History of Industrial Architecture

Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 1 Odsjek za povijest medicinskih znanosti Zavoda za povijest i fi lozofi ju znanosti 2 Arhiv za likovne umjetnosti Kabineta za arhitekturu i urbanizam 10000 Zagreb, Gundulićeva 24/III. Sažetak Ovim radom temeljenim na do sada neobjavljenim arhivskim izvorima nastavljamo istraživanja historiografi je ljekarništva, rekonstruirajući kronologiju vlasništva i lokacija zagrebačke ljekarne K Sv. Trojstvu. Prvi put smo identifi cirale nepoznate lokacije ove ljekarne u Mesničkoj 4 i Ilici 42. Posebnu pozornost posvetile smo arhitekturi i stilu gradnje nove zgrade ljekarne izgrađene 1899. u Ilici 43. Njezin projekt izradio je tada mladi arhitekt Vjekoslav Bastl (1872-1947), u vrijeme rada u atelijeru vodećih zagrebačkih arhitekata Lea Hönigsberga i Julija Deutscha. Ljekarna se ubraja u njegova najranija ostvarenja, a u povijesti arhitekture opisana je kao "ishodište zagrebačkog modernizma". Budući da ova zgrada još postoji, a dio njezina prizemlja i danas je u izvornoj funkciji ljekarne, prikazale smo i ključna odstupanja od prvobitne izvedbe pročelja zgrade te istaknule nužnost njezina očuvanja kao dragocjene sastavnice hrvatske kulturne i ljekarničke baštine.

U godini izrade ove Spomenice Dragutinu Stražimiru sretno su se ''poklopile'' dvije obljetnice – 195. godišnjica od njegova rođenja, te 125. godišnjica od njegove smrti. Spomenica je prilika da se o tom velikom i značajnom čovjeku na jednom mjestu sakupe brojna saznanja i informacije, dobrim dijelom javnosti nepoznate. Stražimir kao svestrana i značajna osoba s pravom se već 1925. godine našao u knjizi ''Znameniti i zaslužni Hrvati 925 – 1925.'' U nacionalnoj povijesti Hrvata prepoznat je kao pionir, preteča suvremenog vinogradarstva, te kao značajni preporoditelj druge polovine 18. stoljeća. Gotovo da je bilo nemoguće sagledati svu složenost, sve preokupacije i djelatnost ove vrlo svestrane osobe, njegovu ogromnu prosvjetiteljsku snagu koju želi prenijeti hrvatskom puku, običnim vinogradarima i ratarima, neukim seljacima.

Hrvatska akademija znanosti i umjetnosti 10000 Zagreb, Gundulićeva 24 SAŽETAK U radu su iznijeti rezultati istraživanja historijata prve ljekarne zagrebačkog predgrađa Kustošije koja je u promet puštena 1925. godine. Njezina je sudbina bila slična sudbini ostalih ljekarna na području Hrvatske: otvaranje povezano s mnogo izdataka i napora, borba za opstanak i nošenje s konkurencijom, prenošenje vlasništva iz generacije u generaciju te postupno padanje u zaborav priče o njezinoj povijesti, kronologiji vlasništva i poslovanju. Na njezin kontinuitet podsjeća nas tek autentični interijer koji je unatoč svemu do danas ipak dobro sačuvan. To nas je potaknulo da rekonstruiramo i cijelu priču njezine povijesti upozoravajući na nužnost zaštite njezina interijera.

U radu je prikazan razvoj i poslovanje kemijsko-farmaceutske tvornice Rave d.d. osnovane 1922. u Zagrebu. Na temelju arhivske i građevinske dokumentacije, stručnih i dnevnih glasila te promotivnog materijala rekonstruiran je smještaj tvorničkog kompleksa u zagrebačkoj industrijskoj zoni, prezentirane su njezine marketinške strategije i utjecaj na razvoj domaće proizvodnje lijekova i higijensko-sanitarnih potrepština. Kao važan motiv svoga poslovanja tvornica je isticala osamostaljivanje Rave kao domaće industrije od tada dominirajuće strane industrije, nacionalna obilježja svoga poslovanja te promicanje suradnje s mladom domaćom industrijom. U skladu s tim Rave d.d. sudjeluje u izgradnji i razvoju domaće farmaceutske proizvodnje i domaćeg tržišta, poticanju razvoja suvremene industrije i borbi za povoljnije uvjete svoga poslovanja. Njezina je do sada neistražena povijest značajan segment početaka farmaceutske proizvodnje, ali istodobno i prilog poznavanju početaka poduzetništva na našim prostorima kao nezaobilaznog elementa u podizanju svijesti o nacionalnoj proizvodnji, razvoju i identitetu.

