General Physics

The Jahn-Teller distortion, by its very nature, is often at the heart of the various electronic properties displayed by perovskites and related materials. Despite the Jahn-Teller mode being nonpolar in nature, we devise and demonstrate in the present letter an electric field control of Jahn-Teller distortions in bulk perovskites. The electric field control is enabled through an anharmonic lattice mode coupling between the Jahn-Teller distortion and a polar mode. We confirm this coupling, and explicitly an electric field effect, through first principles calculations. The coupling will always exist within the P b21m space group, which is found to be the favoured ground state for various perovskites under sufficient tensile epitaxial strain. Intriguingly, the calculations reveal that this mechanism is not only restricted to Jahn-Teller active systems, promising a general route to tune or induce novel electronic functionality in perovskites as a whole.

We present a unified interpretation of dark energy, the cosmological constant Λ, and vacuum energy. The notorious gap of about 10 122 between the QFT estimate of vacuum energy density and the observed dark energy density is not a catastrophe, but a scaling effect: an area dilution. Dividing the cosmic surface area A = 4πR 2 by the Planck area ℓ 2 Pl yields a counting measure N A ∼ 10 122 that exactly reproduces the magnitude of the supposed problem. This leads to a geometric origin story: instead of a singularity, the universe began as a Planck sphere (maximal curvature) that "opened." Curvature stretched, the surface area grew, and inside emerged an almost flat space with residual curvature as background tension. The dilution of this tension is the engine of cosmic expansion. Dimensionally, we interpret Λ as an inverse area [Λ] = m-2 , and dark energy as a constant 3D density ρ Λ = Λc 2 /(8πG) with effective w ≃-1. TUni provides a separation of structural moment (now) from observation (signal-bound past), avoiding any mixing of expansion into local time measures. We formalize the 2D → 3D mapping, anchor Λ = 1/A, discard earlier R-2 speculation (w =-1/3), and propose concrete observational tests.

We measure the large-scale real-space power spectrum P (k) using luminous red galaxies (LRGs) in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and use this measurement to sharpen constraints on cosmological parameters from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP). We employ a matrix-based power spectrum estimation method using Pseudo-Karhunen-Loève eigenmodes, producing uncorrelated minimum-variance measurements in 20 k-bands of both the clustering power and its anisotropy due to redshift-space distortions, with narrow and well-behaved window functions in the range 0.01 h/Mpc < k < 0.2 h/Mpc. Results from the LRG and main galaxy samples are consistent, with the former providing higher signal-to-noise. Our results are robust to omitting angular and radial density fluctuations and are consistent between different parts of the sky. They provide a striking confirmation of the predicted large-scale ΛCDM power spectrum. Combining only SDSS LRG and WMAP data places robust constraints on many cosmological parameters that complement prior analyses of multiple data sets. The LRGs provide independent cross-checks on Ωm and the baryon fraction in good agreement with WMAP. Within the context of flat ΛCDM models, our LRG measurements complement WMAP by sharpening the constraints on the matter density, the neutrino density and the tensor amplitude by about a factor of two, giving Ωm = 0.24±0.02 (1σ), mν ∼ < 0.9 eV (95%) and r < 0.3 (95%). Baryon oscillations are clearly detected and provide a robust measurement of the comoving distance to the median survey redshift z = 0.35 independent of curvature and dark energy properties. Within the ΛCDM framework, our power spectrum measurement improves the evidence for spatial flatness, sharpening the curvature constraint Ωtot = 1.05±0.05 from WMAP alone to Ωtot = 1.003 ± 0.010. Assuming Ωtot = 1, the equation of state parameter is constrained to w = -0.94 ± 0.09, indicating the potential for more ambitious future LRG measurements to provide precision tests of the nature of dark energy. All these constraints are essentially independent of scales k > 0.1h/Mpc and associated nonlinear complications, yet agree well with more aggressive published analyses where nonlinear modeling is crucial.

Resumen Este artículo propone un nuevo marco teórico para interpretar el comportamiento de los sistemas eléctricos trifásicos como un vórtice electromagnético. Mediante la aplicación de la geometría de vectores, se hipotetiza que la dinámica rotacional de las tres fases genera una fuerza electromagnética centrípeta, influyendo en el flujo de electrones y creando un gradiente de voltaje con un potencial más alto en el centro del vórtice. Se derivan ecuaciones preliminares basadas en las ecuaciones de Maxwell y se discuten posibles implicaciones para la ingeniería eléctrica y la física. Se recomienda una validación experimental adicional.

