History of Construction

The fourteenth-century bridge of Montauban, with over 200 metres in visible length, crosses the River Tarn in the Occitan region of southern France. It consists of seven main ogival arches, five of them spanning the river and two on land at its eastern end, connecting with the historic centre of the city. Despite the loss of its fortification elements, much of the original structure of the bridge in Montauban has been preserved, revealing valuable details about its construction. By analysing the intrados, piers, and façades, this study identifies traces that suggest part of its building sequence and possible mid-construction modifications. The research is based on field observations and precise documentation using laser-scan and structure from motion techniques. The results provide new perspectives on the construction of the bridge in Montauban, while contributing to the general knowledge of masonry bridge construction during the Middle Ages, particularly in southern France.

The town walls of Assisi testify of a centuries-long stratification in their construction and relation with civil and religious fabrics that incorporate or overlap them. The paper starts with an introduction about the evolution of the town walls and critically interweaves data from
iconography - in particular referable to Giacomo Lauro’s map (1599) - with the outcomes of direct
surveys on the architectural evidence. This in order to understand the historical process, made up of constructive and destructive actions connoting the walls, intended as a necessary step for a better comprehension and enhancement of the fortified system in its unity.

El presente trabajo intenta enlazar la historia de dos lugares bajo la misma nomenclatura en relación con dos ubicaciones separadas por algo más de cuatrocientos kilómetros de distancia. Pero tanto una como la otra tienen en común el nombre de Jaén, bien sea por la ubicación en dicha provincia, o bien sea, por estar realizado por artistas jiennenses de renombre. Se tratan aquí tanto la plaza, fuente e iglesia de Santa Isabel de Sevilla.

Jesús FERNÁNDEZ PINILLA (2025). “Desde la plaza, fuente e iglesia de Santa Isabel de Miller (Jaén) hasta la influencia de varios artistas jiennenses en la plaza, fuente e iglesia Santa Isabel de Sevilla”, La Llave, nº4, pp.23-26.

La escultura gótica valenciana conforma un capítulo prácticamente inexistente
hasta ahora en la historiografía del arte valenciano. La idea de que la escultura
gótica valenciana era irrelevante frente a las otras artes estaba generalizada.
Importantes escultores y/o talleres como los de Pere de Guines, Bertomeu
Santalínea, o Carles Gonçalbez, han sido ignorados. Algunas piezas de decisiva
importancia como el techo de la Sala Dorada de la Casa de la Ciudad de València y muchas otras de difícil acceso carecían de las fotografías adecuadas, o de levantamientos 3D. Las piezas mal catalogadas, incluso en museos de referencia, son numerosas. El desconocimiento de este episodio es particularmente lamentable porque su excelencia artística es similar a lo acontecido en la arquitectura y en la pintura coetáneas. De hecho, la historia de la escultura gótica es difícilmente separable de la simultánea historia de la arquitectura. Su proximidad a la orfebrería y a la pintura es igualmente relevante. Proponer un primer relato sobre el desarrollo del episodio escultórico gótico valenciano y poner en circulación sus imágenes, es la intención de este libro

O primeiro documento escrito que fai referenza á Confraría Numeraria do Rosario de Santiago de Compostela é a fundación dunha misa mensual, no altar da Nosa Señora do Rosario, a cargo de Lope Sánchez de Ulloa e Moscoso, I Conde de Altamira, o 15 de abril de 1500. Co gallo do 525º aniversario desta data, a Santa Sé otorgou á confraría un "ANO XUBILAR" que estamos a piques de rematar. Do mesmo xeito que o acaecido a fins do século XX polo V centenario, a confradía tentou organizar actos culturais ao longo do ano que, nesta ocasión queren poner o seu ramo co congreso que presentamos, preparado con agarimo dentro das nosas humildes posibilidades. O estudo polo miúdo dos misterios do Rosario redunda nun maior coñecemento que debe axudarnos a unha contemplación frutífera. Esa fecundidade repercutirá en obras cristiás na nosa vida, trocando a nosa contorna. Nas sesións do congreso, aunaránse teoloxía e historia da arte. As igrexas católicas de todo o mundo mostran fermosas representacións dos misterios da vida de Cristo que, amén da súa función estética, teñen tamén unha función catequética de especial importancia e que, xeralmente válese do simbolismo para afondar máis ou menos na reflexión segundo a capacidade do observador.

