Flood plains

El río Ichilo es el sistema fluvial más importante del departamento de Cochabamba, tanto por su extensión y caudal, como por la actividad socio-económica a la que está vinculado. Este sistema posee varias lagunas que forman parte fundamental del sistema en las cuales los peces encuentran condiciones favorables para su alimentacion y desarrollo, por lo que es de importancia conocer el funcionamiento ecológico que cumplen estas lagunas según el intercambio de agua que ocurre con el río y la manera en que afectan estos rasgos de la comunidad como la composición y abundancia taxonómica, trófica y de estratégias de vida. El estudio se llevo a cabo en tres lagunas de várzea del río Ichilo conectadas de diferentes manera al río principal. Las capturas fueron realizadas mediante una batería de redes agalleras compuesta por 7 redes de diferente abertura de malla durante los periodos de aguas bajas (octubre de 2000) y aguas altas (marzo de 2001). Se capturaron 56 especies pertenecientes a 5 órdenes y 16 familias. La familia Characidae y Curimatidae fueron las más importantes en las tres lagunas estudiadas. El grupo trófico dominante fue el de los omnívoros en la laguna que tenía conexión mediante una cárcava, los detritívoros se encontraron en mayores proporciones en la laguna con una conexión mediante un canal, y los carnívoros en la laguna con una conexión indirecta. La estrategia de vida dominante en las tres lagunas que es independiente de la época de muestreo, fue la estrategia periódica.

RESUMO -Espécimens de Rostrozetes foveolatus foram obtidos de duas florestas inundáveis (várzea e igapó) e de duas florestas secundárias (terra firme) da Amazônia Central. As populações foram comparadas para a obtenção da taxa de sobrevivência em experimentos de laboratório nas condições submersas e não submersas. As coletas no igapó foram efetuadas em três períodos de 1992: antes (fevereiro: serapilheira não submersa), no início (abril: serapilheira submersa) e no pico da inundação (julho: serapilheira submersa). No igapó, os animais sobreviveram melhor em condição não submersa, significando que a submersão é um fator de estresse. O mesmo não ocorreu na várzea, indicando que esta população está melhor adaptada ao estresse da submersão. A menor resistência à submersão (27 dias) foi registrada nos animais de uma floresta secundária da terra firme, situada longe do igapó. Na população da terra firme próxima ao igapó, a resistência a submersão foi comparável à registrada para as populações das áreas inundáveis e maior do que a registrada em terra firme longe do igapó. Em experimentos com animais coletados em fevereiro de 1996 (mantidos individualmente em recipientes plásticos), as populações das florestas inundáveis tiveram taxa de sobrevivência significativamente maior em relação aos das florestas não inundáveis. Três situações foram registradas quanto a resistência à submersão: a) a da várzea, com população mais resistente, b) a do igapó, com uma população intermediária e c) a da terra-firme longe do igapó, com uma população menos resistente. Em doze das outras quinze espécies estudadas foi registrada alta resistência às condições de submersão.

The paper investigates an innovative extension approach of generation and distribution ofLand Resource Cards, developed from Land Resource Inventory database, used for site-specific farm resource management in watersheds adopted under World Bank funded Sujala-III project. Extent of reach, satisfaction level and training status of Land Resource Cardsin 12 model micro-watersheds located in different agro-climatic regions of Karnataka witha sample size of 720 farmers was assessed. The Land Resource Cards reached only 18 percent of farmers while 22 per cent of farmers were trained for its utilization. However, 77per cent were satisfied with the information provided and 23 per cent suggested for furtherimprovement in cards for greater utility. The overall farmer’s perception on capacity buildingon land resource cards revealed that they were very useful in farm-level resourcemanagement. Hence, need for replication of similar approach in all database drivenwatersheds to be implemented in t...

Calculating scour potential in a stream or river is as much a geomorphological art as it is an exact science. The complexity of stream hydraulics and heterogeneity of river-bed materials makes scour predictions in natural channels uncertain. Uncertain scour depths near high-hazard flood-risk zones and flood-risk management structures lead to over-designed projects and difficult flood-risk management decisions. This Regional Sediment Management technical report presents an approach for estimating scour by providing a decision framework that future practitioners can use to compute scour potential within a riverine environment. This methodology was developed through a partnership with the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Hydrologic Engineering Center, and St. Paul District in support of the Lower American River Contract 3 project in Sacramento, CA.

Seasonally flooded forests along tropical rivers cover extensive areas, yet the processes driving air-water exchanges of radiatively active gases are uncertain. To quantify the controls on gas transfer velocities, we combined measurements of water-column temperature, meteorology in the forest and adjacent open water, turbulence with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter, gas concentrations, and fluxes with floating chambers. Under cooling, measured turbulence, quantified as the rate of dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy (ε), was similar to buoyancy flux computed from the surface energy budget, indicating convection dominated turbulence production. Under heating, turbulence was suppressed unless winds in the adjacent open water exceeded 1 m/s. Gas transfer velocities obtained from chamber measurements ranged from 1 to 5 cm/hr and were similar to or slightly less than predicted using a turbulence-based surface renewal model computed with measured ε and ε predicted from wind and cooling.

