for children with IDs. This quasi-experimental study aimed to identify the effect of using a training package (TP) on improving the physical and kinetic abilities of children with IDs. Twenty-six (26) children with disabilities enrolled in a special education center in Muscat, Oman participated in this study. These participants were divided equally into two groups (control and experimental). Children in the experimental group received their sports activities by TP for 8 weeks, while children in the control group received their sports activities via the conventional method used in the center. To measure physical and kinetic abilities, 6 tests were applied to the children in the control and experimental groups as pretests and posttests: Countermovement Jump Test (CMJ), Free Countermovement Jump Test (FCMJ), Static Balance Test, 5m Sprint Test, Hand Grip Test, and Back Lift Strength Test. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the control and experimental groups on all posttests of physical and kinetic ability in favour of children in the experimental group who underwent the TP. The study recommended the use of TP in Omani special education institutions and centers. TP enhances the physical fitness and kinetic and physical skills of children with IDs.

Grit is an impeccable concept which addresses the consistency of interest and perseverance of effort among non-disabled athletes in the existing literature. However, a dearth of research has scrutinised this construct among disabled athletes. The purpose of this research is to explore the challenges of the gritty para-athletes and the reasons behind their grittiness within each narrative type. Two-part life history interviews were conducted with para elite track and field athletes (n=30). The interviews were transcribed and subjected to a dialogical narrative analysis. The speculation was drawn on the stories told by the paraathletes which were based on the grounds of understanding grit and how their life experiences have shaped their grittiness. Five distinct narrative typologies were identified: staying a little longer, quit quitting, a superman story, embracing uncertainty, rising from ashes and everything to me narrative. Grit is inevitable in achieving success but there are many underlying factors which influences grit such as social support, resilience, determination etc. Hence, creating and sharing narratives of gritty para-athletes can help other para-athletes to make sense of their challenges in meaningful and diverse ways. Future implications address the need for the development of the grit-based interventions that can flourish the mental and physical well-being of para-athletes.

This study aims to determine the interaction between Motion-based learning models consisting of Sports Education Models (SEM) and Fitness Education Models (FEM) with kinesthetic perceptions of the ability to hit a drive in a tennis game. Validity and reliability were applied to measure kinesthetic perception and the method used an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design. The population in this study were fourth semester students, Faculty of Sports, Sebelas Maret University Surakarta. The sampling technique used was random sampling, and the sample size taken was 116 students. Samples were grouped into four based on the results of kinesthetic perception measurements and ranked with high and low levels with Ordinal Pairing. The data collection technique applied the side arm positional test to measure kinesthetic perception, while the drive stroke ability test used Hewitt's tennis achievement test. The data analysis technique in this study took Two-Way ANOVA which first implemented the prerequisite test of data analysis with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test and Levene's homogeneity test using SPSS version 26. The result illustrates that there is no significant interaction between the Sports Education model (SEM) and the Fitness Education model (FEM), and Kinesthetic Perception on the ability to hit drives in tennis games, because the P-value (0.061) is greater than 0.05.

This study aimed to identify the effect of harmonic exercises on some variables of sensory-motor perception and the level of technical performance of the skills of serving and receiving the ball in table tennis. The experimental method was used for its relevance to the nature of the study. The study sample consisted of 42 students of the racket games course students at the Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity. They were divided into two equal groups, 21 for the experimental group and 21 for the control group. The harmonic exercises were applied for 8 weeks, with one lecture per week. Each lecture lasts for 100 minutes, and it’s divided into three parts (warm-up part, for about 10 minutes; main preparation part, for about 80 minutes, which is divided into 35 minutes for physical preparation and 45 minutes for technical preparation; and the final part, for about 10 minutes). After analyzing and tabulating the data, the researchers concluded that practicing harmonic exercises led to an improvement in some variables of the sensory-motor perception and the level of technical performance of the skills of serving with the forehand and backhand and receiving the table tennis ball. Also, the students of the experimental group exceeded the students of the control group in reducing the percentage of estimation errors for the factors of power, time, and estimated distance in the techniques. These findings have practical implications for table tennis training, as they demonstrate the effectiveness of harmonic exercises in improving sensory-motor perception and technical performance. Based on the results of the study, the researchers recommend applying the harmonic exercises since they improve the students’ variables of sensory-motor perception and their level of technical performance in the skills of serving with the forehand and backhand and receiving the table tennis ball.

