Germination rate

The aim of the present work is to study possible differences in the germination behavior of apical and basal seeds (produced in the upper and lower fruits of the infruitescence), of two populations of field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), both produced in a Mediterranean and a continental temperate climate. The results showed that among the three studied factors (population, seed type, production site), only the production site was relevant for the total germination, germinating those produced in Morris in a greater amount than those produced in Lleida. Germination models could be applied only to seeds produced at Morris (>10% germination), and despite the lack of differences in the total germination percentage, germination rates (speed—b parameter—and time to 50% germination—G50) differed between population and seed types—apical seeds from the Spanish population germinated faster (lower b parameter) than the rest, while apical seeds of both populations germinated faster than the c...

Tap water, demineralized water and liquid fertilizer have been activated using an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) to investigate their benefits for the germination rate and stem elongation rate of lentils from Puy-en-Velay (France). By plasma-activating tap water, we have obtained germination rates as high as 80% (instead of 30% with tap water). Also, higher stem elongation rates and final stem lengths were obtained using activated tap water compared with commercial fertilizer. We show that these rates of germination and stem growth strongly depend on the combination of two radicals generated in the liquids by the plasma: hydrogen peroxide and nitrate. This synergy appears to be a condition for releasing seed dormancy through the endogenous production of NO radicals.

Budidaya porang dapat dilakukan dengan metode perkecambahan poliembrioni yaitu pada satu biji dilakukan pembelahan untuk memisahkan bagian embrio yang ada di dalamnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan jumlah tunas, persentase tumbuh bagian biji bertunas, biji yang bertunas secara monoembrio dan poliembrio, serta bagian biji yang non-viable dari berbagai variasi potongan biji porang. Biji dengan berat 0,17±0,017 gram dipotong dengan berbagai variasi potongan yaitu biji dipotong tiga (P1) dan dua (P2) membujur, dipotong tiga (P3) dan dua (P4) melintang, dan biji utuh (P5), kemudian dikecambahkan selama tujuh minggu. Biji bertunas difiksasi dalam larutan alkohol 70 %untuk pengamatan lebih lanjut. Rancangan percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dan tiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak empat kali. Analisis data menggunakan ANOVA dan dilanjutkan uji Tukey (α = 0,05) menggunakan program SPSS 16.0. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa jumlah tunas paling banyak terdapat pada perlakuan biji yang dibelah tiga melintang. Tunas yang muncul semuanya berasal dari bagian proksimal biji. Persentase tumbuh bagian biji bertunas paling tinggi terdapat pada perlakuan biji utuh (70,00±21,60 %). Biji porang yang bertunas secara poliembrio paling tinggi terdapat pada perlakuan biji porang utuh (35,00±10,00 %). Perlakuan pembelahan biji secara statistik tidak berpengaruh nyata dalam menghasilkan bibit porang poliembrio.

The purpose of this study was to test in the bee's feed the biomass of aquatic microalgae Scenedesmus apiculatus, hereinafter referred to as bioactive supplement "Scenecuadri" and elaboration on its basis of a process of feeding of bee families during the end of winter and start of spring (february-march), poor harvesting period in nature. The researches were conducted on the Apis mellifera Carpatica bee families at the experimental apiary of the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences. For testing of biomass in bee's feed at the end of February, they were formed three batches of bees families, to which once for each frame with bees were administered 200 g of nutritional paste, prepared by mixing the powdered sugar with honey in proportion 7:3. The batch I control, bees have received only nutritional paste, prepared by mixing the powdered sugar with honey. The batch II the bees have received paste enriched with nutritional supplement „Apispir+Zn” in quantit...

Amaç: Bu çalışma ülkemizde tuzluluk problemi olan tarım alanları için tuzlu koşullara adapte olabilecek uygun kinoa çeşitlerin belirlenmesi amacı ile 2019 yılında Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü laboratuvarlarında yürütülmüş olup, çalışmada materyal olarak yabancı orjinli 5 adet kinoa çeşidinin tohumu kullanılmıştır. Yöntem ve Bulgular: Araştırma tuz stresine karşı toleransı belirlemek amacıyla her bir petri kabına 50 adet tohum yerleştirilerek yapılmıştır. Deneme, 4 tekkerrür olarak tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde faktöriyel düzende 0, 100, 200, 300 ve 400 mM NaCl konsantrasyonları kullanılarak çimlenme kabininde yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada farklı tuz konsantrasyon seviyelerinde tohumların çimlenme oranları, çimlenme indeksi, ortalama çimlenme süresi, radikula uzunluğu, plumula uzunluğu ve yaş bitki ağırlığı değerleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmada kullandığımız çeşitler, tuz stresine bağlı olarak farklı tepki göstermiştir. Tuz yoğunluğu artt...

The large, long-lived, epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia utriculata is currently listed as state-endangered in Florida due to significant population reduction from predation by an invasive weevil, Metamasius callizona. We have developed a novel demographic model of a population of T. utriculata in Myakka River State Park (MRSP) in Sarasota, Florida using a stage-structured matrix model. Analysis of the model revealed conditions for population viability over a variety of parameter scenarios. Model analysis showed that without weevil predation the minimum germination rate required for population viability is low (4–16%), and that given a viable population at structural equilibrium we would expect to find <1% of the population in flower or post-flowering each year and, at most, about 10% of rosettes with longest leaf length (LLL) > 15 cm in flower or post-flowering each year. Additionally, the model presented here provides a basis for further analyses which explore specific conserva...

Abiotic stresses affect the germination of many plants. To evaluate the tolerance of the Securiger securidaca medicinal plant to salinity and drought stress in the germination stage, two experiments with a completely randomized design with three replications were conducted in the Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of Shahed University. In this experiment, drought stress includes osmotic potentials of zero (control),-0.2,-0.4, and-0.8, and-1.2,-1.4,-1.6, and-2 MPa, which were prepared from polyethylene glycol 6000, and salt stress was applied using sodium chloride (NaCl) at levels of zero, 2, 6, 10, and 14 dS/m. The results showed that drought stress caused a significant decrease in the germination percentage and rate, shoot and root length, and seedling length, and increased total phenol content. With the increase in drought stress levels to-2 MPa, the percentage of germination decreased by 38.86% compared to the control, and the significant decrease in the percentage of germination started at the level of-0.2 MPa. Salinity stress also affected the germination percentage and rate, root and shoot length, seedling length, and phenol content. Increasing phenol content started at the level of drought stress (-1.2 MPa) and salinity stress (6 dS/m) and intensified with the increase in stress. The results of the research showed that increasing the levels of salinity stress up to 14 dS/m and drought stress up to 2 MPa has a significant decrease in the seed germination percentage of S. securidaca, which can be problematic in the establishment of seedlings.

