Fusarium species

A new disease has recently been observed in small cardamom grown in various parts of Cardamom Hill Reserves in Idukki district, Kerala, India. The disease is characterized by the development of longitudinal sunken lesions of varying length and colour on tillers as well as subsequent splitting and separation of sheaths. Lesions may occasionally appear on leaf sheaths and later spread along the tiller. Lesions on tillers as well as leaf sheaths turn cream in colour with reddish brown margin as the infection progresses. Symptoms develop on leaves as elongated brown lesions with a greyish brown centre. Based on the morphological and molecular studies, the pathogen was identified as Phoma sp. This is the first report of Phoma infection in small cardamom from Western Ghats of India.

The UV-B waves are not only a stress factor, but, as part of the Sun’s electromagnetic wave emissions, have useful information about the waves’ relations with the environmental factors (the ozone layer, the irradiation angle, topographic factors and leaf development).The most susceptible nucleotides to the action of the UV radiation are the ones containing pyrimidine bases (thymine and cytosine).The effect characteristic to UV irradiation is the forming of pyrimidine dimers, which distorts the shape of the DNA molecule, perturbing the replication.Following these changes, the effect may be lethal if the reparatory process is not carried out. To counteract the negative UV radiation effects, the organisms and plants have regenerative mechanisms (photoreactivation, excision repair, recombination replicative repair).

From 2006 to 2013, an increasing incidence of fusariosis was observed in the hematologic patients of our University Hospital. We suspected of an environmental source, and the indoor hospital air was investigated as a potential source of the fungemia. Air samplings were performed in the hematology and bone marrow transplant (BMT) wards using an air sampler with pre-defined air volumes. To study the molecular relationship among environmental and clinical isolates, 18 Fusarium spp. recovered from blood cultures were included in the study. DNA sequencing of a partial portion of TEF1α gene was performed for molecular identification. Molecular typing was carried out by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) using a four-gene scheme: TEF1α, rDNA, RPB1 and RPB2. One hundred four isolates were recovered from the air of the hematology (n = 76) and the BMT (n = 28) wards. Fusarium isolates from the air were from five species complexes: Fusarium fujikuroi (FFSC, n = 56), Fusarium incarnatum-equiset...

Crown and root rot of rice is one of the important fungal diseases of rice in Gilan and Zanjan provinces, Iran. Plants and soil around the roots of infected rice plants were collected and used to identify the causal agent. Root and crown parts were surfaced sterilized with sodium hypochlorite and then cultured on PDA, PPA and CLA media. Soil samples prepared in water agar were used to isolate the pathogen. The causal agent was identified Fusarium moniliforme as a soil borne fungus. Colonies were initially white but turned violet to grey late. Microconidia were arranged in chain and macroconidia were cylindrical and long with 3-5 septa. The disease was severe in Zanjan province particularly along Ghezel Ozan river where the infection ranged from 70-80%. Root and crown rot was more prevalent in areas where Champa and Gerdeh were being cultivated continuously. Persistent cultivation of rice and seed sowing method intensified disease development and caused significant economic losses. B...

Eight new lactones (δ-chloro-, δ-bromo-and δ-iodo-γ-lactones), each with a methylcyclohexane ring, were obtained by chemical means from (4-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl) acetic acid or (6-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl) acetic acid. Whole cells of ten fungal strains (Fusarium species, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Botrytis cinerea) were tested on their ability to convert these lactones into other products. Some of the tested fungal strains transformed chloro-, bromo-and iodolactone with a methyl group at C-5 into 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one during hydrolytic dehalogenation. When the same lactones had the methyl group at C-3, no structural modifications of halolactones were observed. In most cases, the optical purity of the product was low or medium, with the highest rate for chlorolactone (45.4%) and iodolactone (45.2% and 47.6%). All of the obtained compounds were tested with reference to their smell. Seven halolactones and the hydroxylactone obtained via biotransformation of halolactones with 5-methylcyclohexane ring were examined for their antimicrobial activity. These compounds were capable of inhibiting growth of some bacteria, yeasts and fungi.

