Human Factors and Ergonomics in Aviation

Maintenance tasks, especially in heavy maintenance, may not be completed in a single shift. Aircraft maintenance technicians often take work in progress by colleagues, and spend the incomplete work for a change of team. The need for accuracy and efficiency of information transfer in many cases, without having time to have a meeting to pass the service is a crucial aspect of maintenance work. The ideal shift change can occur normally before delivery and continues to proceed normally after delivery. Although a shift change create challenges for communication, they also offer opportunities to detect and correct errors, where the task of delivery is an opportunity to identify the problem and fix it. In this case, the task was done correctly the first round, however, a problem began when the second round took. One example is a case in which the first round have removed a defective part for replacement and let the component of aircraft at end of turn with problems. Instead of ordering and...

Recent breakthroughs in display and control avionics constitute one of those remarkable technological milestones that from time to time yill spur aircraft development and airline operations. Yhether in technical areas or operational functions-trade-offs betYeen continuity and progress have steered the design and deployment of the Airbus family of aircraft. In particular, cockpit development has directly proceeded from a permanent process of monitoring ney technology availability and problems; and of evaluating hoy best to improve the pilot's yorking environment yithin realistic airline constraints (economics, maintenance, training, ATC, human resources etc.). The drive of this adaptation and integration process through technology leaps and systems' interfacing ambitionned the eventual inclusion of the human operators in the safety loop, a goal long sought in the profession. Yhile economic effectiveness and industrial feasibility were most important factors to be considered between possible solutions, the safety imperative has always been the prime parameter nonetheless. Some of the emerging operational needs and conceptual orientations related to automation are reviewed in this paper. In direct conjunction yith this, Airbus Industrie has conducted an important research programme from the early 1980's onwards, gradually investigating the ergonomic, physiologic and operational factors affecting flight crey in their working environment, and progressively refining the data acquisition and analysis techniques (Speyer J.-J., Fort A., October 1982) relative to workload measurement.

The probes allow the pilot to control the aircraft speed was essential to the balance of the flight. Opinions of experts who claim that "the design of the plane would have exercised a not inconsiderable role in the occurrence of a disaster." These messages revealed a series of important operating errors in a zone of turbulence, "making the plane uncontrollable, leading to a rapid depressurization device, according to these reports. A lawsuit in Toulouse and in Brazil aims to recognition of the liability of Air France and Airbus not insignificant role in the design and operation of the aircraft in the event of catastrophe. Opinions are taken from senior pilots that no commercial aviation training for certain situations abnormal flight that, if realized, could have influenced the pilots of the AF-447 to remove the plane's fatal dive show what experiments performed in simulators for military pilots, who are permanently subject to critical flight situations.

Maintenance tasks, especially in heavy maintenance, may not be completed in a single shift. Aircraft maintenance technicians often take work in progress by colleagues, and spend the incomplete work for a change of team. The need for accuracy and efficiency of information transfer in many cases, without having time to have a meeting to pass the service is a crucial aspect of maintenance work. The ideal shift change can occur normally before delivery and continues to proceed normally after delivery. Although a shift change create challenges for communication, they also offer opportunities to detect and correct errors, where the task of delivery is an opportunity to identify the problem and fix it. In this case, the task was done correctly the first round, however, a problem began when the second round took. One example is a case in which the first round have removed a defective part for replacement and let the component of aircraft at end of turn with problems. Instead of ordering and...

The emotional stability and physical health of workers on board aircraft are faced with the factors and conditions that enable professionals to carry out their activities and develop normally, despite the fact that these conditions may present themselves to professionals in adverse conditions [1]. The modern history of aviation with its great technological complexity has pilots as redundant components that integrate embedded controls in modern aircraft. This leads us to say that the value of the worker as a permanent social group in society does not receive, currently, the proper priority. In research on the health of the pilot, there are three major perspectives that have been investigated that influence his stability, as well as the mental and emotional development of the modern airline pilot [2]: The previous life of the individual directly tied to experience, age, genetic and physiological vectors, The social environment, cultural environment and formal education leading to the final result, manifested by the ability, personality, strength and character and The verifiable standards of quality and quantity of life desired, ambition and achievements and its effects.