Ce travail présente une analyse comparative rigoureuse entre le modèle standard Λ-CDM et un modèle alternatif fondé sur l'accélération inertielle baryonique avec freinage du vide (ΦΚ/Kb′ corrigé), appliquée aux vitesses de rotation galactique. En utilisant les données réelles et complètes de la base SPARC (175 galaxies), nous démontrons que ΦΚ/Kb′ corrigé surpasse Λ-CDM dans 99.4 % des cas contre Λ-CDM brut et 97.71 % contre Λ-CDM optimisé NFW, avec une RMSE moyenne de 32.24 km/s contre 56.43 km/s pour Λ-CDM optimisé, représentant une amélioration de 1.750x. Cette performance exceptionnelle est obtenue grâce au coe icient de freinage inertiel α = 0.01180 appliqué sans ajustement libre par galaxie. Les données, calculs RMSE et comparaisons sont fournis pour validation falsifiable complète.

一、核心公理(Core Axioms) 1. 气本原论(Qi as Primordial Principle)：宇宙万物源于 "气"(The origin of all things in the universe is "Qi")，它是一种无限的、蕴含所有潜在可 能性的能量 -信息场 (an infinite energy-information field containing all potential possibilities)。 2. 气具二性(Qi Possesses Dual Nature)：气内在具有 "燥性"(Dryness) 与 "湿性" (Dampness) 两种对立的根本属性 (Qi inherently possesses two opposing fundamental properties: "Dryness" and "Dampness")。 3. 性显为力(Nature Manifests as Force)：气的二性显化为两种基本宇 宙动力(The dual natures of Qi manifest as two fundamental cosmic forces)："燥性" 主导反引力(发散、创生，"Dryness" dominates Anti-Gravity, which is divergent and generative)，"湿性" 主导引力(收 敛、成形，"Dampness" dominates Gravity, which is convergent and form-building)。 4. 力化成形(Force Actualizes Form)：二力的相互作用(The interaction between these two forces)，推动气凝聚为 "精"(drives Qi to condense into "Essence") ， 进而稳定为 "形" (物质与时空结构， and further stabilizes into "Form" -matter and spacetime structure)。 5. 循环无端(Cyclic and Unceasing)：气与形之间的转化是永恒的、循环 的动态过程(The transformation between Qi and Form is an eternal, cyclic dynamic process) ， 构成宇宙的 "呼吸" (forming the "breath" of the universe)。 二、核心概念阐释(Core Concepts Elaboration) 1. 气(Qi)：宇宙的本初状态(the primordial state of the universe)，对 应物理学的量子真空 (quantum vacuum) 或零点能场 (zero-point energy field)。其特征是概率性(probabilistic)、潜在性(potential)和无形 性(formless)。 2. 性(Nature) o 燥性(Dryness)：开发、分化、肃降、革新的趋势(a tendency of development, differentiation, descending, and innovation)。是活性、 信息的层面(the dimension of activity and information)。 o 湿性 (Dampness) ： 蕴藏、 凝聚、 承载、 稳定的趋势 (a tendency of storage, condensation, bearing, and stabilization)。是物质、能量的层面(the dimension of matter and energy)。 3. 力(Force) o 反引力(Anti-Gravity)：燥性主导，湿性为辅(dominated by Dryness and supplemented by Dampness) 。 推动能量从 "形" 中释放， 回归于 "气"

Ce travail traite d&#39;un système d&#39;Identification Rapide des Ions et de Spectroscopie (IRIS), développé pour la recherche des noyaux de fusion super-lourds. La mesure de l&#39;énergie du noyau, ainsi que l&#39;enregistrement de sa chaîne de décroissance alpha, imposent à l&#39;instrumentation des contraintes spécifiques. Celles-ci concernent la dynamique d&#39;énergie que l&#39;instrumentation doit accepter, mais aussi son temps de récupération après implantation du noyau de fusion dans le détecteur. Le système IRIS est placé en sortie d&#39;un préamplificateur de charge, lui-même connecté à un détecteur (Si) de particule. Le principe du système consiste à numériser le signal de sortie du préamplificateur auquel deux traitements numériques du signal sont appliqués. Le premier traitement a pour but de détecter l&#39;interaction de la particule avec le détecteur. Le second traitement permet de mesurer la charge créée dans le détecteur lors de l&#39;interaction. Le caractère prog...

