First Birth

"Background: Taking part in human reproduction immediately after marriage will not be a good choice for those young couples from the point of view of population growth as well as the health of the mother and the newborn. As such, postponement of the first birth will benefit both the newborn's and the mother's health. The use of contraceptives before the first birth is a reasonable choice for delaying it. The objective of this paper is to analyse the trends in contraceptive use before first birth and to explore and identify potential socio-demographic covariates that significantly influence this trend in North-East India.
Methods: We analyse the trends of contraceptive use before first birth using data from the three latest National Family Health Surveys. We also investigate socio-demographic factors associated with contraceptive use before first birth using data from the latest round of NFHS-5. The method of multivariate logistic regression is applied to estimate the likelihood of contraceptive use before first birth among different socio-demographic groups.
Results: There is an increase in the percentage of women who use contraceptives before first birth from NFHS-3 to NFHS-4. However, there is a slight percentage decrease from NFHS-4 to NFHS-5. Place of residence, religion, family wealth, current age, and media exposure are some of the important covariates that significantly affect contraceptive use before first birth."

Tandis que les disparités sociales et de sexe dans l’expérience du passage à l’âge adulte sont largement investiguées, l’étude des itinéraires des enfants d’immigrés est demeurée peu explorée. L’enquête Trajectoires et Origines, réalisée conjointement par l’Institut national d’études démographiques et l’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques entre septembre 2008 et février 2009, apporte de nouvelles données permettant de conduire une telle analyse. Concernant les cinq étapes définissant classiquement le passage à l’âge adulte, des différences apparaissent à la fois entre les groupes d’origine et entre les hommes et les femmes. Alors que les descendants d’immigrés portugais connaissent les durées les plus courtes entre la fin des études et l’arrivée du premier enfant, c’est l’inverse pour les fils d’immigrés maghrébins. Quant aux femmes, si elles se montrent plus précoces que les hommes, et ce quelles que soient leurs origines, la transition vers l’âge adulte s...

Objectives: This paper aimed to analyse the temporal relation between family transitions (partnership formation, first childbirth, separation) and changes in smoking initiation and cessation. Methods: We propose a discrete-time logistic model to explore the timing of changes in terms of leads and lags effects up to three years around the event in order to measure both anticipation and adaptation mechanisms. Retrospective biographical data from the Santé et Itinéraires Professionnels (SIP) survey conducted in France in 2006 are used. Results: Partnership formation was followed for both genders by a fall in initiation and a contemporaneous rise in cessation. Effects related to first childbirth were strongly patterned by gender, as a protective anticipation effect was found in initiation and cessation for women, while only a contemporaneous rise in cessation was observed for men. Separation was preceded by unhealthy behavioural changes in women, while this effect was contemporaneous for men. Our findings highlight opportunities for more targeted interventions over the life course to reduce smoking, and therefore have relevance for general practitioners and public policy elaboration.

Young people living in poor urban informal settlements face unique challenges as they transition to adulthood. This exploratory paper uses retrospective information from the baseline survey of a 3-year prospective study to examine the timing and sequencing of four key markers (first sex, marriage, birth, and independent housing) of the transition to adulthood among 3,944 adolescents in two informal settlements in Nairobi city, Kenya. Event history analysis techniques are employed to examine the timing of the events. Results indicate that there is no significant gender difference with regard to first sexual debut among adolescents. For many boys and girls, the first sexual experience occurs outside of marriage or other union. For males, the sequencing of entry begins with entry into first sex, followed by independent housing. Conversely, for females, the sequencing begins with first sex and then parenthood. Apart from sexual debut, the patterns of entry into union and parenthood do not differ much from what was observed for Nairobi as a whole. The space constraints that typify the two slums may have influenced the pattern of leaving home observed. We discuss these and other findings in light of their implications for young people's health and well-being in resource-poor settings in urban areas.

