Ground Beetles

В статье приведены сведения о впервые наблюдающихся в регионе больших скоплениях листоеда азиатского Chrysochares asiaticus (Pallas, 1771) в окрестностях Кизилташского лимана Краснодарского края. Представлен подробный анализ указанного явления, направленный на комплексное изучение ключевых характеристик и причин его появления.

Приведены данные полевых исследований жужелиц, проведенных в агроценозах Славянского и Темрюкского районов Краснодарского края. Определена доминантная структура жуков. Выделены роды с максимальной видовой насыщенностью в агроэкосистемах. Указаны роды жесткокрылых, которые наиболее интенсивно уничтожают вредителей на полях возделываемых культур, а также виды, способные наносить повреждения сельскохозяйственным растениям. Выделены приоритетные культуры, которые чаще всего становятся объектами повреждения со стороны жужелиц.

В книге представлены результаты исследований видового состава насекомых на территории Национального парка «Беловежская пуща». Приводятся списки всех обнаруженных на территории заповедника видов; многие виды, указывавшиеся ранее, исключены из перечня как неправильно определенные; для видов, впервые отмеченных на территории заповедника и включенных в Красную книгу, дана подробная информация о местах находок; составлен библиографический список работ, содержащих информацию о насекомых Национального парка «Беловежская пуща». Предназначена для научных работников, специалистов государственных природо охранных учреждений, преподавателей, аспирантов и студентов высших учебных заве дений биологического и экологического профилей.

Mass elevation and lee effects markedly influence snow lines and tree lines in high mountain systems. However, their impact on other phenomena or groups of organisms has not yet been quantified. Here we quantitatively studied their influence in the Himalaya-Tibet orogen on the distribution of ground beetles as model organisms, specifically whether the ground beetle distribution increases from the outer to the inner parts of the orogen, against latitudinal effects. We also tested whether July temperature and solar radiation are predictors of the beetle's elevational distribution ranges. Finally, we discussed the general importance of these effects for the distributional and evolutionary history of the biota of High Asia. We modelled spatially explicit estimates of variables characterizing temperature and solar radiation and correlated the variables with the respective lower elevational range of 118 species of ground beetles from 76 high-alpine locations. Both July temperature and solar radiation significantly positively correlated with the elevational ranges of high-alpine beetles. Against the latitudinal trend, the median elevation of the respective species distributions increased by 800 m from the Himalayan south face north to the Transhimalaya. Our results indicate that an increase in seasonal temperature due to mass elevation and lee effects substantially impact the regional distribution patterns of alpine ground beetles of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen and are likely to affect also other soil biota there and in mountain ranges worldwide. Since these effects must have changed during orogenesis, their potential impact must be considered when biogeographic scenarios based on geological models are derived. As this has not been the practice, we believe that large biases likely exist in many paleoecological and evolutionary studies dealing with the biota from the Himalaya-Tibet orogen and mountain ranges worldwide.

В работе анализируется значение эдафических условий как одного из основных регуляторов биоразнообразия жужелиц (Coleoptera: Carabidae) в поддержании стабильности природных экосистем. Результаты исследования демонстрируют, что почвенные факторы существенно воздействуют на видовое разнообразие жужелиц и их экологические группы, что оказывает влияние на стабильность экосистем. Подчеркивается значимость почвенных условий для сохранения биоразнообразия жесткокрылых и устойчивости природных комплексов в условиях антропогенной нагрузки и климатических изменений.

Mass elevation and lee effects markedly influence snow lines and tree lines in high mountain systems. However, their impact on other phenomena or groups of organisms has not yet been quantified. Here we quantitatively studied their influence in the Himalaya-Tibet orogen on the distribution of ground beetles as model organisms, specifically whether the ground beetle distribution increases from the outer to the inner parts of the orogen, against latitudinal effects. We also tested whether July temperature and solar radiation are predictors of the beetle's elevational distribution ranges. Finally, we discussed the general importance of these effects for the distributional and evolutionary history of the biota of High Asia. We modelled spatially explicit estimates of variables characterizing temperature and solar radiation and correlated the variables with the respective lower elevational range of 118 species of ground beetles from 76 high-alpine locations. Both July temperature and solar radiation significantly positively correlated with the elevational ranges of high-alpine beetles. Against the latitudinal trend, the median elevation of the respective species distributions increased by 800 m from the Himalayan south face north to the Transhimalaya. Our results indicate that an increase in seasonal temperature due to mass elevation and lee effects substantially impact the regional distribution patterns of alpine ground beetles of the Himalaya-Tibet orogen and are likely to affect also other soil biota there and in mountain ranges worldwide. Since these effects must have changed during orogenesis, their potential impact must be considered when biogeographic scenarios based on geological models are derived. As this has not been the practice, we believe that large biases likely exist in many paleoecological and evolutionary studies dealing with the biota from the Himalaya-Tibet orogen and mountain ranges worldwide.