The evaluation of genotype × environment interaction (G×E) is an important component of the selection process in multi-environment trials. The objective of this study was to analyze the G×E interaction for seed yield (SY), germination rate (GR), thousand seed weight (TSW) and protein content (PC) of 18 sunflower parental lines through the application of AMMI analysis, as well as to identify suitable sunflower parental lines with both high performance and high stability. Highly significant differences for SY, GR, TSW and PC were found for main effects (genotypes, years). For all investigated traits G×E interaction was also highly significant, suggesting a different response of genotypes across testing environments. Highest SY was shown by genotypes G12, G14 and G17. Most stable lines for seed yield were G1, G2, G18 and G17. High stability in terms of GR showed the genotypes G3, G11 and G15, with average values higher than the general average. In the three-year experiment environment E3 was most stable for GR. Genotypes G2, G4, G5, G6 and G7 were stable for TSW. Similar average values and stability for TSW showed E2 and E3. The lines with the most stable reaction in the examined environmental conditions for PC were G7 and G10. The most stable environment for PC was E3.

Bu calisma, Mustafa Kemal Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi Bitki Fizyolojisi Laboratuvarinda yurutulmustur. Arastirmada APPLE GL, ECOLOCIG, BARMINTON ve SOLSTIC II cok yillik cim ( Lolium perenne L.) cesitleri bitki materyali olarak kullanilmistir. Deneme tesaduf parselleri deneme deseninde faktoriyel duzende ve 4 tekerrurlu olarak kurulmustur. Cok yillik cim cesitlerinin tuz stresine tepkisini belirlemek amaciyla, 0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 mM NaCl tuz konsantrasyonlari uygulanmistir. Arastirmada cimlenme orani, cimlenme indeksi, ortalama cimlenme suresi, sap uzunlugu, kok uzunlugu, sap yas agirligi ve kok yas agirligi incelenmistir. Incelenen ozelliklerden, cimlenme orani, cimlenme indeksi, ortalama cimlenme suresi, sap uzunlugu, kok uzunlugu, sap yas agirligi ve kok yas agirligi degerleri cesitlere bagli olarak istatistiksel olarak farklilik gostermistir. Incelenen tum ozellikler artan tuz konsantrasyon duzeylerinden olumsuz etkilendigi ve bu etkinin istatistiksel olarak onemli oldugu b...

The purpose of the research was to examine the pollen germination process and growth rate of pollen tubes of papaya. Pollen tube growth of nine genotypes of papaya (IPB 1, IPB 2, IPB 3, IPB 4, IPB 5, IPB 7, IPB 8, IPB 9, and IPB 10) was investigated in this experiment in order to study their pollen germination rate and pollen viability. The fresh pollen were excised from the fl owers of papaya grown at Tajur Field Station of Research Center for Tropical Fruit, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor. The extracted pollen was cultured aseptically on the Brewbaker and Kwack medium (pH 7.3) at ambient temperature of 26-28 °C. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth was observed under optical microscope with 100 and 400 magnifi cation. Papaya pollen viability was not associated with size-based categories of papaya fruits. IPB 4 had the longest pollen tube at fi rst 30 minutes after germination (115.5 µm), whereas IPB 10 had the shortest (99.5 µm). The distance from stigma to ovary ...

The purpose of the research was to examine the pollen germination process and growth rate of pollen tubes of papaya. Pollen tube growth of nine genotypes of papaya (IPB 1, IPB 2, IPB 3, IPB 4, IPB 5, IPB 7, IPB 8, IPB 9, and IPB 10) was investigated in this experiment in order to study their pollen germination rate and pollen viability. The fresh pollen were excised from the fl owers of papaya grown at Tajur Field Station of Research Center for Tropical Fruit, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor. The extracted pollen was cultured aseptically on the Brewbaker and Kwack medium (pH 7.3) at ambient temperature of 26-28 °C. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth was observed under optical microscope with 100 and 400 magnifi cation. Papaya pollen viability was not associated with size-based categories of papaya fruits. IPB 4 had the longest pollen tube at fi rst 30 minutes after germination (115.5 µm), whereas IPB 10 had the shortest (99.5 µm). The distance from stigma to ovary ...

Amorphophallus muelleri Blume (Indonesian konjac) is an annual herbaceous wild plant growing in Indonesia. It produces glucomannan, i.e., a polysaccharide hydrocolloid compound that has many benefits in various fields of industry and has high economic value. To obtain this compound, Indonesian konjac tuber has to be processed into chips, ground, and separated from the other components such as fiber and starch. The problem encountered in producing glucomannan is to find a drying method which may optimally decrease the water content in chips with higher drying rate to produce good quality of the chips. This paper proposes a drying method and to study its effect on the quality of Indonesian konjac chips. For this purpose, we consider these two main treatments; (i) soaking in sodium metabisulphite solution in pre-drying process, and (ii) drying using oven and direct sun light. Thus, we work with four combinations of treatments and then we compare the effect of each combination on the qu...

espanolSe analiza la ecologia germinativa del espino negro (Rhamnus lycioides subsp. lycioides) y del espino de tintoreros (Rh. saxatilis) mediante ensayos realizados en laboratorio en camaras de germinacion bajo condiciones de temperatura e iluminacion controladas. Los ensayos se han realizado a la temperatura constante de 5oC y a las temperaturas fluctuantes de 15/4, 20/7, 25/10 y 28/14oC simulando condiciones naturales en ambientes submediterraneos a lo largo del ano. Las semillas de Rh. lycioides subsp. lycioides no sometidas a estratificacion fria (5oC luz) germinaron ≥ 80 % al incubarlas a 20/7, 25/10 y 28/14oC, tanto en luz como en oscuridad. La estratificacion fria durante 2 meses estimulo significativamente la germinacion a 15/4oC. En las semillas de Rh. saxatilis no sometidas a estratificacion fria el porcentaje de germinacion mas alto (49,3 %) se alcanzo a 25/10oC luz, pero tras 2 meses de estratificacion fria se supero el 80 % de germinacion a 20/7 y 25/10oC. El acido gi...