Num tempo em que a causa ambiental se vai tornando cada vez mais consensual, a intervencao no edificado existente deve comecar por privilegiar, sobretudo, a sua manutencao. Este retomar das actividades de manutencao dos edificios, bem como a sua efectiva implementacao, deverao ser acompanhados por uma eficaz divulgacao de boas praticas de utilizacao.A actividade da manutencao foi uma pratica corrente no passado, progressivamente abandonada com o advento da logica da industrializacao, fomentada pelo modelo capitalista. Neste contexto, existe a expectativa de encontrar na investigacao de documentacao historica informacao preciosa sobre os conhecimentos que no passado se reportavam a manutencao do edificado.A realizacao de estudos historicos na intervencao e salvaguarda do patrimonio edificado, constitui uma das recomendacoes mais reiteradas pelos documentos internacionais, da Carta de Veneza (1964) as Recomendacoes para a Analise, Conservacao e Restauro Estrutural do Patrimonio Arquit...

In recent times, the most developed countries have been responsible for the production of a surplus increasingly untenable, with serious consequences for the natural resources and for the environment. In the case of housing, this problem is aggravated, such is the dimension of its impact. In a near future, the new paradigm centred in the intervention on the existing buildings, will impose, necessarily, a change in the design process. In this context, the research in Construction History reveals itself of the most importance, given its contribution for the knowledge of the techniques and the constructive systems of the past. This fact, actually, it is so much more relevant the greater is the patrimonial value of the object of study. Starting from the surveys accomplished in the scope of academic works, the research on the constructive system of these buildings has been complemented and validated with the dispersed information taken from available old manuals and from scientific studies conducted on the subject, assuming, in this study, drawing as the main tool of interpretation and systematization of the accomplished work.

This paper delves into a selection of Leonardo’s significant drawings of mills to explore their unique connection to England. Through virtual reconstructions of key examples, it contextualises Leonardo’s technological innovations within the construction techniques of his time, as outlined in Renaissance treatises on architecture and mechanics. Particular attention is given to the interplay between Leonardo’s experimental prototypes and the broader history of construction, highlighting how his designs bridged tradition and innovation in both hydraulic engineering and mechanical systems.

Das Musée de Sculpture Comparée wurde 1882 im Pariser Palais du Trocadéro eröffnet, in einer Zeit, in der das Bewusstsein für die Vielfalt der verschiedenen Kulturen nicht mehr nur auf Gruppen wie die französischen Fernreisenden beschränkt war. Dieses Bewusstsein war auch vor Ort in Paris präsent -zum Beispiel durch die Weltausstellungen. Bei der Weltausstellung 1878 im Palais du Trocadéro wurde diskutiert, ob die ausgestellten Objekte als kunsthistorisch oder ethnografisch zu bezeichnen seien. Vor diesem Hintergrund verfasste Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814-1879), Mitglied und Inspektor der Commission des Monuments Historiques, 1879 zwei Berichte, die für die posthume Umsetzung seines Museumskonzepts entscheidend waren. In diesem Beitrag wird das dreistufige Klassifizierungssystem des Museums untersucht, das auf einem universalistischen Ansatz beruhte. Viollet-le-Duc knüpfte seine Klassifizierung an Epochen und damit verbundene Regierungsformen und bezog sich dabei auf ein Zitat von Victor Hugo aus dem Roman Notre-Dame de Paris (1832): "Jede Zivilisation beginnt mit der Theokratie und endet mit der Demokratie". Gleichzeitig hat Viollet-le-Duc in seiner Darstellung nicht auf Vollständigkeit gezielt, so dass am Ende nur die griechische Klassik und die französische Kunst des 13. Jahrhunderts als Meisterwerke erscheinen. Es wird erläutert, wie Viollet-le-Duc ein Modell konstruiert hat, das die Demokratie als höchste Staatsform darstellt, sie aber allein dem Individuum und der Kunst vorbehält.