Conservation agriculture practices such as eliminating tillage and planting high residue cover crops are becoming increasingly important in field crop systems in the US Mid-Atlantic. However, these practices have sometimes been associated with an increase in moderate to severe damage to field crops by slugs. Conserving natural enemy populations is a desirable way to manage slug infestations because remedial control measures are limited. Here, we tested the effects of conservation practices, weather, and natural enemies on slug activity-density measured by tile traps placed among 41 corn and soybean fields during the spring of 2018 and 2019 in the Northern Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, USA. We found that a positive effect of cover crops on slug activity-density was reduced by tillage and that slug activity-density declined with increasing ground beetle activity-density. Slug activity-density also declined with decreasing rainfall and increasing average temperature. Weather was the onl...

Жуки-жужелицы могут выступать как в роли вредителей сельского хозяйства, так и в качестве энтомофагов, поэтому необходимо изучение видового состава жужелиц и динамики их популяций. Сбор материала для изучения энтомофауны проводили в течение 7 лет во время активности насекомых, используя традиционные методы сбора и фиксации материала. Дана краткая характеристика некоторых аспектов биологии и экологии видов жужелиц рода Harpalus: H. rufipes, H. tardus, H. affinis и H. distinguendus , обнаруженных в агроценозах, с указанием их вредоносности. Установлены их консортные связи в агроценозах Славянского района Краснодарского края в условиях лиманно-плавневого природного комплекса Северо-Западного Кавказа в системе хищник - культура - вредители. Определены жизненные формы и экологические особенности видов.

This article deals with the application of automated system-cognitive analysis and Eidos system in plant protection. The basic principles and methods of system-cognitive analysis are discussed, as well as the possibilities and prospects of using the Eidos system to identify the regularity of phytophagy progress in beetles of the genus Harpalus: H. affinis and H. distinguendus depending on temperature and humidity

Обсуждаются перспективы использования жуков-жужелиц агроландшафтов Краснодарского края в борьбе с вредителями сельскохозяйственных культур.

The prospects of use of ground beetles of agrarian landscapes of Krasnodar Territory in the control of agricultural pests are discussed.

ENEA, Unità Tecnica sviluppo sostenibile ed innovazione del sistema agroindustriale-Laboratorio gestione sostenibile degli agro-ecosistemi-Via Anguillarese 301, ABSTRACT An entomological investigation was carried out in an agricultural area, mainly apple orchards, of the Agri river plain, located in some municipalities of Basilicata, Italy. Between 2012 and 2014, species richness and composition of carabid assemblages were investigated on the ground surface of differently managed (abandoned, organic, commercial and IPM) apple orchards and vineyards. Ground beetles (Coleoptera Carabidae) were sampled by means of pitfall traps. 1288 individuals belonging to 40 species were collected, representing two-thirds of the carabid fauna of this area found in our and earlier studies. The species richness varied between 4 and 20 in the different orchards. The common species, occurring with high relative abundance in the individual orchards in decreasing order were: Ptero-stichus (Feronidius) mel...

Author contributions: JT, CG, and KDM conceived and designed the study; JT performed the laboratory experiments and collected field samples; JT and JM performed molecular analysis and processed the data; JT, CG, and CS analyzed output data. JT wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all authors were substantially involved in discussions and editing.

Surgical treatment of tuberculosis has been applied in the former Soviet Union more frequently than in other countries. On the contrary to the international practice, tuberculoma cases have been often operated on. There was a decreasing tendency since the last decades; but the surgery rate is still comparatively high. Surgeries were sometimes performed without preceding chemotherapy. Among others, an argument in favor of the early surgery was non-compliance increasing with time. Compulsory treatments of patients with Tb and/or alcoholism are discussed here. The factors predisposing to the use of invasive procedures with questionable indications included the partial isolation from international scientific community, insufficient consideration of the principles of informed consent, professional autonomy and scientific polemics, as well as
paternalistic attitude to patients. The message of this review is that patients should not undergo operations to comply with doctrines. Evidence-based clinical indications must be determined individually.

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) (the difference between males and females in size) is considered to be the physiological reaction to environmental conditions. We estimated body size variation and SSD in two populations of ground beetle Carabus exaratus. Beetles were sampled in Krasnodar Province (Russia) in the forb-cereal meadow and beech-hornbeam forest. We processed morphometric measurements in 521 specimen for six linear traits. Beetles from the meadow were slightly larger than from the forest. SSD was pronounced in a half of traits being the highest by elytra length. On a whole, SSD did not differ in the populations studied.

The effects of insecticides that are commonly used for conventional and integrated oilseed rape (OSR) management on ground beetles were studied. Monitoring of harmful species showed that only insecticides intended against Ceutorhynchus napi should be applied. There were no differences in beetle numbers and phenology of settling of C. napi in the OSR fields that received different management practices. The type of OSR management has a primary and significant impact on ground beetles abundance. Early in the spring, ground beetles settled more massively on the non-tilled OSR field with abundant weed cover and mulch on soil surface. However, there were no significant differences in species richness between the OSR fields managed differently. A total of 22 species were recorded. Early in the spring, the granivorous ground beetles Amara aenea (47.3%) and Harpalus distinguendus (32.5%) were dominant. When insecticides were applied, immigration of ground beetles began, so that their adverse...

Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) (the difference between males and females in size) is considered to be the physiological reaction to environmental conditions. We estimated body size variation and SSD in two populations of ground beetle Carabus exaratus. Beetles were sampled in Krasnodar Province (Russia) in the forb-cereal meadow and beech-hornbeam forest. We processed morphometric measurements in 521 specimen for six linear traits. Beetles from the meadow were slightly larger than from the forest. SSD was pronounced in a half of traits being the highest by elytra length. On a whole, SSD did not differ in the populations studied.

Целью настоящей работы являлось определение особенностей формирования трофических связей и пищевой специализации доминантных видов жужелиц агроценозов Славянского и части Темрюкского районов Краснодарского края, а также выявление основных
повреждаемых культур и мест их локализации. Установлено, что среди массовых видов
встречаются как зоофаги, так и миксофитофаги. Карабидокомплекс агроценозов лиманно-плавневой территории представлен 23 доминирующими видами, полностью реализующими свой жизненный цикл в исследуемых биотопах: Carabus cumanus, C. campestris,
C. exaratus, Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus niger, Сalathus distinguendus, C. fuscipes, C. erratus,
C. melanocephalus, C. halensis, Amara aenea, A. lucida, Zabrus tenebrioides, Harpalus rufipes,
H. tardus, H. affinis, H. distinguendus, Ophonus azureus, Callistus lunatus, Dinodes decipiens,
Chlaenius aeneocephalus, Ch. nitidulus, Brachinus crepitans. Преобладали миксофитофаги геохортобионты гарпалоидные и зоофаги стратобионты скважники подстилочные. Тем не
менее, из общего количества выявленных видов жужелиц доминируют зоофаги. Среди обнаруженных доминантных видов в агроценозах встречаются вредители сельскохозяйственных культур, требующие разработки защитных мероприятий. Зоогеографический
анализ выявил широкие полисекторальные и полизональные, степные, европейскоскифские, широкотетийские, передне-среднеазиатские, европейско-туранские полисекторальные, широкосредиземноморские, европейско-средиземноморские и широкоэвксинские
ареалы. По отношению к влажности карабидокомплекс представлен мезофилами, мезоксерофилами, гигрофилами.
The aim of this work was to determine the features of the formation of trophic relationships
and food specialization of the dominant species of ground beetles of agrocenoses of the Slavyansk
and a part of the Temryuk districts of the Krasnodar Territory, as well as to identify the main
damaged crops and places of their localization. It has been established that among the mass species there are both zoophages and myxophytophages. The carabid complex of agrocenoses of the
estuary-floodplain territory is represented by 23 dominant species, which fully realized their life
cycle in the studied biotopes, namely Carabus cumanus, C. campestris, C. exaratus, Poecilus cupreus, Pterostichus niger, Сalathus distinguendus, C. fuscipes, C. erratus, C. melanocephalus, C.
halensis, Amara aenea, A. lucida, Zabrus tenebrioides, Harpalus rufipes, H. tardus, H. affinis,
H. distinguendus, Ophonus azureus, Callistus lunatus, Dinodes decipiens, Chlaenius aeneocephalus, Ch. nitidulus, Brachinus crepitans. Among mass species prevailed myxophytophagous
harpaloid geochortobionts and zoophagous stratobionts litter barnacles. Nevertheless, of the total
number of identified species, zoophages dominate. Among the dominant species found in agrocenoses, there are pests of agricultural crops that require the development of protective measures.
The zoogeographic composition is represented by Broad Polysectoral and Polyzonal, Steppe, European-Scythian, Broadly Thetitic, Anterior-Middle Asian, European-Turanian Polysectoral,
Broadly Mediterranean, European-Mediterranean, and Broadly Euxine ranges. In relation to
humidity, the carabid complex is represented by mesophiles, meso-xerophiles, and hygrophiles.

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Olfactory ability is an element of fitness in many animals, guiding choices among alternatives such as mating partners or food. Ground beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae), exhibit preferences for prey, and some species are well-known weed seed predators. We used olfactometerbased bioassays to determine if olfactory stimuli are associated with detection of Brassica napus L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Thlaspi arvense L. seeds by ground beetles characteristic of agroecosystems, and whether behavioural responses to seed odors depended on seed physiological state (imbibed or unimbibed). Imbibed B.napus seeds were preferred over other weed species by two of the three carabid species tested. Only A. littoralis responded significantly to unimbibed seeds of B. napus. Sensitivity to olfactory cues appeared to be highly specific as all carabid species discriminated between the olfactory cues of imbibed brassicaceous weed seeds, but did not discriminate between weed seeds that were unimbibed. Overall, our data suggest that depending on seed physiological state, odours can play an important role in the ability of carabids to find and recognize seeds of particular weed species.

