French horn

Measurement of neurotransmitters in the spinal dorsal horn in conscious animals remains a technical challenge. Here we applied concentric microdialysis to measure formalin-induced glutamate (Glu) release in the ipsilateral dorsal horn in conscious, freely-moving rats. Hind paw formalin injection induced flinching nociceptive behaviors accompanied by increased Glu in the dorsal horn (maximum = 294%). Both flinching and Glu increase were prevented by morphine (3 mg/kg, s.c.). Accordingly, concentric microdialysis is a sensitive technique for studying neurochemical modulation induced by pain and analgesics in the spinal dorsal horn of awake rats. Measurement of Glu provides information on modulation of excitatory signals.

This paper discusses the design of Low Cross Polarized feed for offset parabolic reflector antenna and its application. Conical corrugated horn antenna consists an input mode TE11 and the corrugation part requires a transition to HE11 mode for propagation. The paper presents the widely used design of mode converter-Variable depth slot mode used for TE11-HE11 conversion. Three different design of Corrugated horn antenna is presented for optimizing the value of Cross Polarization. The choice of the delta is the most important parameter for optimizing the value of cross polarization. The value of f/D is chosen 0.4 for offset parabolic reflector antenna. This design also provides high gain, good beam symmetry, and high bandwidth performance.

In naive animals, there is a distinct laminar termination of primary afferent neurones in the spinal dorsal horn, such that lamina II (substantia gelatinosa; SG) receives predominantly high-threshold inputs from thinly myelinated Ad and unmyelinated C primary afferent fibres . Consequently, electrophysiological recordings from SG neurones in adult spinal cord slices reveal a characteristic distribution of EPSCs in response to dorsal root stimulation . Ab fibre-evoked polysynaptic EPSCs are observed in only a very small proportion of SG neurones, while, mono-and/or polysynaptic Ad fibremediated EPSCs are detectable in the vast majority ). Following complete peripheral nerve injury, Ab fibres sprout from their normal termination site in the deep dorsal horn into the SG . Though some controversy exists regarding the extent and pattern of such central sprouting ), novel mono-(Kohama et al. 2000) or polysynaptic ) Ab fibre-mediated EPSCs begin to be observed in SG neurones following a sciatic nerve transection. Anatomical changes compatible with A fibre sprouting have also been reported following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve , a partial nerve injury model where some intact peripheral innervation and input to the dorsal horn remains. In addition to central sprouting, peripheral nerve injury is associated with atrophic changes in central afferent terminals , which might alter excitatory synaptic transmission. Changes also occur in intrinsic dorsal horn neurones, for example, partial (spared nerve injury (SNI) and CCI), but not complete, sciatic nerve injury results in a selective loss of GABA A -

The military band is a band of wind instruments differing in its constitution from other wind bands, such as the waits and the brass band. The term " military band " is applied primarily to bands associated with the armed forces, but also to civilian bands of similar instrumentation. (At times bands consisting entirely of brass instruments have been formed by regiments in Britain and abroad, but they are considered elsewhere, the accepted connotation of the term " military band " being the combination of woodwind and brass instruments.) The history of the military band in Britain, being similar to that of its evolution in other countries, will here be outlined as typical; but reference will frequently be made to conditions elsewhere. The first British army band appeared in 1678, but it is necessary to look farther back to discern the influences, which contributed to this musical entity. These were two in number the wait and the royal band (King's Musick). Both these groups grew from a common origin: the minstrels of the towns and cities became the waits, and the minstrels of the court became the royal band. An allusion to the former is seen in a record of 1442 mentioning payment to the "town minstrels" of Hull and, twenty-eight years later, an instance of the latter is found in the thirteen court minstrels of Edward IV, " some with the shalmes and small pipes ". The Lord Chamberlain's records Of 1503 give five names as those of players on " Sakbusshes and Shalmoyes ", and. six years later is found four players on the " Sakbutts and Shalmes of the Privee Chamber ".