The urgency of recording and preserving the physical evidence of Slovakia's disappearing industrial heritage is prompted by the recent dramatic demolitions of many production buildings and even whole industrial sites. Accompanying architectural discussion confirmed the lack of systematic mapping and evaluation of our industrial heritage and furthermore that the traditional heritage conservation approaches do not offer sufficient tools to preserve and evaluate this remains of our industrial history. This study is focused on the industrial architecture of historical iron and steel plants that were in operation in the territory of Slovakia between the years 1800-1948. The aim of this paper is to analyse the architectural and urban characteristics and common features of observed historical ironworks as a support for the protection and interpretation activities. The paper is divided into several parts: 1. A description of the architectural and urban development of the iron industry in Slovakia with regard to the development of technical and technological processes; 2. A categorisation and an analyse of typological characteristics; 3. A report on the current state of 127 historical locations of iron production. For many centuries, iron production was contributing to a social and economic development of all of the current Slovak state formations. Although the history of this industry in Slovakia is relatively well explored and published, the architectural and urban characteristic of these industrial sites is practically unknown. Nowadays, the abandoned buildings and sites of this production sector are a new attribute of our settlements. All of them offer the opportunity for reuse. The potential of their successful urban reintegration is subject to the understanding of their historic and heritage values accompanied by the complex research.

U èlanku je na popularan naèin i uz mnoštvo dokumentacijskog materijala prikazan Þivotni put Vladimira Preloga, poèevši od roðenja u Sarajevu, preko školovanja u Zagrebu i Osijeku, do studija u Pragu. Ukratko je opisano znanstveno-nastavno djelovanje Vladimira Preloga na Tehnièkom fakultetu Sveuèilišta u Zagrebu (1935.-1941.), kada je s grupom diplomanada i doktoranada, te u suradnji sa suradnicima "Kaštela", prethodnika PLIVE, ostvario velik broj znanstvenih radova i patenata. Ta "Prelogova škola organske kemije" imala je nekoliko generacija, a prvu generaciju èine navedeni suradnici iz razdoblja prije 2. svjetskog rata (diplomandi

Sveu ilište u Zagrebu, Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet (FBF), A. Kova i a 1, Zagreb, Hrvatska 1 Centar za primijenjenu farmaciju, 2 Zavod za farmakologiju, 3 Zavod za farmaceutsku tehnologiju, 4 Zavod za farmakognoziju 5 Zavod za analitiku i kontrolu lijekova

El proyecto Memorias Marginales y Periféricas nace de una iniciativa por reconocer la historia no visible y poco apreciada en el sector de Los Mártires (Bogotá, Colombia). La valoración de la cultura material contemporánea que actualmente se encuentra en olvido y en estado de ruina fue uno de los principales motivos para desarrollar este trabajo. Es un hecho que el reconocimiento patrimonial de estos bienes inmuebles se ha atribuido única y exclusivamente a espacios académicos e institucionales. Por lo tanto, desde el equipo de trabajo de la Fundación Colombia Anfibia comprendemos la necesidad de articular los saberes comunitarios de los habitantes del sector con el fin de consolidar una valoración amplia y compleja de la cultura material de los procesos más recientes.

SAŽETAK U radu su iznijeti rezultati istraživanja historijata prve ljekarne zagrebačkog predgrađa Kustošije koja je u promet puštena 1925. godine. Njezina je sudbina bila slična sudbini ostalih ljekarna na području Hrvatske: otvaranje povezano s mnogo izdataka i napora, borba za opstanak i nošenje s konkurencijom, prenošenje vlasništva iz generacije u generaciju te postupno padanje u zaborav priče o njezinoj povijesti, kronologiji vlasništva i poslovanju. Na njezin kontinuitet podsjeća nas tek autentični interijer koji je unatoč svemu do danas ipak dobro sačuvan. To nas je potaknulo da rekonstruiramo i cijelu priču njezine povijesti upozoravajući na nužnost zaštite njezina interijera. KLJUČNE RIJEČI: zagrebačka periferija – Kustošija; povijest ljekarništva; Ljekarna K sv. Antunu; Josip Šulc (1887. – 1926.); Delimir Šulc (1915. – 1991.); Vjera Šulc (1914. – 1991.); 20. stoljeće

Sveu ilište u Zagrebu, Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet (FBF), A. Kova i a 1, Zagreb, Hrvatska 1 Centar za primijenjenu farmaciju, 2 Zavod za farmakologiju, 3 Zavod za farmaceutsku tehnologiju, 4 Zavod za farmakognoziju 5 Zavod za analitiku i kontrolu lijekova

