Fibrolytic enzymes

The objective of the study was to evaluate the addition of phytase (P) and pectinase, glucanase and hemicellulose (PGH) activities on sorghum-soybean-canola based diets, and a xylanase (X) on diets with dry distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) on the ileal and fecal digestibility of nutrients (Exp 1) and the growth performance (Exp 2) of growing-finishing pigs.

Twenty macropods from five locations in Queensland, Australia, grazing on a variety of native pastures were surveyed and the bacterial community of the foregut was examined using 454-amplicon pyrosequencing. Specifically, the V3/V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was examined. A total of 5040 OTUs were identified in the data set (post filtering). Thirty-two OTUs were identified as 'shared' OTUS (i.e. present in all samples) belonging to either Firmicutes or Bacteroidetes (Clostridiales/ Bacteroidales). These phyla predominated the general microbial community in all macropods. Genera represented within the shared OTUs included: unclassified Ruminococcaceae, unclassified Lachnospiraceae, unclassified Clostridiales, Peptococcus sp. Coprococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Blautia sp., Ruminoccocus sp., Eubacterium sp., Dorea sp., Oscillospira sp. and Butyrivibrio sp. The composition of the bacterial community of the foregut samples of each the host species (Macropus rufus, Macropus giganteus and Macropus robustus) was significantly different allowing differentiation between the host species based on alpha and beta diversity measures. Specifically, eleven dominant OTUs that separated the three host species were identified and classified as: unclassified Ruminococcaceae, unclassified Bacteroidales, Prevotella spp. and a Syntrophococcus sucromutans. Putative reductive acetogens and fibrolytic bacteria were also identified in samples. Future work will investigate the presence and role of fibrolytics and acetogens in these ecosystems. Ideally, the isolation and characterization of these organisms will be used for enhanced feed efficiency in cattle, methane mitigation and potentially for other industries such as the biofuel industry.

Due to the ban on antibiotics and ionophores, which were used as feed supplements, scientists have become more interested in evaluating other alternatives to control the rumen fermentation. Plant essential oils might be alternative to that kind of supplements for farm animals. However, our knowledge about the possible effects of plant essential oils on survival rate and enzyme activity of anaerobic fungi (besides other rumen microbes) is still limited. Current study, therefore, aimed to determine the effects of plant essential oils on this unique group of rumen microorganisms. Effects of various dosages of myrtle (Myrtus communis), juniper (Juniperus communis), melissa (Melissa officinalis) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris) plant essential oil, which have antimicrobial properties, were investigated on survival rate and enzyme activity of Neocallimastix sp. GMLF2 and Orpinomyces sp. GMLF18. Accordingly, plant essential oils were dissolved in ethyl alcohol and added into medium. Fungal grow...

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of fibrolytic enzymes supplementation on in situ degradability of DM, CP and CF of
different feedstuffs included concentrate feed mixture (CFM), berseem hay (BH), dried sugar beet tops (DSBT), corn silage (CS), rice
straw (RS) and wheat straw (WS). The fibrolytic enzyme (fibrozyme) was added to the ground feedstuffs at the levels of 0, 1 and 1.5
g/kg DM diluted with distilled water (1:10 w/v) and sprayed with 10 ml per kg of ground feedstuffs overnight and samples incubated in
canulated multiparous Friesian cows for 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 hours.
Concentrate feed mixture showed the highest values of DM, CP and CF disappearance followed by DSBT, while both RS and WS had
the lowest values (P<0.05). Moreover, the added fibrozyme at the level of 1 g/kg showed the highest in situ ruminal DM and CF
disappearance for CFM and DSBT and CP disappearance for CFM, BH and DSBT, while the level of 1.5 g/kg recorded the highest DM
and CF disappearance for BH, CS, RS and WS and CP disappearance for CS, RS and WS. The DSBT showed the highest rapid
degradable fraction (a), CS the highest potential degradable fraction (b), CFM had the highest degradation rate (c) and RS and WS had
the highest undegradable fraction (u) for both DM and CP (P<0.05). While, CFM showed the highest rapid degradable fraction (a), CS
recorded the highest potential degradable fraction (b), CFM had the highest degradation rate (c), but RS and WS showed the highest
undegradable fraction (u) for CF (P<0.05). Moreover, CFM showed the highest outflow rate of degradable DM at 2, 5 and 8%/ hour
from the rumen for DM, CP and CF, but both RS and WS had the lowest values. Fibrozyme added at the level of 1 g/kg showed the
highest in situ ruminal DM and CF degradation for CFM and DSBT and CP degradation for CFM, BH and DSBT, while the level of 1.5
g/kg recorded the highest DM and CF degradation for BH, CS, RS and WS and CP degradation for CS, RS and WS.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of cinnamaldehyde on nutrients ruminal degradation and total production and molar proportion of volatile fatty acids in a ruminal in vitro system (DaisyII Ankom Technology, USA). The diet was composed of a mixture of barley seed: alfalfa hay (70:30) which was incubated with 4 treatments: without additive or negative control (NC), with monensin at 7.5 ppm or positive control (CP) and with cinnamaldehyde at 250 (C250) and 500 ppm (C500). The inhibitory effect of cinnamaldehyde on disappearance of DM, NDF and ADF (from 48 to 72 h incubation time, P < 0.01) was similar to CP treatment. All supplemented treatments tended to decrease the potential degradability of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, as the effective degradability of DM, NDF and ADF. However, contrary to monensin, cinnamaldehyde increased total VFA production and did not affect molar proportion of VFA. The two doses of cinnamaldehyde evaluated showed the same effect. Results indicate that cinnamaldehyde modified in vitro ruminal fermentation.