Concrete technology was introduced to China in the late 19th century, and it deeply impacted Chinese construction patterns in the century that followed. This paper, based on Chinese publications in the first half of the 20th century, demonstrates the categories of knowledge and "importation" of concrete technology. It aims to clarify how this technology integrated into local engineering academia and industry and gradually influenced native construction in China, and it is expected to contribute to understanding the knowledge exchange between the East and West.

No está permitida la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, ni su incorporación a un sistema informático, ni su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, sea éste electrónico, mecánico, por fotocopia, por grabación u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito del editor. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual (art. 270 y siguientes del Código Penal). Diríjase a Cedro (Centro Español de Derechos Reprográficos) si necesita fotocopiar o escanear algún fragmento de esta obra. Puede contactar con Cedro a través de la web www.conlicencia.com o por teléfono en el 917021970/932720407 Este libro ha sido sometido a evaluación por parte de nuestro Consejo Editorial Para mayor información, véase www.dykinson.com/quienes_somos La edición de esta obra se ha llevado a cabo en el marco del Proyecto I+D+i Generación de Conocimiento titulado Estudio de las morerías del valle del Duero: Análisis espacial, material y simbólico de los apartamientos de moros en la Castilla medieval financiado por el MCIN/AEI (PID2020-112898GB-I00)

The city of San Antonio, Texas still retains a bold imprint of the Spanish colonial intervention, with the core of the city demarcated by a series of linear irrigation channels begun to be built around 1718, known as acequias. Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this paper develops the first digitization of historical surveying maps to document the historic landscape and identifies different colonizing features, which had greatest impact on the development of San Antonio's urban fabric. Results establish a tool to guide policies for urban regeneration and heritage tourism implementation around the traces of the historic landscape. The digital model produced supports heritage management professionals and offers a prototype approach for documentation methods and management of the National Historic Trails.

Construction is historically described as a non-traditional occupation for women. The majority of the documentation related to working women dates back to the 1950s and includes very limited information about the construction industry. It is crucial to establish a historical framework to properly describe and discuss issues related to women in construction. The purpose of this paper is to present an historical perspective of women's roles in construction, which in reality dates back to the medieval period, if not earlier. This information may serve as a starting point for construction educators when discussing diversity and development issues in the classroom. Written and graphic examples of women working in construction as early as the 13 th century are included in the paper.

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The paper pays attention to the historical building preventive technique consisting of the insertion of transversal wooden elements for the reinforcement of the walls. The 'mixed' wood-stone technique, generally interpreted as a variation of the ancient building methods of opus gallicum, is recognizable with evident differences from this latter in Medieval and Early Modern castles (e.g. Cervinara Castle) and archaeological Medieval urban sites (e.g., the ancient Cerreto Sannita). The recurrence of circular holes placed at fairly regular intervals along wall faces, of wooden fragments and mortars' internal finishing characterizes fabrics of Molise and Sannio contexts, typically affected by seismic events. An exhaustive framework of the technique is not yet available, neither in relation to Italian contexts nor in relation to European building areas. The interpretation of the construction phenomenon through a broad comparative lens is presented as a research perspective to understand the reasons of construction solutions and in the choice of wood species. Through the analysis of a range of case studies, the paper focuses on the above-mentioned construction technique in Italian Central-Southern areas characterized by a historical seismicity interlacing indirect sources analysis and onsite thematic surveys.