Olfactory ability is an element of fitness in many animals, guiding choices among alternatives such as mating partners or food. Ground beetles (Coleoptera; Carabidae), exhibit preferences for prey, and some species are well-known weed seed predators. We used olfactometer-based bioassays to determine if olfactory stimuli are associated with detection of Brassica napus L., Sinapis arvensis L., and Thlaspi arvense L. seeds by ground beetles characteristic of agroecosystems, and whether behavioural responses to seed odors depended on seed physiological state (imbibed or unimbibed). Imbibed B.napus seeds were preferred over other weed species by two of the three carabid species tested. Only A. littoralis responded significantly to unimbibed seeds of B. napus. Sensitivity to olfactory cues appeared to be highly specific as all carabid species discriminated between the olfactory cues of imbibed brassicaceous weed seeds, but did not discriminate between weed seeds that were unimbibed. Overa...

The effects of land-use management and environmental features at different scales on carabid beetle diversity and trait structure were assessed across olive groves in northeastern Portugal. We selected organic and integrated olive groves that were distinct in terms of specific management practices, local linear features and landscape configurations. Besides the management intensification levels, differences in carabid diversity and community traits were mainly due to local habitat and ecological linear structures at a finer spatial scale. Carabid community traits related to disturbance, namely traits of body size and species dispersal ability, responded to land-use intensity and particular olive grove features were influencing diversity patterns. Within the olive grove patches, larger and brachypterous species were associated to plots with more dense vegetation cover while macropterous and small-sized species were more associated to open areas. Also, larger carabid species benefitted from higher patch size heterogeneity within the landscape mosaics. Our findings indicate that the effects of farming system is contingent on the specific management practices, local and linear features present in agroecosystems such as olive groves. Particularly, the influence of local features on carabid diversity patterns and community traits linked to dispersal and movement may be crucial in maintaining pest control at a landscape scale.

The family Carabidae is an important group of mostly terrestrial predators in the order of Coleoptera. Their diversity and assemblage structure were analyzed using samples obtained from six localities in northern Tunisia using pitfall traps. Species richness and abundance of carabids in different habitat types (forests, parks and cultivated fields), and their relationship with the environment were discussed. A total of 840 carabid beetles belonging to 39 species were collected. An analysis of site similarity based on species richness showed spatial variation. The Shannon-Wiener diversity and evenness indexes were calculated. The most abundant taxa were Chlaenius chrysocephalus (Rossi, 1790), Carterus rotundicollis (Rambur, 1842) and Amara aenea (De Geer, 1774). Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination highlighted the faunistic affinities among sites revealing three main groups. Temperature, rainfall, soil organic matter content, altitude and abundance of vegetation seem to be the major drivers structuring beetle assemblages and influencing species abundance and richness. These results suggest that habitat heterogeneity was the predictor of beetle assemblages, while species richness could be expected at a landscape scale using abiotic features.

Na osnovi dosadalnjih istrazivanja u submediteranskom knkom podrucju Dalmacije i posebice na trajnim eksperimentalnim plohama na podrucju opcine Vrgorac (»Stilja«) prvt put je egzaktno utvrdena drvna i lisna masa u sikarama bijeloga graba. Volumen drva varira od 15,38 do 18,10 m'/ha, a volumen iista od 3,51 do 4,41 mVha. Volumen je uvjetovan visinom i pokrovnoscu sikare. Od 19. svibnja 1992. godine zapoceo je eksperiment sa stokom (kozama) I otada se na eksperimentalnim plohama »Stilja« prat! ne samo pozitivan ucinak sume (brstenja) na koze neeo i ne^ativan ucinak koza na sumu i tlo, sto je osnovni cilj i predmet daljnjih autorovin istraiivanja.

This study aimed at clarifying the species composition and ecological structure of carabid communities, in oilseed rape fields after rape harvest. Field work was carried out in 2018. Pitfall traps (5 in each site) were set in 10 sampling sites in Thracean Lowland and Sarnena Sredna Gora Mts. Captured beetles belonged to 66 species and 24 genera, representing 9% of the species and 19% of the ground beetle genera occurring in Bulgaria. The most diverse was genus Harpalus Latreille, 1802 (15 species), followed by the genera

Изучены биологические особенности пяти массовых видов «полевых» жужелиц в агроландшафтах лиманно-плавневого природного комплекса на территории Славянского района Краснодарского края. Установлены особенности сезонной динамики активности и возрастной структуры популяций Anchomenus dorsalis, Harpalus rufipes, Calathus melanocephalus, C. erratus и C. fuscipes. Реконструированы их жизненные циклы и кратко охарактеризовано хозяйственное значение. Жизненный цикл A. dorsalis можно охарактеризовать как однолетний моновольтинный весенний моноцикл, H. rufipes – факультативно
двухгодичный позднелетний рецикл, C. melanocephalus – однолетний моновольтинный
летний моноцикл, C. erratus и C. fuscipes – как однолетний моновольтинный летнеосенний моноцикл.
Biological characteristics of five mass “field” carabid beetles species in agrolandscapes of the
estuary overflow natural complex at the territory of Slavyansk Region of Krasnodar Territory are
studied. Peculiarities of seasonal dynamics of activity and the age structure of populations of Anchomenus dorsalis, Harpalus rufipes, Calathus erratus, C. melanocephalus, and C. fuscipes are
established. Their lifecycles are reconstructed and economic significance is briefly summarized.
The life cycle of A. dorsalis can be interpreted as an annual monovoltine spring monocycle, of H.
rufipes – as a facultative biennial late summer recycle, of C. melanocephalus – as an annual
monovoltine summer unicycle, of both C. erratus and C. fuscipes – as an annual monovoltine
summer-autumn unicycle.