Forages play an important role in ruminant animal production worldwide. Unlocking the nutritional potential of poor-quality tropical forages with fibrolytic enzymes would improve forage digestibility and utilization. Using in vitro and in vivo methods this study investigated the effect of pre-treating Smutsfinger hay for 24 hours with a mixture of fibrolytic enzyme (100% cellulase; 75% cellulase: 25% xylanase; 50% cellulase: 50% xylanase; 25% cellulase: 75% xylanase; 100% xylanase and a control with no enzyme) on ruminal fermentation and digestibility of nutrients by sheep. For in vitro fermentation, dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradability and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined with standard procedures. The same treatments were used for an in vivo digestibility trial using Merino sheep in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. Feed intake and total tract digestibility were recorded. Rumen fluid samples were collected daily, preserved, and analysed for VFA. The addition...

Fermentations were conducted to identify enzyme activities and amounts that would optimize digestion of high-fiber feed ingredients (soybean hulls, alfalfa, corn silage, and corn gluten feed). In general, adding enzymes increased in vitro dry matter disappearance, but total volatile fatty acid concentrations were not improved by enzyme treatments. The response to enzymes was similar across substrate, suggesting that substrate specificity of the enzymes is not important. The most effective enzyme preparation had greater cellulase activity than the other enzyme preparations, suggesting that cellulase might be the most important enzymatic activity for improving digestion of fibrous feedstuffs.

El garbanzo porquero es un cultivo de temporal que se cosecha en la region del Bajio y que se emplea tradicionalmente en la alimentacion animal. Estudios con cerdos han de-mostrado que esta leguminosa puede sustituir satisfactoriamente al maiz y la pasta de soya en raciones para lechones en crecimiento (Shimada y Brambila, 1967a). El grano es marginal en aminoacidos azufrados para el cerdo (Shimada y Brambila, 1967a, b; Shimada y Avila, 1975) y su contenido y disponibilidad de lisina son elevados (Casarin y Bravo, 1972).

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of cellulase enzyme treatments and incubations on digestibility of rice straw. Rice straw was treated by using cellulase from Trichoderma reseei at 0 (Control, C), 1 (RS+CEL1), 1.5 (RS+CEL1.5) and 2% (RS+CEL2) levels (dry matter basis, DM), and treated rice straw samples were ensiled in 6 glass jars for C, RS+CEL1, RS+CEL1.5 and RS+CEL2. For control and each level of cellulase treatment, 3 glass jars were incubated at room temperature (22ºC) in the dark for 30 days, 3 glass jars were incubated at 40±0.2ºC in an incubator for 30 days. After the treatment, the significant increases (P<0.05) were determined in treatment groups compared to control for the percentage of in vitro true digestibility as fed (IVTDas fed), in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD), in vitro true neutral detergent fiber digestibility in DM basis (IVTNDFDDM) and in vitro true organic matter digestibility in DM basis (IVTOMDDM) of rice straw. The best results obtained from the highest level of cellulase (RS+CEL2) treatment at 40ºC for IVTDas fed, IVTDMD, IVTNDFDDM and IVTOMDDM were 62.99±0.22, 60.43±0.23, 30.70±0.23 and 63.58±0.34%, respectively. In conclusion, observed results showed that treatment of rice straw with cellulase improved the true digestibilitiy.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of cellulase enzyme treatments and incubations on digestibility of rice straw. Rice straw was treated by using cellulase from Trichoderma reseei at 0 (Control, C), 1 (RS+CEL1), 1.5 (RS+CEL1.5) and 2% (RS+CEL2) levels (dry matter basis, DM), and treated rice straw samples were ensiled in 6 glass jars for C, RS+CEL1, RS+CEL1.5 and RS+CEL2. For control and each level of cellulase treatment, 3 glass jars were incubated at room temperature (22ºC) in the dark for 30 days, 3 glass jars were incubated at 40±0.2ºC in an incubator for 30 days. After the treatment, the significant increases (P<0.05) were determined in treatment groups compared to control for the percentage of in vitro true digestibility as fed (IVTDas fed), in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD), in vitro true neutral detergent fiber digestibility in DM basis (IVTNDFDDM) and in vitro true organic matter digestibility in DM basis (IVTOMDDM) of rice straw. The best results obtained from the highest level of cellulase (RS+CEL2) treatment at 40ºC for IVTDas fed, IVTDMD, IVTNDFDDM and IVTOMDDM were 62.99±0.22, 60.43±0.23, 30.70±0.23 and 63.58±0.34%, respectively. In conclusion, observed results showed that treatment of rice straw with cellulase improved the true digestibilitiy.