Aims: The alleviating aspects of liquid vermicompost (VCL) on the seed germination and juvenile seedling growth of Hungarian vetch, which is an important fodder plant in Turkey and in the world, under salt stress were evaluated.Methods and Results: Two experiments in laboratory and greenhouse conditions were established according to a randomized plot design with three replications. In the experiments, liquid vermicompost levels were applied as control (0%) - 1% - 2.5% - 5% and 10% and salt solutions were prepared with control (pure water), 30 mM, 60 mM and 90 mM NaCl doses. At the end of the laboratory experiment, germination rate and index of Hungarian vetch seeds, length, fresh and dry weights of plumule, and length, fresh and dry weights of radicle were examined. In the greenhouse experiment, the emergence ratio, seedling height, seedling fresh and dry weights, root length, root fresh and dry weights of Hungarian vetch were investigated.Conclusions: It was observed that the param...

Mother corm size is the most important factor for production of replacement corms, flower, and stigma yield in saffron. In semi-arid regions, water shortage is a deterrent agent for appropriate corm growth of saffron. Therefore, in this experiment the effects of six levels of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) including 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 kg ha-1 was investigated on growth indices of replacement corms of saffron. For this purpose, an experiment was evaluated at the research farm of the Saffron Research Group, Sarayan Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran, during 2013-2015. Results showed that SAP application did not considerable effect on corm growth indices in the first life cycle of saffron. Nevertheless, consumption of 30-40 kg ha-1 SAP somewhat improved the number and total weight of replacement corms per clone. In the second life cycle of saffron, the positive impact of SAP was clearly observed on the growth of replacement corms. The application of 40 kg ha-1 SAP increased the amount of number of replacement corms per clone by 13%, total weight of replacement corms per clone by 36%, and scale weight of corms per clone by 50% compared with control. In addition, the amount of mean weight of replacement corms and mean number of buds per corm in treatment of application of 40 kg ha-1 SAP were 29 and 27% higher than the control treatment, respectively. SAP application decreased the amount of non-standard (< 8 g) corm production while significantly increased the percentage of corms with standard weight. Overall, the increasing effect of SAP application on corm weight, bud number, and standard corm yield was higher than the number of produced corms per clone. In addition, water-use efficiency in SAP application treatments (6.1 kg standard corm m-3) was more than the control (4.34 kg m-3) treatment. In total, SAP application is an appropriate strategy for production of standard saffron corms in semi-arid regions.

Saffron intercropping with other plants needs to preliminary investigations about the possible negative interactions between saffron and associated crop. In this study, allelopathic effects of saffron leaf and corm extracts on germination and seedling growth indices of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), arugula (Eruca sativa) and rapeseed (Brassica napus) was investigated in six separate experiments based on completely randomized design. Experimental treatments were consisted of different levels of saffron leaf and corm extracts including 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3 and 6%. The maximum germination percentage of all selected crops was obtained at control treatment (on average 92%) and then decreased with increasing extracts concentration. So that, the germination percentage of arugula, canola and alfalfa in highest concentration of extracts were 18, 10 and 8% for leaf extract and 72, 68 and 93% for corm extract, respectively. The relatively similar trend was observed about germination rate, root and plumule lengths and dry weights. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract was more than corm extract on initial growth indices of studied plants. The lowest inhibitory effect of saffron leaf extract and even relatively high stimulatory effect of corm extract were obtained on alfalfa initial growth criteria. Considering the differences in allelochemicals mode of action and concentrations in laboratory bioassays with natural condition, it is necessary to investigate the effects of saffron residues on growth of selected associated crops in greenhouse and field scales for the final decision.

Bu çalışma, serin iklim çim alan buğdaygillerinden; Lolium, Poa, Agrostis ve Festuca cinslerine ait 10 çeşidin çimlenme döneminde kuraklık stresine dayanıklılığının belirlenmesi amacıyla Eylül 2020 tarihinde Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Pamukova Meslek Yüksekokulu laboratuvarlarında yürütülmüştür. Kuraklık stresini oluşturmak için farklı PEG-6000 (Polietilen glikol) konsantrasyonları (0,-2,-4,-6,-8,-10 bar) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde 2 faktörlü ve 3 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada; çimlenme oranı, sapçık uzunluğu, kökçük uzunluğu, vigor indeksi, sapçık/kökçük oranı, sapçık yaş ağırlığı, kökçük yaş ağırlığı, sapçık kuru ağırlığı, kökçük kuru ağırlığı ve kuraklığa tolerans indeksi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmada PEG konsantrasyonlarının artmasıyla çimlenme oranlarının düştüğü belirlenmiştir. İncelenen türler arasında Festuca arundinacea Starlett ve Festuca arundinacea Titan RX Rizomlu çeşitlerinin diğer çeşitlere göre kuraklığa daha toleranslı olduğu belirlemiştir.

Bu çalışma, serin iklim çim alan buğdaygillerinden; Lolium, Poa, Agrostis ve Festuca cinslerine ait 10 çeşidin çimlenme döneminde kuraklık stresine dayanıklılığının belirlenmesi amacıyla Eylül 2020 tarihinde Sakarya Uygulamalı Bilimler Üniversitesi Pamukova Meslek Yüksekokulu laboratuvarlarında yürütülmüştür. Kuraklık stresini oluşturmak için farklı PEG-6000 (Polietilen glikol) konsantrasyonları (0,-2,-4,-6,-8,-10 bar) kullanılmıştır. Araştırma tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde 2 faktörlü ve 3 tekrarlamalı olarak yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada; çimlenme oranı, sapçık uzunluğu, kökçük uzunluğu, vigor indeksi, sapçık/kökçük oranı, sapçık yaş ağırlığı, kökçük yaş ağırlığı, sapçık kuru ağırlığı, kökçük kuru ağırlığı ve kuraklığa tolerans indeksi özellikleri incelenmiştir. Araştırmada PEG konsantrasyonlarının artmasıyla çimlenme oranlarının düştüğü belirlenmiştir. İncelenen türler arasında Festuca arundinacea Starlett ve Festuca arundinacea Titan RX Rizomlu çeşitlerinin diğer çeşitlere göre kuraklığa daha toleranslı olduğu belirlemiştir.