Maintenance tasks, especially in heavy maintenance, may not be completed in a single shift. Aircraft maintenance technicians often take work in progress by colleagues, and spend the incomplete work for a change of team. The need for accuracy and efficiency of information transfer in many cases, without having time to have a meeting to pass the service is a crucial aspect of maintenance work. The ideal shift change can occur normally before delivery and continues to proceed normally after delivery. Although a shift change create challenges for communication, they also offer opportunities to detect and correct errors, where the task of delivery is an opportunity to identify the problem and fix it. In this case, the task was done correctly the first round, however, a problem began when the second round took. One example is a case in which the first round have removed a defective part for replacement and let the component of aircraft at end of turn with problems. Instead of ordering and...

The probes allow the pilot to control the aircraft speed was essential to the balance of the flight. Opinions of experts who claim that "the design of the plane would have exercised a not inconsiderable role in the occurrence of a disaster." These messages revealed a series of important operating errors in a zone of turbulence, "making the plane uncontrollable, leading to a rapid depressurization device, according to these reports. A lawsuit in Toulouse and in Brazil aims to recognition of the liability of Air France and Airbus not insignificant role in the design and operation of the aircraft in the event of catastrophe. Opinions are taken from senior pilots that no commercial aviation training for certain situations abnormal flight that, if realized, could have influenced the pilots of the AF-447 to remove the plane's fatal dive show what experiments performed in simulators for military pilots, who are permanently subject to critical flight situations.

Advances in technology have enabled increasingly sophisticated automation to be introduced into the flight decks of modern airplanes. Generally, this automation was added to accomplish worthy objectives such as reducing flightcrew workload, adding additional capability, or increasing fuel economy. To a large extent, these objectives have been achieved. Safety also stood to benefit from the increasing amounts of highly reliable automation. Indeed, the current generation of highly automated transport category airplanes has generally demonstrated an improved safety record relative to the previous generation of airplanes. Vulnerabilities do exist, though, and further safety improvements should be made. To provide a safety target to guide the aviation industry, the Secretary of Transportation and others have expressed the view that the aviation industry should strive for the objective of none accidents. Training standards and currency in manual flying skills may well have deteriorated, but are these changes in proportion to the tasks and situations typical of modern operations, or really at the root of handling related safety concerns [9].

Maintenance tasks, especially in heavy maintenance, may not be completed in a single shift. Aircraft maintenance technicians often take work in progress by colleagues, and spend the incomplete work for a change of team. The need for accuracy and efficiency of information transfer in many cases, without having time to have a meeting to pass the service is a crucial aspect of maintenance work. The ideal shift change can occur normally before delivery and continues to proceed normally after delivery. Although a shift change create challenges for communication, they also offer opportunities to detect and correct errors, where the task of delivery is an opportunity to identify the problem and fix it. In this case, the task was done correctly the first round, however, a problem began when the second round took. One example is a case in which the first round have removed a defective part for replacement and let the component of aircraft at end of turn with problems. Instead of ordering and installation of an operational component, the second round was then reinstall the faulty component, not realizing he had information about the problem attached.

The paper examines possibility of the impact of modern technology on the manmachine symbiosis in aviation. Presented some data concerning the perception of a pilots in a highly automated cockpit. The first results of empirical research make it possible to assume that aircraft systems can be customized to adjust to individual typological characteristics of operators. The paper discusses the language modality perspectives of a man-machine interaction. Creating modern sociotechnical systems aimed at a human at a completely new level has special requirements to an integration of designer and operational psychological outlooks.

THEA is a technique developed to help designers in interactive systems (originally in the aviation domain, but hopefully applicable in other contexts) to anticipate interaction failures or “human errors” that may be problematic once their designs become operational. The techniques is intended for use early in the development lifecycle, as design concepts and requirements concerned with safety and usability, as well functionality are emerging. This report uses examples from two flight deck based case studies to illustrate how to use the THEA technique for carrying out a human error analysis during early design. The aim is that this document should accompany a one day tutorial and should be sufficient to capture the essence of the design method. This document introduces material that is an evolution of the THEA techniques and includes some new material and is intended to preserve the flavour of the earlier document that gave a “how to do it ” guide to techniques developed both in the ...