Some watersheds have been so severely impacted by mining that the streams do not support aquatic life and can no longer accommodate flows or transport sediment. To fully recover the environmental resource of these scarred landscapes the land must be reclaimed and the streams reconstructed. As abandoned mine sites are being reclaimed to their approximate original contours, the hydrology of the watersheds will be returning to pre-mining conditions and generating base flows and storm discharges that residents may not have experienced in many years. A stable system will have to be designed to transport the flows and sediment while preventing erosion and flooding. Traditionally, rigid systems have been implemented that are rectangular or trapezoidal in shape and are constructed entirely of rock and concrete. These systems have a good survival rate but do not replace the resource that was lost during mining. In an attempt to reclaim the watersheds that were destroyed during mining to a na...

Erosion of the river bed and the drop in its level exposes all protective structures to damage and increase the level of the downstream bed which makes the river wider and causes the land of around it faces the flood risk. Therefore, determination of hydraulic parameters including effective stresses are very important. In this research, after calibrating the HEC-RAS numerical model, hydraulic simulation of the river was performed and the bed stress conditions were calculated. Then, the areas of the river bed that are subject to erosion were investigated using methods of critical shear stress, RBS index and critical unit discharge. Finally, stabilization structures for erosion control of the river bed were designed to modify the areas exposed to erosion. A reach of Karun River was investigated. A total of 14 erodible areas were identified along the main channel of the river. For these areas, the ripe rape, check dam, protective geobag cover and drop structures were designed. The D50 of ripe rap was found to be 11.02 cm. Maynard's formula (1989) in the design of ripe rap is in good agreement with the real conditions. The height of check dams was considered to be 1.8 m and D65 was 89 cm for all sections. The number of check dams in each interval was determined between 0 and 5. Bags with a volume of 1540 cm 3 filled with sand were designed as a geobag cover. The height of the drops was considered to be 1.5 m for all sections, and the depth of the end sill, the length of the stilling basin and the height of the drop overflow were in the range of 0.02-0.29, 3.21-6.45 and 0.26-0.43 m, respectively.

Changes in policy in the UK put an increasing emphasis on the involvement of local communities in the flood risk management process. Yet little is known about local communities and how they operate in our modern, mobile society. In fact many claim that local communities are being destroyed by increasing mobility and globalisation. Is there a local community we can engage in the flood risk management process? If so how should we go about doing this? This research starts to address these questions by exploring both the social, collective responses to flooding and in turn the effect that flooding has on local social relations. This has been done through interviews with both residents and flood professionals in urban and rural locations in Yorkshire. Whilst there were differences between the rural and urban areas, similar underlying processes were identified. There was not a single, straightforward 'local community' to be engaged. Rather there was a complex mix of overlapping networks and interests, where conflict as well as cooperation is possible. A number of key underlying factors were identified. To involve 'local communities' will require an evaluation of these in each location, whether urban or rural.

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 1981A technique for collecting and recording reference data which considers the spectral and spatial characteristics of Landsat data, the computer system being used, and the gradient nature of wildland vegetation was developed and described. Different analysis techniques for four critical factors affecting the accuracy of computer-aided analysis products were evaluated. Comparisons were made on the basis of accuracy evaluations of two methods of data/analyst interface, three methods of deriving training statistics, three methods of spectral class descriptions, and two levels of map category detail. The primary data set used was digital Landsat multispectral data for a study area around Fairbanks, Alaska. Reference data were developed from field work and photo-interpretation. The training methods compared were supervised, unsupervised, and modified clustering. The three spectral class description methods were: (1) labels derived from the...

Fisheries are some of the most valuable natural resources that depend upon natural regimes of river flow for their productivity and full development benefits. Managing rivers to sustain these benefits requires that environmental flow requirements of river fisheries be understood and conveyed effectively into decision-making processes at multiple levels within the river basin. The present research report reviews existing environmental flow methodologies and fisheries production models to determine which combination of existing approaches will provide most potential for development of such decision support tools. This is the first comprehensive review of the use of environmental flow methodologies for managing large rivers and floodplains for fisheries production. Previous reviews have focused exclusively on the fisheries models themselves and have not explored how these models can be combined with other approaches to understand and predict the impact of changes in river flow regimes ...

The first map in this appendix shows the general location of this literature search within one mile of the Missouri River in Iowa and Missouri. The following maps are county maps based on Corps of Engineers Navigation Charts of the Missouri River. Sites located on the maps are ...

In temperate regions, building small dams and hillside reservoirs is a popular solution to irregular and unevenly
distributed rainfalls. Furthermore, it is advised that rural communities use these tiny hydraulic structures as a means of
adapting to climate change. They are essential to the water resources' survival. These dams could, however, act as sinks for
material from upstream.

Habitat modification by humans has severe impacts on the biotic and abiotic components of freshwater ecosystems. In China, shallow lakes in the Yangtze River basin are facing major habitat modification owing to the loss of their natural connections with rivers and the development of aquaculture. In this study, temporal data (ranging from 1970 to 2010) from a set of lakes (n = 8) were used to quantify the abiotic and biotic consequences (i.e. taxonomic and functional diversity of fish communities) of such human activities. There were significant abiotic changes that mainly occurred after the 1990s. Specifically, water transparency decreased and the total nitrogen content of the lakes increased considerably. A trend (although not significant) was detected towards a decrease in fish species richness over the period studied. The taxonomic dissimilarity (i.e. beta‐diversity) among fish communities decreased significantly over the years, indicating a strong homogenization of the fauna acr...