The weapons of beetles are well-known examples of sexually selected traits that have been studied intensively since the time of Darwin. Although the patterns of variation in weapon size are well known in many species, weapon shape remains very much understudied. This might be a result of technical problems related to quantification of the shape of some types of weapons. Given that description of the patterns of variation in weapon shape is a key step to the proper understanding of the function and evolution of these structures, the main aim of this study was to quantify, for the first time, the inter-and intrasexual patterns of horn shape variation in the European rhinoceros beetle, Orcytes nasicornis L. We documented significant differences in horn shape allometry patterns between male morphotypes. We found that in males of the studied species, the horn becomes more elongated, more curved and more slender with increasing body size, which might potentially support its effectiveness as a weapon used in a specific form of combat of rhinoceros beetles. Nevertheless, when the body reached a critical size (big 'alpha' males), no further effect of body size on horn shape was observed. In order to describe horn shape quantitatively, we have developed and tested a simple tool that can be used to quantify various morphological structures, including different types of beetle weapons.

is a journal primarily devoted to insect systematics, but articles can be published on any non-marine arthropod. Topics considered for publication include systematics, taxonomy, nomenclature, checklists, faunal works, and natural history. Insecta Mundi will not consider works in the applied sciences (i.e. medical entomology, pest control research, etc.), and no longer publishes book reviews or editorials. Insecta Mundi publishes original research or discoveries in an inexpensive and timely manner, distributing them free via open access on the internet on the date of publication. Insecta Mundi is referenced or abstracted by several sources including the Zoological Record, CAB Abstracts, etc. Insecta Mundi is published irregularly throughout the year, with completed manuscripts assigned an individual number. Manuscripts must be peer reviewed prior to submission, after which they are reviewed by the editorial board to ensure quality. One author of each submitted manuscript must be a current member of the Center for Systematic Entomology.

I used the equivalent of ANCOVA for non-linear observations to reexamine data for allometric variation in length of the horns in male and female bovid mammals. The data came from an earlier investigation that arrived at several important, but weakly supported, conclusions about the relationship between horn size and body size across species. The new analysis on untransformed observations revealed that patterns of variation in horn length are described better by three-parameter power equations than by two-parameter power functions that were the basis for the original study. The Y-intercepts and allometric exponents estimated in the new analysis are identical for both sexes, but the allometric coefficient is larger for males than for females, thereby accounting for the higher trajectory for the curve fitted to data for males. The fitted equations point to sexual dimorphism in length of the horns that increases in concert with increases in body size. However, the function describing horns in males may have been unduly influenced by statistical outliers, so the pattern of allometric variation in males is not settled. The analytical protocol described here is more versatile than conventional and phylogenetic ANCOVAs on log transformations.

A variety of protocols have been used to study allometric variation in size of the exaggerated mandibles on male stag beetles. Many of these protocols entail logarithmic transformation of the original measurements followed by numerical analysis of the transformations by linear regression or some conceptual extension thereof. I reanalysed data from four such studies to show how these protocols can lead investigators to conclusions that are not well supported by the original observations. One of the data sets was originally reported to conform to simple loglinear allometry, with untransformed observations that presumably follow the path of a two-parameter power function; one was said to represent biphasic, loglinear allometry, with two distinctive morphs having different scaling relationships on the arithmetic scale; and two were originally described as cases of discontinuous, loglinear allometry caused by dimorphisms. My analyses, which were based on graphical analysis and nonlinear regression of untransformed observations, revealed that all the data sets form S-shaped distributions and that each of the distributions is well described by a four-parameter sigmoid function. None of the bivariate distributions reveals a discontinuity or dimorphism. Thus, the original authors unknowingly offered descriptions and interpretations for patterns of variation that do not exist in their data.

Preliminary measurements and numerical predictions reveal that simple, and relatively small, horns generate remarkable amplification of acoustic particle velocity. For example, below 2 kHz, a 2.5 cm conical horn has a uniform velocity amplification ratio (throat-tomouth) factor of approximately 3, or, in terms of a decibel level, 9.5 dB. It is shown that the velocity amplification factor depends on the horn's mouth-to-throat ratio as well as, though to a lesser degree, the horn's flare rate. A double horn configuration provides limited additional gain, approximately an increase of up to 25%.