The article deals with one of the examples of good interior design in Slovak functionalist architecture uncovered during recent restorational research (2016). It points out that even provincial, small but growing town, which Žilina in the northern Slovakia region was at that time, can be a place of high-quality implementation of aesthetically valuable and structurally developed architectural design. The high level of composition, choice of color scheme, quality of materials and attention to detail prove the fact, that the architect František Bednárik mastered to apply international style ideas also to a small extent reconstruction of the original steam power plant in Žilina. Classically cited feature of international style buildings is primarily their declared absence of ornament. The ornament was declared a crime by Loos -it causes decorated work to became obsolete mentally, outdated and therefore rejected, buildings rebuilt a far before they reach the limit of their physical life. This memento is valid especially the ecological nowadays, when the emphasis is on quality product with the longest possible both physical and mental longevity. All theoretic ideas find their reflection in a precise logic, composition, quality of the materials and above all high-quality, aesthetics and functionality of each seemingly insignificant detail. Composition and materials (color, gloss, texture, quality) all that bears a strong second plan of the purely aesthetic forms. The concept of the built-in furniture into the volume of interior partitions, walls, bulkheads as compositional elements as well as functional elements, necessary equipment is the main characteristic feature in the large repertoire of the international style's interior design.

Between the two World Wars, the pharmaceutical industry strengthened its influence within the Croatian medical community. Due to the scarcity of professional biomedical journals in the Croatian language, larger pharmaceutical companies started to publish free promotional journals, magazines, and booklets which quickly became popular. They thus succeeded in creating a broad network of opinion leaders by recruiting physicians as authors, primarily writing on their experiences with application of certain drugs. As a paradigmatic social disease of the interwar period, syphilis stimulated the development of various marketing strategies used by the industry in these publications.

Sustainability of architecture depends on its value. Defining criteria and factors of architecture values and its detail in aesthetical, construction and practical level is a basic premise for setting regulators of keeping architecture. Value is an interdisciplinary category. It is valid in full range also for industrial architecture where some specifics, coming out of the function, occur. The aim of the report is to present results of research in area of uncovering value frameworks of architectonical detail in industrial architecture focusing on their constructional and aesthetical meaning. Detail is generally understood as delicacy, miniature of part of the unit. The results of the research come from a basic hypothesis in searching the value field of detail in architecture, to what extent is valid the hypothesis that a detail is a part of a unit and a unit is a summary of details. It also asks the question when this axiom expires in conditions of industrial architecture. Production premises offers us a great amount of unknown values on the interface of exterior and interior of production premises in the form of building-architectonic and technological artefacts. There results of the research are presented by general possibilities of detail transformation in case of conversion of industrial objects in context of defining their values.

Sveu ilište u Zagrebu, Farmaceutsko-biokemijski fakultet (FBF), A. Kova i a 1, Zagreb, Hrvatska 1 Centar za primijenjenu farmaciju, 2 Zavod za farmakologiju, 3 Zavod za farmaceutsku tehnologiju, 4 Zavod za farmakognoziju 5 Zavod za analitiku i kontrolu lijekova

Stampar's public-health interventions and social medical ideas resulted not only in enormous shifts on the regional level but were spread and accepted on the global level as well. Within the process of globalisation small countries are particularly endangered by potential loss of identity. Therefore Stampar should be seen as a key icon through which Croatia can build up its own profile and identity. The paper elaborates the need for founding the Andrija Stampar museum which would function as a referral centre for Stampar's body of work.

U radu je prikazan razvoj i poslovanje kemijsko-farmaceutske tvornice Rave d.d. osnovane 1922. u Zagrebu. Na temelju arhivske i građevinske dokumentacije, stručnih i dnevnih glasila te promotivnog materijala rekonstruiran je smještaj tvorničkog kompleksa u zagrebačkoj industrijskoj zoni, prezentirane su njezine marketinške strategije i utjecaj na razvoj domaće proizvodnje lijekova i higijensko-sanitarnih potrepština. Kao važan motiv svoga poslovanja tvornica je isticala osamostaljivanje Rave kao domaće industrije od tada dominirajuće strane industrije, nacionalna obilježja svoga poslovanja te promicanje suradnje s mladom domaćom industrijom. U skladu s tim Rave d.d. sudjeluje u izgradnji i razvoju domaće farmaceutske proizvodnje i domaćeg tržišta, poticanju razvoja suvremene industrije i borbi za povoljnije uvjete svoga poslovanja. Njezina je do sada neistražena povijest značajan segment početaka farmaceutske proizvodnje, ali istodobno i prilog poznavanju početaka poduzetništva na n...