The relationship between peak aerobic fitness (peakVO 2 ) and plasma leptin was assessed in 25 normal (BMI < 85th %tile) and 25 overweight (BMI > 85th %tile) youth, ages 7-17 years. In the overall analysis peakVO 2 was related to leptin when expressed in mL/kg/min (R 2 = .516, p < .0001), or as ml/kg FFM /min (R 2 = .127, p = .01). The relationships between peakVO 2 and leptin were no longer significant when percent bodyfat was added to the models. In subanalyses by weight groups, peakVO 2 : leptin relationships were not evident for normal weight, but remained for overweight youth. In conclusion the relationship between aerobic fitness and leptin in youth is dependent upon weight status. Leptin is a hormone produced by adipose tissue and is involved in satiety cues and energy expenditure (14). Plasma leptin concentration is positively correlated to level of adiposity (5,14); with females having higher circulating levels then males (9,11). Besides adiposity, leptin influences, or maybe influenced by, a number of different factors including gender, age, the endocrine system, and aerobic fitness (20). However, confusion exists in our current understanding of the relationship between leptin and aerobic fitness (VO 2 max). Cross-sectional studies in adults have shown a moderate relationship between leptin and aerobic fitness, expressed as either mLO 2 /kg/min or LO 2 /min. Conversely, longitudinal studies have noted that changes in aerobic fitness without change in weight do not always result in changes in leptin ( ). If there is a direct relationship between leptin and aerobic fitness, then one would expect that a change in aerobic fitness should consistently result in a change in leptin. Little research has been completed on the relationship between leptin and aerobic fitness in youth. Gutin et al. (16) have shown in overweight youth that physical training reduced leptin levels, even after adjustment for reduction in fatness. McMurray et al. (25), using a cross-sectional study of adolescents, have shown Hosick and McMurray are with the

To evaluate the association between early metabolic profiles combined with infant characteristics and survival past 7 days of age in infants born at 22-25 weeks of gestation. This nested case-control consisted of 465 singleton live births in California from 2005 to 2011 at 22-25 weeks of gestation. All infants had newborn metabolic screening data available. Data included linked birth certificate and mother and infant hospital discharge records. Mortality was derived from linked death certificates and death discharge information. Each death within 7 days was matched to 4 surviving controls by gestational age and birth weight z score category, leaving 93 cases and 372 controls. The association between explanatory variables and 7-day survival was modeled via stepwise logistic regression. Infant characteristics, 42 metabolites, and 12 metabolite ratios were considered for model inclusion. Model performance was assessed via area under the curve. The final model included 1 characteristic ...

This study aims to develop an Android-based model of measurement in orthodox shot put styles. The research method used is research and development which adapted from Borg and Gall's theory including the 10 stages of development. The research subjects were 12 males and females athletes. Data collection uses observation, questionnaire, interview, and test. Data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative and statistics analysis. The result showed the average value of the small-scale trials with 8 subjects of athletic athletes is 82% in the category "Good" which means the android-based shot put gauge is "feasible" to be used as an orthodox shot put style. The average value of large-scale group trial with 12 subjects of athletic athletes is 86,2% also in category "Good" meaning the Android-based shot put is also "feasible" to be used as a gauge for orthodox shot put style. The conclusion from this study is the Android-based in orthodox shot put measurement test instrument which is feasible to be applied to measure the results of shot put. Future research can develop further in sensor system. However, the sensors used in UDM devices use laser sensors.

Background: Fast-bowlers in cricket subject their spines to repetitive stress. Objectives: The aim of this study was to review the prevalence of lumbar spine injuries among fast-bowlers. Materials and Methods: Medline and embase searches were performed. Further, the authors canvassed the reference list of available articles and used other search engines such as Google Scholar to identify a total of nine studies. Results: The prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration in fast-bowlers ranges from 21-65% with an incidence rate of 15% per year, and the prevalence of lumbar spine bony abnormalities ranges from 24-81%. Factors associated with lumbar spine injury in fast-bowlers are classified into un-modifiable (age) and modifiable (more intense bowling workload and mixed-bowling technique). Conclusions: Fast-bowlers have a high prevalence of lumbar spine injuries. Appropriate interventions, such as educational sessions, may be able to modify risk factors such as bowling workload and bowling technique and thus reduce injury prevalence.

Mental toughness (MT), anxiety, and sport imagery (SI) are characteristics that are effective in the ups and downs of athletes' lives. The fact that these three characteristics, which have a direct effect on the performance of athletes (especially elite athletes), have not been examined by structural equation modeling in the literature to the best of our knowledge has led to the need for this study. The present study investigates the relationship between MT, anxiety levels, and SI skills among elite athletes in the 19-26 age group. A total of 407 elite athletes (143 females and 264 males) actively competing participated in the study, which was conducted within the framework of a correlational research model. Data were collected using the Mental Toughness Scale (MTS), the Sports Imagery Inventory (SII) and Anxiety subscale of the Emotion in Sport Scale (ESS). The theoretical model proposed to examine the effects of MT on SI and anxiety was tested using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). It was found that the fit indices of the model established in the study gave a good fit, and the coefficients obtained were statistically significant (p <.05). The study revealed that athletes with higher MT had lower levels of anxiety and anxiety had a negative effect on SI skills (p <.05). Moreover, athletes with higher MT show high levels of SI abilities (p <.05). The present study suggests that training programs aimed at improving SI skills may also contribute to the development of MT.