The UMRS encompasses the commercially navigable reaches of the Upper Mississippi River, as well as the Illinois River and navigable portions of the Kaskaskia, Black, St. Croix, and Minnesota Rivers. Congress has declared the UMRS to be both a nationally significant ecosystem and a nationally significant commercial navigation system. The mission of the LTRMP is to provide decision makers with information for maintaining the UMRS as a sustainable large river ecosystem given its multiple-use character. The long-term goals of the Program are to understand the system, determine resource trends and effects, develop management alternatives, manage information, and develop useful products.

The UMRS encompasses the commercially navigable reaches of the Upper Mississippi River, as well as the Illinois River and navigable portions of the Kaskaskia, Black, St. Croix, and Minnesota Rivers. Congress has declared the UMRS to be both a nationally significant ecosystem and a nationally significant commercial navigation system. The mission of the LTRMP is to provide decision makers with information for maintaining the UMRS as a sustainable large river ecosystem given its multiple-use character. The long-term goals of the Program are to understand the system, determine resource trends and effects, develop management alternatives, manage information, and develop useful products.

All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 14 13 12 11 This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. The fi ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily refl ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly.

Awareness of the problem of shifting taxonomic concepts for taxon names is increasingly widespread, but examples of taxonomic concept mapping (TCM) and methodologies are still few. Here we will describe a TCM workflow and the resultant dataset of relationships among taxonomic concepts found in key historical floras of Alaska (Hultén, Welsh, Cody, Flora of North America. and the Panarctic Flora). We mapped 13 genera, which contain 557 taxonomic concepts and 482 taxon concept relationships. Each relationship is recorded in a web application and database, and displayed as a graph. Although some cases were simple (i.e. concepts for a name were congruent throughout), there were complex cases that would be difficult to understand without graphical representation. This presentation outlines the decision process of assigning taxon concept relationships among taxonomic concepts inferred from descriptions in the floras. Decisions are based on descriptions of morphology, geography, and synonym...

El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un conocimiento detallado de la composición específica del epifiton,sobre diferentes macrófitas acuáticas dominantes en el sistema de la Ciénaga de Ayapel durante diferentes fases del ciclo hidrológico. En 14 estaciones se determinaron las especies más abundantes de macrófitas acuáticas mediante inspección visual. Se tomaron tres muestras de epifiton de las tres macrófitas dominantes en la zona de borde. El sistema de Ayapel exhibe una elevada riqueza específica de microalgas epífitas (416 morfoespecies),especialmente de bacilariofíceas con 198 taxones (48%), desmidiales con 107 taxones (26%) y cianobacterias con 34 taxones (8%). Los dos primeros grupos evidencian diferencias espaciales y temporales asociadas a los pulsos de inundación. Los grupos taxonómicos presentaron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los casos entre los sitios o entre las ocasiones de muestreo, las comparaciones entre macrófitas respecto a los grupos no registrar...