Приводятся данные по сезонной динамике активности и демографической структуре
популяций жужелиц Carabus exaratus и C. cumanus в условиях лиманно-плавневого природного комплекса Северо-Западного Кавказа (Славянский район Краснодарского края).
По результатам сбора имаго жужелиц почвенными ловушками Барбера-Гейдемана и
изучения состояния их репродуктивной системы реконструированы сезонная динамика
активности и жизненные циклы двух массовых видов жужелиц трибы Carabini. Проведено сравнение с данными возрастной структуры популяций C. exaratus и C. cumanus из
других зон Краснодарского края. Установлено, что жизненный цикл у С. exaratus и
C. cumanus является одногодичным. Для C. exaratus характерно летне-осеннее размножение с зимующими постгенеративными имаго, а для C. сumanus – весенне-летнее с
зимующими в большей степени постгенеративными и имматурными особями. У
C. exaratus на протяжении 2016-2017 гг. наблюдалось незначительное численное преобладание самок над самцами, у C. cumanus в 2016 г. с небольшим перевесом доминировали
самки, а в следующем году – самцы.
Data on the seasonal activity dynamics and demographic structure of populations of the
ground beetles species Carabus exaratus and C. cumanus in the conditions of the estuary overflow
natural complex of the Northwest Caucasus (Slavyansk District of the Krasnodar Territory) are
given. Basing on the results of collecting of adults by the means of soil Barber-Heydemann pitfall
traps and study of their reproductive system, seasonal activity and life cycles dynamics of two
mass species of ground beetles, belonging to the tribe Carabini, are reconstructed. Comparison
with the data on the age structure of C. exaratus and C. cumanus populations from other zones of
the Krasnodar Territory is given. It is established that both Carabus exaratus and C. cumanus
possess one-year life cycle. C. exaratus is characterized by the summer-autumnal breeding with
the overwintering postgenerative adults, and C. cumanus – by the spring-aestival one with mainly
postgenerative and immature overwintering individuals. The slight numerical prevalence of females over males was observed in 2016-2017 for C. exaratus, C. cumanus manifested a slight
overweight of females in 2016 and this of males in the next year.

Приводятся данные по видовому составу жужелиц агроценозов ФГБНУ ВНИИБЗР в
черте г. Краснодара. Исследовано 9 опытных участков, выявлено 12 преобладающих видов
из 8 родов жужелиц. Основными критериями выбора агроценозов являлась пространственная близость участков, позволяющая проследить миграции жужелиц, разнообразие
сельскохозяйственных культур и внесение в почву различных препаратов как химического,
так и биологического происхождения. Описывается сезонная динамика активности карабидокомплекса. Проанализирован материал, собранный почвенными ловушками Барбера в
2016 году. Определено, что наибольшее видовое разнообразие отмечается в летний период. Преобладающими видами в весенний период являются Carabus exaratus, Carabus
planus, Harpalus rufipes, Harpalus cupreus и Brachinus brevicollis, в летний период – Carabus
planus, Carabus exaratus, Harpalus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes, Anchomenus dorsalis и Brachinus
brevicollis, а в осенний период – Carabus planus, Carabus exaratus, Harpalus cupreus, Harpalus rufipes и Brachinus brevicollis. Для установления основного вектора перемещения жужелиц в агроландшафтах проведена обработка данных по динамике численности и обилию
видов жужелиц. Установлены направления миграций массовых видов. Полученные данные
имеют определенное значение для конкретизации представлений о фауне жужелиц агроценозов города Краснодара и могут быть использованы при составлении кадастров животного мира этого муниципального образования.

This review summarizes available data on invasive procedures applied with questionable indications in Russia in the recent past: mastectomy with the removal of muscles, gastrectomy for peptic ulcers, splenorenal anastomosis for diabetes mellitus, thoracic surgery for bronchial asthma, overuse of surgery in tuberculosis, excessive and compulsory treatments of alcohol-dependent patients, etc. Among factors contributing to the use of invasive procedures with unproven efficiency have been the partial isolation from international scientific community, insufficient consideration of the principles of professional autonomy, informed consent and scientific polemics, training of medical personnel. It is known that invasive procedures can exert a placebo effect, which might have contributed to reported efficiency of some methods discussed here. However, by definition, placebo must be free of risks.