Horns are simple but effective means for improved performance of acoustical systems. Nowadays they are primarily used for sound emission (in loudspeakers) providing better impedance matching between the source and the medium. Applications of receiving horns as sound amplifiers are dated back to the beginning of the last century with the advent of telephones. At the present time, however, highly sensitive pressure sensors such as microphones and hydrophones rarely require additional amplifications for common applications. Recent progress in the development of the acoustic particle velocity sensors opened up many new opportunities in their utilization in air and fluids. Compared to the pressure sensors, however, the particle velocity sensors are less sensitive especially at low frequencies and may benefit from additional amplification provided by horns. Here we revisit theory and numerically analyze horn performance as an amplifier of particle velocity rather than impedance matching d...

Over the course of a playing career that spanned roughly fifty years, John Mahon (pronoucned M’hone) introduced and popularized the clarinet as a solo and chamber instrument throughout Britain. He performed extensively in London and in many provincial towns. This article presents biographies of John and William Mahon, illustrations of contemporary clarinets and a basset horn, Mahon as a teacher, his music, and his influence and legacy. William Mahon’s concerts and reviews and a conclusion end the article.

This chapter was reviewed by following the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. This chapter was thoroughly checked to prevent plagiarism. As per editorial policy, a minimum of two peer-reviewers reviewed the manuscript. After review and revision of the manuscript, the Book Editor approved the manuscript for final publication. Peer review comments, comments of the editor(s), etc. are available here:

I wish to acknowledge Ethiopians and Americans who have been involved in building relations between an old and a new nation through formal diplomatic channels and informal people-to-people public diplomacy efforts. Government officials and functionaries, as well as private citizens, have served as their respective countries' official and unofficial ambassadors. American citizens who have worked in Ethiopia and loved it have been bridge builders between peoples. Ethiopians who have lived in the US and loved it have cultivated solid relationships with Americans and have fostered a positive image of their country. They have all played significant roles in bringing the two countries closer, be it at state or at public levels. I wish also to acknowledge the following persons and organizations for their particular contributions: My wife, Dr. Maigenet Shifferraw, for her unfailing support and her critical comment on the manuscript, and my daughters Tigist and Helina, son Kaleb and niece Messeret Taye, and my brother-in-law, the late Matiwos Shifferraw, who was supportive of my scholarship.

Jean-Martin Charcot described what he called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in his 12th and 13th lessons published in 1873 by Bourneville. He distinguished the symptoms that were related to the lesion of the anterior horn of the spinal cord and those that were due to the degeneration (that he named “sclerosis”) of its lateral column. He thought that “inflammation” progressed from the lateral column to the anterior horn (but the term inflammation is not to be taken in the current meaning): the lesion of the anterior horn was thus “deuteropathic”. An album containing drawings made by Charcot is kept in La Salpetriere Neuropathology Department. Four drawings are pasted on one of its pages, showing the degeneration of the pyramidal tract. They constitute the original of the engravings illustrating Charcot’s 12th lesson. The illustration of the fascicular atrophy of the adductor pollicis presented in the album does not appear in the lessons, even though this alteration is widely discussed...

The value 2^p equals S, the number pairs that sum to 2^(p+2). We leverage a supplied proof of The Goldbach Conjecture: S = pi(n) + E where E = B -L: composites in [(n/2),n] - primes in (n/2). When 2^p - 4 increases by an interval of 4 to 2^p  = n, there is a rebalancing of the S components to accomodate pairs: {1, n - 1} and {3 , n - 3}. 2^p - 1 = (n - 1). It is impossible for (n - 1) to be composite when E_4 in S pairs = E in S + 1 new pairs. If E must remain intact, then (n - 1) must increase pi(n) because a new composite is impossible. This constraint also applies to the included Twin Primes proof. Both proofs are corollaries of the Goldbach Conjecture.

Newly discovered Late Miocene gazelle remains from the Middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (7-5 Ma), Northern Pakistan are described and discussed here. The samples presented herein include an opisthocranium with horn-cores, maxillar and mandibular fragments, and isolated upper and lower dentitions. The opisthocranium with horn cores referred to Gazella lydekkeri is the second best preserved specimen after the holotype which allows examining some additional skull morphological features of G. lydekkeri. This finding suggests the presence of abundant herbaceous vegetation with closed conditions during the Late Miocene in the Siwalik area.