In the cultivation of chili plants, there are some pathogen fungi that often attack chili plants and can reduce productivity. The pathogenicity of the genus Colletotrichum sp. is so strong that it can reduce chili production in quantity and quality, the disease called antracnose diseasse. Fusarium oxysporum mold can also reduce the productivity of chili. Trichoderma sp. is known to have a major role in controlling plant diseases. The secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma sp. play an important role in its antifungal activity. This research aims to find endophytic fungi Trichoderma sp which are potential as a biocontrol agent against F. oxysporum causing wilt disease in chilli. In this study, the antifungal activity of volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites of endophytic fungi Trichoderma sp. was tested against F. oxysporum and Colletotrichum sp. Antifungal activity of secondary volatile endophytic fungi Trichoderma sp. is able to inhibit Colletotrichum sp. growth by 41.11% and F. oxysporum at 12.45%. While non-volatile metabolites with a concentration of 30% displayed the greatest ability to inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum sp. by 20.58% and F. oxysporum by 13.02%.

This study was aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity of two mostly prevailing fungal species on maize (Zea maize L.) from different localities of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), Pakistan. Pathogenic fungi deteriorate food grains by producing mycotoxins and aflotoxins during storage consequently shedding menace on its nutritive quality. There were 12 species of mycoflora associated with maize seeds in the analyzed samples. Fusaium and Aspergillus species were the largest group of seed-borne fungal species present in all localities (87.25% and 82.50%, respectively). Fusarium moniliforme causes ear rot, kernel rot, stalk rot, seedling blight, seed rot, wilt and stunt and Aspergillus niger is responsible for rot of stored grain. These species were tested to determine their pathogenicity to maize seed germination and seedlings. Pathogenicity findings depicted that maize variety under cultivation in the area was highly susceptible to these fungal pathogens as Bhimber (61.5%) and Mirpur (60.25%) zones had more prevalence than other areas of AJK (23.5%). Results show that Fusarium moniliforme had 50.2% pathogenicity on seeds and 6.55% on seedlings, whilst Aspergillus niger had 62.87% on seeds and 11.24% on seedlings. These depicts that mycoflora had significant detrimental impacts on seeds and seedling's life of maize.

Root rot pathogens were found through diagnostic surveys in all departments (regions) of Bénin, West Africa, to affect 86 to 100% and 96 to 100% of cassava fields during the dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Disease incidence in individual fields ranged between 0 and 53%, and averaged 16 to 27% per department. Nattrassia mangiferae was consistently the most frequently isolated root rot pathogen (56% in the dry season and 22 to 52% in the rainy season). Pathogenicity of N. mangiferae was confirmed on four cultivars of cassava using stem cuttings and storage roots. For all four cultivars, N. mangiferae significantly reduced the number of roots. Lesions (3 to 15 cm long) formed on the lower stem portion of all inoculated plants, whereas control plants remained symptom free. On storage roots, the disease profile was similar to that formed on stem cuttings. Other root rot pathogens detected during the dry season were Macrophomina phaseolina (14.2%), Fusarium spp. (11.8%), Botryodiplod...

Fusarium species are a significant component of the set of fungi associated with cassava root rot. Yield losses due to root rot average 0.5 to 1 ton/ha but losses >3 ton/ha, an equivalent of 15 to 20% yield, often occur. This paper reviews previous work on cassava root rot and summarizes a few recent studies on Fusarium species associated with the disease. Our studies in Cameroon showed that 30% of rotted tubers were infected by Fusarium spp. 12 months after planting and represented 25% of all the fungal isolates recovered. Other commonly recovered fungi were Botryodiplodia theobromae and Armillaria spp. Numerous and diverse species of Fusarium were associated with rotted cassava roots in Nigeria and Cameroon. At least 13 distinct amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) groups of Fusarium were distinguishable, each group probably a distinct species, and many of them might represent previously undescribed Fusarium species. The two largest of the AFLP groups correspond to F. ...