When white settlers moved into northwest Iowa in the late 19th century, they squared the landscape with criss-crossing mud roads that even today, from a few hundred feet up, make the broad, flat land look like a grid. Of the 23 townships of Sioux County, 19 are perfectly square. But the Big Sioux River doesn't give a hoot about straight lines, and the townships at the county's western edge are, as a result, jagged as sin. If that's true, the worst of sinners is Settlers Township, in the county's far northwest corner. On any county map you can find, four-square Sioux Township, Settlers's immediate neighbor to the east, makes Settlers look like something the dog dragged up: a jagged, upsidedown, barnacled fish hook of a township, whose heart is seemingly carved out because long ago the Big Sioux decided to take a sharp left once it entered Sioux County, Iowa. About a mile in, the river turns west, grabbing an extra half section or so of what would otherwise be good South Dakota land. Then it snakes southeast for a mile, bobs and weaves a little, then, remarkably, sets a course nearly straight east for almost four miles, before turning south once more, like a good river. What it creates thereby is something of a peninsula of Sioux County land, a thumb of rolling bluffs and river bottom unique to the county, a peninsula we might just call Van De Stroet Peninsula. The 1908 Sioux County Atlas doesn't list John Van De Stroet among the property owners of Settlers Township. In fact, it doesn't list many Dutch names at all. Hundreds of Dutch names are printed in on the flat townships farther east, where the only hills are the ones that appear, mirage-like, a long way off-get up to them and they're gone. It makes sense that Dutch immigrants, perfectly accustomed to perfectly flat land, would have felt at home on a ripple-less landscape. The original settlers of Settlers Township weren't Vander Brinks; they were Swansens and Jensens, Christiansens and Thormodsgaards, probably because the original settlers of Settlers took one look at the bluffs and the river valley and saw home-Norway, Sweden. But today it's different. Take a hike up to that beautiful bluff that runs along the Big Sioux's lefthand turn; pick up a dandelion or a milkweed from pasture ground, and let the seeds fly hither and yon from that spot, a hundred feet above the river bottom. Even if those seeds catch a blustery updraft, most of them will likely come to earth on Van De Stroet land. In the year 1920, when he was sixteen years old, John Van De Stroet, with a friend, left the Netherlands and came to America. Why? Because, as he told his son Henry, when he was 13, too often he ate the lunch out of his bucket as he walked to school in the morning, not simply because he was as hungry as any other 13-year-old boy, but because, for him and his family, hunger, back then, had become a way of life. Like hundreds, even thousands, of Sioux County settlers of all ethnic and racial backgrounds, John Van De Stroet thought America was a place there would be no more hunger. Just ten years after arriving, he was farming two places in Settlers Township and he had a wife, Effie Van Grootheest, whom he'd found just across the section and had married in the Canton courthouse in 1922. Ask their descendents to see a picture of those handsome newlyweds. Put John in a tux, lower Effie's neckline a bit, toss in a little mousse, and even today the two of them would hold their own in Brides magazine. Henry, their first child, was born in 1929, at just about the time when the cattle his father raised on the peninsula brought only six cents a pound. But John Van De Stroet knew poverty and he knew hard work. Mid-Depression, he bought himself a half section of land, a mile west and a bit north of Fairview, a place the Van De Stroets now call "the home place," at $40 an acre. Of that half section, 140 acres was work ground, the rest all bluffs and pastures, a chunk of land that was likely a good deal cheaper, back then, than the flat land in the middle of the county. But even today, if you stand somewhere out on that land or just pass it on your way to Canton, you know that in Sioux County the Van De Stroet peninsula has no rival in sheer beauty. Up and down the county's western boundary, the Big Sioux's meandering long ago created hills and bluffs that suggest the buffalo commons of the Great Plains. That a farmer, even today, can make more money off the flat land east of the valley is almost a given. But the fluid lines of those bluffs and hills

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An ecological land survey (ELS)of Fort Greely land was conducted to map ecosystems at three spatial scales to aid in the management of natural resources.In an ELS,an attempt is made to view landscapes not just as aggregations of separate biological and earth resources,but as ecological systems with functionally related parts that can provide a consistent conceptual framework for ecological applications.Field surveys at 74 sites along 7 toposequences,and at an additional 178 ground-reference locations,were used to identify relationships among physiography,geomorphology,hydrology,permafrost,and vegetation.The association among ecosystem components also revealed effects of fire and geomorphic processes,such as groundwater discharge,floodplain development,permafrost degradation,and paludification. Ecosoystems were mapped at three spatial scales.Ecotypes (1:50,000 scale)delineated areas with homogenous topography,terrain,soil, surface-form,hydrology,and vegetation.Ecosections (1:100,000 scale)are homogeneous with respect to geomorphic features and water regime and,thus,have recurring patterns of soils and vegetation.Ecodistricts (1:500,000)are broader areas with similar geology,geomor-phology,and physiography.Development of the spatial database within a geographic information system will facilitate numerous management objectives such as wetland protection,integrated-training-area management,permafrost protection,wildlife management,and recreational area management.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue obtener un conocimiento detallado de la composición específica del epifiton,sobre diferentes macrófitas acuáticas dominantes en el sistema de la Ciénaga de Ayapel durante diferentes fases del ciclo hidrológico. En 14 estaciones se determinaron las especies más abundantes de macrófitas acuáticas mediante inspección visual. Se tomaron tres muestras de epifiton de las tres macrófitas dominantes en la zona de borde. El sistema de Ayapel exhibe una elevada riqueza específica de microalgas epífitas (416 morfoespecies),especialmente de bacilariofíceas con 198 taxones (48%), desmidiales con 107 taxones (26%) y cianobacterias con 34 taxones (8%). Los dos primeros grupos evidencian diferencias espaciales y temporales asociadas a los pulsos de inundación. Los grupos taxonómicos presentaron diferencias significativas en la mayoría de los casos entre los sitios o entre las ocasiones de muestreo, las comparaciones entre macrófitas respecto a los grupos no registrar...

Plaster Creek, a tributary of the Grand River, drains a 58-square mile watershed in Kent County, Michigan. Its headwaters originate in the agriculturally dominated southwestern portion of the county, and then it meanders through residential, commercial, and urban areas of Kentwood and Grand Rapids before it empties into the Grand River about one mile south of downtown Grand Rapids. Much of Plaster Creek’s original floodplain, like the rest of its watershed, has been drastically altered and degraded over time due to the development of residential neighborhoods, commercial properties, agriculture, and industrial zones. Floodplains house unique assemblages of Michigan’s native biodiversity and sustain stream and watershed health, warranting their preservation and restoration. Over several seasons, Calvin University Herbarium’s Emma Cole Grand Rapids Flora Project inventoried seven remnant floodplain sites along Plaster Creek from near its source in Gaines Township to downstream areas w...

This research quantifies nitrogen (N) fluxes and transformations at the sedimentwater interface in relation to N loading and uptake for a backwater system of the Upper Mississippi River. Goals of this work were to provide a better understanding of the roles that backwater sediments play in uptake and removal of N for purposes of determining the management potential of increasing hydrological connectivity between large rivers and adjacent backwaters, wetlands, and the floodplain to enhance overall N removal efficiency.