We provide a complete and rigorous description of phase transitions for kinetic models of self-propelled particles interacting through alignment. These models exhibit a competition between alignment and noise. Both the alignment frequency and noise intensity depend on a measure of the local alignment. We show that, in the spatially homogeneous case, the phase transition features (number and nature of equilibria, stability, convergence rate, phase diagram, hysteresis) are totally encoded in how the ratio between the alignment and noise intensities depend on the local alignment. In the spatially inhomogeneous case, we derive the macroscopic models associated to the stable equilibria and classify their hyperbolicity according to the same function. to acknowledge partial support from the FP7-REGPOT-2009-1 project "Archimedes Center for Modeling, Analysis and Computation". PD acknowledges support from the 'Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR)' in the frame of the contract 'MO-TIMO' (ANR-11-MONU-009-01).

We would like to thank the directors of the institutions who have hosted ILC meetings: KEK, ANL/FNAL/SLAC/U. Colorado (Snowmass), INFN/Frascati, IIT/Bangalore, TRI-UMF/U. British Columbia, U. Valencia, IHEP/Beijing and DESY. We are grateful for the support of the Funding Agencies for Large Colliders (FALC), chaired by R. Petronzio of INFN, and we thank all of the international, regional and national funding agencies whose generous support has made the ILC Reference Design possible. Each of the GDE regional teams in the Americas, Asia and Europe are grateful for the support of their local scientific societies, industrial forums, advisory committees and reviewers.

Diffusive Radiation is a new type of radiation predicted to occur in randomly inhomogeneous media due to the multiple scattering of pseudophotons. This theoretical effect is now observed experimentally. The radiation is generated by the passage of electrons of energy 200KeV -2.2M eV through a random stack of films in the visible light region. The radiation intensity increases resonantly provided the Čerenkov condition is satisfied for the average dielectric constant of the medium. The observed angular dependence and electron resonance energy are in agreement with the theoretical predictions. These observations open a road to application of diffusive radiation in particle detection, astrophysics, soft X-ray generation and etc..

Nous présentons une méthode basée sur le codage spectral de la polarisation permettant d'accéder avec une sensibilité optimale à la biréfringence d'un échantillon en un temps compatible avec la microscopie à balayage laser. Ce concept est étendu à la microscopie plein champ associée à une caméra hyperspectrale.

Mn5Ge3 suscite de l&#39;intérêt pour des applications dans le domaine de l&#39;électronique de spin car il a une température de Curie élevée (≈300 K) et il peut croître épitaxialement sur des substrats Ge(111) permettant ainsi d&#39;injecter directement dans le semi-conducteur Ge un courant polarisé en spin.Nous avons étudié par photoémission résolue en angle et en spin (ARPES, SARPES), utilisant le rayonnement synchrotron, des films minces de Mn5Ge3(001), obtenus par croissance sur la surface reconstruites Ge(111)-c(2x8).Les résultats ARPES, obtenus dans les plans GALM et GAHK, sont en accord avec des simulations faites sur la base de calculs de structure de bandes faisant appel à la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité.Les mesures SARPES faites en plusieurs points du plan GALM sont aussi bien reproduites par ces simulations.D&#39;une façon globale, nos résultats apportent une validation remarquable de la description des propriétés électroniques de Mn5Ge3 par le modèle de band...

I present a complete treatment of quantum collapse within the Chronoflux framework. Collapse is described as a hydrodynamic reconfiguration of a fifth dimensional temporal flow. I derive a Lindblad master equation from a microscopic action using controlled approximations with explicit error bounds, establish manifest covariance with foliation independence in the Tomonaga and Schwinger formulation, prove no signalling using local operator algebras, extend the theory to quantum fields with a worked renormalisation toy model and conditions for the removal of the spatial smearing, and construct the pointer basis from first principles with uniqueness conditions. I provide quantitative predictions and detection thresholds for electron interferometers, superconducting transmons, and optomechanical resonators, along with a numerical programme to infer the parameters κ, α, and R q. The result is a covariant, falsifiable account of collapse grounded in temporal hydrodynamics.

We consider a SU (N )×SU (M ) generalization of the multichannel single-impurity Kondo model which we solve analytically in the limit N → ∞, M → ∞, with γ = M/N fixed. Non-Fermi liquid behavior of the single electron Green function and of the local spin and flavor susceptibilities occurs in both regimes, N ≤ M and N > M , with leading critical exponents identical to those found in the conformal field theory solution for all N and M (with M ≥ 2). We explain this remarkable agreement and connect it to "spin-flavor separation", the essential feature of the non-Fermi-liquid fixed point of the multichannel Kondo problem.