BY ALLEN 'vli BATTEAU WAYNE STATE U Aviation anthropology, unlike akiation psychology which is a substantial and well-respected subdiscipline with annual conferences and an international journal, is still at the gate. Most of the world's aviation anthropologists gathered in September 1998 in a small room to discuss the issues of cultural contexts of flight automation and aviation safety. Despite this inauspicious start, anthropology has a critical role in aviation, both to improve flight safety and to understand how aviation transforms worid culture.

BY ALLEN 'vli BATTEAU WAYNE STATE U Aviation anthropology, unlike akiation psychology which is a substantial and well-respected subdiscipline with annual conferences and an international journal, is still at the gate. Most of the world's aviation anthropologists gathered in September 1998 in a small room to discuss the issues of cultural contexts of flight automation and aviation safety. Despite this inauspicious start, anthropology has a critical role in aviation, both to improve flight safety and to understand how aviation transforms worid culture.

Abstract- The flaws in the commitment of decision-making in emergency situations and the lack of perception related to all elements associated with a given situation in a short space of time indicate, often, lack of situational awareness. Automation always surprises the crews and often prevents them from understanding the extent of this technology that is very common in aircraft units with a high degree of automation. These facts are discussed in a subtle way by aircraft drivers who can not do it openly, as it might create an impression of professional self-worthlessness (self-deprecation). This leads to common questions like: What is happening now? What will be the next step of automated systems? This type of doubt would be inadmissible in older aircraft because the pilot of those machines works as an extension of the plane. This scenario contributes to emotional disorders and a growing hidden

The flaws in the commitment of decision-making in emergency situations and the lack of perception related to all elements associated with a given situation in a short space of time indicate, often, lack of situational awareness. Automation always surprises the crews and often prevents them from understanding the extent of this technology that is very common in aircraft units with a high degree of automation. These facts are discussed in a subtle way by aircraft drivers who can not do it openly, as it might create an impression of professional self-worthlessness (self-deprecation). This leads to common questions like: What is happening now? What will be the next step of automated systems? This type of doubt would be inadmissible in older aircraft because the pilot of those machines works as an extension of the plane. This scenario contributes to emotional disorders and a growing hidden problem in the aeronautical field. These unexpected automation surprises reflect a complete misunde...

An empirical study was conducted to evaluate human factors issues related to the automation visibility and information quality of an information automation system. Information automation is responsible for the collection, processing, analysis, and presentation of information to the flightcrew. Previous analysis had identified a set of characteristics particularly applicable to aircraft flight deck information automation and associated human factors issues. Air transport pilots interacted with an example information automation system in ways that allowed investigation of the information automation characteristics of automation visibility and information quality. The evaluation found that poor information quality appeared to be difficult for participants to detect, even when they were presented with the highest automation visibility level. In the times that they did not successfully compensate, participants tended to over-trust the automation, so when information was missing and they ...

An efficient mobility is a key issue for the policy makers. Allowing free movement of people and goods is essential for the economic prosperity and sustainable living. Cars, trains, boats, airplanes and space rockets are the means that let differences around the World become wealth. All these systems are recognized as dynamic ones and more are the degrees of freedom, stronger is their tendency to be variable and unpredictable. To rule the operations through these intricate environments and to cope with a continuous efficient problem solving, a reliable arrangement is needed. Safety is the lubricating fluid that gives this complex machine of transportation the chance to work and evolve. The aim of this paper is to analyze the connection between aviation safety and automation philosophy, focusing on human-machine interaction, particularly after the introduction of new airplane building concepts. Automation gave its contribution to enhance safety, but ultimately reveals some threats th...