Dear Residents, We, the Salix Comprehensive Planning Team (SCPT), are pleased to introduce the City of Salix's 2035 Comprehensive Plan to the residents of Salix and our project partners. is plan is the culmination of a ten-month-long planning process that engaged the community in a conversation to help identify community values and priorities, create a vision of the future of Salix, and establish a set of goals, objectives, and recommendations intended to achieve the vision and protect the assets of our community. e plan evolved out of previous studies and planning e orts and the dedication of elected and appointed o cials, committee members, sta , and all who have worked together to ensure that Salix continues to provide a high quality of life for its residents, business owners, and others. roughout the planning process, we heard from the public about the importance of protecting natural resources and the community's characteristics that draw people to live and work in this wonderful community. is plan highlights those resources and presents the evaluation framework that will guide decision-making in the future. And while this plan makes tremendous progress in establishing Salix's policy and future direction, it calls for additional work to create the organizational and governing tools for implementing city policies and achieving the community vision. is plan represents a true team e ort. Everyone's contribution was valuable and we are thankful to all who participated in the planning process for donating their time and energy. We would especially like to acknowledge the partners, collaborators, consultants, and agencies for their generosity and expertise in making this project possible. We are also thankful to the many individuals who have shared their thoughts and values with the city. is plan will be an important milestone in maintaining Salix's natural resources and rural character. If implemented, it will achieve the community's vision for Salix.

This report documents archaeological site testing of a small historic site (3CT263) located within the direct impact area of the proposed Edmondson Sewage Disposal Lagoon near the town of Edmondson, Crittenden County, Arkansas. At the request of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Memphis District, field work at the site was conducted under contract to Gerald P. Smith (Purchase Order No. DACW6690MO992). The cultural resources background and literature search, the artifact analysis and the report preparation was completed under a separate contract by Garrow & Associates, Inc. (Purchase Order No. DACW6690M0994). The site consists of a low density surface scatter of historical artifacts at the western edge of the proposed Edmondson Sewage Disposal Lagoon. Consultation of the Arkansas Archaeological Survey State site files, Crittenden County Library Arkansas History Room, Crittenden County Courthouse Tax Assessment Records, and C.H. Nash Museum site files show that no previously recorded sites were located on the project tract. A total controlled surface collection and subsurface testing recovered 25 artifacts. Ceramic and glass artifacts recovered from the site indicate a late nineteenth to early twentieth century affiliation. The number of kitchen related artifacts and the lack of architectural artifacts suggest the site represents a historical dump area. Testing did not recover significant archaeological deposits. Given the lack of potentially significant cultural resources at the site, no further work is recommended.

A review of the Arkansas Archaeological Survey sLate site files, Ci ittendon Co. 1.ihrra and Crittenden Co. Courthouse Tax Assessments Records shows that no previously reorded cultural resources were located on or immediately adjacent to the study area.

Plaster Creek, a tributary of the Grand River, drains a 58-square mile watershed in Kent County, Michigan. Its headwaters originate in the agriculturally dominated southwestern portion of the county, and then it meanders through residential, commercial, and urban areas of Kentwood and Grand Rapids before it empties into the Grand River about one mile south of downtown Grand Rapids. Much of Plaster Creek’s original floodplain, like the rest of its watershed, has been drastically altered and degraded over time due to the development of residential neighborhoods, commercial properties, agriculture, and industrial zones. Floodplains house unique assemblages of Michigan’s native biodiversity and sustain stream and watershed health, warranting their preservation and restoration. Over several seasons, Calvin University Herbarium’s Emma Cole Grand Rapids Flora Project inventoried seven remnant floodplain sites along Plaster Creek from near its source in Gaines Township to downstream areas w...

Background: Traditional habitat knowledge, like the classification of folk habitats and how people partition their landscape into habitats, is an emerging but still understudied part of traditional ecological knowledge. Our objectives were to reconstruct the folk habitats and the partitioning of the landscape into these folk habitats by Mongolian herders in Northern Mongolia and to compare it with other Northern Hemisphere boreal-temperate classifications. Methods: The study area is located in Seruun Gilad (Khuvsugul province) and belongs to the mountain forest steppe of the Khangai region (dominated by meadow steppes and larch forests). Most herder families use the area for summer pasturing. Data collection was based on indoor and outdoor, structured and semi-structured interviews and interviews during landscape walks and participatory fieldwork. We interviewed 20 people using 76+ photos of plant species and 25+ photos of habitats and asked them to name and describe the habitats and describe the habitat preferences of the species. Results: Mongolian herders distinguished at least 88 folk habitat categories and knew well the habitat preferences of the 76 plant species. They argued that a herder has to be observant of nature. The habitat classification was moderately lexicalized, with many descriptive expressions. Most habitats (77%) belonged to the meso-scale, while macro-scale habitats (like taiga, Gobi) and micro-scale habitats (like marmot burrow, top of the tussock) were few. Habitat names did not reflect directly the usefulness of the habitat. Classification was multidimensional; key dimensions were geomorphological and edaphic. There were some species (e.g., botyuul, hyag, shireg) and species groups (hot plants, leafy plants) that were often used to describe habitat types. Conclusions: Landscape partitionings in the Northern Hemisphere differed considerably in the importance of various dimensions used, with edaphic, geomorphological, hydrological, and dominant species-based dimensions having higher importance, while land use, successional, and zoological dimensions having lower importance. We argue that conducting research on folk habitats will contribute to a deeper understanding of how nature is perceived by locals and to a more efficient management of the Mongolian pastures.