Los residuos de cosecha juegan un papel importante en la producción animal a nivel mundial. Aumentar el potencial nutricional de opciones de baja calidad con enzimas fibrolíticas mejoraría la digestibilidad y la utilización del forraje. Utilizando un método in vitro se evaluó el efecto de celulasas (EC:3.2.1.4) y xilanasas (EC:3.2.1.8) aplicados a cuatro niveles: 0 (control); 2.000; 4.000 y 8.000 UI·kg-1 MS en panca de maíz (PM), broza de espárrago (BE) y cáscara de maní (CM). Al aplicar celulasas a la PM, la digestibilidad de la materia seca (DIVMS) y fibra detergente neutra (DIVFDN) fueron mayores (P&lt;0,001) que el grupo de control (63,7 vs. 61,8 % y 51,9 vs. 50,1 %); efectos similares se encontraron con xilanasas (64,1 vs. 61,8 % y 53,0 vs. 51,6 %). La DIVMS y DIVFDN de la BE no fueron afectadas por la aplicación de celulasas o xilanasas (P&lt;0,05). En el caso de la CM, la aplicación de celulasas o xilanasas mejoró la DIVMS (24,9 vs. 22,3 % y 24,6 vs. 22,3 %, respectivamente),...

We evaluated the effects of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on total in vitro gas production, dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and starch disappearance of different feedstuffs and total mixed rations (TMR) in three different experiments. In experiment 1, six single fiber-based feedstuffs were evaluated: alfalfa hay, buffalo grass, beet pulp, eragrostis hay, oat hay, and smutsvinger grass. Experimental treatments were control (with no probiotic inoculation; CON) or incubation of a probiotic mixture containing Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis (3.2 × 109 CFU/g; DFM). The calculation of DFM dose under in vitro conditions was based on the assumption of a rumen capacity of 70 liter and the dose of 3 g of the DFM mixture/head/d (9.6 × 109 CFU). Total in vitro gas production, DM, and NDF disappearance were evaluated at 24- and 48 h posttreatment incubation. Mean treatment effects were observed at 24- and 48 h gas production (P &lt; 0.0001), as DFM incubation...

There are evidences of definite positive relationships between anaerobic fungi in the rumen and the increased voluntary intake of low digestible fibrous feeds, growth and milk production (Dey et al. 2004, Sehgal et al. 2008 and Saxena et al. 2010). Manipulation of anaerobic fungal numbers and their activity in the rumen has the potential to benefit the domesticated ruminants by better utilization of nutrients from these roughage based diets (

En esta revisión se hace una retrospectiva de las actividades de investigación realizadas en nutrición porcina por los investigadores del INIFAP en los 35 años de existencia del Instituto. El producto principal de esta actividad, ha sido el sentar las bases para una mejor alimentación del hato reproductor y del cerdo para abasto, enfocándola a resolver los problemas particulares de la porcicultura mexicana, con respecto al uso de las materias primas utilizadas en la alimentación del cerdo; así como la evaluación y mejora de la calidad de la canal, el enriquecimiento de la carne con metabolitos que incrementan su vida de anaquel y mejoran sus propiedades organolépticas. Asimismo, se hace una reflexión sobre los retos que enfrentará la nutrición porcina en el presente siglo, proponiendo las áreas que se tendrán que investigar para garantizar la sustentabilidad del sector, así como las acciones que los investigadores del programa y el INIFAP tendrán que realizar para responder adecuada...

The possibility of biotechnological application of anaerobic fungi and their biomass-degrading enzymes has been a growing area of research and development over the past decade. In this context, the occurrence and isolation of rumen fungi were evaluated in three Holstein-Gir dairy cows grazing Urochloa spp., in addition to the fermentation capacity of theses isolates in media containing different carbohydrates. Motile zoospores were found in all of the rumen samples. Twelve fungal strains were recovered and were capable of degrading different carbohydrates and lignocellulosic components, suggesting that these strains are able to produce various degradative enzymes when grown on glucose, xylose, cellobiose, fructose, and cellulose. Results pointed out the first insight into the isolation of rumen anaerobic fungi in dairy cattle in Brazil and suggested that further studies are needed to show the potential of some species for commercial application, especially in tropical ruminants.

Dry matter (DM) degradation of wheat straw (WS), barley straw (BS), lucerne hay (LH) and maize silage (MS) was determined using two different techniques: (i) in vitro gas production and (ii) nylon bag degradability technique. In vitro gas production and in situ DM disappearance were measured after 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of incubation. In situ and in vitro DM degradation kinetics was described using the equation y = a + b (1-e ct). In all incubations there were significant (P < 0.001) correlations between gas production and in situ DM disappearance or estimated parameters ((a + b) gas and (a + b) is or (a + b) gas and EDMD is) whereas there were no significant (P > 0.05) correlations between c gas and c is or b gas and b is. Gas production from the insoluble fraction (b) alone explained 98.3% of the variation of EDMD. The inclusion of gas production from the quickly soluble fraction (a) and rate constant (c) of gas production in the regression equation improved the accuracy of EDMD prediction. The correlations between the results of both methodologies seem to be sufficiently strong to predict degradability parameters from gas production parameters. It was concluded that the in vitro gas production technique has good potentiality to predict in situ DM disappearance and some DM degradation parameters.