An young primigravida with initial diagnosis of threatened abortion was diagnosed as missed abortion by USG was planned to terminate pregnancy by extra-amniotic prostadin. As there was difficulty in negotiation of catheter in to the uterus the case was reexamined clinically and was suspected to be rudimentary horn pregnancy which was confirmed by TAS. The findings on repeat USG showed the myometrium of the pregnant horn to be <2mm in thickness and defective at some places suggesting threatening rupture which helped in deciding the case for immediate lapratomy. One should have high index of suspicion in diagnosing rudimentary horn pregnancies and whenever there is difficulty while performing termination of pregnancy surgically, the case should be reevaluated clinically as well as Ultrasonographically.

This work presents a millimeter/submillimeter wave frequency receiver integrating a graphene subharmonic mixer and a diagonal horn antenna. The device receives the RF signal through the diagonal horn antenna directly connected to the WR-3 input of the mixer. The desired frequency mixing performance is obtained using the non-linear behavior of a fewlayer graphene film placed on a microstrip line gap. Using the internally generated 6 th , 8 th and 10 th harmonic components of the input signal provided by the WR-28 standard waveguide in the 26-40 GHz the downconversion operation of the RF signal to a 300 MHz intermediate frequency is performed. A prototype of the receiver has been manufactured using high precision 3D printing technology. The performance of this device is characterized taking into account the behavior of the IF power in the 220-330 GHz band. Measured radiation patterns are also included.

The Indian agriculture sector is faced with multiple obstacles and constraints because of increasing demographic pressure, rising demands for food, feed, pulp, fodder, fruits, and timber, leading to a depletion of natural resources, and climate change. Agroforestry stands for land management technique which integrates trees and shrubs into agricultural landscapes to improve farm production, sustainability, and environmental quality. It can also make a substantial contribution to economic growth and the reduction of poverty. The use of tree-based farming systems in a variety of environmental factors in India dates long way back. Through the complementary interaction that exists between trees and crops, agroforestry effectively utilizes the resources that are available. Maintaining fertility and production is one potential advantage of growing trees alongside annual and perennial crops. Every agroforestry system is not suitable for every site or locality. Fruit trees and other agroforestry technologies can increase farm revenue diversity and lessen food insecurity. In addition to providing fruits for household diets, farmers perform a variety of vital ecological, social, cultural, artistic, and economic tasks that support livelihoods.

Horn flies are among the most important biting fly pests of cattle in the United States. Horn fly management is largely dependent upon pesticides, which ultimately leads to the rapid development of insecticide resistance. Alternative control strategies, including repellents, have shown promising results in reducing fly biting. In the present study, we examined the efficacy and longevity of recently identified natural product repellents against horn flies. Catnip oil, geraniol and C8910 acids reduced horn fly feeding in a laboratory bioassay and also exhibited spatial repellency in the olfactometer. Residual activity was observed for up to 3 days in laboratory assays, however, 24 hours of residual effectiveness was observed from the two repellents when applied on cattle in the field. The limited residual effectiveness was correlated to the high volatility of the major active repellent compounds. All three natural product repellents effectively repel biting horn flies, exhibiting both...

Recent collections have confirmed the distinction of Lindackeria somalensis from L. bukobensis with which it has been united in a revision of the genus and in the account of Flacourtiaceae in the Flora of Tropical East Africa. L. somalensis is associated with a species-rich Acacia-Commiphora bushland on sand, whereas related species occur mostly in forest habitats.

Pregnancy in a non-communicating horn of the uterus, though rare should always be suspected in cases of failed ripening/induction of labour. This case revealed the significant morbidity that such patients may go through in vain attempts to deliver them vaginally. Despite the repeat Ultrasound scan and Doppler interrogation, the fact that the foetus was in a blind uterine horn was missed. This can be avoided by using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). She eventually had lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) and later re-exploration, perforation of uterine septum due to clot retention as well as massive blood transfusion before she could recover fully.

Background and Aim: Indigenous Kedah-Kelantan (KK) cattle are well adapted with distinguished reproductive capabilities; they account for more than 70% of the domestic beef production in Malaysia. The published literature on the phenotypic and morphometric characteristics of KK cattle are sparse and require further improvement. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the phenotypic and morphometric characteristics of Malaysian KK cattle and method of estimating live body weight (BW). Materials and Methods: Morphometric and phenotypic measurements were taken from 184 KK cattle (102 males and 82 females) sourced from three regions. Each animal&#39;s color pattern was recorded for their coat, muzzle, face, eyelashes, horns, tail switch, hoof, and legs through visual observation. Length measurements were taken of the body, face, ear, horn, tail, and rump. Several morphological features such as length, width, and girth were measured using a measuring tape, while wither height and hi...