Background: One of the techniques used in football activities with the ball that must be mastered by players is the dribbling technique. Coaches are required to be more careful in choosing and applying a training method so that players can accomplish the exercises quickly and correctly. Purpose: The study was to determine the extent of the effect, if any, of technical training using the ball on the dribbling speed of 10-12 years old football players. Design/methodology/approach: The design employed in this study was the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design, while the population were soccer players aged 10-12 years at the SELABORA Football School, Yogyakarta State University. Of 27 soccer players were purposely selected to be a sample of the study. Retrieval of data using tests, with an instrument in the form of a dribbling test from the Bobby Charlton model has a validity of 0.973 and reliability of 0.864. The data were analyzed by using the t-test analysis through the prerequisite test for normality and homogeneity. Results: After addressing all data, results of hypothesis testing using t-test obtained t-calculated of 2.324 > t table with α = 0.05. By it, data implied that there is a significant difference between the data before and after being given treatment. The increase in the mean was evident because there was an increase of 0.85 from 18.2900 to 19.1367, with the cumulative sig equal to 0.028 < 0.05. Conclusion: It can be concluded that technical training using the ball has a significant effect of 4.44% on the dribbling speed with a significant improvement between the pre-and posttest results among football players aged 10-12 years and subsequently hypothesis posed is accepted.

Various previous studies have examined the important role of referees in leading sports matches. However, there are very limited studies examining how mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration affect the decision making of court tennis referees. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze and evaluate mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration on court tennis referee decision making. A total of 40 court tennis referees in West Sumatra, Indonesia participated in this study. Participants are referees who are registered as members of the Indonesian Lawn Tennis Association in West Sumatra, consisting of males (n=33) and females (n=7). Data were collected through questionnaires and concentration exercise grid tests for concentration. Then the data were analyzed with correlation and regression. The results showed that mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration had a significant relationship with tennis referee decision making (P<0.05), either partially or simultaneously. The partial influence was 64.80%, 52.40%, and 63.90%, while simultaneously was 78.30%. Of these three factors, mastery of game rules is an important factor influencing the decision making of tennis referees (64.80%), without neglecting concentration (63.90%), and stress management (52.40%). In conclusion, mastery of game rules, stress management, and concentration are important factors that need to be possessed by referees in leading matches. This research is expected to be useful for tennis referees as an evaluation of the importance of these factors in leading a match, so that the decisions taken are truly appropriate and do not harm any of the competing parties. Future research is needed for a larger sample size, and to include other factors that influence court tennis referee decision making.

Background: Kumite is a physical contact fight in a karate match characterized by short explosive and intermittent movements. Kumite needs endurance, power, and agility. To achieve optimal performance, special training must be programmed. Purpose: This study aims to test the content validity of the HIIT training program that was created in a special preparation to improve the dominant motor components, namely endurance, power, and agility in the performance of Kumite athletes. Methods: This is development research with a quantitative approach. This research was carried out in 3 stages. The first stage was to analyze journals, eBooks, and textbooks to design a HIIT program. This was followed by the second stage in the form of the Delphi technique by meeting directly with experts to conduct an assessment of the HIIT program created. The third stage is data analysis using the content validity ratio (CVR) formula to test content validity. Participants consisted of 10 experts and documents. Results: The results of the content validity test using the content validity ratio (CVR) formula found that all assessment items from 10 experts showed CVR values of 0.8 and 1.00. In other words, the assessment results can be categorized as having high content validity. The HIIT training program in special preparation to improve the dominant biomotor components of endurance, power, and agility developed by the author has high content validity so it is suitable for use in karate athletes, especially Kumite.

The diarthrodial, knee joint is a remarkably efficient bearing system; articulating cartilage surfaces provide nearly frictionless performance with minimal wear. The low friction properties of the cartilage surfaces are due in part to the boundary lubricant, superficial zone protein (SZP); also known as lubricin or proteoglycan 4 (PRG4). In previous work, SZP localization and cartilage friction were examined across the femoral condyles. Studies in the literature have also individually investigated the other tissues that comprise the human knee and four-legged animal stifle joint, such as the meniscus or patella. However, comparisons between individual studies are limited due to the variable testing conditions employed. Friction is a system property that is dependent on the opposing articulating surface, entraining speed, and loading. A cross-comparison of the frictional properties and SZP localization across the knee/stifle joint tissues utilizing a common testing configuration is therefore needed. The objective of this investigation was to determine the friction coefficient and SZP localization of the tissues comprising the three compartments of the bovine stifle joint: patella, patellofemoral groove, femoral condyles, meniscus, tibial plateau, and anterior cruciate ligament. The boundary mode coefficient of friction was greater in tissues of the patellofemoral compartment than the lateral and medial tibiofemoral compartments. SZP immunolocalization followed this trend with reduced depth of staining and intensity in the patella and patellofemoral groove compared to the femoral condyles and tibial plateau. These results illustrate the important role of SZP in reducing friction in the tissues and compartments of the knee/stifle joint.