In present study, the in vitro dry matter digestibility and cell-wall content degradation of urea-NH 3 treated wheat straws were reported by incubating with rumen liquor and anaerobic fungi i.e. Orpinomyces sp. C-14 or Piromyces sp. WNG-12. The maximum digestibility of dry matter (55.8%) in urea-NH 3 treated wheat straws was shown by Piromyces sp. WNG-12, when compared to Orpinomyces sp. C-14 (54.3%) and control (45.5%) after 72 h. The cell-wall contents in terms of percent neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin were found to decrease significantly when wheat straw was treated with Piromyces sp. WNG-12, followed by Orpinomyces sp. C-14 and controls, for 48 or 72 h.

In the present study, rumen microbial groups, i.e. total rumen microbes (TRM), total anaerobic fungi (TAF), avicel enriched bacteria (AEB) and neutral detergent fibre enriched bacteria (NEB) were evaluated for wheat straw (WS) degradability and different fermentation parameters in vitro. Highest WS degradation was shown for TRM, followed by TAF, NEB and least by AEB. Similar patterns were observed with total gas production and short chain fatty acid profiles. Overall, TAF emerged as the most potent individual microbial group. In order to enhance the fibrolytic and rumen fermentation potential of TAF, we evaluated 18 plant feed additives in vitro. Among these, six plant additives namely Albizia lebbeck, Alstonia scholaris, Bacopa monnieri, Lawsonia inermis, Psidium guajava and Terminalia arjuna considerably improved WS degradation by TAF. Further evaluation showed A. lebbeck as best feed additive. The study revealed that TAF plays a significant role in WS degradation and their fibrolytic activities can be improved by inclusion of A. lebbeck in fermentation medium. Further studies are warranted to elucidate its active constituents, effect on fungal population and in vivo potential in animal system.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of cellulase enzyme treatments and incubations on digestibility of rice straw. Rice straw was treated by using cellulase from Trichoderma reseei at 0 (Control, C), 1 (RS+CEL1), 1.5 (RS+CEL1.5) and 2% (RS+CEL2) levels (dry matter basis, DM), and treated rice straw samples were ensiled in 6 glass jars for C, RS+CEL1, RS+CEL1.5 and RS+CEL2. For control and each level of cellulase treatment, 3 glass jars were incubated at room temperature (22ºC) in the dark for 30 days, 3 glass jars were incubated at 40±0.2ºC in an incubator for 30 days. After the treatment, the significant increases (P<0.05) were determined in treatment groups compared to control for the percentage of in vitro true digestibility as fed (IVTDas fed), in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD), in vitro true neutral detergent fiber digestibility in DM basis (IVTNDFDDM) and in vitro true organic matter digestibility in DM basis (IVTOMDDM) of rice straw. The best results obtained from the highest level of cellulase (RS+CEL2) treatment at 40ºC for IVTDas fed, IVTDMD, IVTNDFDDM and IVTOMDDM were 62.99±0.22, 60.43±0.23, 30.70±0.23 and 63.58±0.34%, respectively. In conclusion, observed results showed that treatment of rice straw with cellulase improved the true digestibilitiy.

This study aims to determine the effects of adding different fumaric acid (FA) levels to tea factory wastes (TFW) produced by different cultivation methods on in vitro true digestibility. In vitro true digestibility of feed (IVTD As feed), dry matter (IVTD DM), organic matter (IVTD OM), and neutral detergent fibre (IVTD NDF) were performed with a Daisy Incubator. Fumaric acid did not add to the control group and added 0.1%, 0.2%, or 0.3% FA to the experimental groups. When the cultivation methods were compared (conventional and organic tea wastes), it was seen that FA made a significant difference (P<0.05) in conventional tea wastes at all levels. However, when comparing organic and conventional tea wastes themselves, there was no significant effect of FA level on digestibility parameters (P>0.05). There was a significant difference (P<0.05) for IVTD As feed , IVTD DM and IVTD OM values in interaction between treatment and cultivation methods. The research results showed that the digestibility values of the conventional tea wastes were higher for ruminants than the tea waste produced by the organic method, and the use of 0.3% FA in organic tea wastes had a positive effect on IVTD values for ruminants.

The effects of two exogenous fibrolytic enzyme products on ruminal disappearance and fermentation of oat straw-wheat middlings based diets were evaluated. Six steers (322 ± 34.4 kg body weight) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square replicated. The treatments consisted of: 1) control, 2) Fibrozyme (2 g/kg dry matter), and 3) Promote (3 ml/kg dry matter). Both, Fibrozyme (Alltech Inc.) and Promote NET (Cargill Corp.) were sprayed as liquid onto diets and feeds 24 h before feeding. Samples of diets were ruminally incubated from 0 to 72 h. Enzymes did not change dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion. Fibrozyme increased crude protein (CP) disappearance rate of diet, while Promote increased CP total disappearance. In diets, enzymes did not affect ruminal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) fractions. Fibrozyme and Promote did increase CP total disappearance, ADF potential disappearance and ADF disappearance rate of wheat middlings, as well as dry matter (DM) and CP total disappearance, NDF disappearance rate, ADF potential disappearance and ADF disappearance rate of oat straw. Ruminal pH values were higher with enzymes, as compared to control. Total volatile fatty acids concentration and molar proportion of acetate and butyrate were not affected by both enzymes, but molar proportion of propionate was lower and acetate:propionate ratio higher with Promote than control. Fibrozyme and Promote did increase DM and CP soluble fractions of diets, as well as, ADF potential disappearance of wheat middling and oat straw.