Целью настоящей работы являлось изучение особенностей формирования карабидофауны агролдандшафта, анализ спектра жизненных форм, хорологических комплексов и типов ареала, а также биотопического преферендума видов в условиях лиманно-плавневого
природного комплекса Северо-Западного Кавказа в 2016–2018 гг. По результатам наблюдений установлено высокое разнообразие экологических групп жужелиц района исследований, включающих виды с предпочтением лесных, луговых, полевых, приводных, болотных,
степных и солончаковых стаций. В спектре жизненных форм по типу питания зоофаги
преобладают над миксофитофагами. Всего агроценозы района исследований населяют
жужелицы 17 групп жизненных форм. По результатам хорологического анализа выделены
виды с экстраголарктическими мультирегиональными, широкими полисекторными и полизональными, европейскими и еврокавказскими лесными, степными, широкотетийскими,
широкосредиземноморскими, восточно-средиземноморским, европейско-средиземноморскими, широкоэвксинскими, западнокавказскими и северозападнокавказским типами
ареалов. По отношению к влажности жужелицы района исследований являются мезофилами, мезо-ксерофилами, мезо-гигрофилами и гигрофилами.
The present research aims to study the peculiarities of the formation of the ground beetles fauna of the agrarian landscape, analysis of the life forms spectrum, chorological complexes, and
distribution range types, as well as species’ biotopic preferences under conditions of the estuary
overflow natural complex of the Northwest Caucasus in 2016–2018. According to the results of
observations, a high diversity of ecological groups of ground beetles of the territory in question
was established, including species with the forest, meadow, field, littoral, marsh, steppe and saline stations preferences. According to the nutrition type, zoophages predominate over myxophytophages in the spectrum of the life forms. In total, agrocenoses of the studied area is populated
by 17 groups of life forms of the ground beetles. By the results of the chorological analysis, species
with the extraholarctic multiregional, the wide polysectoral and polyzonal, the forest European
and Euro-Caucasian, steppe, the wide Tethyan, the wide Mediterranean, the Eastern Mediterranean, the Euro-Mediterranean, the wide Euxine, the Western Caucasian, and the Northwestern
Caucasian distribution ranges are revealed. By humidity preferences, ground beetles of the studied area are mesophilic, meso-xerophilic, meso-hygrophilous, and hygrophilous species.

Мониторинг популяций редких и охраняемых видов является важной задачей ведения федеральной и
региональных красных книг, а также представляет полезную информацию для корректировки Красного
списка МСОП. В статье приведены новые данные по биологии, экологии и хорологии 4 редких,
преимущественно охраняемых в субъектах Юга России, видов (подвидов) жужелиц, Carabus scabrosus
colchicus, C. clathratus, Carterus gilvipes и C. angustipennis lutschniki, полученные в 2011–2019 гг. в ходе
собственных мониторинговых исследований и изучения нового материала из ряда доступных авторам
коллекций. Вероятными причинами изменений биоэкологических и хорологических характеристик
указанных видов может являться трансформация их жизненных циклов в ходе приспособления к
изменяющимся условиям среды.
Monitoring of rare and protected species populations is an important task for the federal and regional Red Data
Book processing. It provides also useful information to adjust the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The
paper presents new data on biology, ecology, and chorology of four rare and mainly protected ground beetle
species (or subspecies) in South Russia, namely Carabus scabrosus colchicus, C. clathratus, Carterus gilvipes,
and C. angustipennis lutschniki. Our data were obtained during field monitoring investigations in 2011–2019,
as well as by investigating material from some available insect collections. Changes in the bioecological and
distribution characteristics of these species may be caused by modification of their life cycles during adaptation
to the changing environment conditions.

Knowledge of biodiversity in agroecosystems is crucial for understanding ecosystem functioning, but requires accurate sampling methods. Most studies of ground-active arthropods in fields rely on activity-density measurement using pitfall traps. Assemblages locally observed are likely to composed both resident and immigrant species, and that is especially true for arthropods exhibiting high dispersal abilities and/or larval development that is very different from the adults. Using a spatially paired design of emerging traps vs pitfall traps in 10 pairs of organic (OF) and conventional (CF) fields, we quantified how circulating and emerging assemblages of an abundant taxa of mobile and holometabolous insects, carabid beetles, were impacted by different field farming systems and landscape characteristics. Field sampling was carried out during 5 months of 2015 in Brittany (Western France), during which 24,726 individuals belonging to 85 species were captured. Our results revealed that the number of individuals and species of both emerging and circulating assemblages were significantly higher in OF compared to CF, reinforcing the idea that OF provide more suitable conditions for both resident and mobile arthropods. Landscape and local factors had a similar influence on emerging carabid assemblages, whereas local factors were stronger drivers for circulating carabid assemblages. This study highlights the importance of distinguishing resident (emergent) and mobile (circulating) individuals when assessing the differential role of local vs. landscape factors in community assembly. It also reinforces the idea that spatiotemporal movements of predatory arthropods are impacted by spillover from and between croplands, resulting in sourcesink dynamics with habitat quality being the major driver of these processes.

The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) will monitor ground beetle populations across a network of broadly distributed sites because beetles are prevalent in food webs, are sensitive to abiotic factors, and have an established role as indicator species of habitat and climatic shifts. We describe the design of ground beetle population sampling in the context of NEON's long‐term, continental‐scale monitoring program, emphasizing the sampling design, priorities, and collection methods. Freely available NEON ground beetle data and associated field and laboratory samples will increase scientific understanding of how biological communities are responding to land‐use and climate change.