Various proposals suggest that Physical Education classes (PE) should prioritize the development of fundamental movement skills (FMS), particularly in preschool children. Despite the crucial nature of mastering FMS, there is a paucity of evidence regarding the impact of PE classes on FMS development. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the effect of a physical education program on the performance of preschool students with varying levels of development in fundamental movement skills, employing divergent discovery and practical teaching styles. Seventy-seven children (35 boys), aged between 4.5 and 6 years were divided into three groups: Control Group (CG) with 25 participants, Divergent Discovery Group (DDG) with 24 participants, and Practice Group (PG) with 28 participants. The intervention program spanned six months, with two 50-minute classes per week for the experimental groups. Conversely, the control group participated in the Classroom Program proposal. All three groups underwent the TGMD-3 motor test. Performance measurement involved the sum of the raw score in the locomotor and object control classes. The findings revealed that the Control Group, Divergent Discovery Group, and Practice Group exhibited improved FMS performance from pre to post. Concerning intergroup differences, no significant disparities were observed in the pre-test. However, post-intervention results indicated that both the Divergent Discovery Group and Practice Group demonstrated superior FMS performance compared to the Control Group. Physical Education classes for Early Childhood Education play a crucial role in fostering significant effects on children's motor development when offered in an appropriate context and through a systematically structured intervention.

Background: Previous studies suggest that the antioxidants vitamins C and E may protect against development of knee osteoarthritis (OA). We examined the association of circulating levels of vitamin C and E with incident whole knee radiographic OA (WKROA). Methods: We performed a nested caseecontrol study of incident WKROA in MOST, a cohort of 3,026 men and women aged 50e79 years with, or at high risk of, knee OA. Incident cases were knees without either tibiofemoral (TF) or patellofemoral (PF) OA at baseline that developed TF and/or PF OA by 30-month follow-up. Two control knees per case were selected from those eligible for WKROA that did not develop it. Vitamin C and E (alpha-tocopherol) assays were done on baseline supernatant plasma (PCA) and serum samples, respectively. We examined the association of gender-specific tertiles of vitamin C and E with incident WKROA using logistic regression with GEE, adjusting for age, gender, and obesity. Results: Subjects without WKROA at baseline who were in the highest tertile of vitamin C had a higher incidence of WKROA [adjusted OR ¼ 2.20 (95% CI: 1.12e4.33); P-value ¼ 0.021], with similar results for the highest tertile of vitamin E [adjusted OR ¼ 1.89 (1.02e3.50); P-value ¼ 0.042], compared to those in the lowest tertiles. P-values for the trend of vitamin C and E tertiles and incident WKROA were 0.019 and 0.030, respectively. Conclusions: Higher levels of circulating vitamin C and E did not provide protection against incident radiographic knee OA, and may be associated with an increased risk of knee OA.

Objectives: This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of positional release technique with traditional exercises in the treatment of mechanical low back pain. Methods: Thirty two patients with mechanical low back pain their age ranged from 30-55 years with mean of (48.54±5.8) and their BMI below 30 kg/m 2 were randomly distributed into two equal groups. Group (A) 16 patients received infrared, ultrasound and traditional exercises. Group (B) 16 patients received infrared, ultrasound and positional release technique three sessions per week for 4 weeks. The primary outcome measures were pain, lumbar ROM and functional disabilities. Pain was measured by visual analog scale (VAS), lumbar ROM was measured by the inclinometer and functional disabilities were assessed by Oswestry disability index. Results: Group (B) had significant decrease in pain intensity level and the limitation of functional disabilities and significant increase in lumbar ROM; flexion and extension than group (A) (p <0.05). Conclusions: Positional release technique proved to be effective in reducing pain, improving lumbar range of motion and decreasing the limitation of functional disability more than traditional exercises in patients with mechanical low back pain.