Se realizó un estudio con la finalidad de evaluar los parámetros productivos, concentraciones de IgA secretora intestinal, colesterol, LDL, HDL en suero, de gallinas de postura alimentadas con dietas sorgo + soya + canola con menor contenido de nutrientes adicionadas con un complejo multienzimático (proteasas, amilasas y xilanasas) y un probiótico (Bacillus subtilis). Se emplearon 180 gallinas Bovans White de 42 a 54 semanas de edad distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar, con 3 tratamientos: 1) dieta testigo, 2) dieta reducida en energía metabolizable (50 kcal/kg y 2% de proteína y

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different levels of cellulase enzyme treatments and incubations on digestibility of rice straw. Rice straw was treated by using cellulase from Trichoderma reseei at 0 (Control, C), 1 (RS+CEL1), 1.5 (RS+CEL1.5) and 2% (RS+CEL2) levels (dry matter basis, DM), and treated rice straw samples were ensiled in 6 glass jars for C, RS+CEL1, RS+CEL1.5 and RS+CEL2. For control and each level of cellulase treatment, 3 glass jars were incubated at room temperature (22ºC) in the dark for 30 days, 3 glass jars were incubated at 40±0.2ºC in an incubator for 30 days. After the treatment, the significant increases (P<0.05) were determined in treatment groups compared to control for the percentage of in vitro true digestibility as fed (IVTDas fed), in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD), in vitro true neutral detergent fiber digestibility in DM basis (IVTNDFDDM) and in vitro true organic matter digestibility in DM basis (IVTOMDDM) of rice straw. The best results obtained from the highest level of cellulase (RS+CEL2) treatment at 40ºC for IVTDas fed, IVTDMD, IVTNDFDDM and IVTOMDDM were 62.99±0.22, 60.43±0.23, 30.70±0.23 and 63.58±0.34%, respectively. In conclusion, observed results showed that treatment of rice straw with cellulase improved the true digestibilitiy.

Anaerobic fungi are essential microbes in the degradation process of feed fiber in the rumen with the ability to produce fibrolytic enzymes and rhizoids that can penetrate feed particles. The activity of cellulase enzymes in fungi is influenced by several factors such as the type of feed and livestock used as a source of isolate. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the types of anaerobic fungi isolated from buffalo based on their DNA nitrogenous bases composition and also to evaluate the growth rate, cellulase enzyme activity, and fermentation product concentration of anaerobic fungi. The growth rate of fungi was examined by measuring the biomass formed, while cellulase enzyme activity was carried out using CMC, Avicel, and Filter Paper as substrates. The fungal fermentation products were analyzed using the HPLC and GC methods. The results showed that the fungi isolated from buffalo rumen were closely related to anaerobic fungi type Piromyces sp., Caecomyces sp., and Neocallimastix frontalis, with different growth rate, cellulase enzyme activity, and the fermentation products concentration in each type of anaerobic fungi. Therefore, it can be concluded that anaerobic fungi isolated from buffalo rumen can degrade cellulose. It was also discovered that fungi Neocallimastix frontalis had a higher growth rate, cellulase enzyme activity (CMCase, avicelase, and FPase), and fermentation products than Piromyces sp. and Caecomyces sp.

Corn-fermented protein (CFP), a co-product from the ethanol industry, is produced using post-fermentation technology to split the protein and yeast from fiber prior to drying. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of CFP compared to traditional ingredients on the fecal microbiota of dogs. The four experimental diets included a control with no yeast and diets containing either 3.5% brewer’s dried yeast, 2.5% brewer’s dried yeast plus 17.5% distiller’s dried grains with solubles, or 17.5% CFP. The experimental diets were fed to adult dogs (n = 12) in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. Fresh fecal samples (n = 48) were analyzed by 16S metagenomic sequencing. Raw sequences were processed through mothur. Community diversity was evaluated in R. Relative abundance data were analyzed within the 50 most abundant operational taxonomic units using a mixed model of SAS. Alpha and beta diversity were similar for all treatments. Predominant phyla among all samples were Firm...

Para evaluar la inclusion de 0, 10, 20 y 30 % de granos de destileria deshidratados con solubles (GDDS) en dietas para conejos de ceba, se utilizaron 56 conejos (Negro Azteca x Chinchilla) de 40 d de edad. Se determino el comportamiento productivo a partir de las ganancias de peso, conversion alimentaria, viabilidad, consumo de alimento, ganancia media diaria, rendimiento en canal, carne, huesos y grasa de los conejos, asi como el rendimiento en visceras comestibles. La viabilidad fue de 100 % en todos los tratamientos. Los conejos que consumieron la dieta con 10 % de GDDS consumieron menos alimento (91.8 g/conejo), lo que determino mejor indice de conversion alimentaria (4.21). Los conejos que recibieron la dieta con 20 % de GDDS fueron los que obtuvieron mayor peso (2051 g/conejo). El rendimiento en canal no difirio significativamente entre tratamientos. Los conejos que ingirieron la dieta con 30 % de GDDS lograron mayor rendimiento en visceras comestibles (8.8 %). El rendimiento ...