Öz Bu çalışma, bazı yonca çeşitlerinin çimlenme döneminde kuraklık stresine tepkilerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla laboratuvar koşullarında yapılmıştır. Araştırmada bitki materyali olarak Bilensoy-80, Alsancak, Gözlü-1, Prosementi ve İside çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada dört farklı kuraklık stresi seviyesi (0,-2.95,-4.91 ve-10.27 bar) ele alınmış ve farklı seviyelerde kuraklık stresi oluşturmak amacıyla polietilen glikol-6000 (PEG-6000) kullanılmıştır. Deneme, tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde 2 faktör ve 4 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Araştırmada çimlenme yüzdesi, sapçık uzunluğu, kökçük uzunluğu ve vigor indeksi gibi özellikler incelenmiştir. Kuraklık seviyesindeki artış, yonca çeşitlerinde çimlenme özelliklerini önemli derecede etkilemiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, çimlenme yüzdesi % 0.00-99.50, sapçık uzunluğu 0.00-43.24 mm, kökçük uzunluğu 0.00-54.45 mm ve vigor indeksi 0.00-43.79 arasında değişmiş olup, kuraklık stresi incelenen özellikler üzerine önemli etki yapmıştır. Çeşitler, çimlenme yüzdesi bakımından-4.91 bar seviyesine kadar dayanabilmiş, bu seviyeden sonra çimlenme yüzdesi önemli ölçüde azalmıştır. Sapçık uzunluğu ve vigor indeksi bakımından çeşitler-2.95 bar, kökçük uzunluğu bakımından ise-4.91 seviyesine kadar tolerans gösterebilmişler, bu noktadan sonra azalışlar ya da ölümler görülmüştür. Bilensoy-80 ve Alsancak çeşitleri çimlenme döneminde kurağa dayanım yönünden diğerlerine oranla daha çok ön plana çıkmıştır.

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) merupakan komoditi tanaman yang termasuk ke dalam famili Araceae dan merupakan tumbuhan semak (herba) dengan umbi tunggal di dalam tanah. Penggunaan zat pengatur tumbuh sebelum melakukan penanaman porang merupakan salah satu cara untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan tunas bulbil porang. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan konsentrasi dan lama perendaman yang memberikan pengaruh dalam mempercepat pertumbuhan tunas bulbil porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume). Percobaan ini dilaksanakan di Green House Telaga Desa, Kawasan Industri KIIC, Jl. Permata Raya, Puseurjaya, Telukjambe Timur, Karawang, Jawa Barat 41361. Pecobaan ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Mei 2023. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) faktorial, yang terdiri dari 16 perlakuan diulang sebanyak 2 kali. Faktor pertama adalah Konsentrasi terdiri dari 4 taraf yaitu k0 (kontrol), k1 (200mg/l), k...

Efficient management of ‘active’ seed banks – specifically aimed at the short-term storage at room temperature of seeds to be used locally in conservation/regeneration programmes of endemic or endangered plant species – requires establishing the optimal storage time to maintain high seed viability, for each stored species. In this work, germination of seeds of the halophytes Thalictrum maritimum, Centaurea dracunculifolia and Linum maritimum has been investigated. The seeds had been stored for different periods of time in the seed bank of ‘La Albufera’ Natural Park (Valencia, SE Spain) after collection in salt marshes of the Park, where small populations of the three species are present. Seeds of T. maritimum and C. dracunculifolia have a relatively short period of viability at room temperature, and should not be stored for more than three years. On the other hand, L. maritimum seeds maintain a high germination percentage and can be kept at room temperature for up to 10 years. T. ma...

Bu çalışma çim alanların tesisinde en çok kullanılan çim türlerinden biri olan çok yıllık Lolium perenne L.'nin 4 farklı çeşidinin kuraklık stresine toleransının belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla Lolium perenne L. çeşitleri laboratuvar koşullarında tesadüf parselleri deneme deseninde ve 4 tekerrürlü petri denemesi olarak kuraklık stresi denemelerine alınmıştır. Lolium perenne L. çeşitlerinin kuraklık stresine tepkilerini belirlemek için 0,-0.4,-0.8,-1.2 ve-1.6 MPa ozmotik basınca sahip Polietilen glikol 6000 (PEG-6000) solüsyonları kullanılarak kuraklık ortamları oluşturulmuştur. Araştırmada Lolium perenne L. çeşitlerinin çimlenme oranı, çimlenme indeksi, ortalama çimlenme süresi, sap ve kök uzunluğu, sap ve kök kuru ağırlığı incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, Lolium perenne L. çeşitlerinin artan kuraklık stresi düzeylerinden olumsuz etkilendiği ve bu etkinin istatistiksel olarak önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. En yüksek çimlenme oranı (-0.4 MPa) kuraklık stresi uygulamasında Solstice II çeşidinde (% 97.5), en düşük çimlenme oranı (-0.8 MPa) kuraklık stresi uygulamasında Barminton çeşidinde (%51.5) olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm çeşitlerde-1.2 ve-1.6 MPa kuraklık stresi uygulamalarında çimlenme olmamıştır. Ayrıca Solstic II çeşidinin kurak koşullarda diğer çeşitlere göre daha iyi çimlenme ve fide gelişimi gösterdiği, bu nedenle kuraklık stresi koşullarında tercih edilebileceği belirlenmiştir.