The effects of land-use management and environmental features at different scales on carabid beetle diversity and trait structure were assessed across olive groves in northeastern Portugal. We selected organic and integrated olive groves that were distinct in terms of specific management practices, local linear features and landscape configurations. Besides the management intensification levels, differences in carabid diversity and community traits were mainly due to local habitat and ecological linear structures at a finer spatial scale. Carabid community traits related to disturbance, namely traits of body size and species dispersal ability, responded to land-use intensity and particular olive grove features were influencing diversity patterns. Within the olive grove patches, larger and brachypterous species were associated to plots with more dense vegetation cover while macropterous and small-sized species were more associated to open areas. Also, larger carabid species benefitted from higher patch size heterogeneity within the landscape mosaics. Our findings indicate that the effects of farming system is contingent on the specific management practices, local and linear features present in agroecosystems such as olive groves. Particularly, the influence of local features on carabid diversity patterns and community traits linked to dispersal and movement may be crucial in maintaining pest control at a landscape scale.

Ruminant production systems have been facing the sustainability challenge, namely, how to maintain or even increase production while reducing their environmental footprint, and improving social acceptability. One currently discussed option is to encourage farmers to follow agroecological principles, that is, to take advantage of ecological processes to reduce inputs and farm wastes, while preserving natural resources, and using this diversity to increase system resilience. However, these principles need to be made more practical. Here, we present the procedure undertaken for the collaborative construction of an agroecological diagnostic grid for dairy systems with a focus on the mountain farming relying on the use of semi-natural grasslands. This diagnosis will necessarily rely on a multicriteria evaluation as agroecology is based on a series of complementary principles. It requires defining a set of criteria, based on practices to be recommended, that should be complied with to ens...

Conservation agriculture practices such as eliminating tillage and planting high residue cover crops are becoming increasingly important in field crop systems in the US Mid-Atlantic. However, these practices have sometimes been associated with an increase in moderate to severe damage to field crops by slugs. Conserving natural enemy populations is a desirable way to manage slug infestations because remedial control measures are limited. Here, we tested the effects of conservation practices, weather, and natural enemies on slug activity-density measured by tile traps placed among 41 corn and soybean fields during the spring of 2018 and 2019 in the Northern Shenandoah Valley, Virginia, USA. We found that a positive effect of cover crops on slug activity-density was reduced by tillage and that slug activity-density declined with increasing ground beetle activity-density. Slug activity-density also declined with decreasing rainfall and increasing average temperature. Weather was the only significant predictor of ground beetle activity-density, which was reduced in sites and weeks that were relatively hot and dry or that were cool and wet. However, we also found a marginally significant negative effect of pre-plant insecticides on ground beetles. We suggest that the observed interacting effects of cover crops and tillage reflect favorable conditions for slugs provided by increased small grain crop residue that can be mitigated to some extent by even low levels of tillage. More broadly, our study suggests that implementation of practices known to promote recruitment of ground beetles in crop fields can improve natural suppression of slugs in corn and soybean that are being increasingly cultivated according to conservation agriculture practices.

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We report the Carabidae collected at the Shada Al-A’Ala Nature Reserve (SANR) in Baha Province in southwestern Saudi Arabia during 2013–2015. In total, 62 carabid species and subspecies representing 39 genera, 17 tribes, and 10 subfamilies were identified, including one new species, Paussusminutulus Nagel & Rasool, sp. n, four new country records, and 24 species that are new provincial records for Baha. The carabid fauna was dominated by the Lebiini with 19 species. A high number of species were rarely collected (34 species) in comparison to the more abundant and common species (9 species). The highest number of species (52 species) was collected during autumn. The carabids of SANR are represented by a large component of Afrotropical faunal elements (28.1%) and smaller numbers of Oriental species (3.5%) and endemic taxa (5.3%). In comparison to Garf Raydah Nature Reserve in Asir Province, also in southwestern Saudi Arabia, SANR had an equal number of carabids sharing 64.5% of the sp...

Body size variation attracts attention of many researchers in different fields because of its importance in organisms functioning. We sampled ground beetles of mountain species Carabus odoratus in different biotopes of Barguzinskiy Ridge (northeast part of Baikal Lake; N 54° 20'; E 109° 30'; Russia). Nine biotopes at different elevation were under the study. We measured sampled beetles for six morphometric traits (elytra, pronotum, head lengths and width). In total 984 specimens were measured individually. Length parameters varied to greater extent in C. odoratus. Elytra length and pronotum and head length as well were significantly shorter in beetles dwelling in aspen, fir, tundra, heath and park birch if compared with ones in forestry habitats. Wherein width parameters were, roughly speaking, similar in beetles of all studied biotopes. Undoubtedly observed effect of biotope impact on beetles' size variation was connected with differing environmental factors at the certain elevations.