L&#39;investigation des voies de décroissance d&#39;un noyau excité au-dessus de l&#39;énergie de liaison est l&#39;un des grands sujets de recherche de la physique nucléaire. A partir des années quatre-vingt, la présence d&#39;autres voies de décroissance que la fission et l&#39;évaporation des résidus a été prédite et mise en évidence dans des systèmes nucléaires très excités. Ces voies ont été décrites comme l&#39;explosion du noyau chaud et la dilution en de nombreux fragments, formés simultanément, dans des situations de coexistence de phases liquide et gazeuse de la matière nucléaire. Plusieurs types de collisions ont été étudiés pour induire l&#39;excitation nécessaire à la désintégration du noyau et pour mettre en évidence les propriétés déterminantes de ce processus. Un cas particulier intéressant est celui de la &quot;multifragmentation thermique&quot;, le processus de cassure multiple d&#39;un noyau chaud quand l&#39;excitation est quasiment purement thermique, c&#39;est ...

We present a comprehensive computational implementation and verification of the Universal Model Framework (UMF), demonstrating the emergence of all four fundamental forces from a prime-weighted lattice structure with Sierpiński fractal geometry. Through systematic numerical simulation of 35 nodes and 143 edges over 100 evolutionary time steps, we recover electromagnetism as U(1) gauge theory with fine structure constant α = 1/137.035999084 ± 10-9 , weak interactions through SU(2) symmetry breaking with Higgs vacuum expectation value ⟨h⟩ = 246.000 ± 0.001 GeV, quantum chromodynamics via SU(3) confinement with string tension σ = 0.18 GeV 2 , and gravitational effects through entropic emergence with monotonically increasing entropy S(t) = 3.619 + 0.048t. The framework achieves 100% acceptance across eight rigorous validation tests, including gauge invariance (δ < 10-6), spectral dimension (D s = 2.3 ± 0.2), and prime loop enumeration (27 cycles identified). These results provide strong computational evidence for the UMF hypothesis that fundamental physics emerges from prime number distributions on fractal geometries, offering a novel path toward unification of quantum field theory with information-theoretic principles.

En premier lieu je souhaiterais remercier tout particulièrement mes deux directeurs de thèse, Juan Francisco Macías-Pérez et François-Xavier Désert pour avoir "supporté" mon entêtement et m'avoir offert 3 années de thèse captivantes. Encore merci à vous deux pour vos conseils avisés et la diversité des thématiques que vous m'avez proposées au cours de ma thèse. Je tiens ensuite à remercier les membres de mon jury Gilles Henri, Matthieu Tristram et Tony Banday pour leur présence et pour l'intérêt qu'ils ont porté à mes travaux. De même à mes deux rapporteurs José Alberto Rubiño-Martín et Jean-Luc Starck pour avoir accepté de relire mon manuscrit, particulièrement en cette période chargée au sein de la collaboration Planck. Merci également à tout le groupe Planck du LPSC pour m'avoir accueilli et permi de travailler dans un cadre sympathique et convivial au cours des mes stages de M1 et de M2 ainsi qu'au cours de ma thèse. Merci aussi au directeur du LPSC, Serge Kox, de m'avoir accueilli dans le laboratoire au cours de ma thèse. Merci également à toute la collaboration Planck pour m'avoir permi de travailler sur une expérience majeur pour la cosmologie de précision. Un énorme merci à tous ceux qui ont eut le malheur de corriger mes "photes d'ortaugrafffe" : Juan, Cécile, Céline, David, Lilian, Lauranne, Laurence, Romane et Rémi. Merci et bravo à ceux qui ont enduré ma présence dans leur bureau : Lauranne, Cyril, Fouad, Romane, Céline, Nicolas et Rémi . . . ainsi que Cécile, Barbara et Lilian. Merci à tous mes compagnons de galère thésard du LPSC, pour avoir su discuter de sujets improbables en pause café . . . Merci à tous mes amis non-physiciens, pour m'avoir permis de décrocher du monde scientifique pour de brefs moments. Finalement merci à ma famille, tous particulièrement à mes parents pour leur soutient, à ma soeur et à mon neveu Aaron . . . qui nous rappelle que le temps passe. viii Table des matières 8.7.2 Comparaison avec les prédictions théoriques .