One of the most frequently reported changes across the transition to parenthood is a decline in marital quality after the birth of a first baby. Experiences in the family of origin may influence the trajectory of marital quality. Our study aimed to investigate the impact of recollections of family-of-origin marriage on marital quality (self-reports and clinical evaluation) from pregnancy to 1 year after the birth of a first child. A total of 62 first-time parents completed questionnaires (self-reported marital satisfaction) and clinical interviews (clinical evaluation of couples' dialogue quality). Although selfreported marital satisfaction and observed dialogue quality were highly associated, only self-reported marital satisfaction declined from pregnancy to 1 year after birth. This decrease was partly due to very high marital satisfaction during pregnancy. Different trajectories for self-reported marital satisfaction and observed dialogue quality were found for participants with recollections of low-, average-, and highquality family-of-origin marriage. A structural equation model showed that participants who recollected a negative quality in their parents' relationship reported more negative changes in the quality of their own marriages. There seems to be an intergenerational transmission of marital quality that comes to light when couples are challenged by the birth and rearing of a baby.

The age at which child bearing begins, influences the number of children a woman bears throughout her reproductive period in the absence of any active fertility control. This study employed both parametric and non-parametric survival analysis techniques, with a cohort of women within the reproductive age (15-49 years), to determine the statistical distribution of the age at first birth of a woman from her time of birth and identify the significant prognostic factors determining the timing of first birth of Ghanaian women. Using data from the Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS), the study fitted several parametric Accelerated Failure Time models, from which the best parametric distribution for age at first birth was selected. The results revealed that, the average age at first birth was about 20 years, with more than 87.4% of the women having giving birth before they attained 25 years of age. The age at first birth among the Ghanaian women was best modeled by the log-logistic model. By this model, the age at which a woman had her first birth was determined, at the 10% significance level, by her Age at first marriage, her Educational level, her Wealth Status and whether or not the women practiced family planning before their first birth.

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Abstract. The study was made on 326 sows, and the examination was made using a portable multiscan MS ultrasound apparatus. The echography was made at 23 and at 28 days after insemination and the ultrasound probe was applied in the ventral part of the abdomenum, dorsal compared to the last three pairs of mamella. The sows were inseminated, after the manifestation of the imobility sindrome, with one use plastic cathethers. There were made two echographies for each sow, after 23 and 28 days post-insemination. In that way the unpregnant sows were found earlier and the economical losses were reduced with 5 days (allowing the gestation diagnose at 23days compared to 28 days.)

Distribution électronique Cairn.info pour NecPlus. © NecPlus. Tous droits réservés pour tous pays. La reproduction ou représentation de cet article, notamment par photocopie, n'est autorisée que dans les limites des conditions générales d'utilisation du site ou, le cas échéant, des conditions générales de la licence souscrite par votre établissement. Toute autre reproduction ou représentation, en tout ou partie, sous quelque forme et de quelque manière que ce soit, est interdite sauf accord préalable et écrit de l'éditeur, en dehors des cas prévus par la législation en vigueur en France. Il est précisé que son stockage dans une base de données est également interdit.

The birth of a child is a commonplace event, yet for the two individuals who become parents it is nothing short of miraculous. This transition to parenthood is a major life event, and both the new mother and father have to adapt to the changes brought about by the responsibility of raising a child. For men and women the challenges of parenthood will differ, and the new parents’ relationship will undergo change as the demands of their new roles become apparent (Belsky and Pensky 1988, Roosa 1988). In consequence, becoming a parent, although largely viewed as a positive event, can place huge strains on both a couple’s relationship and on individual functioning within that relationship. Having a baby can be extremely stressful, and as with any major life change, entails some degree of risk, with the challenge of raising children causing new problems or highlighting existing vulnerabilities for both parents (Cowan and Cowan 1995). Parenthood has, therefore, the potential to change both men and women’s feelings about themselves and their relationships as they take on the important role of nurturing their children from birth into adulthood.