The paper pays attention to the historical building preventive technique consisting of the insertion of transversal wooden elements for the reinforcement of the walls. The 'mixed' wood-stone technique, generally interpreted as a variation of the ancient building methods of opus gallicum, is recognizable with evident differences from this latter in Medieval and Early Modern castles (e.g. Cervinara Castle) and archaeological Medieval urban sites (e.g. European building areas. The interpretation of the construction phenomenon through a broad comparative lens is presented as a research perspective to understand the reasons of construction solutions and in the choice of wood species. Through the analysis of a range of case studies, the paper focuses on the above-mentioned construction technique in Italian Central-Southern areas characterized by a historical seismicity interlacing indirect sources analysis and onsite thematic surveys.

La question relative aux premières utilisations du béton comme matériau de construction dans le domaine du bâtiment en Algérie et particulièrement dans la ville de Tlemcen est au coeur du travail que nous nous sommes proposé de publier. Nous nous sommes appuyés, pour ce faire, sur les archives de la commune de Tlemcen en vue de recueillir toutes les informations relatives aux différents projets de constructions en béton sur plus d'un siècle de réalisations dans la dite commune (1892 à 2005). Les projets étudiés, au nombre de cinquante sept, nous ont permis d'élaborer l'embryon d'une banque de données dont l'exploitation nous a conduit à distinguer cinq périodes où les modes et procédés de construction ont connu un certain nombre d'évolutions, notamment par rapport à l'historicité de l'utilisation du matériau béton. Une carte de la ville de Tlemcen situe géographiquement les projets en question et permet, par simple clic, de choisir les informations qui s'y réfèrent (documentation graphique, type, matériaux utilisés, etc.).

Esta investigación se enfoca en una de las fortificaciones españoles más antiguas de un sistema defensivo ubicado en la Bahía de Santa Marta, cuyo objetivo era proteger a la ciudad de los numerosos ataques piratas la cual era un sitio de interés, por ser puerta de entrada al interior del territorio continental. Dada la naturaleza de los vestigios se realizaron procesos de prospección a nivel de la playa y también a nivel subacuático utilizando sonares de barrido lateral con el fin de detectar anomalías de interés en el lecho marino.  Se relacionan aspectos constructivos y contextuales dentro del sistema de defensa, analizando su transformación a lo largo del tiempo desde el S. XVI evidenciando su persistencia hasta el tiempo presente del cual se conservan  vestigios que se encuentran sumergidos en la Bahía, esto en razón a procesos erosivos y diversas transformaciones del paisaje a lo largo de los siglos. También  Del Fuerte de San Vicente persiste un fragmento de muro que se conserva en tierra en la Bahía, en base al cual se realizó un análisis arqueométrico de la composición de los ladrillos de la estructura con el fin de determinar la materia prima y también los procesos de transformación,  que permiten caracterizar de forma diferenciada los ladrillos de la época colonial utilizados en las fortificaciones coloniales en contraste con ladrillos contemporáneos de manufactura industrial. También se realiza un análisis de algunas de las dinámicas sociales que se tejieron en torno a estas estructuras defensivas y sus posteriores transformaciones.