This paper introduces a conceptual framework for understanding and optimizing the activation of layered portal systems using two foundational equations y = 1/x + x and E=mc^2. The former models the trade-off between energy input and portal distortion, while the latter governs the feasibility of sustaining portal operation through mass-energy equivalence. The intersection point at \sum{x}1.47 is identified as the Meeting Point of Parallelism, where both models align to minimize distortion and maximize sustainability. Use cases such as Quantum Gateways and Chrono Portals are explored, along with a proposed implementation blueprint involving energy-mass calibration, quantum temporal control, and equilibrium maintenance. This work bridges theoretical physics and speculative engineering to propose a balanced, scalable model for portal activation.

This Letter presents the first search for supersymmetry in final states containing one isolated electron or muon, jets, and missing transverse momentum from ffiffi ffi s p ¼ 7 TeV proton-proton collisions at the LHC. The data were recorded by the ATLAS experiment during 2010 and correspond to a total integrated luminosity of 35 pb À1 . No excess above the standard model background expectation is observed. Limits are set on the parameters of the minimal supergravity framework, extending previous limits. Within this framework, for A 0 ¼ 0 GeV, tan ¼ 3, and > 0 and for equal squark and gluino masses, gluino masses below 700 GeV are excluded at 95% confidence level.

A search for new phenomena in t " t events with large missing transverse momentum in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV is presented. The measurement is based on 1:04 fb À1 of data collected with the ATLAS detector at the LHC. Contributions to this final state may arise from a number of standard model extensions. The results are interpreted in terms of a model where new top-quark partners are pair produced and each decay to an on-shell top (or antitop) quark and a long-lived undetected neutral particle. The data are found to be consistent with standard model expectations. A limit at 95% confidence level is set excluding a cross section times branching ratio of 1.1 pb for a top-partner mass of 420 GeV and a neutral particle mass less than 10 GeV. In a model of exotic fourth generation quarks, toppartner masses are excluded up to 420 GeV and neutral particle masses up to 140 GeV.

This study presents a novel physics model that challenges the notion of empty space. It proposes that the entire universe is permeated by an inviscid, frictionless "Planck gas" composed of the smallest possible energy quanta. This framework hypothesizes that all subatomic particles and the four fundamental interactions may have emerged from this underlying gas medium. The electron is described as a specific flow structure in the gas, enabling the reproduction of atomic orbital shapes using classical fluid dynamics principles. The work further highlights that the Schrödinger equation bears a stronger mathematical resemblance to the heat (diffusion) equation than to a wave equation, offering a new interpretation in which quantum probability distributions may have thermodynamic origins. By unifying particles and fields under a single physical substrate, this model offers an alternative perspective to some of the core assumptions of modern physics.

Nous travaillons dans le cadre Nyman–Beurling–Báez-Duarte (NBBD) et construisons explicitement une suite d’approximations qui fait décroître l’erreur comme l’inverse du logarithme de la taille du système. La clé est un noyau presque stationnaire quand on regarde les indices sur une échelle logarithmique, un préconditionneur positif par produit de Schur, un test de Schur pondéré, et une coercivité uniforme démontrée via un argument de type symbole / opérateurs-limites (Toeplitz). Injecté dans l’identité d’énergie NBBD, cela force l’erreur à tendre vers zéro et implique l’Hypothèse de Riemann par le critère NBBD.

Some improvement have been incorporated to the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation. The fisrt and almost obvious is that the equation is formulated in vectorial terms. The second, formulation for rotational movement is also contemplated in a new way. Finally, the relativistic form of the equation is deduced in vectorial notation showing some of the difficulties found to progress in it.

Ce document illustre l'interprétation conceptuelle et visuelle de trois événements quantiques impliquant l'émission et l'absorption d'un photon. Ces diagrammes servent à la fois d'outil pédagogique et conceptuel, permettant aux chercheurs de visualiser la séquence de l'effondrement de la fonction d'onde, le transfert d'énergie, et la symétrie entre émission et absorption.

We would like to thank the directors of the institutions who have hosted ILC meetings: KEK, ANL/FNAL/SLAC/U. Colorado (Snowmass), INFN/Frascati, IIT/Bangalore, TRI-UMF/U. British Columbia, U. Valencia, IHEP/Beijing and DESY. We are grateful for the support of the Funding Agencies for Large Colliders (FALC), chaired by R. Petronzio of INFN, and we thank all of the international, regional and national funding agencies whose generous support has made the ILC Reference Design possible. Each of the GDE regional teams in the Americas, Asia and Europe are grateful for the support of their local scientific societies, industrial forums, advisory committees and reviewers.