Pilots losing flight skills due to overuse of automation has become an increasing industry concern. Recent aircraft accidents have been attributed to pilots’ inability to manage their aircraft in manual flight resulting from unexpected changes in automation and loss of situation awareness. While aviation experts have associated these accidents to diminished stick and rudder skills, due to overuse of automation, the problem may be attributed to how pilots are trained in automated aircraft. Lack of understanding more than flight skill loss could be the problem. While the Federal Aviation Administration has encouraged pilots to hand fly to improve skills, limited opportunities for manual flight exist in the current international environment, with potentially less opportunities in the future due to NextGen compliance. To prevent future catastrophic events during this transitional period, a critical view of pilot training will identify how airlines could train pilots in modern day aircra...

Flight skill loss due to the overuse of automation has become an industry concern. Aircraft accidents have been attributed to pilots' inability to manage their aircraft in manual flight resulting from unexpected changes in automation and loss of situation awareness. While aviation experts have associated these accidents to diminished stick and rudder skills from the overuse of automation, the problem may be attributed to how pilots are trained in automated aircraft. The FAA has encouraged pilots to manually fly to improve skills; however, limited opportunities for manual flight exist in the current international environment, with potentially less opportunities in the future due to NextGen compliance. A critical view of pilot training identifies how airlines could train pilots in modern day aircraft to maximize safety. The benefit of computer-based training to teach operating procedures, fixed based simulators versus level D full flight simulators, redesigning training programs t...

This paper utilizes the AcciMap methodology, which was originally developed by Rasmussen in 1997, to systematically investigate the unfortunate aviation accident of Asiana Airlines 214 in San Francisco on July 6, 2013, which resulted in 3 fatalities and the complete loss of the aircraft. This paper captures the associated socio-technical factors into a hierarchical map that correlates the multiple levels of interaction between different categories and key involved players that ultimately resulted in this air crash. In most accidents, including the Asiana Airlines 214, majority of the blame is laid on front-line operators. In this accident, the pilots are blamed for not adhering to standard operating procedures and training guidelines of Asiana Airlines. This is while accidents do not occur as the act of individuals, but rather due to highly responsive and combined processes that involve decisions of several layers of key players. Some of the other significant contributing factors to...

Projecting, evaluating and constructing aircrafts involve knowledge of the aviation history, technology and users. The choice of the aircraft for training must be based on a more scientific process of evaluation. The procedures to pilot an airplane have been improved by following new technologies. The development of new models represents a challenge that will be made possible through the union of computer scientists, human resources specialists, ergonomists and pilots. The result of this collaboration will be a safer generation of aircraft presenting a dramatic reduction of human errors and better performance.

Guilt! : A word which disrupts accident investigations. In the scenario of aircraft with high degree of automation control which resembles computer consoles, point to the need for further research focused on possible conflicts between the "human logic" and "logical automation" checked in control systems for aircraft. It is very important to consider that the logic of automation was also drafted by pilots, so that this assumption is difficult to validate. A pilot in command of the Airbus blurted that "modern technology was withdrawing men of cockpits. This happened with the radio-telegraph when they got the new communication systems called SSB and VHF. But from there, the pilots were more burdened with the task of transmitting operational information and logistics companies, diluting attention at critical moments of the flight, in congested terminal areas. Also happened with the navigator when new systems arise like Omega and Doppler Radar. Over a sequence of...

The emotional stability and physical health of workers on board aircraft are faced with the factors and conditions that enable professionals to carry out their activities and develop normally, despite the fact that these conditions may present themselves to professionals in adverse conditions [1]. The modern history of aviation with its great technological complexity has pilots as redundant components that integrate embedded controls in modern aircraft. This leads us to say that the value of the worker as a permanent social group in society does not receive, currently, the proper priority. In research on the health of the pilot, there are three major perspectives that have been investigated that influence his stability, as well as the mental and emotional development of the modern airline pilot [2]: The previous life of the individual directly tied to experience, age, genetic and physiological vectors, The social environment, cultural environment and formal education leading to the final result, manifested by the ability, personality, strength and character and The verifiable standards of quality and quantity of life desired, ambition and achievements and its effects.