There are many possible approaches to describing the effects and uses of music in a particular society. It would be a mistake to assume that music in the Bible is not the cement of social life and has no liturgical significance. The present study seeks to explore how people in ancient times employed music using the harp and the ram’s horn (shofar), to cope with roles that were open or never-ending in their demands. In particular, it focuses upon the role played by music in secular life as well as religious rituals, as described in the Bible. The method used was an extensive literature study of the Old and New Testament, textbooks and relevant peer reviewed journals, with a focus on both secular and religious reasons for singing, dancing and playing instruments. It was found that the Bible described the use of the harp and the ram’s horn associated with singing and dancing during celebrations, for military use, as well as mourning or lamentation. It was concluded that music using dif...

Pregnancy in the rudimentary horn is rare and carries grave consequences for the mother and fetus. A case report is presented of a 26 year old single gravida 3 para 0+2 lady with rupture of a rudimentary horn pregnancy at a gestational age of 20 weeks. Laparotomy was done and the rudimentary horn excised. Post-operative recovery was uneventful. The need for a high index of suspicion and the role of ultrasonography in the accurate diagnosis is highlighted.

This article examines the institutional autonomy of Ethiopia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) since 1991. While legally mandated to design and implement foreign policy, MOFA has faced significant constraints due to political interference, weak professionalism, and limited resources. Drawing on qualitative interviews and comparative insights from Nigeria, Ghana, and Turkey, the article argues that Ethiopia's foreign policy implementation is weakened by the absence of a strong, independent bureaucracy. Recommendations include professionalization, depoliticization, and structural reform to strengthen MOFA's role in safeguarding Ethiopia's national interests.

Globally water is a key shared resource for health, human development and ecosystems, and it is vital for the eradication of poverty (FAO). The aim of this study was to investigating water management practices among farmers with specific consideration to Afgoi, Lower Shabelle Somalia. The study was guided three objectives i.e. to assess the current water management practices among farmers in Afgoi district, to analyze the challenges of water management among farmers, and to recommend strategies of water management practices among farmers. This study employed a questionnaire survey with sample size 384 from the population and the strategy was simple random sampling. The study found that 60.4% of the respondent's revealed absence of structural measures to manage water and 81.1% perceived changes of rainfall and temperature, the changes have affected crops and livestock in a number of ways resulting in reduced productivity. Finding revealed that 43.0% respondents perceived water scarcity, also the study found that 50.8% of the respondent's lack of knowledge and limited skills in harvesting water and 69.6% result show that supplement irrigation is highly agreed. There are different recommendations for ways of water management in response to water shortage. Awareness of various water management options should be conducted to enhance farmer resilience and sustainable development. Further research should focus on the effectiveness of adaptation methodologies employed by agriculturalists and rural farming in response to water shortage.

In this paper we generalize the well-known notions of Horn and 𝑞-Horn formulae. A Horn clause, by definition, contains at most one positive literal. A Horn formula contains only Horn clauses. We generalize these notions as follows. A clause is a 𝑤-Horn clause if and only if it contains at least one negative literal or it is a unit or it is the empty clause. A formula is a 𝑤-Horn formula if it contains only 𝑤-Horn clauses after exhaustive unit propagation, i.e., after a Boolean Constraint Propagation (BCP) step. We show that the set of 𝑤-Horn formulae properly includes the set of Horn formulae. A function 𝛽(𝑥) is a valuation function if 𝛽(𝑥) + 𝛽(¬𝑥) = 1 and 𝛽(𝑥) ∈ {0, 0.5, 1}, where 𝑥 is a Boolean variable. A formula ℱ is a 𝑞-Horn formula if and only if there is a valuation function 𝛽(𝑥) such that for each clause 𝐶 in ℱ we have that ∑︀ 𝑥∈𝐶 𝛽(𝑥) ≤ 1. In this case we call 𝛽(𝑥) a 𝑞-feasible valuation for ℱ. In other words, a formula is 𝑞-Horn if and only if each clause in it contains at most one "positive" literal (where 𝛽(𝑥) = 1) or at most two half ones (where 𝛽(𝑥) = 0.5). We generalize these notions as follows. A

The original material was written in various fragments by who was well known for his contribution HENRY FARMER to the origins of military music. This article is a condensation of his earlier works and also features some pictures not contained in his writings.