The coach relationship is one of the keys to success for an athlete. This relationship will be good if each person has the communication skills to accept and understand each other. This research aims to explore the role of a coach in understanding an athlete's condition in order to maximize the role of communication in that relationship. To conduct this research on the coach's role in understanding athletes' condition and maximizing communication functions, a selective study approach will be employed. The research sample was 173 (124 men, 49 women) from various sports (accuracy; martial arts; games; measurable) who participated in this research. The average age of participants was 20.07. The research results obtained were then analyzed using simple linear regression. This research uses the Coach Confirmation Instrument (CFI) with a value of α = 0.95. The calculation results of the three data (gender, sports involvement and type of sport) obtained a value of > 0.05, which means there is no significant relationship between gender, sports involvement and type of sport on coach confirmation. This means that gender has no impact on coach confirmation. Likewise with sports involvement and type of sport on coach confirmation. The conclusion of this research is that the coach's communication skills play an important role in understanding the athlete's condition, regardless of gender (male; female), sports involvement (individual; team), type of sport (accuracy; martial arts; games; measurable). Keywords: The role of the coach, relationship between coach and athlete, type of sport, gender, communication function. Resumen. La relación con el entrenador es una de las claves del éxito de un deportista. Esta relación será buena si cada persona tiene las habilidades comunicativas para aceptarse y entenderse. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explorar el papel de un entrenador en la comprensión de la condición de un atleta para maximizar el papel de la comunicación en esa relación. Para llevar a cabo esta investigación sobre el papel del entrenador en la comprensión de la condición de los atletas y la maximización de las funciones de comunicación, se empleará un enfoque de estudio selectivo. La muestra de la investigación fue de 173 (124 hombres, 49 mujeres) de diversos deportes (precisión; artes marciales; juegos; medibles) que participaron en esta investigación. La edad media de los participantes fue 20,07 años. Luego, los resultados de la investigación obtenidos se analizaron mediante regresión lineal simple. Esta investigación utiliza el Instrumento de Confirmación del Entrenador (CFI) con un valor de α = 0,95. Los resultados del cálculo de los tres datos (género, participación deportiva y tipo de deporte) obtuvieron un valor > 0,05, lo que significa que no existe relación significativa entre género, participación deportiva y tipo de deporte en la confirmación del entrenador. Esto significa que el género no tiene ningún impacto en la confirmación del entrenador. Lo mismo ocurre con la participación deportiva y el tipo de deporte en la confirmación del entrenador. La conclusión de esta investigación es que las habilidades comunicativas del entrenador juegan un papel importante en la comprensión de la condición del deportista, independientemente del género (masculino; femenino), participación deportiva (individual; de equipo), tipo de deporte (precisión; artes marciales; juegos; medible). Palabras clave: El papel del entrenador, relación entre entrenador y deportista, tipo de deporte, género, función comunicativa.

Background: Falls among older adults can cause serious morbidity and pose economic burdens on society. Older age is a known risk factor for falls and age has been shown to influence the effectiveness of fall prevention programs. To our knowledge, no studies have explicitly investigated whether cost-effectiveness of a multifactorial fall prevention intervention (the intervention) is influenced by age. This economic evaluation explores: 1) the cost-effectiveness of a multifactorial fall prevention intervention compared to usual care for community-dwelling adults ≥ 75 years at risk of falling in Canada; and 2) the influence of age on the cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Methods: Net benefit regression was used to examine the cost-effectiveness of the intervention with willingnessto-pay values ranging from $0-$50,000. Effects were measured as change in the number of falls, from baseline to 6-month follow-up. Costs were measured using a societal perspective. The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted for both the total sample and by age subgroups (75-84 and 85+ years). Results: For the total sample, the intervention was not economically attractive. However, the intervention was cost-effective at higher willingness-to-pay (WTP) (≥ $25,000) for adults 75-84 years and at lower WTP (< $5,000) for adults 85+ years. Conclusions: The cost-effectiveness of the intervention depends on age and decision makers' WTP to prevent falls. Understanding the influence of age on the cost-effectiveness of an intervention may help to target resources to those who benefit most. Trial registration: Retrospectively registered. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00463658 (18 April 2007).

Strain measurement during tissue deformation is crucial to elucidate relationships between mechanical loading and functional changes in biological tissues. When combined with specified loading conditions, assessment of strain fields can be used to craft models that accurately represent the mechanical behavior of soft tissue. Inhomogeneities in strain fields may be indicative of normal or pathological inhomogeneities in mechanical properties. In this study, we present the validation of a modified Demons registration algorithm for non-contact, marker-less strain measurement of tissue undergoing uniaxial loading. We validate the algorithm on a synthetic dataset composed of artificial deformation fields applied to a speckle image, as well as images of aortic sections of varying perceptual quality. Initial results indicate that Demons outperforms recent Optical Flow and Digital Image Correlation methods in terms of accuracy and robustness to low image quality, with similar runtimes. Demons achieves at least 8% lower maximal deviation from ground truth on 50% biaxial and shear strain applied to aortic images. To illustrate utility, we quantified strain fields of multiple human aortic specimens undergoing uniaxial tensile testing, noting the formation of strain concentrations in areas of rupture. The modified Demons algorithm captured a large range of strains (up to 50%) and provided spatially resolved strain fields that could be useful in the assessment of soft tissue pathologies.