Using the Bekenstein upper bound for the ratio of the entropy $S$ of any bounded system, with energy $E = Mc^2$ and effective size $R$, to its energy $E$ i.e. $S/E &lt; 2\pi k R/\hbar c$, we combine it with the holographic principle (HP) bound (&#39;t Hooft and Susskind) which is $S \le \pi k c^3R^2/\hbar G$. We find that, if both bounds are identical, such bounded system is a black hole (BH). For a system that is not a BH the two upper bounds are different. The entropy of the system must obey the lowest bound. If the bounds are proportional, the result is the proportionality between the mass M of the system and its effective size $R$. When the constant of proportionality is $2G/c^2$ the system in question is a BH, and the two bounds are identical. We analyze the case for a universe. Then the universe is a BH in the sense that its mass $M$ and its Hubble size $R \approx ct$, t the age of the universe, follow the Schwarzschild relation $2GM/c^2 = R$. Finally, for a BH, the Hawking an...

We expand on the general concept of a universe. We identify physics as a unit applied to a universe. Then we generalize the concept of a quantum black hole, and apply it to the unit of a universe. We find that only one parameter, the Pin, is needed to define all its physical properties. Here we present three significant quantum black holes, three scales: Planck&#39;s, sub- Planck and our own universe as a whole. Then we revise the holographic and fractal properties, and propose a sequential growing process to explain the evolution and the basic structure of our universe.

Let F = (P, Q) ∈ C[X, Y] 2 be a polynomial mapping over the complex field C. Suppose that A mapping that satisfies the assumptions above is called a Keller mapping. In this paper we estimate the size of the co-image of F. We give a sufficient condition for surjectivity of Keller mappings in terms of its Phantom curve. This curve is closely related to the asymptotic variety of F.

It is proven that second order vectorial nonlinear differential systems y ′′ = f (y) , possess a continuum of symmetric solutions. They are shown to possess a continuum of even solutions. If f (y) is an odd function of y , then y ′′ = f (y) is shown also to possess a continuum of odd solutions. The results apply to a significant family of second order vectorial nonlinear differential systems that are not dissipative. This family of differential equations includes the celebrated N body problem of celestial mechanics and other central force problems.

我们知道，电磁波和光子的波粒二象性问题还没有根本解决。我们今天只知道光子能量的大小为\omega\hbar，和光子出现的概率，但是不知道光子的能量流密度动量流密度等等粒子特性。也不知道粒子是怎样由波构成的或者波是怎样由粒子构成的。作者原来是一个天线工程师。一个偶然的机会把作者卷入了电磁波和粒子波粒二象性的漩涡。经过前后将近40年的努力终于在波粒二象性问题上有了突破。给出了光子是怎样由微观的电磁波构成的原理。也给出了宏观的电磁波又是怎样由光子构成的原理。本书记录这个过程。

1987年作者提出了互能定理，这个定理其实和Welch在1960年提出的互易定理接近。是Welch 时域互易定理的傅里叶变换。2017年以后作者发现其实互能定理不仅仅是一个互易定理或者能量定理，其实它是电磁场理论中的能量守恒定律。另外作者认为电磁波的电流元有两种，一种是射源产生滞后波，一种是汇阱产生的超前波。射源是包括变压器的初级线圈，发射天线，发射光的原子即辐射体。汇阱包括变压器的次级线圈，接收天线，吸收光的原子即吸收体。虽然超前波是向时间的负的方向运动的波，违背了我们今天所认识的因果关系，但是作者仍然认为超前波是物理的客观存在。

作者在磁准态情况下可以证明互能定理是能量守恒定律，但是这个能量守恒定律不能被研究电磁波辐射的麦克斯韦方程所证明。由麦克斯韦方程只能证明互能定理是一个能量定理，不能证明它是能量守恒定律。如果我们坚信互能定理是能量守恒定律，而且在辐射电磁场条件下也应该成立，这个能量守恒定律就和麦克斯韦方程发生冲突。准确的说是和坡印廷定理发生冲突。不过坡印廷定理和麦克斯韦方程等价，因此也就和麦克斯韦方程发生了冲突。作者首先尝试了一种解决冲突的方法就是引入波的反向坍缩的概念。反向坍缩的概念和波的坍缩相近。波的坍缩是波坍缩到粒子的目的地。反向坍缩是波坍缩到它的出发点。反向坍缩由时间反转波完成，因此作者的理论包括了滞后波，超前波，还有滞后波对应的时间反转波，超前波对应的时间反转波。共四个波。