The importance of tropical forests in regulating global carbon stocks is well known. However, the role of abiotic variables related to climate conditions and edaphic parameters for patterns of above-ground woody biomass (AGWB) are still under debate. For Amazonian forests subjected to periodic floods, these patterns are even more uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate AGWB stocks in Amazonian floodplain forest, and investigate the importance of forest structure, hydroperiod and edaphic parameters for AGWB. Results are based on floristic inventories conducted in twelve hectares of forest distributed across four floodplains. All trees ≥10 cm DBH were tagged, identified, and had their DBH and height measured. Allometric equations were applied for calculating AGWB. Hydroperiod was estimated for each sample plot, and soil samples were collected and chemical and physical components analyzed. Hierarchical partitioning was applied to determine importance of forest structure variables for AGWB, and GLMMs to evaluate the individual role of several edaphic parameters and hydroperiod for AGWB stocks. AGWB estimates varied substantially both between and within sites, as did the proportional contribution of forest structure variables to AGWB. Fabaceae contributed most to AGWB overall, and hydroperiod was more important than soil fertility in explaining variation in AGWB values. Amongst the edaphic variables, Iron (Fe) was the component that influenced AGWB the most, followed by Aluminium (Al) and Phosphorus (P). Overall, our results indicate that, on the investigated Amazonian floodplains, AGWB is mainly driven by hydroperiod rather than edaphic properties. This occurs despite a constant input of nutrients caused by flooding events. In addition, this is the first study to suggest that P appears to be of some importance in Amazonian várzea and paleo-várzea floodplains, where soil fertility is generally higher than in non-flooded terra firme forests.

The aims of this study were to assess and analysis of drinking water quality of Chabahar villages in Sistan and Baluchistan province by water quality index (WQI) and to investigate the water stability in subjected area. The results illustrated that the average values of LSI, RSI, PSI, LS, and AI was 0.5 (±0.34), 6.76 (±0.6), 6.50 (±0.99), 2.71 (±1.59), and 12.63 (±0.34), respectively. The calculation of WQI for groundwater samples indicated that 25% of the samples could be considered as excellent water, 50% of the samples were classified as good water category and 25% of the samples showed poor water category.

For a detailed description of the study area, as well as methods used for collecting data and quality assurance processes, and analyzing and mapping species distribution, please see my previous paper on rare vascular plants of Redberry Lake Biosphere Reserve. 7 Key methodological points are provided below. Data on rare plants (local distribution, population features, and threats to survival) were collected during the field surveys conducted in 2021-22. All locations were georeferenced using a GPS unit Garmin Oregon 650t. Additional information on occurrences of rare plants was obtained through the Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (SKCDC) 4 and the HABISask database. 8 Plants were identified in situ and a few photos for each species observed were taken. Herbarium vouchers of rare plants deposited at the W.P. Fraser Herbarium of the University of Saskatchewan (SASK) 9 were examined. Data relating to the geographical distribution and origin of the study plant species come from the following databases-the Virtual Herbarium of Plants at Risk in Saskatchewan at the W. P. Fraser Herbarium of the University of Saskatchewan (VHPRSK) 10 and Plants of the World Online (POWO). 11 The nomenclature of the taxa follows the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada or VASCAN. 12 The species conservation ranks are given according to the NatureServe 13 and IUCN 14 categories as well as listing by SKCDC. 4

This report presents the results of low-altitude photographic transects conducted over the training areas of US Army Garrison Fort Wainwright, in the boreal biome of central Alaska, to document baseline land-cover conditions. Flights were conducted via a Cessna™ 180 on two flight paths over portions of the Tanana Flats, Yukon, and Donnelly Training Areas and covered 486 mi (782 km) while documenting GPS waypoints. Nadir photographs were made with two GoPro™ cameras operating at 5 sec time-lapse intervals and with a handheld digital camera for oblique imagery. This yielded 6,063 GoPro photos and 706 oblique photos. Each image was intersected with a land-cover-classification map, collectively representing 38 of the 44 cover categories. DISCLAIMER: The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising, publication, or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products. All product names and trademarks cited are the property of their respective owners. The findings of this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents.