Počeci farmaceutske industrije u Hrvatskoj vezani su uz ljekarničke obitelji Thierry i Feller. Adolf Thierry, podrijetlom Francuz, dolazi u Hrvatsku i 1893. godine u Pregradi, Hrvatsko Zagorje, otvara ljekarnu „K Angjelu čuvaru“ gdje započinje s industrijskom proizvodnjom lijekova. Bila je to prva tvornica lijekova u jugoistočnoj Europi. Thierryjeva se ljekarnička djelatnost temeljila na pripravcima dobivenim iz ljekovita bilja, a najpoznatiji su bili Thierryjev balzam i Thierryjeva centifolijska mast. O značaju utemeljitelja industrijske proizvodnje na tlu Hrvatske svjedoči i Ljekarnička zbirka Thierry kao stalni muzejski postav Muzeja grada Pregrade. Eugen Viktor Feller, ljekarnik ukrajinskog podrijetla, otvara u Donjoj Stubici ljekarnu „K Svetom Trojstvu“ (1899.) i tvornički laboratorij (1901.). Elsa fluid je bio njegov svjetski poznat ljekoviti pripravak. Thierry i Feller su svoje proizvode izvozili diljem svijeta, a svoj su poslovni uspjeh ostvarili zahvaljujući dobro osmišljen...

The subject of this paper is an analysis of the pharmaceutical market, a market that has one of the leading roles in the world and which has also resisted the great world crisis. The focus of the work was on the pharmaceutical market of the Republic of Croatia where the leading pharmaceutical companies and the ownership of pharmacies were studied.

The article deals with one of the examples of good interior design in Slovak functionalist architecture uncovered during recent restorational research (2016). It points out that even provincial, small but growing town, which Žilina in the northern Slovakia region was at that time, can be a place of high-quality implementation of aesthetically valuable and structurally developed architectural design. The high level of composition, choice of color scheme, quality of materials and attention to detail prove the fact, that the architect František Bednárik mastered to apply international style ideas also to a small extent reconstruction of the original steam power plant in Žilina.

Sažetak Prema arhivskoj dokumentaciji i sekundarnim izvorima, gornjogradsku ljekarnu ubrajamo u najstariju ljekarnu grada Zagreba. Njezini se početci dovode u svezu s dokumentom, u kojem se prvi put spominje ljekarnička profesija, u parnici između apotekara Jacobusa i jednog krznara, 6. ožujka 1355. godine. U povodu 650. obljetnice tog dokumenta, kojim se obilježava prvi spomen rada najstarije zagrebačke ljekarne (Apotheca Civitatensis ad Aquillam Nigram) u ovom smo radu prezentirale kronologiju njezinih vlasnika, za razdoblje 14.-20. stoljeća, te izvršile identifi kaciju njezinih lokacija. Ljekarna i danas posluje u prostoru prvobitno adaptiranom upravo za ovu funkciju te se ubraja u jednu od znamenitih zagrebačkih kulturnih i turističkih atrakcija. U radu je posebno istaknuta potreba ozbiljnijeg pristupa njezinoj zaštiti te jačanja svijesti javnosti o povijesti i značenju ljekarništva kao zapostavljenog dijela cjelokupne nacionalne baštine.

The paper presents the development and business of the chemical-pharmaceutical factory Rave PLC, founded in Zagreb in 1922. Based on archival and building documentation, professional and daily newspapers, and promotional material, the formation of the factory complex in the Zagreb industrial zone was reconstructed, its marketing strategy and its impact on the development of domestic drug production and hygiene and sanitary necessities were presented. As an important motive for its operations, the factory emphasized industrial independence, the national features of its business and the promotion of cooperation with young domestic industry. In accordance with the above-mentioned text, Rave PLC participates in the construction and development of domestic pharmaceutical production and market, encouraging the development of modern industry and struggle for more favourable conditions of its business. Its unprecedented history is an important segment of our pharmaceutical past, but also an...

The legacy of the Croatian neurologist Sergije Dogan is preserved in two institutions of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, the Croatian Museum of Medicine and Pharmacy and the Division for the History of Medical Sciences. Dogan’s legacy became part of the holdings of these institutions in 2019 thanks to his daughter Branka Marinović, head of the Clinic for Dermatovenerology at the Rebro Clinical Hospital Centre in Zagreb. The donated material is a rare example of preserved material evidence of one doctor’s entire course of education, his clinical, scientific and teaching work, as well as his broader social activities. In this paper, we bring a preliminary statement on the content of the legacy, while the entire legacy will be presented in full at the exhibition due in 2021 and in the book within the publishing series Discussions and Materials for the History of Science of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Ključne riječi: Sergije Dogan – legacy; history of medicine;...