This study investigates the transnational reception of the 'lastrico' technique – a Neapolitan method for waterproofing vaults and terraces using lime, lapillus, and pumice – within French architectural literature between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Originally developed in Southern Italy and rooted in Roman construction traditions, 'lastrico' (or 'battuto di lapillo') is distinguished by its use of volcanic aggregates and the process of ‘battitura’, which imparts high impermeability and mechanical resistance. While the technique remained in continuous use in Naples and surrounding regions well into the twentieth century, its dissemination beyond local contexts was primarily facilitated through foreign observation and scholarly reinterpretation.
The paper draws on a broad range of primary sources, including travel writings, geological surveys, scientific memoirs, technical dictionaries, and architectural treatises. Among the earliest and most influential observers were Nicolas Desmarest, Auguste-Denis Fougeroux de Bondaroy, and Pierre-Jean Grosley, who encountered the technique during travels to Southern Italy in the 1760s and 1770s. Their accounts, which highlighted the hydraulic properties of volcanic mortars, emphasized the potential of French volcanic materials as local alternatives. These observations laid the foundations for later theoretical and experimental investigations.
A pivotal moment came with Jean-Baptiste Rondelet’s 'Traité théorique et pratique de l’art de bâtir', which marked the first systematic codification of the 'lastrico' within the French architectural canon. Based on direct observation during his 1783-84 study tour of Italy and supplemented by laboratory trials in Paris, Rondelet reframed the technique as a scientifically validated and theoretically transferable model. His formulation became the principal reference for nineteenth-century French and Italian technical literature.
Through a comparative analysis of French and Italian sources, the study situates 'lastrico' within broader Enlightenment-era efforts to recover and adapt ancient building practices. It examines how the technique was redefined to align with emerging theories on hydraulic binders and cement, yet ultimately found limited application in practice. Despite recurring proposals to adapt it using local resources, lastrico remained largely confined to descriptive and speculative discourse in France.
The paper also explores the phenomenon of “returning knowledge”, whereby nineteenth-century Italian authors reengaged with the technique through French codifications rather than direct local transmission. In doing so, the study reveals how a regionally embedded construction method, shaped by geological specificity and artisanal expertise, was abstracted into a conceptual model within transnational architectural discourse – highlighting the complex processes through which technical knowledge is appropriated, reframed, and disseminated.

Construction projects are related to infrastructure development in Indonesia, which is an important foundation for economic growth by supporting mobility, trade, and connectivity between regions. Infrastructure development also supports the utilization of labor resources in Indonesia. This research aims to analyze the availability of labor in a construction project. The Resource Leveling method is used to level the labor needs in the project. The results showed that there was an allocation of labor that exceeded the maximum daily availability before equalization. The initial allocation based on qualifications showed that the maximum number of workers consisted of 2 foremen, 1 head carpenter, 1 head ironworker, 1 head mason, 5 carpenters, 5 ironworkers, 1 mason, and 13 workers. After equalizing the workforce, the maximum number of workers required is 1 foreman, 1 head carpenter, 1 head ironworker, 1 head mason, 4 carpenters, 4 ironworkers, 1 mason, and 13 workers. This research emphasizes the importance of workforce equalization to avoid over-allocation and ensure efficiency in construction projects.

In quali circostanze storiche e politiche si colloca la costruzione degli Uffizi, la più grande opera pubblica di Firenze nel Cinquecento, destinata a ospitare le sedi delle più importanti Magistrature esecutive fiorentine? Quali furono le scelte costruttive e tipologiche che hanno consentito a un edificio utilitaristico, calibrato per gli uffici di tredici Magistrature, di diventare, senza alterazioni fisiche sostanziali, il memorabile modello di Galleria d’Arte moderna? La Fabbrica dei tredici Magistrati, come fu chiamata per secoli, fu costruita tra il 1559 e1582 su progetto di Giorgio Vasari (1511-1574), con la stringente supervisione del duca Cosimo I de’ Medici (1536-1574). Situata tra Arno e palazzo Vecchio, questa singolarissima architettura è materializzata da una gagliarda facciata a spessore, larga quanto il portico di base e la galleria di coronamento, addossata alla congerie di edifici preesistenti, che vengono abilmente quanto organicamente incorporati. Il progetto vasariano rovescia d’un sol colpo i principi quattrocenteschi che saldano la stereometria e l’assolutezza prospettica, si fonde fisicamente con la città preesistente e dimostra la versatilità degli spazi, quando sono progettati con coerenza e con spregiudicata consapevolezza urbanistica e spaziale. Questi temi focalizzano il nostro racconto critico della costruzione degli Uffizi, argomentato parallelamente da uno strategico corredo documentario, da una cronologia ragionata e da una scelta iconografica densa e originale.