The agricultural activity has generated a progressive amount of waste, which needs a proper treatment to avoid negative environmental impacts. At the same time, values can be added to such waste, as its use in animal feed. This research was conducted at the laboratory of Animal Nutrition, State University of Southwestern Bahia, campuses of Vitória da Conquista and Itapetinga. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coffee husks on ruminant feeds by increasing doses of fibrolytic enzymes, evaluating their effects on in vitro ruminal degradability of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (FDA) of the coffee husk (CH). The experiment was a completely randomized design in a 2x4 factorial scheme. It compounded the following treatments: Coffee husk (CH1): 1.5% enzymes (E) and 24 h enzymatic action (EA); CH2: 3.0% (E) and 24h (EA); CH3: 4.5% (E) and 24 h (EA); CH4: 6% (E) and 24 h (EA); CH5: 1.5% (E) 48 h (EA); CH6: 3% (E) and 48h (EA); ...

This study was carried out to investigate the possibility of using frozen rumen fluid (RF) as an inoculum source in the determination the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of ruminant feeds. In the first experiment six roughages (barley straw, wheat straw, lentil straw, wheat silage, maize silage and lucerne hay) and six different compound feeds (two dairy cattle, two beef cattle, one ram lamb and one lamb finishing compound feeds) were chosen as test material. Two different types of cryoprotectants (5% glycerol vs. 5% dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) and two types of freezing methods (liquid nitrogen vs. deep freezing) were used to preserve the RF. Fresh RF was used as the control. In response to the results of the first experiment, a second experiment was conducted to establish if microbial digestibility could be improved by extending the duration of incubation of the roughages from 48 to 60, 72 or 96 h. When using the RF inoculum treated with 5% DMSO and frozen in liquid nitrogen, the IVDMD of the compound feeds were similar to those of the control. However, when the 5% DMSO treated inoculum was frozen in the deep freezer, some of the compound feeds had similar IVDMD values to the control but not all. Lower IVDMD values were recorded when glycerol was used as a cryoprotectant. In the case of the roughages the use of both freezing methods and cryoprotectants resulted in lower IVDMD values compared to the control. In the second experiment the increasing of the duration of incubation of roughages from 48 to 72 h improved their IVDMD to values similar to that of the control. This suggested that the length of the incubation of roughages should be 72 h instead of 48 h when using inocula treated with 5% DMSO as a cryoprotectant and frozen in a deep freezer. However, further research is required before frozen RF can be recommended as source of inoculum.

Lignocellulose is a promising feedstock for biofuel production as a renewable, carbohydrate-rich and globally abundant source of biomass. However, challenges faced include environmental and/or financial costs associated with typical lignocellulose pretreatments needed to overcome the natural recalcitrance of the material before conversion to biofuel. Anaerobic fungi are a group of underexplored microorganisms belonging to the early diverging phylum Neocallimastigomycota and are native to the intricately evolved digestive system of mammalian herbivores. Anaerobic fungi have promising potential for application in biofuel production processes due to the combination of their highly effective ability to hydrolyse lignocellulose and capability to convert this substrate to H2 and ethanol. Furthermore, they can produce volatile fatty acid precursors for subsequent biological conversion to H2 or CH4 by other microorganisms. The complex biological characteristics of their natural habitat are ...

Se evaluo el efecto de un compuesto enzimatico fibrolitico exogeno en la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca (DISMS) de henos de dos especies del genero Brachiaria. Se emplearon cuatro bovinos Brown Swiss x Brahman (400 kg PV promedio) fistulados en el rumen, en un diseno Cuadrado Latino 4x4 con arreglo factorial 2x2: (dos edades de cosecha: 28 y 56 d y dos niveles de enzima: 0 y 1 g de Fibrozyme® kg-1 de materia seca (MS). Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: T1: Brachiaria hibrido cultivar Mulato (B. ruziziensis clon 44-6 x B. brizantha CIAT 6297) y B. decumbens de 28 d con enzima; T2: Brachiaria Mulato y decumbens de 28 d sin enzima; T3: Brachiaria Mulato y decumbens de 56 d con enzima; T4: Brachiaria Mulato y decumbens de 56 d sin enzima. Se incubaron bolsas de Nylon con muestras de heno con un tamano de 2 mm en el rumen a 0, 12, 24, 48 y 96 horas. La degradabilidad in situ de materia seca, no fue afectada por la aplicacion del compuesto enzimatico fibrolitico exogeno. Sin em...