In Slovakia, several ironwork regions were preserve d up to these days. Dominant technical structures p r erved in these areas are ironworks furnaces of different ages and different shapes. The paper presents the history of an iron b last furnace at the ironworks site in Peklo valley near Ľubietová, one of the Upper Hungary’ royal mining to wns. The site is being currently studied as a metal lurgical location with minimal ironworks relics preserved, considerin g relics of old metallurgical heaps in particular. Credible history of the site with a focus on the beginning, development and the destruction o f the blast furnace technical object was reconstruc ted based on historical, archival and field research. We pointed out the causes of the en d of the blast furnace and mapped the preserved rel ics of metallurgical production. We have determined the exact position and created a 3D model based on the information about the furnace f orm from the late 18 th century despite the lack of pr...

The territory of Slovakia is rich in places with an ironworks history, which formed important urban and economic centers in the past. The valuable urban-architectural settlements emerged due to favorable geographical conditions, availability of forest and water resources. Currently, these important historical spots find themselves in the regions suffering from lack of job opportunities and low level of life quality. The research work deals with one of the most important 19th century‘s Slovak ironworks, its urban and architectural values ​​in the setting, and regenerative activities involving development activities to preserve the constantly overlooked part of Horehronie‘s cultural heritage. This study aims to contribute to the knowledge about the ironwork complex, to present its current state and research, which has stimulated interest in the protection of so far degrading industrial heritage. The result of this work is to show potential of industrial heritage in regional developmen...

research was undertaken in order to examine the ways colour has been coordinated in urban design in Poland and slovakia-especially reasons and conditions under which colour planning started and thereafter operated. The methodology employed included an analysis of archival materials, interviews with designers and public officials as well as field studies. five colour plans were analysed from the following points of view: the circumstances of their initiation, the methodology and process of their elaboration, the method and degree of implementation and their 'life' over the following years. The aim of this study is to compare and analyse the impact of individual colour plans in order to get an input for strengthening the professional and scientific approach to colour planning through lessons learnt from these examples.

The article deals with one of the examples of good interior design in Slovak functionalist architecture uncovered during recent restorational research (2016). It points out that even provincial, small but growing town, which Žilina in the northern Slovakia region was at that time, can be a place of high-quality implementation of aesthetically valuable and structurally developed architectural design. The high level of composition, choice of color scheme, quality of materials and attention to detail prove the fact, that the architect František Bednárik mastered to apply international style ideas also to a small extent reconstruction of the original steam power plant in Žilina.

You Heat pipe is a high efficiency heat transfer element, depends on the evaporation, condensation and circulation of inside working fluid. The working fluid of a high temperature pulsating heat pipe is generally alkali metals, and sodium heat pipe can operate in range of 500-1100°C. In order to investigate terminal velocity of working fluid, the glass pulsating heat pipe was produced for experimental purposes. The experiment was carried out, in order to simulate real operating conditions in range of 500-1100°C. Sudden boiling of liquid sodium (b.p. = 883°C at 1 atm) inside the all quartz-made heat pipe results in high-temperature reaction of sodium vapour with the inner wall surface. The reaction became more aggressive with increasing vapour temperature and resulted in heat pipe explosion. The evaluation of damage character is analysed in this paper.

Brojna su istraživanja koja analiziraju spajanja i preuzimanja, no većina ih se ne fokusira na neku određenu industriju, već uzorak obuhvaća poduzeća iz različitih industrija. Ovaj se rad fokusira na spajanja i preuzimanja u farmaceutskoj industriji. Pretpostavke su da farmaceutska poduzeća neiskusna u spajanju i preuzimanju postižu bolje rezultate u relativno malim, domaćim spajanjima i preuzimanjima, dok su farmaceutska poduzeća s većim iskustvom u spajanjima i preuzimanjima uspješna i u većim i u međunarodnim spajanjima i preuzimanjima. Veća spajanja i preuzimanja te međunarodna spajanja i preuzimanja sama po sebi sadrže veći rizik za preuzimatelja, pa neiskustvo u spajanju i preuzimanju dodatno povećava rizik prilikom provedbe posla. Takvo povećavanje rizika u prosjeku rezultira lošijim povratima za dioničare farmaceutskih poduzeća. Ključne riječi: spajanja i preuzimanja, uspješnost međunarodnih spajanja i preuzimanja, farmaceutska industrija 1 Zaposlen kao redoviti profesor na Katedri za međunarodnu ekonomiju, Ekonomski fakultet Sveučilišta u Zagrebu,