Trichoderma is a saprophytic, soil-borne fungus with a worldwide distribution that has been extensively studied due to their capacity to synthesize secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activity, parasitize other fungi and directly interact with plant roots, inducing resistance to disease and tolerance to abiotic stresses. Fusarium wilt caused by the soil-inhabiting fungus Fusarium oxysporum is considered one of the most important diseases that affect banana cultivars. Currently, more environmentally friendly alternatives to control this disease are being proposed, these strategies include the application of low doses of synthetic fungicides and the use of biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma or Xylaria. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate under in vitro conditions the synergistic effect of the biological control agent T. reesei C2A combined with low doses of mancozeb to inhibit the mycelial growth of F. oxysporum F1. To perform the synergistic essays, 0.1 mg/mL of mancozeb was s...

Non-thermal energy sources have been utilized to control diseases and boost the physiological quality of maize seeds. The aim of this paper was to assess the impact of UV-c exposure and ozone application, associated or not, on organic maize seed germination and seedling vigor. Three cultivars (BRS Caimbé, BRS 1060 and BR 451), three exposure levels to ozone (15, 30 and 60 minutes) in the absence and presence of ultraviolet radiation (UV-c), were used in a completely randomized design with a factorial scheme of 3 x 3 x 2 + 3 (additional treatments) experiment. Evaluations of electrical conductivity, emergence in soil, and germination (at 4 th and 7 th day) on paper roll were done. Daily measurements of the emerged seedlings were taken up to the 14th day after emergence. The measurements included total emergence (EC), coefficient of variation in emergence time (CVt) in percentage, coefficient of emergence velocity (CVe) in percentage, emergence rate index (ERI) in days, and emergence synchronization index (Z). The tested genotypes caused differences in all studied variables. Increasing the percentage with a 30-minute exposure to ozone in the presence of UV-C radiation resulted in a validated enhance in the first germination reading. The association of O3 and UV-c techniques can be used to treat organic maize seeds without significantly affecting their physiological quality.

Eight new lactones (δ-chloro-, δ-bromo-and δ-iodo-γ-lactones), each with a methylcyclohexane ring, were obtained by chemical means from (4-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl) acetic acid or (6-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-yl) acetic acid. Whole cells of ten fungal strains (Fusarium species, Syncephalastrum racemosum and Botrytis cinerea) were tested on their ability to convert these lactones into other products. Some of the tested fungal strains transformed chloro-, bromo-and iodolactone with a methyl group at C-5 into 2-hydroxy-5-methyl-9-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan-8-one during hydrolytic dehalogenation. When the same lactones had the methyl group at C-3, no structural modifications of halolactones were observed. In most cases, the optical purity of the product was low or medium, with the highest rate for chlorolactone (45.4%) and iodolactone (45.2% and 47.6%). All of the obtained compounds were tested with reference to their smell. Seven halolactones and the hydroxylactone obtained via biotransformation of halolactones with 5-methylcyclohexane ring were examined for their antimicrobial activity. These compounds were capable of inhibiting growth of some bacteria, yeasts and fungi.

From 2006 to 2013, an increasing incidence of fusariosis was observed in the hematologic patients of our University Hospital. We suspected of an environmental source, and the indoor hospital air was investigated as a potential source of the fungemia. Air samplings were performed in the hematology and bone marrow transplant (BMT) wards using an air sampler with pre-defined air volumes. To study the molecular relationship among environmental and clinical isolates, 18 Fusarium spp. recovered from blood cultures were included in the study. DNA sequencing of a partial portion of TEF1α gene was performed for molecular identification. Molecular typing was carried out by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) using a four-gene scheme: TEF1α, rDNA, RPB1 and RPB2. One hundred four isolates were recovered from the air of the hematology (n = 76) and the BMT (n = 28) wards. Fusarium isolates from the air were from five species complexes: Fusarium fujikuroi (FFSC, n = 56), Fusarium incarnatum-equiset...