When I moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada in 1999 from Columbus, Ohio, change was the order of the day. From not receiving a spam call on every hour to trying to figure out what a "garburator" was (a garbage disposal), I had no doubt I was in a different country. Although I had lived in relatively rural areas in the US, it was exhilarating to discover how easy it was to see raccoons, bald eagles, bears, skunks, beavers, sea lions, seals, and of course coyotes in Vancouver's city center and surrounding neighborhoods. My favorite moment with a coyote was when my dog, Copernicus, and I stepped out the front door in the early dusk to see a large coyote loping along the street in front of us. He turned his head to look our way as he passed and gave us a "Wasup?" As the coyote floated away, it slowly began to dawn on

The paper introduces LOGAN-H -a system for learning first-order function-free Horn expressions from interpretations. The system is based on an algorithm that learns by asking questions and that was proved correct in previous work. The current paper shows how the algorithm can be implemented in a practical system, and introduces a new algorithm based on it that avoids interaction and learns from examples only. The LOGAN-H system implements these algorithms and adds several facilities and optimizations that allow efficient applications in a wide range of problems. As one of the important ingredients, the system includes several fast procedures for solving the subsumption problem, an NP-complete problem that needs to be solved many times during the learning process. We describe qualitative and quantitative experiments in several domains. The experiments demonstrate that the system can deal with varied problems, large amounts of data, and that it achieves good classification accuracy.

A comparison of the antenna parameters for R-band (1.7-2.6 GHz) and S-band (2.6-3.95 GHz) standard gain horn antennas has been performed by the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), together with seven domestic participants from private companies and public institutions. Its purpose, as a proficiency test program of the 'Antenna Measurement Club' of KRISS, was to check equivalences in antenna parameter measurements between KRISS and the participants, particularly in the R-/S-band, to support antenna manufacturers and end users in Korea. The measurement parameters of this comparison are the power gain, radiation pattern, and reflection coefficient of the traveling standards for R-/S-band pyramidal standard gain horn antennas. The comparison used a gain comparison method and an extrapolation method to measure the power gain of the two traveling standards; the radiation patterns were measured in the far-field region of the transmitting and receiving antennas.

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of climate change on the livelihoods of communities in Burhakaba District, Somalia, an area particularly vulnerable to climatic variations and significantly affected by them. The specific objectives of the study were to understand the effects of climate change on community livelihoods and the role of local authorities in responding to climate-induced crises and to examine the general perceptions of climate change adaptation and its mitigation strategies. The study employed a quantitative research design and collected data through an administered questionnaire survey involving 80 respondents selected via purposive sampling. The data was analysed using SPSS. The findings indicate that 76.25% of participants strongly agreed that climate change adversely affects their livelihoods, with severe water shortages, declining agricultural yields, and an increased frequency of droughts identified as critical challenges. Furthermore, the results underscore the urgent need for educational initiatives focused on adaptation strategies and enhanced public awareness programs to empower affected communities and mitigate the socioeconomic impacts of climate change. This research provides valuable localized insights into the social, economic, and environmental consequences of climate change in Burhakaba, addressing significant gaps in the existing literature.