U radu je prikazan razvoj i poslovanje kemijsko-farmaceutske tvornice Rave d.d. osnovane 1922. u Zagrebu. Na temelju arhivske i građevinske dokumentacije, stručnih i dnevnih glasila te promotivnog materijala rekonstruiran je smještaj tvorničkog kompleksa u zagrebačkoj industrij-skoj zoni, prezentirane su njezine marketinške strategije i utjecaj na razvoj domaće proizvodnje lijekova i higijensko-sanitarnih potrepština. Kao važan motiv svoga poslovanja tvornica je isti-cala osamostaljivanje Rave kao domaće industrije od tada dominirajuće strane industrije, na-cionalna obilježja svoga poslovanja te promicanje suradnje s mladom domaćom industrijom. U skladu s tim Rave d.d. sudjeluje u izgradnji i razvoju domaće farmaceutske proizvodnje i domaćeg tržišta, poticanju razvoja suvremene industrije i borbi za povoljnije uvjete svoga poslovanja. Njezina je do sada neistražena povijest značajan segment početaka farmaceutske proizvodnje, ali istodobno i prilog poznavanju početaka poduzetništva na našim prostorima kao nezaobila-znog elementa u podizanju svijesti o nacionalnoj proizvodnji, razvoju i identitetu.

The paper presents the development and business of the chemical-pharmaceutical factory Rave  PLC, founded in Zagreb in  1922.  Based on archival and building documentation,  professional and daily newspapers, and promotional material, the formation of the factory complex in the Zagreb industrial zone was reconstructed, its marketing strategy and its impact on the development of domestic drug production and hygiene and sanitary necessities were presented. As an important motive for its operations, the factory emphasized industrial independence,  the national features of its business and the promotion of cooperation with young domestic industry.  In accordance with the above-mentioned text,  Rave  PLC  participates in the construction and development of domestic pharmaceutical production and market, encouraging the development of modern industry and struggle for more favourable conditions of its business.  Its unprecedented history is an important segment of our pharmaceutical past, but also an indispensable element of knowing the industrial development of the wider region.  This segment of the beginnings of pharmaceutical manufacturing is essential in knowing the origins of entrepreneurship in our region as a significant element in raising awareness of national production, development and identity.

Discussed in this article is the role of research in architecture, which is a discipline and field of
knowledge. It highlights the optimal career development for researchers, describes the basic assumptions for conducting research and provides some examples on how to incorporate the methods and tools gained from basic/applied research into architectural education. This includes virtual reality headsets for designing, physical models of historical buildings, and for understanding the compositional and constructional principles of design, etc. Another way to deal with research in education is through the involvement of students of all study programmes and doctoral students in specific research
tasks. Presented in the article are various types of project from the Faculty of Architecture at Slovak University of
Technology in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia, such as national/international funding, research tasks commissioned by the state or enterprises, or design-build projects which are highly popular with students. Included are research and teaching methods along with examples of several student outcomes.

The Kőbánya district of Budapest is situated on the eastern margins of the Hungarian capital city. Beneath Kőbánya there is an extensive limestone layer, in which tunnels and passages have been made, some of which appear to date from the 13th century. In the 19th century, the limestone caverns of Budapest-Kőbánya were used for the refrigeration of perishable goods in large quantities. The caverns represent one of Budapest's historical industrial landmarks, although their architectural history has not been documented in full. This article analyses the architectural development of these evidently low-tech facilities, while also exploring their significant role in the city's urbanisation. The technical functions and structure of the system of caverns may be useful as a resource for society in the future when the supply of fossil fuels runs out. The effectiveness of the caverns as places for refrigeration can be demonstrated through climatic calculations. The cavern system has significant energy capabilities, given that there is a constant air temperature throughout the year. The vast amount of geothermal energy could be used to cool heat pumps or heat exchangers. The results of measurements taken in preparation for this article are presented.

First published as: Opper, A. 2015. About Time, (Or: Typological Transfers and the Case of Johannesburg’s Gas Works as an Evolution from Exploitative Industrial Machine, to No-man’s Land, to a Singular Chance to Realise an Inclusive Urban Future). In M. Lauferts, J. Mavunganidze (Eds). The Gas Works: 79-90. Fourthwall Books: Johannesburg. [CHAPTER in book]