The aim of this study was to investigate antifungal properties of the composition of Se and I nanoparticles (NPs) against strains of phytopathogenic fungi Acremonium cucurbitacearum 502, Acremonium strictum 048 and Fusarium sp. 072. It has been found that the composition of Se and I NPs has antifungal properties against these strains. The highest antifungal activity was against strain A. cucurbitacearum 502, manifesting as the decrease in the number of colonies (by 60.00-86.67%) and the decrease of the diameter of colonies (by 78.95-94.22%). Antifungal activity against strain A. strictum 048 manifested as the decrease in the diameter of colonies by 52.67-75.00%. The diameter of colonies the strain Fusarium sp. 072 decreased by 25.26-51.75%. Changes in the morphology of the colonies of the strain A. strictum 048 were also noticed. Thus, the composition of Se and I nanoparticles has antifungal activity against fungal strains A. cucurbitacearum 502, A. strictum 048 and Fusarium sp. 072, which are valuable plant pathogens. The composition of Se and I NPs can be recommended for the development of the measures for the control of phytopathogenic fungi.

Regarding different ultraviolet radiations (UV), UV-B plays the most effective role on the earth and bio-plant, which needs sunshine. These radiations have a negative effect on plant growth while they mostly affect the processes such as genetic activities, cellular metabolism, plant anatomy and morphology, and ultimately the whole plant growth. The present study investigated the effects of UV-B stress on Aptenia cordifolia which is an ornamental and medicinal plant originated from Aizoaceae family and it is resistant to some stress conditions. In this study the effect of UV-B with the intensity of 40 Lux was examined during germination and vegetative stages randomly with three replications in four intervals; 0, 45, 90,120 min and then the morphological, anatomical and phytochemical traits of the plant were examined. The results showed that when treatment level increaseed, the growth and morphological parameters such as: the percentage and rate of germination, seedling height, fresh ...

Several Fusarium species and Microdochium nivale are involved in fusarium head blight (FHB), which in Italy has been constantly present on wheat since 1995. This study was carried out from 1995 to 2007 on FHB-infected durum wheat heads collected in the Bologna countryside, Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. The most frequent Fusarium species found were: Fusarium graminearum (32.1%), F. culmorum (25.2%) and F. poae (17.8%), while F. avenaceum and M. nivale occurred discontinuously. Other Fusarium species were also found, but only sporadically. It is important to identify and characterize the main species involved in the FHB syndrome for this will help us to establish control strategies that will contain the disease and the content of mycotoxins in food and animal feed.

The bacterial genus Thiobacillus is known for its ability to degrade concrete. A fungus was isolated from concrete samples and identified as a Fusarium species. Our data indicate that fungi also play an important role in the deterioration of concrete. We observed both weight loss and release of calcium when concrete was exposed to our isolate. Fungal degradation proceeded more rapidly than Thiobacillus-mediated degradation. Our study suggests that interaction between fungal metabolites and calcium in the concrete results in the formation of soluble calcium organic complexes.

Irradiation of polymers causes structural, chemical and the optical properties changes. Polystyrene nanosphere was drop coated to substrates and the gamma irradiation was carried out in a Cesium-137 (Cs-137) source chamber at different time (1-5 hours) with constant dose of 30 kGy. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the chemical properties of irradiated polystyrene while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to study the surface morphological changes of the samples. The optical energy band gaps of the thin films were investigated and studied using transmittance and absorbance measurements. The results obtained revealed that as irradiation time increases the optical properties changes and polystyrene gradually undergoes crystal to carbonaceous from its amorphous state. The average particles diameter and roughness of the samples decreases with increasing irradiation time.

Irradiation of polymers causes structural, chemical and the optical properties changes. Polystyrene nanosphere was drop coated to substrates and the gamma irradiation was carried out in a Cesium-137 (Cs-137) source chamber at different time (1-5 hours) with constant dose of 30 kGy. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the chemical properties of irradiated polystyrene while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to study the surface morphological changes of the samples. The optical energy band gaps of the thin films were investigated and studied using transmittance and absorbance measurements. The results obtained revealed that as irradiation time increases the optical properties changes and polystyrene gradually undergoes crystal to carbonaceous from its amorphous state. The average particles diameter and roughness of the samples decreases with increasing irradiation time.

Irradiation of polymers causes structural, chemical and the optical properties changes. Polystyrene nanosphere was drop coated to substrates and the gamma irradiation was carried out in a Cesium-137 (Cs-137) source chamber at different time (1-5 hours) with constant dose of 30 kGy. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the chemical properties of irradiated polystyrene while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to study the surface morphological changes of the samples. The optical energy band gaps of the thin films were investigated and studied using transmittance and absorbance measurements. The results obtained revealed that as irradiation time increases the optical properties changes and polystyrene gradually undergoes crystal to carbonaceous from its amorphous state. The average particles diameter and roughness of the samples decreases with increasing irradiation time.