Uncertainties in hydrodynamic model calibration and boundary conditions can have a significant influence on flood inundation predictions. Uncertainty analysis involves quantification of these uncertainties and their propagation through to inundation predictions. In this paper the inverse problem of sensitivity analysis is tackled, in order to diagnose the influence that model input variables, together and in combination, have on the uncertainty in the inundation model prediction. Variance-based global sensitivity analysis is applied to simulation of a flood on a reach of the River Thames (United Kingdom) for which a synthetic aperture radar image of the extent of flooding was available for model validation. The sensitivity analysis using the method of Sobol' quantifies the significant influence of variance in the Manning channel roughness coefficient in raster-based flood inundation model predictions of flood outline and flood depth. The spatial influence of the Manning channel roughness coefficient is analyzed by dividing the channel into subreaches and calculating variance-based sensitivity indices for each subreach. Replicated Latin hypercube sampling is used for sensitivity analysis with correlated input variables. The methodology identifies subreaches of channel that have the most influence on variance in the model predictions, demonstrating how far boundary effects propagate into the model and indicating where further data acquisition and nested higher-resolution model studies should be targeted.

For a detailed description of the study area, as well as methods used for collecting data and quality assurance processes, and analyzing and mapping species distribution, please see my previous paper on rare vascular plants of Redberry Lake Biosphere Reserve. 7 Key methodological points are provided below. Data on rare plants (local distribution, population features, and threats to survival) were collected during the field surveys conducted in 2021-22. All locations were georeferenced using a GPS unit Garmin Oregon 650t. Additional information on occurrences of rare plants was obtained through the Saskatchewan Conservation Data Centre (SKCDC) 4 and the HABISask database. 8 Plants were identified in situ and a few photos for each species observed were taken. Herbarium vouchers of rare plants deposited at the W.P. Fraser Herbarium of the University of Saskatchewan (SASK) 9 were examined. Data relating to the geographical distribution and origin of the study plant species come from the following databases-the Virtual Herbarium of Plants at Risk in Saskatchewan at the W. P. Fraser Herbarium of the University of Saskatchewan (VHPRSK) 10 and Plants of the World Online (POWO). 11 The nomenclature of the taxa follows the Database of Vascular Plants of Canada or VASCAN. 12 The species conservation ranks are given according to the NatureServe 13 and IUCN 14 categories as well as listing by SKCDC. 4

ArcView 3.x GIS interface …………………………………………………………… 1-1. ArcView's online help window ……………………………………………………… 2-1. Copying the MMRDSS-CD1 data to the hard drive ………………………………… 2-2. Copying the MMRDSS-CD2 shapefiles directory to the data directory ……………… 2-3. Copying the MrSid files to the hard drive …………………………………………… 2-4. Starting ArcView ……………………………………………………………… 2-5. Selecting Open Project ……………………………………………………………… 3-1. Displaying the active theme's metadata ……………………………………………… 3-2. Sample metadata file. ………………………………………………………………… 4-1. Creating a map layout ………………………………………………………………… 4-2. Select a layout format from the Template Manager ………………………………… 4-3. Finished map layout ………………………………………………………………… 4-4. Selecting graphics to copy from the map layout …………………………………… 4-5. ArcView's project window. …………………………………………………………… 4-6. Exporting tables. ……………………………………………………………………… 4-7. ArcView Graphical User Interface for View documents. …………………………… 4-8. Zoom In, Zoom Out, Pan, and Zoom to Active Themes tools and button ……………… 4-9. Zoom to River Mile(s) window ……………………………………………………… 4-10. Identify tool …………………………………………………………………………… 4-11. Label tool …………………………………………………………………………… 4-12. Setting theme properties …………………………………………………………… 4-13. Measure and Draw tools …………………………………………………………… 4-14. Select Query Target ………………………………………………………………… 4-15. Query Builder ………………………………………………………………………… 4-16. Query Builder Results. ……………………………………………………………… 4-17. Active Theme(s) to Top. ……………………………………………………………… 5-1. Wlosinski and Wlosinski (2001) Flood Data menu item ……………………………… 5-2. Select a River Mile …………………………………………………………………… 5-3. Flood Data Output …………………………………………………………………… 5-4. Calculating Sinuosity Index ………………………………………………………… 5-5. Starting Sinuosity Index Tool ………………………………………………………… 5-6. Sinuosity Index tool dialog …………………………………………………………… 5-7. Sinuosity Index tool dialog displaying focal point distance options ………………… 5-8.

Bogota River Project-Components Component 1 ($335 million): Upgrade and expansion of the Salitre Wastewater Treatment Plant (see model above) from 4 to about 8m3/s to treat, convey, and discharge wastewater from three microbasins into the Bogota River. Component 2 ($140 million): Carry out flood control and environmental improvements to reduce the risk of flooding and establish multifunctional zones along the river. Component 3 ($7 million): Carry out studies to assist in the environmental sustainability of the Bogota River. Component 4 ($5 million): Strengthen the capacity of the CAR for the day-today implementation of the project. This component also includes carrying out a public outreach campaign and training.

A detention basin is designed for storm water quantity and quality controls. An in-stream basin is often located on a widened floodplain, while an off-stream basin can be part of open space in a parking lot, park, or sport field. The inflow channel associated with an off-stream basin is allowed to carry its base flow not to exceed the downstream capacity. When the inflow channel is full, the excess flood water is diverted into the off-stream basin through the side weir. During the flood recession, the equalizer conduit drains the basin flow back to the channel. In this study, the rational volumetric method was expanded from in-stream to off-stream detention design. The required off-stream detention volume is maximized by the rainfall event longer than the time of concentration of the tributary area. In comparison, the off-stream detention volume can be significantly less than an in-stream, depending on the flow-through capacity in the downstream channel. This paper presents a design procedure to maximize the off-stream detention volume, to size the flow-diversion weir, and to set the flood-gate operation on the equalizer conduit. The simplified derivation on turning moment indicates that the operation of flood gate is dictated by the water depth differential and the weight of the gate.