Se evaluó el efecto de un compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno (Enzima; Fibrozyme®; 0 y 1.50 g enzima/kg MS) en la digestibilidad y fermentación ruminal en una dieta y un forraje, en heno de pasto king grass (Pennisetum hybridum) cortado a 35 y 70 días. Se incubaron bolsas de nylon en ovinos fistulados al rumen con muestras de heno de king grass a 0, 12, 24, 48 y 72 h. Se tomaron muestras de heces y orina para cuantificar el nitrógeno retenido. La degradabilidad in situ de la MS de heno de king grass durante 12, 24, 48 y 72 h no fue afectada por el compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno, tanto para dietas completas como para el forraje. En la digestibilidad in vivo (p&gt;0.05) de los nutrientes fue mayor en el heno de 35 d comparado con el heno de 70 d el cual no fue influenciada por el compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno. La retención de nitrógeno fue mayor para el heno de 35 d sin ser influenciado por el compuesto enzimático. Se concluye que las enzimas fibrolíticas exó...

Se evaluo el efecto de un compuesto enzimatico fibrolitico exogeno en la degradabilidad in situ de la materia seca (DISMS) de henos de dos especies del genero Brachiaria. Se emplearon cuatro bovinos Brown Swiss x Brahman (400 kg PV promedio) fistulados en el rumen, en un diseno Cuadrado Latino 4x4 con arreglo factorial 2x2: (dos edades de cosecha: 28 y 56 d y dos niveles de enzima: 0 y 1 g de Fibrozyme® kg-1 de materia seca (MS). Se evaluaron cuatro tratamientos: T1: Brachiaria hibrido cultivar Mulato (B. ruziziensis clon 44-6 x B. brizantha CIAT 6297) y B. decumbens de 28 d con enzima; T2: Brachiaria Mulato y decumbens de 28 d sin enzima; T3: Brachiaria Mulato y decumbens de 56 d con enzima; T4: Brachiaria Mulato y decumbens de 56 d sin enzima. Se incubaron bolsas de Nylon con muestras de heno con un tamano de 2 mm en el rumen a 0, 12, 24, 48 y 96 horas. La degradabilidad in situ de materia seca, no fue afectada por la aplicacion del compuesto enzimatico fibrolitico exogeno. Sin em...

Se evaluó el efecto de un compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno (Enzima; Fibrozyme®; 0 y 1.50 g enzima/kg MS) en la digestibilidad y fermentación ruminal en una dieta y un forraje, en heno de pasto king grass (Pennisetum hybridum) cortado a 35 y 70 días. Se incubaron bolsas de nylon en ovinos fistulados al rumen con muestras de heno de king grass a 0, 12, 24, 48 y 72 h. Se tomaron muestras de heces y orina para cuantificar el nitrógeno retenido. La degradabilidad in situ de la MS de heno de king grass durante 12, 24, 48 y 72 h no fue afectada por el compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno, tanto para dietas completas como para el forraje. En la digestibilidad in vivo (p&gt;0.05) de los nutrientes fue mayor en el heno de 35 d comparado con el heno de 70 d el cual no fue influenciada por el compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno. La retención de nitrógeno fue mayor para el heno de 35 d sin ser influenciado por el compuesto enzimático. Se concluye que las enzimas fibrolíticas exó...

Existe poca información acerca del uso de dietas con baja proteína cruda (PC) para cerdos en iniciación. Por tanto, se realizaron dos experimentos para determinar el porcentaje mínimo de PC en dietas sorgo-pasta de soya que no afecte el comportamiento productivo, utilizando urea en plasma como indicador. En el experimento 1, los tratamientos (% PC) fueron: T1) testigo 20.5; T2) 19.0; T3) 17.5; T4) 16.0; T5) 14.5, y se aplicaron a 10 cerditas en iniciación usando un diseño cruzado con periodos de 7 d. El último día de cada periodo se obtuvo una muestra de sangre de la vena cava para determinar urea. La menor concentración de este metabolito indicó que la PC en la dieta puede reducirse hasta 16%. Mediante regresión no lineal exponencial se determinó que la PC en la dieta se puede reducir hasta 14.86% y aumentar hasta 20.12% para obtener la mínima y máxima concentración de urea en plasma. En el experimento 2, los tratamientos (%PC y Mcal EM kg − − − − −1) fueron: T1) dieta estándar, 20.5 y 3.265; T2) 20.5 y 3.165; T3) 16 y 3.265; T4) 16 y 3.165; T5) 14.5 y 3.265; T6) 14.5 y 3.165, para 24 machos castrados usando un diseño en bloques completos al azar. El menor nivel de proteína redujo la urea en plasma, mientras que al reducir la energía disminuyó la grasa dorsal y aumentó la conversión alimenticia. Lo anterior indica que la urea se reduce al disminuir la PC en la dieta; que la grasa dorsal es menor al bajar la energía; y que otros factores como el peso inicial también influyen en la respuesta de los cerdos en iniciación. Palabras clave: Cerdos iniciación, dietas con baja proteína, respuesta productiva, urea en plasma. INTRODUCCIÓN E l porcentaje de proteína cruda (PC) de dietas maíz-pasta de soya adicionadas con aminoácidos (AA) sintéticos (lisina, treonina, metionina y triptófano), se ha reducido en 6% sin disminuir la res