This study was conducted to determine the response of some perennial ryegrass cultivars to salt and drought stress during seedling growth stages. Methods and Results: Four perennial ryegrass cultivars (Apple GL, Ecologic, Barminton and Solstic II) were used as the seed material. Five different doses of Polyethylene Glycol (0,-0.4,-0.8,-1.2. ve-1.6 MPa) PEG-6000 and salt concentration (0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 mM) NaCl were used to generate drought stress in seedling growth stages of perennial ryegrass. Seedling emergence experiments were carried out in plastic containers filled with a mixture of sand and peat placed into a growth cabinet with 4 replications in factorial arrangement of Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Tolerance of Lolium perenne cultivars seedling development to salinity and drought stress caused by, sodium chloride and PEG were investigated. As a result of the research in salt application, cultivars, salt and cultivars X salt interactions were significant for examined traits except for root length. In PEG application cultivars, PEG and cultivars X PEG interaction were significant for all parameters, except for root length and shoot length. Generally, increased doses of PEG and salt stress caused remarkable decreases in all examined traits. Conclusions: Perennial cultivars responded differently with regard to examined traits in seedling emergence. It can be concluded that salt and PEG-6000 was useful agent to create drought stress seedling growth of perennial ryegrass, but greater doses and osmotic potentials lower than (150 mM) and (-1.2 MPa) could be applied to better determine the drought stress tolerance of perennial ryegrass cultivars. Significance and Impact of the Study: In today's world, where the effects of global warming are increasingly felt, it will be very important to identify the drought problem and species and varieties tolerant to the use of alternative water resources. It is also important to identify the species and varieties tolerant to drought and salinity problems in the short term. Testing the cultivars that we will use in grass areas with a 21-day study and determining the appropriate cultivars that is tolerance/ resistant to salinity or drought is important for the sustainability of the grass areas.

Long distance dispersal may have important consequences for gene flow and community structure. The dispersal of many plants depends on transport by vertebrate seed dispersers. The shapes of seed shadows produced by vertebrates depend both on movement patterns of the dispersers and on the dynamics and effects of passage through the disperser's gut (i.e. the retention time, survival and germination of ingested seeds). A combination of experiments with captive waterbirds and aquatic plant seeds was used to analyse the following: (a) the effects of interand intra-specific variation in seed size and duck species on seed retention time in the gut and (b) the relationship between retention time and the percent germination and germination rates of seeds. Among the three Scirpus species used, those with smaller seeds showed higher survival after ingestion by birds and longer retention times inside their guts than those with larger seeds. For Potamogeton pectinatus, only seeds from the smaller size class (<8 mg) survived ingestion. Retention time affected the percent germination and germination rate of Scirpus seeds but in a manner that varied for the different plant and bird species studied. We recorded both linear and non-linear effects of retention time on percent germination. In addition, germination rate was positively correlated with retention time in Scirpus litoralis but negatively correlated in Scirpus lacustris. Small seed size can favour dispersal over larger distances. However, the effects of retention time on percent germination can modify the seed shadows produced by birds due to higher percent germination of seeds retained for short or intermediate periods. The changes in dispersal quality associated with dispersal distance (which is expected to be positively related to retention time) will affect the probability of seedling establishment over longer distances and, thus, the spatial characteristics of the effective seed shadow.

Vetches are grown for pastures and mixtures with grain for forage. Hairy vetch is a legume primarily used for soil improvement and bank stabilization, is well adapted to organic cultivation and grows well on a wide range of soil typeson sandy, nitrogen depleted and lightly acidic soils. The analysis of hairy vetch sensibility to soil pH parameters was performed with phyto-cameras at the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture in 2005-2006. The experiments were conducted with hairy vetch variety "Pūkiai" and wild population sample No.34, and covered investigation of vetch sensibility to the substrates with pH from 6.5 down to 3.3. The greatest hairy vetch viability and productivity were observed in the substrates with pH 5.8-5.5, and were most inhibited in the substrates with pH 3.3-3.5. Vetch No.34 tolerated substrates with pH 5.8-5.2 better than vetch "Pūkiai", whereas vetch "Pūkiai" tolerated substrates with pH 6.5 and 3.3 relatively better than vetch No.34.

Bu çalışma, bazı arpa genotiplerinin tane verimi ve kalite özellikleri üzerine çeşit ve çevrenin etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla, 2011-2012 yılında Diyarbakır ve Mardin koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, 2 adet ticari çeşit ve 5 adet ileri hat kullanarak tane verimi, bin tane ağırlığı, hektolitre ağırlığı, protein içeriği,  nişasta içeriği ve klorofil içeriği değerleri incelenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, genotip, çevre ve çeşit x çevre interaksiyonunun incelenen özellikler üzerine etkileri istatistikî olarak önemli bulunmuştur. Genotiplerin tane verimi 413.60-661.63 kg da-1, bin tane ağırlığı 42.21-45.02 g, hektolitre ağırlığı 58.92-66.39 kg/hl, tanede protein içeriği %11.70-14.24, tanede nişasta içeriği %59.8-61.2 ve klorofil içeriği 44.4-48.6 değerleri arasında değişmiştir. Her iki lokasyonda da Altıkat çeşidi en yüksek tane verimi değerine sahip olmuştur. DZA-7, DZA-8 ve Dicle 1 hatları protein içeriği, hektolitre ağırlığı ve nişasta içeriği özellikleri yönünden ön pl...

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak tanam terhadap viabilitas umbi dan pertumbuhan tanaman porang pada fase pertumbuhan kedua. Sampel penelitian adalah biji porang yang berumur 85 hst yang ditanam di lahan porang Desa Rejosari, Kecamatan Bantur, Kabupaten Malang dengan ketinggian 400 mdpl dengan suhu 27-32 o C . Sampel biji tersebut ditanam dengan perlakuan jarak tanam 40x40 cm², 60x60 cm², dan 80x80 cm . Kemudian pada fase pertumbuhan kedua, pertumbuhan tanaman yang diamati adalah tinggi petiolus , lebar tajuk, diamete r umbi, berat umbi, dan tebal umbi. Penelitian ini di rancang d engan menggunakan R AL . Pengukuran dilakukan setiap minggu untuk viabilitas umbi, setiap dua minggu untuk tinggi petiolus dan lebar tajuk , sedangkan berat, diameter dan tebal umbi dilakukan setelah tanaman rebah . Analisis data menggunakan uji ANOVA yang dilanjutkan dengan uji Tukey dan uji T (α = 0 , 05). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tinggi tanaman, lebar tajuk, berat ...