Irradiation of polymers causes structural, chemical and the optical properties changes. Polystyrene nanosphere was drop coated to substrates and the gamma irradiation was carried out in a Cesium-137 (Cs-137) source chamber at different time (1-5 hours) with constant dose of 30 kGy. Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize the chemical properties of irradiated polystyrene while Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) were used to study the surface morphological changes of the samples. The optical energy band gaps of the thin films were investigated and studied using transmittance and absorbance measurements. The results obtained revealed that as irradiation time increases the optical properties changes and polystyrene gradually undergoes crystal to carbonaceous from its amorphous state. The average particles diameter and roughness of the samples decreases with increasing irradiation time.

Fungal contamination of poultry feedstuffs can lead to nutrient losses and serious harm to poultry production and public health. This study was designed to evaluate the hygienic condition and the level of fungal contamination affecting the quality of poultry feeds (Broiler and Layer feed) during the rainy season (April – September) in Ogun State, Nigeria. A total of 60 samples of mashed poultry feeds (30 broiler and 30 layer feeds) were collected from farms in Ogun state. Samples were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar, the Colony forming units (CFUs) were calculated, and the taxonomic identification of various fungal genera was made macroscopically. Fungal counts for layer feeds (8.6 ×103) were significantly P < 0.05 higher than broiler feeds (4.2 ×103). Among the feed samples, 13 (43%) broiler feed and 16 (53%) layer feed samples exceeded the accepted European standard for finished poultry feed (1×103 CFU g-1), from a total of 60 feed samples, 29(48.3%) samples exceeded the standard limits. The most frequent fungal genus recovered were Aspergillus sp. (53%, 50%) and Fusarium sp. (12%, 10%) in broiler and layer feeds respectively. The poultry feeds from some farms in Ogun state were contaminated with various fungal genera by different levels in which 48% of the samples were higher than the standard limits. Contamination with potentially mycotoxigenic fungi especially Aspergillus sp. was 50%, Fusarium sp. was 10% and their presence in feed poses a health hazard for poultry birds.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a component of the solar radiations that alter various physiological and biochemical processes in plants. There have been interests in UV-C and UV-B radiations because of their effects on plant physiology. In this study, we investigated the effect of short term UV irradiance on both biochemical parameters and pathogenicity of several root-infecting fungi in Luffa cylindrica. Plant seedlings were exposed once to UV-B and UV-C radiation for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h. After exposure, plant seedlings were transferred to a potting soil that contained natural populations of root-infecting fungi for 30 days. Initially, the plant height and weight enhanced with the increase of exposure time but then plants showed slower growth at the highest time (5 h) of exposure. Colonization of Macrophomina phaseolina, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium species was reduced when plants were exposed to UV radiation at various time intervals. We also found increased levels of chlorophyll´a`, chlorophyll 'b', and carotenoids in plants exposed to radiation. An increase in protein content was also recorded under UV-B and UV-C exposure. Enhanced catalase (CAT) activity was noted after maximum time exposure with UV-C irradiance. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity was increased with the exposure time to UV radiation. We conclude that short time UV irradiation causes alteration in photosynthetic pigments and stress enzymes activities in L. cylindrica that play a major role in the improvement of resistance against root-infecting fungi.

An extensive and intensive investigation
was carried to determine the natural
contamination of important fusarial
mycotoxins in finger millet of different
regions of A.P. A total of 110 market
samples were investigated for these
mycotoxins and contamination was
detected in 70 percent sample. A high
percentage of isolates of Fusarium were
mycotoxigenic and produced one or
more mycotoxins. Zearalenone (ZEA),
T2 toxin, nivalenol (NIV) and
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and
Deoxyscripenol (DAS) were some of the
mycotoxins detected. Nevertheless these
results indicate the need to establish, a
continuous monitoring program to
prevent and manage the occurrence of
these contaminants.

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