4.5. LVDS signals, ground/power, and TTL signals in the daughter boards and backplane are placed in different layers, respectively, so that the TTL and LVDS signals will be isolated by the ground/ power plane(s) in order to minimize the noise coupling into LVDS signals from the large-swing TTL signals. A photograph of the daughter board and backplane in the demo system is shown in Figure . All the active devices are placed on daughter boards that transmit and receive the LVDS and TTL data streams. The circuit on the daughter boards is uniformity designed, but different functions (Tx or Rx) are approached by means of programming and provided with compatibility 10]. A passive backplane is designed with various interconnects according to the requirement for investigating the SI issue of different interconnects. Point-to-point LVDS links are used for data transmission in the demo system for obtaining the perfect transfer performance and SI investigation. The unidirectional transmission of 10 pairs of the LVDS links group is used for the LVDS group data transmission in the demo system, which involves eight data pairs, a clock pair, and a frame pair [11]. The DDR operation mode is used for the LVDS clock. Each pair of LVDS links with the transmission rate of 500 M/bs is designed for a 250-MHz clock frequency. The throughput of 4 Gb/s is provided to each group of LVDS. In this paper, the SI analysis of high-speed digital systems has been systematically performed using the full-wave electromagnetic analysis method. From the simulated and measured results, we can observe that high-speed digital signals at 500 M/bs can be smoothly transmitted in the designed long interconnects on the backplane. Transmission-line discontinuities generate the main problems, which cause signal degradation for high-speed signal transfer on PCBs. Such discontinuities can be sharp bends on the trace, skews between conductors within a differential pair, and vias through the board. In the other words, these discontinuities are points that cause impedance discontinuities of the transmission line, which cause reflections. The following layout rules for transmission lines are summarized to enhance board operation: avoid 90°turns and use arcs or 45°bevels. The distance between two traces should remain constant in order to avoid discontinuities in differential impedance. If vias cannot be avoided, use as few as possible. 10. J. Hu, LVDS signal integrity (SI) analysis and high-speed backplane design, M.Sc. dissertation, Southeast University, 2004. 11. E. McGettigan, Eight channel, one clock, one frame LVDS transmitter/ receiver, XILINX, 2001.

This review article provides a comprehensive examination of the diverse genetic resources of livestock and poultry except goat and sheepin the Jammu and Kashmir (J and K) region of India. It highlights the unique characteristics and historical significance of indigenous cattle, buffaloes, horses, donkeys, pigs, yaks, camels and various poultry breeds. The indigenous cattle, influenced by historical influxes and local adaptations, display distinct traits such as a hump, small stature and polled head. Buffaloes, particularly the valued Nilli Ravi breed, are predominantly found in the Jammu region. Horses, especially the Zanskari breed, are noted for their hardiness in high-altitude regions. The yak, vital to the Himalayan ecosystem, exhibits remarkable adaptation to harsh climates, providing sustenance and livelihood to local communities. The critically endangered Bactrian camel, introduced via the silk road, requires conservation efforts. Poultry breeds like the Kashmir Faverolla and Kashmir Anz geese are well-adapted to the region's climatic conditions. The review describes the importance of characterizing and conserving these genetic resources to sustain their ecological, cultural and economic contributions to the region.

Background: Rauwolfia vomitoria is a tropical shrub of Apocynaceae family, and a widely used nutraceutical containing bioactive alkaloids such as reserpine and yohimbine with reported antipsychotic, sedative and Parkinson-like effects. The pathway by which these become evident is through the spinal cord, a major reflex centre and conduction pathway of the brain and the rest of the body. This study therefore investigated the role of R. vomitoria on the microstructure of the cervical ventral horn cells of Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats with average weight 221g were divided into four groups (n=6); control, 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/ kg and 400 mg/kg body weight of R. vomitoria root bark extract administered orally for seven days. On the eight day, the animals were anaesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg; i.p); and perfusion-fixed sacrificed. The cervical vertebrae were exposed and crackedopen and the spinal segment C3-C5 were excised and post-fixed in 10 % buffered formalin for 48 hours. The tissues were then routinely processed for histological study using haematoxylin and eosin staining method. The results showed general weakness, dull and drowsy behaviour, with hypertrophy of the ventral horn neurons in the 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg R. vomitoria groups. There was hyperplasia 300 mg/kg and karyorrhectic appearance of some of the ventral horn neurons with no difference (p > 0.05) in the spinal cervical ventral horn cell population between the test groups and the control. R. vomitoria caused some behavioural changes and alterations in the cellular integrity of the C3-C5 spinal ventral horn neurons.