The informal settlements of the Global South are the least prepared for the pandemic of COVID-19 since basic needs such as water, toilets, sewers, drainage, waste collection, and secure and adequate housing are already in short supply or non-existent. Further, space constraints, violence, and overcrowding in slums make physical distancing and self-quarantine impractical, and the rapid spread of an infection highly likely.

the research intends to determine the difference of sport massage and circulo massage based on the direction of distal and proximal massage of people with physical disability in influencing their performance productivity which consists of motivation, knowledge, skill and attitude. The discussion will be done by comparing the two combinations. The subjects used in this research were people with monoplegia disabilities who participated in the State Integrated Disability Rehabilitation Centre (BRTPD) program in Yogyakarta. The samples were taken from the existing population by the Purposive Random Sampling method. The data collection was obtained by questionnaire. The form of questionnaire work productivity consists of four criteria: 1) motivation, 2) knowledge, 3) skill, 4) attitude. The data analysis technique used the multivariate analysis with Repeated Measured test. The research results can provide recommendations on the most effective massage methods and training programs that can be applied to people with physical disabilities and also, the results obtain criteria for identification of measurement procedures and improvement of work productivity in physical disability which consists of motivation, knowledge, skill and attitude. Both combinations of the training are expected to find out the effect of improving the productivity of work productivity on people with physical disabilities.

Problem Statements: The kick in Pencak Silat has a magnitude called momentum, which requires a tool capable of measuring several variables based on the International System of Units (SI) in real-time. Nowadays, there are affordable and reliable sensor technologies to meet these needs. Purpose: The research aimed to design a test instrument that utilizes sensor technology to measure kick momentum in the sparring category of Pencak Silat following the applicable SI, and to test its reliability and validity. The resulting instrument is named Inosen's Silat Momentum Test. Approach: This study followed Johnson and Nelson's seven-test construction process. Twenty-four Pencak Silat athletes, consisting of 12 elite and 12 non-elite participants, were involved in the evaluation process. The test's reliability was assessed by examining the correlation between the test and retest results. The construct validity test was conducted by comparing the results of the front kick tests of elite and non-elite Pencak Silat athletes. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation and independent t-tests using Minitab 21.4.1 software. Results: The results of the test and retest indicate a very high correlation (r = 0.923), demonstrating the consistent ability of Inosen's Silat Momentum Test to measure kick momentum. The study found a statistically significant difference in the Inosen's Silat Momentum Test scores (p < 0.05) between the elite fighter group (average score of 463.3 kg.m/s) and the non-elite fighter group (average score of 375 kg.m/s). The results indicate that Inosen's Silat Momentum Test is an effective instrument for differentiating kick momentum based on fighter performance. Conclusions: Based on the findings, it is inferred that Inosen's Silat Momentum Test is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring Pencak Silat kick momentum according to SI standards.

Anorexia/cachexia is a common and currently mostly untreatable complication of advanced cancer. It is also a feature of a number of chronic diseases and can also occur as part of the normal ageing process. Over recent years, two different, but sometimes overlapping, processes have been identified to mediate anorexia/cachexia: those that act primarily on muscle reducing its mass and function, and processes that decrease nutrition leading to loss of both fat and muscle. In the case of at least some cancers, the latter process is sometimes driven by marked overexpression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1/growth differentiation factor 15 (MIC-1/GDF15). MIC-1/GDF15 is a transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family cytokine that is found in the serum of all normal individuals at an average concentration of about 0.6 ng/ml. Its increased expression in both cancers and other diseases can result in 10-100-fold or more elevation of its serum levels. In experimental animals, serum MIC-1/GDF15 levels at the lower end of this range induce anorexia by direct actions of the circulating cytokine on feeding centres in the brain. Mice with tumours overexpressing MIC-1/GDF15 display decreased food intake, loss of lean and fat mass and cachexia. That this process also mediates anorexia/cachexia in humans is suggested by the fact that there is a direct correlation between the degree of serum MIC-1/GDF15 elevation and the amount of cancer-related weight loss, the first such relationship demonstrated. Further, in experimental animals, weight loss can be reversed by neutralisation of tumour-produced MIC-1/GDF15 with a specific monoclonal antibody, suggesting the possibility of effective therapy of patients with the devastating complication of anorexia/ cachexia.