The probes allow the pilot to control the aircraft speed was essential to the balance of the flight. Opinions of experts who claim that "the design of the plane would have exercised a not inconsiderable role in the occurrence of a disaster." These messages revealed a series of important operating errors in a zone of turbulence, "making the plane uncontrollable, leading to a rapid depressurization device, according to these reports. A lawsuit in Toulouse and in Brazil aims to recognition of the liability of Air France and Airbus not insignificant role in the design and operation of the aircraft in the event of catastrophe. Opinions are taken from senior pilots that no commercial aviation training for certain situations abnormal flight that, if realized, could have influenced the pilots of the AF-447 to remove the plane's fatal dive show what experiments performed in simulators for military pilots, who are permanently subject to critical flight situations.

Maintenance tasks, especially in heavy maintenance, may not be completed in a single shift. Aircraft maintenance technicians often take work in progress by colleagues, and spend the incomplete work for a change of team. The need for accuracy and efficiency of information transfer in many cases, without having time to have a meeting to pass the service is a crucial aspect of maintenance work. The ideal shift change can occur normally before delivery and continues to proceed normally after delivery. Although a shift change create challenges for communication, they also offer opportunities to detect and correct errors, where the task of delivery is an opportunity to identify the problem and fix it. In this case, the task was done correctly the first round, however, a problem began when the second round took. One example is a case in which the first round have removed a defective part for replacement and let the component of aircraft at end of turn with problems. Instead of ordering and...

Advances in technology have enabled increasingly sophisticated automation to be introduced into the flight decks of modern airplanes. Generally, this automation was added to accomplish worthy objectives such as reducing flightcrew workload, adding additional capability, or increasing fuel economy. To a large extent, these objectives have been achieved. Safety also stood to benefit from the increasing amounts of highly reliable automation. Indeed, the current generation of highly automated transport category airplanes has generally demonstrated an improved safety record relative to the previous generation of airplanes. Vulnerabilities do exist, though, and further safety improvements should be made. To provide a safety target to guide the aviation industry, the Secretary of Transportation and others have expressed the view that the aviation industry should strive for the objective of none accidents. Training standards and currency in manual flying skills may well have deteriorated, but are these changes in proportion to the tasks and situations typical of modern operations, or really at the root of handling related safety concerns [9].

All the official records of aircraft accidents investigated by official preventing and detecting agencies always has concluded that the human as guilty or as a major component in accidents, a rate close to eighty percent. One must consider that the pilot receives an artifact that started its manufacturing project a few years before being delivered into his hands. He is now responsible for keeping it in the air, safely, weighing 50,000 pounds or more and carrying five tonnes of highly flammable fuel and has about two hundred people aboard. This complex machine depends on the perfect working condition. Human beings are fallible and aviation history shows that these devices have and will continue presenting defects. Innserido this way for technical perfection and operating the aircraft, the pilot is invariably, in the end, is the one who is always within the artifact when it crashes and usually pay a high price: his life.

Este artigo analisa diferentes tipos de comunicação no ambiente de negócios da aviação civil. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, delineada por análise documental dos relatórios das agencias governamentais. A comunicação é um sistema complexo que consiste em comunicação verbal, não verbal, escrita, falada e eletrônica. Na aviação, ela é um fator crucial ao enfrentamento de situações de alto risco. Os resultados obtidos indicam que lacunas de comunicação entre os indivíduos que atuam nas operações aeronáuticas e aeroviárias contribuem para a maior parte dos acidentes e incidentes ocorridos. As conclusões pontuam que as habilidades de comunicação são tão importantes quanto às habilidades técnicas e enfatizam a emergência do treinamento em habilidades de comunicação aos profissionais da aviação, possibilitando-os detectar ameaças e comunicar claramente a necessidade de apoio para o enfrentamento de riscos. É imperativo adotar as ações requeridas pela filosofia do Sistema de Gestão de Segurança, visando gerar comportamento seguro.