Testbeds have become integral to advancing the transfer of knowledge and capabilities from research to operational weather forecasting in many parts of the world. The first high-impact weather testbed in tropical Africa was recently carried out through the African Science for Weather Information and Forecasting Techniques (SWIFT) program, with participation from researchers and forecasters from Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, the United Kingdom, and international and pan-African organizations. The testbed aims were to trial new forecasting and nowcasting products with operational forecasters, to inform future research, and to act as a template for future testbeds in the tropics. The African SWIFT testbed integrated users and researchers throughout the process to facilitate development of impact-based forecasting methods and new research ideas driven both by operations and user input. The new products are primarily satellite-based nowcasting systems and ensemble forecasts at global a...

Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to examine the repercussions of Red sea instability on the Red Sea Region security. This research is significant in providing theoretical insights for stakeholders to address the repercussions of Red Sea instability in the Red Sea Region’s for the region states. This study employed Qualitative research approach with Case study research design and data was collected through interviews and document analysis. The data was analysed through thematic analysis. Based on the analysis conducted; the study found that the instability of Red Sea leads to various socio-economic problems in the region, such as economic disruptions, political instability, piracy threat, Security threats and diplomatic challenges, increased competition among regional powers, potential to proxy war, large-scale displacement and refugee influx, proliferation of arms and weapons, disruption of trade route in the region states. In general, the findings of this study revealed that, the Red Sea region governments play a pivotal role to address the multi-faceted challenges of Red Sea instability in the region by strengthening diplomatic engagement with neighbouring Red Sea countries & regional power; exploring economic diversification strategies for their economy, and Enhancing and legalizing their maritime security. Red Sea region states should collaborate with international organizations, strengthen national institutions, strengthen security forces, and address conflicts in the Red Sea Region to prevent spillover effects and counter terrorism efforts.
    Keywords: Red Sea, Red Sea Region, Security, Turmoil

International intergovernmental organizations play various roles, including settling conflicts, promoting peaceful coexistence, cooperation among member states, human rights, and economic and social development. Regional intergovernmental organizations that act as a last resort are better suited to prevent and resolve conflicts at a region level due to their regional positioning, knowledge, and understanding of the root causes, ability to influence and facilitate conflict settlement, and their legitimacy standing. This paper aimed to explore the role of regional intergovernmental organizations in conflict prevention and resolution with the case of the African Union (AU) in the Nile River conflict. Specifically, the paper looked at factors for and against conflict prevention in the Nile, the AU's role as a regional intergovernmental organization in preventing and resolving conflict in the Nile River conflict, and the role of non-state actors, IGOs, and UN's Security Council in enhancing AU's role in conflict prevention and resolution. The paper deployed a qualitative case study methodology with 20 structured interviews, open questionnaires, and secondary sources to examine the phenomenon. Consequently, the study used an analytical category development matrix to develop meaningful emerging themes from the data collected. The findings and analysis showed various factors hindering AU's full operationalization in the Nile River conflict, including the African states' ideology (imported democracy) with sub-factors such as colonial factors, external influence, African politics and leadership, and self-interests. Further, the Nile states have different interests that require a joint solution that caters to each party's interests, with compromise in consideration. As a regional organization, the AU is well positioned to prevent and resolve the Nile River conflict (what the researcher termed as an Afri-Nile solution).

The Horn of conflict? The Horn of Africa comprises Ethiopia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Sudan, South Sudan, and Somalia, and by extension, Kenya and Uganda. The region is diverse in terms of geography, culture, religion, population, and politics. The region is known as a hotbed of conflicts due to its resource to cross-border to communal conflicts. The realist theoretical approach hold that states operate in a state of anarchy. They are after their self-interest and survival in the international system. This survival leads to a security dilemma. States will do what they can to secure their own security, which induces fear in others who, in turn, increase theirs. Ethiopia, the second-most populous country in Africa, is entrapped into different conflicts: interstate and cross-border conflict with Eritrea, conflict with Tigray People's Liberation Front, and Nile water conflict with Egypt. Why is Ethiopia entrapped into these conflicts? What is the role of the leaders/political parties in these conflicts? What are the reasons behind these conflicts? How can Ethiopia settle these conflicts? In all these conflicts, survival is Ethiopia's quest. This paper aims to respond to these questions using an interdisciplinary approach. Ethiopia is well placed to utilize the regional mechanisms to settle these conflicts. Otherwise, it will be a ground for complex conflicts that will spill over to other countries.