This study aims to examine the recognition of stakeholders in utilizing the potential of the Sampulungan coastal area for developing water sports and beach sports in the Takalar district. The Sampulungan coastal area is a tourist area with a rural feel and natural resource potential sufficient to support sports activities, especially water and beachside sports. This strategic area needs more government attention, especially in sports development. Therefore, the government must carry out activities to optimize potential such as Infrastructure, sports facilities, and policies to support water and beach sports development. Participants involved in this study amounted to 16 informants. Research informants are people who can provide information about the situation and background conditions of the research. The informants include tourism object managers, community leaders, government or policymakers, sports organizations, and tourism observers. This study used a qualitative approach with interviews, observation, focus group discussions, and documentation. Data were analyzed using an interactive analysis model. The results showed that the Sampulungan coastal area was developed as a sports tourism destination, especially by holding coastal community sports fairs and facilitating the community to be actively involved in sports activities such as jogging, swimming, beach soccer, rowing, sailing, jet skiing, water cycling, water polo, and Beach volleyball. The concept of developing sports does not only use the idea of utilizing natural resources, but the construction of sports facilities is carried out without disturbing natural features and even further protecting coastal areas from beach abrasion.

The prevention of sexual assault (SA) in the U.S. military is a significant priority. This study applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to a literature search that identified research evaluating SA prevention programs conducted within military settings. Only six studies published between 2005 and 2016 met criteria for inclusion in the review. Studies demonstrated high heterogeneity in the: (1) conceptual framework of the prevention approach; (2) target population and timing of administration; (3) study recruitment methods; (4) methodological design; (5) method of delivery, program dosage and theory of change; and (6) outcome administration and efficacy. Scientific rigor according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine was also variable. Several gaps in the research base were identified. Specifically, research evaluating SA prevention programs have only been conducted among U.S. Army and U.S. Navy samples. Most studies did not examine whether program participation was associated with reductions in rates of sexual violence. Studies also lacked utilization of a long-term follow-up period. Additionally, studies did not reflect the types of SA prevention programs currently being implemented in military settings. Taken together, further research is needed to enhance the evidence base for SA prevention in the military, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the approaches currently being conducted with service members.

Chemotherapy side effects, medication resistance, and tumor metastasis impede the advancement of cancer treatments, resulting in a poor prognosis for cancer patients. In the last decade, nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising drug delivery system. Swertia chirayita has long been used as a treatment option to treat a variety of ailments. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized from ethanolic and methanolic extract of S. chirayita leaves. ZnO-NPs were characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron Microscopy (SEM), highresolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Its anticancer activities were analyzed using cytotoxicity assays [MTT assay and acridine orange (AO) staining] and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using colorectal cancer (CRC) cells (HCT-116 and Caco-2) and control cells (HEK-293). The ZnO-NPs synthesized from the ethanolic extract of S. chirayita have an average size of 24.67 nm, whereas those from methanolic extract have an average size of 22.95 nm with a spherical shape. MTT assay showed NPs' cytotoxic potential on cancer cells (HCT-116 and Caco-2) when compared to control cells (HEK-293). The IC 50 values of ethanolic and methanolic extract ZnO-NPs

Manually testing and measuring pass in volleyball has not yet been effective, efficient, and objective, so there is a need for the development of passing instruments of volleyball. The purpose of this research is to develop a manual volleyball passing instrument into a computer-based volleyball passing test kit. This type of research is Research and Development (R & D). Subjects are male and female volleyball athletes of Bina Darma University. The data were analyzed with descriptive qualitative and descriptive quantitative percentage. The research results are as follows: a) Expert validation of the first stage volleyball game of 65% was quite feasible, b) 62.5% first stage electronics experts was reasonable enough, c) first-stage computer expert of 59.3% was quite feasible. Result of research a) Expert validation of second stage volleyball game of 71.6% was feasible. b) electronic expert of the second stage of 75% was worth c) second stage computer experts of 71.88% was feasible. Fr...

To determine the extent to which current United States based human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) prevention and risk reduction interventions address and include aspects of cultural beliefs in definitions, curricula, measures and related theories that may contradict current safer sex messages. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine which published human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) prevention and risk reduction interventions incorporated aspects of cultural beliefs. This review of 166 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention and risk reduction interventions, published between 1988 and 2010, identified 34 interventions that varied in cultural definitions and the integration of cultural concepts. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interventions need to move beyond targeting specific populations based upon race/ethnicity, gender, sexual, drug and/or risk behaviors and incorporate ...

BackgroundHyperkyphosis is common in older adults and associated with low physical function and reduced health related quality of life (HrQol). Improved kyphosis has been previously established in kyphosis-targeted interventions in randomized controlled trials in older adults with hyperkyphosis; however, evidence for improved physical function is conflicting. Few studies have investigated change in physical function after a targeted kyphosis intervention in older adults with low physical function. The primary aim in this descriptive study was to explore change in physical function after a progressive high-intensity 3-month targeted kyphosis exercise and posture training intervention in older adults with low physical function and hyperkyphosis. Secondary aims were to explore change in HrQol, spinal strength and spinal curvature, and adherence and safety of the intervention.MethodsIn this secondary analysis of the Specialized Center of Research (SCOR) Kyphosis randomized trial, 101 co...