Whether we like it or not, automation is gradually taking over the driver's role. Full vehicle automation is predicted to be on British roads by 2030 . However, experience in aviation gives us some cause for concern for the 'drive-by-wire' car . Problems of workload and situation awareness have been attributed as the root cause of some aircraft accidents . These problems may be approached in two different ways, depending on the level of automation used. These two philosophies are exemplified by the positions of the two major aircraft manufacturers. Airbus use a 'hard protection' system in their A320 and A340 series, employing automation to prevent error, and hence it can override the pilot. Boeing, on the other hand, opted for 'soft protection' in their 777 aircraft, using automation as a tool to aid pilots, and not giving it the authority to override pilot control . This paper speculates whether hard or soft automation provides the best solution for road vehicles, and considers an alternative design philosophy in vehicles of the future based on coordination and cooperation.

This report uses examples from two flight deck based case studies to illustrate how to use the THEA technique for carrying out a human error analysis during early design. The aim is that this document should accompany a one day tutorial and should be sufficient to capture the ...

It is been said that more than 70 percent of hull-loss accidents in commercial airplane are due to human errors. These are generally related with flight operations but are also becoming a major issue in maintenance and air traffic administration. In order to improve safety and competency in their everyday operations, human factors professionals are working with pilots, engineers, and mechanics, so that the latest knowledge related to interface between human performance and commercial airplanes could be applied.

The emotional stability and physical health of workers on board aircraft are faced with the factors and conditions that enable professionals to carry out their activities and develop normally, despite the fact that these conditions may present themselves to professionals in adverse conditions [1]. The modern history of aviation with its great technological complexity has pilots as redundant components that integrate embedded controls in modern aircraft. This leads us to say that the value of the worker as a permanent social group in society does not receive, currently, the proper priority. In research on the health of the pilot, there are three major perspectives that have been investigated that influence his stability, as well as the mental and emotional development of the modern airline pilot [2]: The previous life of the individual directly tied to experience, age, genetic and physiological vectors, The social environment, cultural environment and formal education leading to the final result, manifested by the ability, personality, strength and character and The verifiable standards of quality and quantity of life desired, ambition and achievements and its effects.

In: Advances in Usability Evaluation Part 2. Francisco Rebelo; Marcelo M. Soares (eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, EUA, pp 3290-3299. 2013. ISBN: 9781466560543. ABSTRACT: The flaws in the commitment of decision-making in emergency situations and the lack of perception related to all elements associated with a given situation in a short space of time indicate, often, lack of situational awareness. Automation always surprises the crews and often prevents them from understanding the extent of this technology that is very common in aircraft units with a high degree of automation. These facts are discussed in a subtle way by aircraft drivers who can not do it openly, as it might create an impression of professional self-worthlessness (self-deprecation). This leads to common questions like: What is happening now? What will be the next step of automated systems? This type of doubt would be inadmissible in older aircraft because the pilot of those machines works as an extension of the plane. This scenario contributes to emotional disorders and a growing hidden problem in the aeronautical field. These unexpected automation
surprises reflect a complete misunderstanding or even the misinformation of the users. It also reveals their inability and limitations to overcome these new situations that were not foreseen by the aircraft designers. Our studies showed a different
scenario when the accident is correlated with systemic variables. It has identified the problems or errors that contribute to the fact that drivers are unable to act properly. These vectors, when they come together, may generate eventually a
temporary incompetence of the pilot due to limited capacity or lack of training in the appropriateness of automation in aircraft or even, the worst alternative, due to a personal not visible and not detectable non-adaptation to automation. We must also consider in the analysis the inadequate training and many other reasons, so that we can put in right proportion the effective participation or culpability of the pilot in accidents. Our doctoral thesis presents statistical studies that allow us to assert that the emotional and cognitive overload are being increased with automation widely applied in the cockpits of modern aircraft, and also that these new projects do not go hand in hand with the desired cognitive and ergonomic principles.

in: Advances in Usability Evaluation Part 2. Francisco Rebelo; Marcelo M. Soares (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, EUA, pp 379-385. 2013. ISBN: 9781466560543. ABSTRACT: According to reports on aviation accidents, most investigations the blame is always linked to human factors. Our research was able to prove clearly that the level of organizational factors, such as training systems and qualifications, financial resources and the allocation of scarce resources to technical training to perform repairs on aircraft systems, also contribute to the occurrence of aviation accidents . Cultural or value systems that permeate the organization has a direct influence, as factors contributing to errors in the maintenance area. The pressure of time, the organization becomes the present at every moment of the operation, as well as significant financial losses due to downtime of the aircraft, in some cases can lead to fines and additional costs such as transportation and accommodation of passengers, loss of image and other additional consequences.