The overlapping circles and interconnecting figures (friars, saints, and sporadically rulers) delineate a long and winding path of reception and rejection of Observance among the Dominicans in Dubrovnik during the long 15th century. Those circles rest on the mobility of the prominent friars on two axes: Dubrovnik – Venice (the circles of Giovanni Dominici) and Dubrovnik – Buda (the court of Matthias Corvinus) but also include lay persons or members of different orders. Some of them were outsiders to the local Observant „cause“ (as were Sicilian merchant Giovanni Sparterio or Franciscan apologist of Savonarola Giorgio Benigno Salviati–Dragišić ), but nonetheless contributed significantly to the channels through which Observant ideas, cults, and iconography were diffused. The paper traces the chains of personal connections that resulted in transfers of devotional patterns (dedication of altars and chapels to Observant saints, iconographic programmes) and circulation of objects (books, relics).

El objetivo de esta comunicación es dar noticia de la identificación y levantamiento de una montea
inédita en el Colegio del Nuestra Señora de la Antigua de Monforte de Lemos, más conocido como
Colegio del Cardenal. Además de mostrarla y describirla,se exploran las posibles relaciones con otra montea bien conocida que existe en el Colegio, con los documentos históricos de la obra y con los dibujos de los tratados de cantería. Por último, se reflexiona sobre el interés de este tipo de objetos culturales y se proponen acciones para su protección y valoración.

El Colegio de Nuestra Señora de la Antigua fue fundado en 1593 por el cardenal de Sevilla don Rodrigo de Castro en su ciudad natal: Monforte le Lemos. Por este motivo se conoce también como Colegio del Cardenal.
Fue concebido a imitación del monasterio de El Escorial y constituye el ejemplo más importante del clasicismo herreriano en Galicia.
Las obras se desarrollaron con varias paralizaciones y cambios de arquitectos. El edificio permaneció inacabado hasta el primer cuarto del siglo XX. Sufrió saqueos, incendios y pasó por etapas de abandono y casi ruina. Sus fábricas presentan movimientos que tradicionalmente se atribuyen al terremoto de Lisboa de 1755.
En la bóveda del presbiterio varios sillares aparecen descolgados de su posición. En el testero del presbiterio hay una gran grieta vertical, atribuida al terremoto, que pudo haber causado el movimiento de la bóveda. En los años ochenta se realizaron intervenciones importantes en las cubiertas que pudieran haberle afectado.
Este trabajo afronta el levantamiento y análisis constructivo de esta bóveda. Se encuadra dentro de un estudio más amplio que conducirá a dictaminar la pertinencia y, en su caso, características de una intervención
de reparación.

A critical inventory of the funerary stelae of the Iron Age in Loire-Atlantique, with regard to their forms, materials and contexts.

Un inventaire critique des stèles funéraires de l'âge du Fer en Loire-Atlantique, au regard de leurs formes, des matériaux et des contextes.

Between the second half of the 17th Century and part of the 18th Century the convent of San Francisco at Santiago de Compostela transformed its entire architecture. To complete such an ambitious plan the friars turned to those professionals on construction who had taken the Franciscan habit inviting them to join the workshop of the convent and designating them different tasks. The present paper proposes to look into this particular way of working identifying to those Franciscan lay friars that had worked in Compostela, ordering the chronological sequence in which they participated in the works and trying to establish their particular participation.