Bei den historischen Großbrauereien in Budapest-Kőbánya ist man mit einer Vielzahl von Faktoren konfrontiert, die auf den verschiedenen Ebenen der Planungs-und Bauphase Einfluss auf das innere Baugefüge und das äußere Erscheinungsbild nehmen. Am Sudhaus der Első Magyar Részvény Serfőzde Rt. in Budapest-Kőbánya und der Gräflich Ernst von Moy'sche Hofbräuhaus in Freising (Bayern) soll für diesen Bautyp die Bedeutung des Architekturtransfer von Deutschland nach Ungarn vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg exemplarisch dargestellt werden. Als Ergebnis der Untersuchung zeigt sich, dass das Sudhaus in Kőbánya der Prototyp für die neobarocken Brauereien der Planer Theodor Ganzenmüller und Franz Rank in Bayern ist. Einordnung der lokalen Industriebaugeschichte in die europäische Baugeschichte Nach dem Ausgleich von 1867 und der dadurch errungenen geringeren Abhängigkeit von Österreich 2 wurde die Industrialisierung Ungarns mit staatlicher Unterstützung und gleichzeitiger starker Konzentration auf Budapest vorangetrieben. 3 Eine der wichtigsten Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Industrieentwicklung in Ungarn war die staatliche Gesetzgebung. 4 Damit wurde unter anderem die Grundlage für die endgültige Beseitigung gesellschaftlich hochentwickelter Gewerbetraditionen (Zunftwesen) geschaffen und der rechtliche und verwaltungstechnische Rahmen für neue Konzepte einer Industrialisierung geschaffen. Parallel zu den Veränderungen der gesellschaftlichen Rahmenbedingungen vollzieht sich in den Industriebetrieben die Umstellung von einer handwerklichen auf eine mechanische Produktherstellung. Bei den Brauereien manifestiert sich diese Entwicklung in der Transformation einzelner Herstellungsräume zu Gebäudegruppen, die jeweils eine eigenständige Produktionseinheit darstellen. Voraussetzung für diese bauliche Veränderung

The designs of mechanical engineering factories and large breweries in Budapest reveal the fundamental influence of an early functionalism on the development of historical factory buildings in the period under investigation – 1870–1916. The architectural results differed depending on the particular industry. In order to develop a comprehensive explanatory model for the establishment of production facilities with their differentiated forms of expression, it is necessary to examine all the various influencing factors. It can be concluded that the development of production facilities in mechanical engineering led to the establishment of non-specific spaces, whereas in the brewing industry highly specialized areas were created that could barely serve other functions.

The article deals with one of the examples of good interior design in Slovak functionalist architecture uncovered during recent restorational research (2016). It points out that even provincial, small but growing town, which Žilina in the northern Slovakia region was at that time, can be a place of high-quality implementation of aesthetically valuable and structurally developed architectural design. The high level of composition, choice of color scheme, quality of materials and attention to detail prove the fact, that the architect František Bednárik mastered to apply international style ideas also to a small extent reconstruction of the original steam power plant in Žilina. 1 International style in the world of interior design Classically cited feature of international style buildings is primarily their declared absence of ornament. The ornament was declared a crime by Loos-it causes decorated work to became obsolete mentally, outdated and therefore rejected, buildings rebuilt a far before they reach the limit of their physical life. This memento is valid especially the ecological nowadays, when the emphasis is on quality product with the longest possible both physical and mental longevity. All theoretic ideas find their reflection in a precise logic, composition, quality of the materials and above all high-quality, aesthetics and functionality of each seemingly insignificant detail. Composition and materials (color, gloss, texture, quality) all that bears a strong second plan of the purely aesthetic forms. The concept of the built-in furniture into the volume of interior partitions, walls, bulkheads as compositional elements as well as functional elements, necessary equipment is the main characteristic feature in the large repertoire of the international style's interior design. 2 Purism and functionalism in Žilina The last years of the 19th century are closely connected with a search for new forms also in the architecture of Slovakia. The architects of the new century were often the students of

Adequate natural conditions, including good raw materials and energy base, are prerequisites for a development of industrial production. The industrial production in these areas causes a creation of a settlement dependent on industrial activities. In this way the development of the industry results into the social and cultural development of regions and settlements. This simple scheme of regional development is accompanied by the construction of technical, industrial and ultimately residential and public buildings. In particular, a good production potentiality is the common characteristic of the construction development. The impact of the industrial production on architecture and urban development is indisputable. The paper will present this dependence on the example of the most important iron producer in the former Kingdom of Hungary-Hronec complex. Ironworks in Podbrezova became the most important industrial site of the Hronec complex in the late 19th century and, today, it ranks among the European leaders in its field. The industrial area of Podbrezova has determined the urban development throughout its history. The urban and architectural development of Podbrezova in the second half of the 20th century fluently followed up the development of the previous period. As then, production facilities has remained subject to the changing conditions of the production and the surrounding urbanism has been determined in response to these changes. Podbrezova's spatial layout represents complementarity between the current production requirements and demands of the population. The ability to adapt to changing conditions has guaranteed that Podbrezova is still a viable and workable urban structure.