We determine here the domination and total domination number of Rolf Nevanlinna Prize winners (1982-2014) collaboration graph-RNPCG besides giving a brief introduction about the prize, the method of construction of the collaboration graph, a software tool used for drawing the collaboration graph, etc.

Quetico Provincial Park (QPP), in northwest Ontario between latitude N48.045 and 48.695 and longitude W90.850 and 92.275, protects more than half of a 2.2 million acre international wilderness of forest, water, and rock on the Canada/United States border. During a 16-day botanical study along the southeast edge of QPP, mostly over greenstone bedrock, 33 species new to QPP (including 2 new to northwest Ontario), as well as 55 others considered rare or scarce in the park, were found. Also encountered were 11 Ontario rare species (2 new to the park and all but 1 at new locations). MATERIALS AND METHODS Since it would require an enormous amount of time to adequately botanize the greenstone area of Quetico, I tried to focus my efforts on a variety of selected spots that I believed would give the most complete picture of the flora of the area. To this end, I tried to locate and do field work in specialized natural communities in the landscape to emphasize the diversity of plant species present. Necessarily, this entailed ignoring, to some degree, the general forest cover, which is already better known and less likely to lead to significant plant discoveries. By studying maps, aerial photographs, geological information, available plant literature (mainly Walshe 1980), and drawing on my own years of field work in the neighboring BWCAW, I selected areas to explore, and, once in the field, refined my search areas. I collected plants that I recognized as being significant to the understanding of the flora, or that were unfamiliar to me. All collections are from QPP in Rainy River District, Ontario. For each plant gathered, notes were made on habitat and associate species, and, often, location was taken with a hand held Garmin eTrex GPS system. More than 200 collections (Scott #2730-2971) were sent to Michael Oldham at the Ontario Natural Heritage Information Centre (NHIC), for verification, and deposited in the Lakehead University herbarium (LKHD) in Thunder Bay, Ontario (a few collections were retained at the NHIC herbarium). There are three collections (2753, 2810, and 2961) cited in this report that I have misplaced, and thus are not in one of the herbaria. Since QPP lies on the Ontario/Minnesota border and is within the same ecosystem protected by the adjoining BWCAW in Minnesota, distribution information for plants reported as "new" to the park is given for both province (Ontario) and state (Minnesota) to assess the significance of each species' presence in the park in relation to the undivided ecosystem and general region rather than by the limits imposed by national borders. Northern Ontario Plant Database (NOPD), a frequently cited plant distribution source in this paper, "is not comprehensive in its inclusion of northern Ontario Scientific name Common name Locations in Quetico Provincial Park Cystopteris laurentiana Laurentian Bladder Fern Ottertrack Lake (2965) Dryopteris expansa Spreading Wood Fern Emerald/Plough portage (2777) Gymnocarpium jessoense

Indian cities are complex and interdependent system, extremely vulnerable to threats from both natural risks and manmade disasters caused by the growing urban population, migration, depleting resources and terrorism. There are abundant evidences on resource consumption and emissions, biodiversity and land use change to show that Indian cities are responsible for a large part of unsustainable trends which push the planet beyond its ecological boundaries. With expedited urbanization, it becomes imperative to prioritise vulnerability assessment in order to increase resilience and thus attain sustainability. Recent studies indicate that the resilience framework is not consistent; they have either been applied in a natural resource context or focused on a single factor such as socioeconomic vulnerability or structural weakness of physical components. Secondly, there is lack of resilience framework for developing nations or local contexts as the applicability of results from developed countries are problematic to instrument technically or theoretically at native scale. Given the diversity of interpretations and application of the resilience assessment in complex urban systems, this paper looks at factors and parameters that influence the Indian cities with major focus on Gurugram.(the third wealthiest city in India, by per-capital income with a massive population but such phenomena growth has overwhelmed city planning even with the availability of funds).The paper further explores the resilience assessment framework based on the five defined and measurable domains including social (education equity, transportation access, health coverage, communication capacity), economic (employment, income, housing capital), institution (migration plan, flood coverage, political fragmentation by Indian institutions such as National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), physical (e.g. water, sanitation, housing and land use), spatial (elevation, spatial and temporal indicators), human (e.g. literacy rate, health insurance) and Environment (e.g. ecosystem services, environmental policies).Various case examples are used to suggest that urban resilience can be conceived as a multidisciplinary framework to analyse the reactive, adaptive and transformative capacities of (and within) the complex urban system of Indian cities.

: In times of disaster, it is essential to consider the experiences and preparedness of persons with disabilities. This study
provided a meta-synthesis of disaster experiences and preparedness of people with disabilities. Eighteen (18) out of 504 studies
were chosen based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using the Critical
Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) and arranged using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and MetaAnalyses (PRISMA) diagram.