The successful establishment of any crop is the initial indication of its productivity. Optimizing the establishment of a crop implies ensuring generalized, fast and concentrated emergence. This work studies optimal temperature ranges, under non-limiting water conditions, for both germination and emergence of two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties (catarina and ervilha) and two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties (matuba and sam3). Experiments used a thermogradient plate. Petri dishes were used for germination experiments. Emergence experiments were performed in aluminium containers filled with packed portions of a sandy loam clay textured soil. Size, speed and spread of both germination and emergence were measured at different temperatures by Cu-CuNi thermocouples. Thermal ranges with optimal counts of both germination and emergence [To1 sz , To2 sz ] were identified using a flattened bell curve function. Speed was maximized for either germination or emergence over thermal ranges [To1 sp , To2 sp ] defined using the plateau model to relate either germination or emergence rates with temperature. Ranges along which the spread of both germination and emergence are nearly minimized [To1 sd , To2 sd ] were identified with the aid of even-degree polynomials. The intersection of all three thermal ranges gave rise to optimal temperature ranges [To1, To2] for germination (OTRG) of the four varieties in study and for emergence (OTRE) of three of them. In general, the lower thermal limit of OTRG was determined by speed (To1 = To1 sp) and the upper thermal limit by size (To2 = To2 sz). OTRE begins at To1 sp for ervilha and sam3 and at To1 sd for catarina and ends at To2 sz for catarina and at To2 sd for the others. The endpoints and length of both the OTRG and OTRE were also found to be crop-dependent. Thus, farmers can choose between crops and optimize their establishment. The identification of these parameters may also be useful in assessing weather forecasts and for warning systems and agro-climatic zoning. The influence of the substrate used in each experiment was also discussed.

Minimizing seed loss is one of the main goals for a successful crop establishment. The main purpose of this research was to model seed loss of tropically relevant crops, measured both at germination and at emergence, as a function of temperature and irrigation level. Four bean varieties (catarina, ervilha, manteiga and sondeyombua) and two maize varieties (matuba and sam3) were studied. Experiments were performed in a controlled environment using a thermogradient plate. Temperatures were monitored with Cu-CuNi thermocouples. Seed loss under optimal hydric conditions was simulated at different temperatures, depending on the variety. Eight irrigation levels (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15 and 18 mm) were used to simulate the effects of irrigation on losses under optimal thermal conditions. Temperature ranges suitable to the thermal response of each crop were used. A sandy loam-clay textured soil was used in both germination and emergence experiments whereas filter papers in Petri dishes were ...

Yaygin fig ( Vicia sativa L.) ciftlik hayvanlari icin yuksek oranda protein, vitaminler ve mineraller iceren tek yillik serin iklim baklagil yem bitkisidir. Bu bitkinin Turkiye’de yetistiriciligi yapilan 4 ticari cesidinin (Selcuk 99, Jade, Yucel ve Ozveren) tuzluluk stresine karsi tepkileri farkli tuz konsantrasyonlari (0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 mM) altinda cimlenme parametreleri olarak cimlenme orani (%), cimlenme indeksi, ortalama cimlenme suresi (gun), kok ve sap uzunlugu (mm) ve yas agirlik (g) incelenerek belirlenmistir. Tuz konsantrasyonu arttikca tum cesitlerin cimlenme orani, cimlenme indeksi, kok ve sap uzunlugu duserken, ortalama cimlenme suresi artmistir. Cesitlerin kok ve sap uzunlugu ve surgun yas agirligi tuz konsantrasyonu yogunluguna bagli olarak azalmistir. Cimlenme orani ve cimlenme indeksi acisindan Selcuk 99 cesidi diger cesitlerden daha yuksek sonuc verirken, ortalama cimlenme suresi acisindan Selcuk 99 ve Jade cesitleri daha kisa surede cimlenme gostermistir.

Bu çalışma; aspir çeşitlerinin çimlenme ve çıkış dönemlerinde tuz (NaCl) stresine karşı tepkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Denemede Asol, Balcı, Dinçer, Linas ve Olas çeşitleri materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada aspir tohumlarına çimlenme ve çıkış döneminde saf su (kontrol) ile 3 farklı NaCl (100 mM, 200 mM ve 300 mM) dozu uygulanmıştır. Çimlenme denemesi, petri kaplarında tesadüf parselleri faktöriyel deneme desenine göre 4 tekerrürlü olarak iklim dolabında karanlıkta (25 °C) yürütülmüştür. Çıkış denemesi ise torf (3/4), perlit (1/4) karışımı ile doldurulan kaplarda yürütülmüştür. Sonuç olarak; aspir çeşitlerinin çimlenme oranı %69-100, hassaslık indeksi 1.00-1.67, çıkış oranı %5.00-97.50, fide uzunluğu 13.4-115.9 mm, yaş fide ağırlığı 0.077-0.476 g, yaş kök ağırlığı 0.11-0.061 g, tuza tolerans yüzdesi %11.4-28.6 arasında tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca ortalama çimlenme süresi (gün), çimlenme indeksi, ortalama çıkış süresi (gün), kök uzunluğu (mm), kuru fide ağırlığ...

Efficient management of ‘active’ seed banks – specifically aimed at the short-term storage at room temperature of seeds to be used locally in conservation/regeneration programmes of endemic or endangered plant species – requires establishing the optimal storage time to maintain high seed viability, for each stored species. In this work, germination of seeds of the halophytes Thalictrum maritimum, Centaurea dracunculifolia and Linum maritimum has been investigated. The seeds had been stored for different periods of time in the seed bank of ‘La Albufera’ Natural Park (Valencia, SE Spain) after collection in salt marshes of the Park, where small populations of the three species are present. Seeds of T. maritimum and C. dracunculifolia have a relatively short period of viability at room temperature, and should not be stored for more than three years. On the other hand, L. maritimum seeds maintain a high germination percentage and can be kept at room temperature for up to 10 years. T. ma...