The aim of the paper is to present the phenomenon of colouring in architecture of production facilities since the mid-19th century to the twenties of the 20th century, on the example of iron industry objects in central Slovakia. The colouring is an important part of architecture, environment and the overall Genius loci, which is considerd as an attribute of cultural diversity. Our research deals with the materials of various objects of ironwork sites. We have observed, compared and evaluated this issue in four locations. Despite the fact that there are lot of information about the history of ironworks, there are no relevant studies about their colouring. Initially the influence of "official" architecture, its means of expression and colouring to industrial architecture was shown. The colouring of this architecture is much more moderate and is based on the functioning of used material. In the later period the impact of functionalism and the maximal dosility of industrial constructions was manifested. In the contribution the individual development stages focused on colour-typological classification will be presented.

The urgency of recording and preserving the physical evidence of Slovakia's disappearing industrial heritage is prompted by the recent dramatic demolitions of many production buildings and even whole industrial sites. Accompanying architectural discussion confirmed the lack of systematic mapping and evaluation of our industrial heritage and furthermore that the traditional heritage conservation approaches do not offer sufficient tools to preserve and evaluate this remains of our industrial history. This study is focused on the industrial architecture of historical iron and steel plants that were in operation in the territory of Slovakia between the years 1800 – 1948. The aim of this paper is to analyse the architectural and urban characteristics and common features of observed historical ironworks as a support for the protection and interpretation activities. The paper is divided into several parts: 1. A description of the architectural and urban development of the iron industry in Slovakia with regard to the development of technical and technological processes; 2. A categorisation and an analyse of typological characteristics; 3. A report on the current state of 127 historical locations of iron production. For many centuries, iron production was contributing to a social and economic development of all of the current Slovak state formations. Although the history of this industry in Slovakia is relatively well explored and published, the architectural and urban characteristic of these industrial sites is practically unknown. Nowadays, the abandoned buildings and sites of this production sector are a new attribute of our settlements. All of them offer the opportunity for reuse. The potential of their successful urban reintegration is subject to the understanding of their historic and heritage values accompanied by the complex research.

The development of hydro-electric energy during the whole of the 20th century often transformed alpine valleys into areas specialised in the generation and distribution of energy. These «electric landscapes» were sometimes layered upon landscapes resulting from other systems for exploiting resources. In other instances they replaced these systems or even caused their disappearance. By specialising in the generation of energy some of these territories became vulnerable. This was the case of the Val Lapisina. Literally transformed in the 20th century into an infrastructural corridor-landscape it is now experiencing significant social and economic decline. The article proposes an interpretation of the strata of the area's hydro-electric landscape and of the outlying landscapes. The aim is to provide a better understanding of these landscapes and to make it possible to project a different future in which their assimilation as a heritage and the development of tourism around the hydr...

U ovom radu rekonstruiran je kontinuitet djelovanja
Kolodvorske ljekarne oslanjanjem na izvorne dokumente i
rukopise pohranjene najvećim dijelom u pismohrani Odsjeka za
povijest medicinskih znanosti HAZU. Iznesen je slijed vlasnikâ/
zakupnikâ ljekarne te su identificirane lokacije, današnji smještaj,
uređenje te razina zaštite negdašnje Kolodvorske, a danas
Gradske ljekarne smještene na Tomislavovu trg 13 u Zagrebu.
U godini kada se proslavlja 130 godina od utemeljenja Farmaceutsko-
biokemijskoga fakulteta, obilježava se i 130. godišnjica
rođenja Stanislava Ilakovca, prvog vlasnika Kolodvorske ljekarne,
te 70. obljetnica smrti dvojice njezinih istaknutih vlasnika
Stanislava Ilakovca i Ivana Vranića. Za dvije godine ova će
ljekarna proslaviti 90 godina svog kontinuiteta – dobra prigoda
da se njezina povijest zabilježi, a dokumentacija i preostali sačuvani
inventar popiše i sačuva.

We have reconstructed the continuity of the
Railway Station Pharmacy using the archival sources from the
Division for the History of Medical Sciences of the Croatian
Academy of Sciences and Arts. In this paper, we have presented
the chronology of its ownership, its locations in the past, its
recent position at Tomislavov trg 13 in Zagreb and its preservation
level. In the year in which we celebrate the 130th anniversary
of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry and the anniversary
of Stanislav Ilakovac’s birth, we also mark the 70th
anniversary of death of the Pharmacy’s two prominent owners
(Stanislav Ilakovac and Ivan Vranić). In two years, this pharmacy
will celebrate its 90th anniversary - a good opportunity to record
its history, and to preserve and record its remaining documents
and inventory.