2021年前后作者又发现引入时间反转波也不完全正确，正确的做法是光源发出的滞后波是无功功率波。当然光汇发出的超前波也必须是无功功率波。这种波传递的功率是无功功率的。这种波一半时间向正方向传播，另一半时间向后传播，即反向坍缩。因此在一个周期里波即正向传播，又反向传播。由此作者引入了这种无功功率的电磁波。这种波虽然把电磁能量传递到整个空间，但是这些能量又没有损耗掉，能量时间反转地返回电磁波的射源或者汇阱。

2017年作者也提出了互能流定理，互能流由滞后波和超前波构成。互能流的出发点和接收点象粒子。互能流的中部比较宽大，象波。互能流在射源处产生，在汇阱处湮灭。作者认为（猜测）光子其实就是互能流。互能流可以解释波粒子二象性问题。这样作者就提出了一个包含光子的电磁波理论。

进一步作者利用这一理论计算变压器的初级线圈和次级线圈的电磁场。由此计算从变压器初级线圈到次级线圈的能量流。然后作者把变压器的次级线圈移动到距离初级线圈较远的位置。这时初级线圈变成了发射天线，次级线圈变成了接收天线。由此得到发射天线和接收天线的电磁场理论。按照这个理论，作者要求能量守恒定律（也就是作者提出的互能定理）必须成立，这进一步要求电磁场辐射不溢出宇宙。因此作者提出了辐射不溢出宇宙的电磁场公理。值得一提的是麦克斯韦电磁理论显然不满足这个公理。这样作者就必须对麦克斯韦电磁理论做出修正。最终作者发现，麦克斯韦电磁理论中定义磁场为磁矢量势\boldsymbol{A}的旋度，这个定义其实有局限性，它只在准静态条件下成立。对于滞后或者超前的电磁波，仍然把磁场定义为矢量势的旋度就出错了。最终作者提出由坡印廷定理或者互能流定理定义磁场的新方法。由此重新定义了磁场。

作者给出采用这种新定义计算电磁场的例子。包括偶极子发射天线和偶极子接收天线的电磁场。双无穷大平板天线的电磁场。其中一个平板电流发射电磁波，一个接收电磁波。等等。最后作者假定宇宙边缘布满了吸收体电荷，并证明在这种情况下作者的计算和麦克斯韦方程在Sliver-Müller边界条件下得到的解远场辐射是一致的。不过这种情况下作者可以要求射源辐射非常稀疏，几乎一个一个光子的辐射。这样所谓远场辐射一致是指平均辐射能量的一致性。

作者也把在电磁理论中取得的成果应用到量子力学中，在薛定谔方程中作者找到和磁场对应的量，作者对这个量也象在电磁理论一样做了修正，修正后电子可以完好地由滞后波和超前波构成的互能流描述。这样也就解决了电子，和其他粒子的波粒子二象性问题。

本书就记录这个理论的产生的过程。作者的这个理论目前还没有取得广泛的支持。只能算电磁场理论的一种新尝试。目前还不能算主流的电磁场理论。但是基于经典电磁理论的光子理论还没有诞生。至于量子理论包括量子力学和量子场论其实也没有告诉我们到底粒子是什么，没有告诉我们粒子的能流密度，或者质量流密度是什么。没有告诉我们粒子的形状。作者提出的包含光子的电磁波理论做到了这一点。作者给出了详细的推导和证明。以及作者发现这个理论的每一个细节的原因和结果。希望读者可以明白并接受这个新理论。

We would like to thank the directors of the institutions who have hosted ILC meetings: KEK, ANL/FNAL/SLAC/U. Colorado (Snowmass), INFN/Frascati, IIT/Bangalore, TRI-UMF/U. British Columbia, U. Valencia, IHEP/Beijing and DESY. We are grateful for the support of the Funding Agencies for Large Colliders (FALC), chaired by R. Petronzio of INFN, and we thank all of the international, regional and national funding agencies whose generous support has made the ILC Reference Design possible. Each of the GDE regional teams in the Americas, Asia and Europe are grateful for the support of their local scientific societies, industrial forums, advisory committees and reviewers.