Long distance dispersal may have important consequences for gene flow and community structure. The dispersal of many plants depends on transport by vertebrate seed dispersers. The shapes of seed shadows produced by vertebrates depend both on movement patterns of the dispersers and on the dynamics and effects of passage through the disperser's gut (i.e. the retention time, survival and germination of ingested seeds). A combination of experiments with captive waterbirds and aquatic plant seeds was used to analyse the following: (a) the effects of interand intra-specific variation in seed size and duck species on seed retention time in the gut and (b) the relationship between retention time and the percent germination and germination rates of seeds. Among the three Scirpus species used, those with smaller seeds showed higher survival after ingestion by birds and longer retention times inside their guts than those with larger seeds. For Potamogeton pectinatus, only seeds from the smaller size class (<8 mg) survived ingestion. Retention time affected the percent germination and germination rate of Scirpus seeds but in a manner that varied for the different plant and bird species studied. We recorded both linear and non-linear effects of retention time on percent germination. In addition, germination rate was positively correlated with retention time in Scirpus litoralis but negatively correlated in Scirpus lacustris. Small seed size can favour dispersal over larger distances. However, the effects of retention time on percent germination can modify the seed shadows produced by birds due to higher percent germination of seeds retained for short or intermediate periods. The changes in dispersal quality associated with dispersal distance (which is expected to be positively related to retention time) will affect the probability of seedling establishment over longer distances and, thus, the spatial characteristics of the effective seed shadow.

Yaygin fig ( Vicia sativa L.) ciftlik hayvanlari icin yuksek oranda protein, vitaminler ve mineraller iceren tek yillik serin iklim baklagil yem bitkisidir. Bu bitkinin Turkiye’de yetistiriciligi yapilan 4 ticari cesidinin (Selcuk 99, Jade, Yucel ve Ozveren) tuzluluk stresine karsi tepkileri farkli tuz konsantrasyonlari (0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200 mM) altinda cimlenme parametreleri olarak cimlenme orani (%), cimlenme indeksi, ortalama cimlenme suresi (gun), kok ve sap uzunlugu (mm) ve yas agirlik (g) incelenerek belirlenmistir. Tuz konsantrasyonu arttikca tum cesitlerin cimlenme orani, cimlenme indeksi, kok ve sap uzunlugu duserken, ortalama cimlenme suresi artmistir. Cesitlerin kok ve sap uzunlugu ve surgun yas agirligi tuz konsantrasyonu yogunluguna bagli olarak azalmistir. Cimlenme orani ve cimlenme indeksi acisindan Selcuk 99 cesidi diger cesitlerden daha yuksek sonuc verirken, ortalama cimlenme suresi acisindan Selcuk 99 ve Jade cesitleri daha kisa surede cimlenme gostermistir.

Penyediaan benih iles-iles pada saat ini umumnya berasal dari panen di hutan-hutan. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kualitas benih dan pertumbuhan bibit iles-iles yang dihasilkan dari bunga alami dan hasil induksi gibberellin dan asal media tumbuh berbeda dengan tujuan mencari teknologi produksi benih yang terbaik. Penelitian dilakukan di lapang Kebun Percobaan Leuwikopo, IPB Bogor pada bulan Agustus 2015April 2017. Benih dari enam cara budi daya dibandingkan, yakni benih yang berasal dari umbi pembungaan alami yang ditanam pada media tanah, tanah+arang sekam, tanah+pupuk kandang, dan benih dari umbi pembungaan yang diinduksi gibberellin (1.000, 1.500, dan 2.000 ppm) ditanam pada media tanah. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa warna, ukuran buah, ukuran biji, dan daya kecambah benih tidak dipengaruhi oleh asal biji dari bunga alami atau induksi gibberelin dan jenis media. Daya berkecambah sebesar >90% dan tidak ditemukan adanya kecambah abnormal. Vigor lapang terbaik yang ditunjukkan oleh kecepatan tumbuh sejak tanam hingga daun pertama mekar sempurna dihasilkan dari benih asal media campuran tanah+arang sekam. Benih asal media tanah+arang sekam dan tanah+pupuk kandang menghasilkan bibit dengan ukuran daun yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan asal media lain. Implikasinya, perlu pemberian arang sekam atau pupuk kandang pada media tumbuh budi daya benih untuk menghasilkan bibit iles-iles yang baik.

The purpose of the research was to examine the pollen germination process and growth rate of pollen tubes of papaya. Pollen tube growth of nine genotypes of papaya (IPB 1, IPB 2, IPB 3, IPB 4, IPB 5, IPB 7, IPB 8, IPB 9, and IPB 10) was investigated in this experiment in order to study their pollen germination rate and pollen viability. The fresh pollen were excised from the fl owers of papaya grown at Tajur Field Station of Research Center for Tropical Fruit, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor. The extracted pollen was cultured aseptically on the Brewbaker and Kwack medium (pH 7.3) at ambient temperature of 26-28 °C. Pollen germination and pollen tube growth was observed under optical microscope with 100 and 400 magnifi cation. Papaya pollen viability was not associated with size-based categories of papaya fruits. IPB 4 had the longest pollen tube at fi rst 30 minutes after germination (115.5 µm), whereas IPB 10 had the shortest (99.5 µm). The distance from stigma to ovary ...

The aim of the present work is to study possible differences in the germination behavior of apical and basal seeds (produced in the upper and lower fruits of the infruitescence), of two populations of field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), both produced in a Mediterranean and a continental temperate climate. The results showed that among the three studied factors (population, seed type, production site), only the production site was relevant for the total germination, germinating those produced in Morris in a greater amount than those produced in Lleida. Germination models could be applied only to seeds produced at Morris (&gt;10% germination), and despite the lack of differences in the total germination percentage, germination rates (speed—b parameter—and time to 50% germination—G50) differed between population and seed types—apical seeds from the Spanish population germinated faster (lower b parameter) than the rest, while apical seeds of both populations germinated faster than the c...