This study aimed to determine the use of heart rate variability (HRV)-established thresholds to accurately estimate endurance athletes' ventilatory threshold 1 (VT 1 ), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and lactate threshold 2 (LT 2 ). Eleven cyclists (aged: 23.7 ± 3.1 years) from the African Continental Development Cycling team and ten middle-and long-distance athletes (age: 21.2 ± 1.8 years) from a South African university participated in this study. Before the start of an incremental cycling or running maximal oxygen consumption (V ̇O2max ) test each participant was fitted with a Fixed Polar HR Transmitter Belt and Monitor to determine the R-R intervals of the last 60 seconds of each stage. The Kubios HRV Premium software package was used to analyze the R-R-intervals. Blood samples were taken 30 seconds before the end of each stage and analyzed for blood lactate. Ventilatory threshold points were identified using the criteria of an increase in V ̇E/V ̇O2 with no increase in V ̇E/V ̇CO 2 (VT 1 ) and an increase in both VĖ/V ̇O2 and V ̇E/V ̇CO 2 (RCP). The LT 2 was identified as the second increase in blood lactate concentration from one increment to the next. Concerning HRV thresholds, VT 1 was determined at a DFAα1 value of 0.75, the first breakpoint in the standard deviation of the instantaneous (SD 1 ) and continuous long-term RR interval (SD 2 ) curves, the visual deflection in the squared root of the mean squared differences between successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) curve, and the first abrupt increase in high-frequency (HF) power x HF frequency. The RCP was detected at a DFAα1 value of 0.5 and the final abrupt increase in HF. The Bland-Altman plots revealed that the absolute power outputs at VT 1 SD 1 and VT 1 RMSSD showed significant agreements with the absolute power outputs at VT 1 . Large paired-sample correlations were also found between the absolute power outputs at VT 1 SD 1 , VT 1 RMSSD and VT 1 . In conclusion, coaches, sport scientists and other professionals are encouraged to use SD 1 and RMSSD to determine the VT 1 -related training program workloads of endurance-trained athletes, especially in areas where laboratories are not available.

Objective: We evaluated the association of parity to both risk of knee replacement (KR) and knee osteoarthritis (OA). Design: The NIH-funded Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study (MOST) is a longitudinal observational study of persons age 50e79 years with either symptomatic knee OA or at elevated risk of disease. Baseline and 30-month knee radiographic OA (ROA) was defined as Kellgren/Lawrence (K/L) grade 2 or KR. Women were grouped based by number of births: 0; 1 (reference group); 2; 3; 4; and 5 or more. We examined the relation of parity to the incidence over 30 months of ROA and KR using a Poisson regression model. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to control for correlation between two knees within a subject. We adjusted for age, BMI, race, education, occupation, baseline estrogen use, clinical site, injury, and for KR analyses WOMAC pain and use of pain medication. Results: Among 1618 women who reported parity information, mean age was 62.6 years, mean BMI 30.7 kg/m 2 , mean WOMAC pain subscale score 3.7 at baseline. There were 115 KRs and 134 cases of incident knee ROA over 30 months. The relative risk of incident KR was 2.7 times as high (95% CI: 1.0, 7.3) and relative risk of incident knee ROA was 2.6 times as high (95% CI: 1.2, 5.3) among women with five to 12 children compared with those with one birth. Conclusion: Parity in women at risk for OA is associated with both incident ROA and KR, particularly for those with more than four children.

This study assessed the effectiveness of the contextualized video demonstration in teaching Physical Activity towards Health and Fitness (PATHFIT) 3 Basic Survival Swimming Strokes of the Second Year Maritime Transportation students at the University of the Visayas as a basis for an instructional tool. The contextualized video demonstration aims to improve the learners' academic performance and skill acquisition in terms of learning survival swimming strokes. This study utilized the mixed-method embedded research design. Quantitative data were elicited through pretest and posttest scores by incorporating performance assessment using analytical rubrics. The qualitative data were gathered by interviewing the participants in the experimental group regarding their experiences in using the contextualized video demonstration. Of the 244 second-year students of the Maritime Transportation program, 150 students participated in the study, making 75 learners in each group. Based on the study's findings, there is a significant difference between the two groups, with a 0.00 p-value and a great leap of difference in the experimental group. This means that the contextualized video demonstration is highly effective. The participants' experiences were summarized into 4 themes, which are abbreviated as SWIM (Sustained understanding, Working and Identifying Challenges, and Managing Enhancement). This study recommends making the video applicable to real-life contexts, adding quizzes and drills, and including gamified elements for better engagement.