Il contributo analizza alcune soluzioni progettuali in un caso di studio del progetto europeo Pro-GET-onE (Horizon 2020 G.A. n. 723747), il cui obiettivo è quello di individuare un sistema di facciata per il miglioramento energetico, sismico ed architettonico. Tale sistema ambisce a configurarsi come il risultato di una integrazione tra struttura, estensioni spaziali, involucro e tecnologie impiantistiche integrate (GETs), finalizzate a raggiungere prestazioni energetiche eccellenti, fino ad avvicinarsi al consumo quasi zero (nZEB). Tali addizioni volumetriche sono studiate e categorizzate secondo un abaco di soluzioni diverse e personalizzabili (balconi, serre ed extra-room) in ragione delle diverse esigenze dell’utenza. Il sistema di facciata è stato analizzato sotto il profilo energetico attraverso simulazioni implementate con il software EnergyPlus v8.4. I risultati della prestazione energetica, del comfort, della qualità dell'aria, degli aspetti acustici e di illuminazione ...

Después de medio siglo publicando noticias de la vida de Andrés de Vandelvira, y 30 años después de los fastos del V Centenario de su supuesto nacimiento, el autor se propone actualizar lo que se va sabiendo sobre su vida y obra, completando las obras biogrficas de F, Chueca Goitia (1971) y Pedro A. Galera (2000), añadiendo al respecto más documentación, en especial de su primera época, pero no solo de ella, y alguna que otra hipótesis respecto a los misterios que siguen existiendo y los secretos que él mismo se encargó de mantener respecto a sus orígenes y a su formación, cuestiones que no son baladíes ni anecdóticas, como ha señalado el mismo Chueca Goitia.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

The basics of InSAR technology and the characteristics of scattering surfaces -This paper summarises the most important characteristics of the satellite radar interferometry, which is based on the parameters of ERS-1/2 and ENVISAT satellites of ESA. The most important geometric equations and the basic steps of data processing are summarised. Using the error propagation the precision of geometric corrections is estimated. The characteristics of scattering surfaces are presented in four main categories. The future plans of our institute are outlined, which is based on Sentinel-1A satellite of ESA and artificial reflectors.

This paper proposes a fundamentally different ontological picture than the Standard Model and General Relativity. Space is represented by four equal axes (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4), the evolution of which occurs along a single absolute time t. All "relativistic" effects (slowing down of processes, length shortening, frequency shifts) are explained not by the change of the metric tensor, but by the geometry of the projection of 4D trajectories onto our 3D slice. The two-way (average) speed of light along any closed route is fixed by the postulate ⟨c⟩ = c, while the one-way speed can be anisotropic and depend on the synchronization procedure. The global symmetry SL(4, R) generates four independent Noether currents: conservation of charge, energy, momentum and "scale" (plateau law). The integrals of the flows of these currents give universal quantizing and plateau conditions from atomic orbits to galactic disks. The work is structured in increasing complexity: 1) axiomatics and ontology of the TCS; 2) kinematics of light and absolute time; 3) the dynamics of the field Q(x, t) and the derivation of the "master equation"; 4) applications to astrophysical and cosmological phenomena (galactic curves, CMB); 5) generalizations to microphysics and the standard model.

Durante el s. XVII se produce en la historia de América un largo proceso de repliegue hacia el interior, en el cual consolida sus estructuras sociales políticas y económicas. El objetivo de esta tesis es analizar como se desarrollo en quito la consolidación de la elite local, ...

Resum: Fins practican!enL les darreries del segle XIX, les malalties i epidèmies que assolaven la Humanitat s'explicaren pel paradigma "Humeral-miasmàtic", ben acreditat des de l'Antiguitat Clàssica i les autoritats municipals es preocuparen per la higiene i la neteja dels espais urbans i el seu manteniment. Aixó implicava la posada en marxa de mesures de vigilància i recursos de control. En el cas de Ciutat de Mallorca, el que s'exposarà són alguns aspectes del que s'ha anomenat Policia de la Ciutat a través de la figura del Mostassaf, tot centrant-se en el marc cronològic general dels segles XIV-XVII.