Soils infested with weed seeds are considered hostile lands for crop production. In this context, great wild oat (Avena sp.) in winter seasons and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus sp.) in summer seasons represent problematic weeds in cropland fields. In a series of laboratory trials, we estimated the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) on germination and seedling growth of Avena sterilis L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. Different concentrations of GA3 and KNO3 were evaluated in randomized complete block design with four replicates. Findings revealed that GA3 at a rate of 200 mg L−1 along each of 150 and 250 mg L−1 treatment showed the maximum increases in germination percentage, radicle length, plumule length and seedling dry weight of A. sterilis L. All applied concentrations of KNO3 were similar (p ≥ 0.05) in enhancing seed germination of A. sterilis L. exceeding the control treatment. Application of GA3 at rates of 250, 500 and 750 mg L−1 surpassed the treat...

Bazı yabancı orjinli kinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) çeşitlerinde tuz stresinin çimlenme ve erken fide gelişimi üzerine etkisi The effect of salt stress on germination and early seedling growth of some foreign origin quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

The large, long-lived, epiphytic bromeliad Tillandsia utriculata is currently listed as state-endangered in Florida due to significant population reduction from predation by an invasive weevil, Metamasius callizona. We have developed a novel demographic model of a population of T. utriculata in Myakka River State Park (MRSP) in Sarasota, Florida using a stage-structured matrix model. Analysis of the model revealed conditions for population viability over a variety of parameter scenarios. Model analysis showed that without weevil predation the minimum germination rate required for population viability is low (4–16%), and that given a viable population at structural equilibrium we would expect to find &lt;1% of the population in flower or post-flowering each year and, at most, about 10% of rosettes with longest leaf length (LLL) &gt; 15 cm in flower or post-flowering each year. Additionally, the model presented here provides a basis for further analyses which explore specific conserva...

Studies of biological characteristics of seeds and conditions for their germination have a major importance for planning and executing rational measures of weed control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different temperatures on germination of C. campestris seeds. Three treatments (T1- storage at room temperature; T2 - exposure to 4?C for 30 days; T3 - scarification by concentrated sulphuric acid) differing in manipulation with seeds before germination were tested at different temperatures (5?C, 10?C, 15?C, 20?C, 25?C, 30?C, 35?C, 40?C, 45?C). Germinated seeds were counted daily for ten days and the length of seedlings was measured on the last day. The results showed that differences in germination of C. campestris seeds were very prominent between temperatures, as well as between treatments T1, T2 and T3. Seeds failed to germinate at 5?C and 45?C in all treatments (T1, T2, T3). Germination ranged from 6.25 at 10?C to 96.88%, the highest percentage, achieved at...

Konjac glucomannan has been commercially produced and used as functional food, food additives, food supplements, pharmaceutical and cosmetic, and biomaterials. Despite intensive and advance research at postharvest stage, knowledge on cultivation of konjac plants has been limited. This research covered current issues associated with selecting agronomically the most suitable planting material, shading effects on shoot emergence and growth characteristics, and non-destructive area estimation of the compound leaf in the konjac plants. Planting materials used were 81 true seeds, 81 bulbils and 81 cormels. Results of this study indicated that bulbil was a suitable planting material based on its early shoot emergence and size of above ground organs. Shading at 50 and 70 % exhibited a better performance in time of emergence and growth characteristics than konjac plant fully exposed to sunlight, even though the differences were not statistically significant. Total leaf blade area (LA) of the...

The aim of the present work is to study possible differences in the germination behavior of apical and basal seeds (produced in the upper and lower fruits of the infruitescence), of two populations of field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense), both produced in a Mediterranean and a continental temperate climate. The results showed that among the three studied factors (population, seed type, production site), only the production site was relevant for the total germination, germinating those produced in Morris in a greater amount than those produced in Lleida. Germination models could be applied only to seeds produced at Morris (&gt;10% germination), and despite the lack of differences in the total germination percentage, germination rates (speed—b parameter—and time to 50% germination—G50) differed between population and seed types—apical seeds from the Spanish population germinated faster (lower b parameter) than the rest, while apical seeds of both populations germinated faster than the c...

Crop establishment is a major factor determining crop productivity. Successful crop establishment requires generalized, fast and concentrated germination. Final germination counts (size), speed and spread depend on soil temperature and moisture. This work seeks to determine, under non-limiting water conditions, optimal temperature ranges for the germination of seven common Mediterranean crops, viz., pea (Pisum sativum L.), lupine (Lupinus luteus L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), broad bean (Vicia faba L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Experiments used a thermogradient plate, with temperatures monitored by Cu-CuNi thermocouples. Thermal ranges [T o1 sz

This paper aims to find an optimal combination of gibberellic acid concentration (C) and soaking duration time (T) in order to speed up and to improve the productivity of konjac (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) germination process. For this purpose, a laboratory experiment was carried out with five levels of C and four levels of T. For each combination of C and T, 300 seeds were planted in three germination trays. And by using completely randomized design, in each tray, 100 seeds were planted. On the day right after a number of days after planting (D) which consists of seven levels, the germination rate is then recorded. By using data analytics method, we conclude that the optimal combination of C, D and T is C = 200 ppm, D = 7 days and T = 6 jam. Meanwhile, for a given T and D, concentration has no effect on germination rate. It is worth noting that (i) the experiment was conducted at room temperature under controlled humidity level, and (ii) according to the knowledge of the author...

Konjac glucomannan has been commercially produced and used as functional food, food additives, food supplements, pharmaceutical and cosmetic, and biomaterials. Despite intensive and advance research at postharvest stage, knowledge on cultivation of konjac plants has been limited. This research covered current issues associated with selecting agronomically the most suitable planting material, shading effects on shoot emergence and growth characteristics, and non-destructive area estimation of the compound leaf in the konjac plants. Planting materials used were 81 true seeds, 81 bulbils and 81 cormels. Results of this study indicated that bulbil was a suitable planting material based on its early shoot emergence and size of above ground organs. Shading at 50 and 70 % exhibited a better performance in time of emergence and growth characteristics than konjac plant fully exposed to sunlight, even though the differences were not statistically significant. Total leaf blade area (LA) of the...