In: Advances in Usability Evaluation Part 2. Francisco Rebelo; Marcelo M. Soares (eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton, EUA, pp 3300-3306. 2013. ISBN: 9781466560543. ABSTRACT: According to reports on aviation accidents, most investigations the blame is always linked to human factors. Our research was able to prove clearly that the level of organizational factors, such as training systems and qualifications, financial resources and the allocation of scarce resources to technical training to perform repairs on aircraft systems, also contribute to the occurrence of aviation accidents . Cultural or value systems that permeate the organization has a direct influence, as factors contributing to errors in the maintenance area. The pressure of time, the organization becomes the present at every moment of the operation, as well as significant financial losses due to downtime of the aircraft, in some cases can lead to fines and additional costs such as transportation and accommodation of passengers, loss of image and other additional consequences.

The probes allow the pilot to control the aircraft speed was essential to the balance of the flight. Opinions of experts
who claim that "the design of the plane would have exercised a not inconsiderable role in the occurrence of a disaster. " These
messages revealed a series of important operating errors in a zone of turbulence, "making the plane uncontrollable, leading to a
rapid depressurization device, according to these reports. A lawsuit in Toulouse and in Brazil aims to recognition of the liability
of Air France and Airbus not insignificant role in the design and operation of the aircraft in the event of catastrophe. Opinions
are taken from senior pilots that no commercial aviation training for certain situations abnormal flight that, if realized,
could have influenced the pilots of the AF-447 to remove the plane's fatal dive show what experiments performed in simulators
for military pilots, who are permanently subject to critical flight situations.

Maintenance tasks, especially in heavy maintenance, may not be completed in a single shift. Aircraft
maintenance technicians often take work in progress by colleagues, and spend the incomplete work for a change
of team. The need for accuracy and efficiency of information transfer in many cases, without having time to have
a meeting to pass the service is a crucial aspect of maintenance work. The ideal shift change can occur normally
before delivery and continues to proceed normally after delivery. Although a shift change create challenges for
communication, they also offer opportunities to detect and correct errors, where the task of delivery is an opportunity
to identify the problem and fix it. In this case, the task was done correctly the first round, however, a problem
began when the second round took. One example is a case in which the first round have removed a defective part
for replacement and let the component of aircraft at end of turn with problems. Instead of ordering and installation
of an operational component, the

Advances in technology have enabled increasingly sophisticated automation to be introduced into the flight decks of modern airplanes. Generally, this automation was added to accomplish worthy objectives such as reducing flightcrew workload, adding additional capability, or increasing fuel economy.
To a large extent, these objectives have been achieved. Safety also stood to benefit from the increasing amounts of highly reliable automation. Indeed, the current generation of highly automated transport category airplanes has generally demonstrated an improved safety record relative to the previous generation of
airplanes. Vulnerabilities do exist, though, and further safety improvements should be made. To provide a safety target to guide the aviation industry, the Secretary of Transportation and others have expressed the view that the aviation industry should strive for the objective of none accidents. Training standards
and currency in manual flying skills may well have deteriorated, but are these changes in proportion to the tasks and situations typical of modern operations, or really at the root of handling related safety concerns [9].

Sociotechnical systems are becoming more complex
and increasingly automated. Although human error is now widely
viewed as playing a key role in the majority of system failures,
there is an increasing recognition of the oversimplification inherent
in such a view. This paper examines mismatches between the
procedures and automation technologies of sociotechnical systems
and their operators from the viewpoint of human culture and capabilities,
with a particular focus on flight deck automation. Following
an introduction to culture, its sources, its measurement, and its effects,
this paper describes recent theories of thinking and decision
making, and the influence of culture on decisions. Problems that
are associated with automation are presented and it is concluded
that current automation systems perform as very inadequate team
members, leaving the human operators or crew unprepared when
failure occurs or unusual events arise.