Abstract: Until praclicallv the end of the XIX century the deseases and
epidèmics which ravaged Humanity wcre explained by the paradigm
humoural-miasnialic well voiiched for from the Clàssic Antiquity. The
municipal authorities cared for hygiene and cleaning or urban space and
its maintenance. This fact imposed on them the starting of vigilance
measures and means of control. In the case of the Ciutat de Mallorca will
be staled severa] aspeets of what has been called City Poliré through the
figure of Mostassaf by concentrat i ng on the general chronologic fíame of
the XIV-XVII centúries.

This research examines the historical evolution of construction technology in Sri Lanka, tracing its development from prehistoric techniques to modern practices. It highlights the transition from basic natural material use to sophisticated engineering methods influenced by cultural, social, and technological progress. The study emphasizes how ancient construction practices—such as stone structures, irrigation systems, and traditional craftsmanship—laid the foundation for contemporary approaches. It also analyzes how globalization, industrialization, and modern engineering have transformed the construction sector in Sri Lanka, integrating sustainability, digital tools, and advanced materials. The paper contributes to understanding how historical knowledge and heritage can inform future construction practices and sustainable development.

This study delves into the profound impact of physical prototypes on engineering design. It explores their historical and ongoing relevance in advancing architectural and civil engineering. The author emphasizes the critical role of measurement prototypes in pioneering engineering endeavors, highlighting their importance in validating innovative designs and ensuring operational integrity and safety. Through illustrative examples from structural engineering and architectural acoustics, the study underscores the enduring significance of physical models in engineering innovation. It provides valuable insights into the symbiotic relationship between physical prototypes and engineering theory, shedding light on their multifaceted role in propelling engineering advancements. Ultimately, the analysis offers a nuanced understanding of the integral contribution of physical prototypes to the advancement of the engineering discipline.

Il testo qui pubblicato è la trascrizione, curata da Gianni Pirrone, dell’intervista rilasciata nel dicembre 1975 da Carlo Scarpa allo stesso Pirrone. Scarpa è impegnato in quegli anni al fianco di Roberto Calandra nel recupero del trecentesco Palazzo Chiaramonte a Palermo e nel progetto per il Nuovo Museo Nazionale di Messina.

The Theatines came to Milan in 1570, thanks to the direct invitation of the archbishop Carlo Borromeo, and hey remained in the city until the abolition of the order and the complete selling of the monastic and conventual operties in 1792. During their presence, they settled in three different already existent complexes, and aspired without success to build a new religious house. Starting from the church of Santa Maria near to San Calimero, once owned by the Humiliati, the fathers obtained the once Antonites’ abbey of Sant’Antonio Abate in 1576, which at that time was administrated as a commenda. Then, in 1660, because of the lack of space and the impossibility to acquire the entire urban block, the Theatines requested to establish a new religious house near to the so called Carrobbio crossroad. The idea was hindered by other religious orders already present in the area of the city and, finally, the Theatines obtained in 1669 the old monastery of the Hermits of Saint Jerome and the church dedicated to saint Anna under the urban jurisdiction of Porta Comasina. In this way, for the third time, they took the place of an abolished religious order.

The existing historiographical knowledge regarding the activity of ports in the central
region of Portugal has unveiled a geography of significant importance to Portuguese maritime
history, which still has much to be explored. In this context, the present master's thesis seeks to
engage in this debate by studying the commercial and maritime activities of the Mondego
region and understanding its role in relation to other port systems in the kingdom during the
period from the late 15th century to the first half of the 16th century (1450-1550). Our aim is
to offer a perspective focused on this region with respect to the interactions between the
commercial growth and opening of new trade routes associated with the Portuguese maritime
expansion and the local dynamics of the development of a small port complex. To achieve this,
we primarily utilize the customs records of the maritime village of Buarcos focused on the first
decades of the 16th century which has demonstrated a unique set of data for understanding the
economic reality of the Mondego region in aspects such as import/export movement, the
structuring of its mercantile networks, and shipbuilding activity.