The disc brake squeal is a very annoying sound and a source of considerable discomfort that leads to customer dissatisfaction. There are various possible mechanisms that could trigger brake squeal generation either from a structural dynamics or tribological point of view. Unlike drum brake design, the disc brake assembly, particularly the disc and the pads are exposed to any unwanted road particle, wear debris and water spray. Their presence into the disc and pad interfaces may create dynamic and physics phenomena induced by friction surface changes which lead to the brake noise and vibration issues. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate a characterization of the worn surface of squealing brake friction material with the effect of different sizes of foreign particles using laboratory scale brake test rig. The correlation between squeal generation and tribological characteristics of the pad including surface topography, surface roughness, wear, element composition an...

The effects of land-use management and environmental features at different scales on carabid beetle diversity and trait structure were assessed across olive groves in northeastern Portugal. We selected organic and integrated olive groves that were distinct in terms of specific management practices, local linear features and landscape configurations. Besides the management intensification levels, differences in carabid diversity and community traits were mainly due to local habitat and ecological linear structures at a finer spatial scale. Carabid community traits related to disturbance, namely traits of body size and species dispersal ability, responded to land-use intensity and particular olive grove features were influencing diversity patterns. Within the olive grove patches, larger and brachypterous species were associated to plots with more dense vegetation cover while macropterous and small-sized species were more associated to open areas. Also, larger carabid species benefitted from higher patch size heterogeneity within the landscape mosaics. Our findings indicate that the effects of farming system is contingent on the specific management practices, local and linear features present in agroecosystems such as olive groves. Particularly, the influence of local features on carabid diversity patterns and community traits linked to dispersal and movement may be crucial in maintaining pest control at a landscape scale.

Knowing the functionality and capabilities of masticatory apparatuses is essential for the ecological classification of jawed organisms. Nevertheless insects, especially with their outstanding high species number providing an overwhelming morphological diversity, are notoriously underexplored with respect to maximum bite forces and their dependency on the mandible opening angles. Aiming for a general understanding of insect biting, we examined the generalist feeding cockroach Periplaneta americana, characterized by its primitive chewing mouth parts. We measured active isometric bite forces and passive forces caused by joint resistance over the entire mandibular range with a custom-built 2D force transducer. The opening angle of the mandibles was quantified by using a video system. With respect to the effective mechanical advantage of the mandibles and the cross-section areas, we calculated the forces exerted by the mandible closer muscles and the corresponding muscle stress values. Comparisons with the scarce data available revealed close similarities of the cockroaches' mandible closer stress values (58 N/cm2) to that of smaller specialist carnivorous ground beetles, but strikingly higher values than in larger stag beetles. In contrast to available datasets our results imply the activity of faster and slower muscle fibres, with the latter becoming active only when the animals chew on tough material which requires repetitive, hard biting. Under such circumstances the coactivity of fast and slow fibres provides a force boost which is not available during short-term activities, since long latencies prevent a specific effective employment of the slow fibres in this case.

Population differentiation is a crucial step in the speciation process and is therefore a central subject in studies of microevolution. Assessing divergence and inferring its dynamics in space and time generally require a wide array of markers. Until now however, most studies of population structure are based on molecular markers and those concerning morphological traits are more scarce. In the present work, we studied morphological differentiation among populations of the ground beetle Carabus solieri, and tested its congruence with genetic population structure. The shape of pronotum and aedeagus was assessed using Dual Axis Fourier Shape Analysis. manova on Fourier coefficients revealed highly significant morphological variation between populations and a similar geographical pattern of differentiation for both structures. On the whole, morphological and genetic patterns were also found to be congruent. Our analysis confirms the phylogeographical scenario proposing that two entitie...

The effects of land-use management and environmental features at different scales on carabid beetle diversity and trait structure were assessed across olive groves in northeastern Portugal. We selected organic and integrated olive groves that were distinct in terms of specific management practices, local linear features and landscape configurations. Besides the management intensification levels, differences in carabid diversity and community traits were mainly due to local habitat and ecological linear structures at a finer spatial scale. Carabid community traits related to disturbance, namely traits of body size and species dispersal ability, responded to land-use intensity and particular olive grove features were influencing diversity patterns. Within the olive grove patches, larger and brachypterous species were associated to plots with more dense vegetation cover while macropterous and small-sized species were more associated to open areas. Also, larger carabid species benefitted from higher patch size heterogeneity within the landscape mosaics. Our findings indicate that the effects of farming system is contingent on the specific management practices, local and linear features present in agroecosystems such as olive groves. Particularly, the influence of local features on carabid diversity patterns and community traits linked to dispersal and movement may be crucial in maintaining pest control at a landscape scale.

FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF THE GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA, CARABIDAE) ON LAMA BALICE NATURE RESERVE (PUGLIA, ITALY) Preliminary information about population of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera Carabidae) of Natural Regional Park of Lama Balice (South Italy, Bari) are reported here. Study of species composition and dominance structure pointed out presence of few dominant species. Analysis of sampled vegetation macro-units (or habitats) highlighted that functional diversity of sampled ground beetles community showed valuable differences in structural and functional features of communities between different habitats. In the "macchiagariga" (shrub-garrigue) there was an increase of feeding-opportunistic species and we found sole seedeaters. In the " vegetazione erbacea di fondo lama" (grass vegetation of deep lama) we found specialised predators.