We present a relativistic quantum calculation at first order in perturbation theory of the differential cross section for a Dirac particle scattered by the magnetic field of a solenoid. The resulting cross section is symmetric in the scattering angle as those obtained by Aharonov and Bohm (AB) in the string limit and by Landau and Lifshitz (LL) for the non relativistic case. We show that taking pr0 sin (θ/2)/h ≪ 1 in our expression of the differential cross section it reduces to that one reported by AB, and if additionally we assume θ ≪ 1 our result becomes the one obtained by LL. However, these limits are explicitly singular in h as opposed to our initial result. We analyse the singular behavior in h and show that the perturbative Planck limit (h → 0) is consistent, contrarily to those of the AB and LL expressions.

The Netrmann solution to the scalar equfltion of transfer is obtained numerically for sample phase functions with large forward and backward peaks. The results are presented graphically and are in a homogeneous layer of optical thickness T* C 1 compared with the intensities and albedos computed by approximate methods.

We find the conditions for the existence of fermionic zero modes of the fundamental representation in the background of a Kaluza-Klein (KK) monopole. We show that while there is no zero mode without a real mass, a normalizable zero mode appears once the real mass is sufficiently large. This provides an elegant explanation for the known decoupling of KK monopole effects in supersymmetric theories when a large real mass term is added. We also present an application where the correct counting of KK zero modes plays an essential role in understanding the non-perturbative effects determining the low-energy dynamics.

In this paper the dynamics of the interaction of attosecond laser pulses with matter is investigated. It will be shown that the master equation: modified Klein-Gordon equation describes the propagation of the heatons. Heatons are the thermal wave packets. When the duration of the laser pulses is of the order of attosecond the heaton thermal wave packets are nondispersive objects. For infinite time the heatons are damped with damping factor of the order of relaxation time for thermal processes.

In this paper nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation for heat and mass transport in nanoscale was proposed and solved. It was shown that for ultra-short laser pulses nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation is reduced to nonlinear d`Alembert equation. The implicit solution of the d`Alembert equation for ultrashort laser pulses was obtained

In this paper considering quantum heat transport equation (QHT) formulated in our earlier papers the temperature for universes with G < 0 is calculated. As the solution of complex QHT (Schrodinger type equation), the temperature is complex also. We argue that due to anthropic limitation of the observer ImT(r,t)=0 From this condition the discretization of space-time radius R, velocity of the universe expansion v, Hubble parameter H and acceleration of the expansion a are calculated. The agreement with observational data for our Universe is quite good.

Je voudrais remercier les professeurs Bruno Daudin et Christian brylinsky de m'avoir fait l'honneur d'être les rapporteurs de cette thèse. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire a été réalisé au sein du laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photonique et Systèmes (LMOPS) de Metz. Je remercie Marc Fontana, son ex-directeur, et Jean Paul Salvestrini, son directeur actuel, de m'avoir accueilli au sein de leur laboratoire. Mes remerciements vont également à Abdallah Ougazzaden, mon directeur de thèse, pour sa disponibilité et la précieuse formation qu'il m'a donnée. Sans la confiance qu'il m'a témoignée ce travail n'aurait pu être mené à bien.

Using a data sample of pp collisions corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 fb -1 , the Ξ - b and Ω - b baryons are reconstructed in the Ξ - b → J/ψ Ξ -and Ω - b → J/ψ Ω -decay modes and their lifetimes measured to be τ (Ξ - b ) = 1.55 +0.10 -0.09 (stat) ± 0.03 (syst) ps, τ (Ω - b ) = 1.54 +0.26 -0.21 (stat) ± 0.05 (syst) ps. These are the most precise determinations to date. Both measurements are in good agreement with previous experimental results and with theoretical predictions.

The B 0 -B 0 and B 0 s -B 0 s production asymmetries, A P (B 0 ) and A P (B 0 s ), are measured by means of a time-dependent analysis of B 0 → J/ψK * 0 , B 0 → D -π + and B 0 s → D - s π + decays, using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 , collected by LHCb in pp collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. The measurements are performed as a function of transverse momentum and pseudorapidity of the B 0 and B 0 s mesons within the LHCb acceptance. The production asymmetries, integrated over p T and η in the range 4 < p T < 30 GeV/c and 2.5 < η < 4.5, are determined to be A P (B 0 ) = (-0.35 ± 0.76 ± 0.28)% and A P (B 0 s ) = (1.09 ± 2.61 ± 0.66)%, where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second systematic.