La adicion de enzimas fibroliticas (EF) y alfalfa de diferente calidad se evaluo en 36 becerros Holstein de siete dias de edad, en los periodos pre y posdestete, sobre comportamiento productivo, digestibilidad aparente y evolucion ruminal. Antes del destete, los animales fueron alimentados con 4 L de leche (LE), alimento iniciador (IN) y heno de alfalfa. Los tratamientos fueron: 1) LE-IN + alfalfa baja en fibra, 2) como 1 + EF, 3) LE-IN + alfalfa regular en fibra, 4) como 3 + EF, 5) LE-IN + alfalfa alta en fibra y 6) como 5 + EF. El experimento duro 105 dias, con el destete el dia 60. Las enzimas mejoraron (P0.05). La digestibilidad de materia seca (MS), proteina cruda (PC) y fibra detergente neutro (FDN) no cambio por la calidad de la alfalfa ni por EF (P&gt;0.05) en ambos periodos, se observaron diferencias entre periodos (P0.05). Las enzimas mejoraron la ganancia de peso y la eficiencia solo en el periodo predestete.

Effect of the enzymatic hydrolyzate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast on the kinetics of ruminal degradation of nutrients of Cenchrus purpureus cv. OM-22 (Cenchrus purpureus x Cenchrus americanus) forage Efecto del hidrolizado enzimático de levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae en la cinética de degradación ruminal de nutrientes del forraje de Cenchrus purpureus vc. OM-22 (Cenchrus purpureus x Cenchrus americanus

Anaerobic fungi are essential microbes in the degradation process of feed fiber in the rumen with the ability to produce fibrolytic enzymes and rhizoids that can penetrate feed particles. The activity of cellulase enzymes in fungi is influenced by several factors such as the type of feed and livestock used as a source of isolate. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the types of anaerobic fungi isolated from buffalo based on their DNA nitrogenous bases composition and also to evaluate the growth rate, cellulase enzyme activity, and fermentation product concentration of anaerobic fungi. The growth rate of fungi was examined by measuring the biomass formed, while cellulase enzyme activity was carried out using CMC, Avicel, and Filter Paper as substrates. The fungal fermentation products were analyzed using the HPLC and GC methods. The results showed that the fungi isolated from buffalo rumen were closely related to anaerobic fungi type Piromyces sp., Caecomyces sp., and Neocallimastix frontalis, with different growth rate, cellulase enzyme activity, and the fermentation products concentration in each type of anaerobic fungi. Therefore, it can be concluded that anaerobic fungi isolated from buffalo rumen can degrade cellulose. It was also discovered that fungi Neocallimastix frontalis had a higher growth rate, cellulase enzyme activity (CMCase, avicelase, and FPase), and fermentation products than Piromyces sp. and Caecomyces sp.

Forage is a feed source for ruminant livestock, but one of the limiting factors of forage is high content of fiber in old forage plants. The fiber content in forage can only be degraded by rumen microbes. One of the rumen microbes that has fiber degrading activity is rumen anaerobic fungi because it can produce very active enzymes to degrade lignocellulose. The rumen anaerobic fungi are divided into several genera which are grouped base on the number of flagella in zoospores, thallus morphology and rhizoid type. The presence of fungi in the rumen is very important because fungi can form rhizoid which will penetrate the feed particles and degrade plant cell walls physically and chemically. In addition, fungi can produce fiber degrading enzymes such as cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, and lignocellulase which can increase feed digestibility. However, in Indonesia there is not much study of the potential for rumen anaerobic fungi, so the aims of this review paper is to discuss the ...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two additives: one of enzymatic nature [Dyadic® Cellulase PLUS (ENZ)] and liquid urea nitrogen (LU) on crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), voluntary intake (VI) and digestibility of treated bluestem grass (BGH; Dichanthium annulatum) hay fed to rams. Nine young rams were used in a 3 x 3 latin square design with the three treatments: BGH without additive (CON), and with added ENZ or LU. The additives were sprinkled over the hay 24 hours prior to being offered daily at the rate of 4% of the animal body weight (BW). Application of ENZ resulted in no important change in VI or digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, NDF or ADF; but ENZ tended to slightly reduce (P menor 0.11) NDF content (73.91 vs. 74.27%), and increase (P menor 0.09) ADF content (44.37 vs. 42.87%). Treatment of BGH with LU increased (P menor 0.01) the content of CP (8.11 vs. 6.41%), tended to depress (P menor 0.11) that of...

Se evaluó el efecto de un compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno (Enzima; Fibrozyme®; 0 y 1.50 g enzima/kg MS) en la digestibilidad y fermentación ruminal en una dieta y un forraje, en heno de pasto king grass (Pennisetum hybridum) cortado a 35 y 70 días. Se incubaron bolsas de nylon en ovinos fistulados al rumen con muestras de heno de king grass a 0, 12, 24, 48 y 72 h. Se tomaron muestras de heces y orina para cuantificar el nitrógeno retenido. La degradabilidad in situ de la MS de heno de king grass durante 12, 24, 48 y 72 h no fue afectada por el compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno, tanto para dietas completas como para el forraje. En la digestibilidad in vivo (p&gt;0.05) de los nutrientes fue mayor en el heno de 35 d comparado con el heno de 70 d el cual no fue influenciada por el compuesto enzimático fibrolítico exógeno. La retención de nitrógeno fue mayor para el heno de 35 d sin ser influenciado por el compuesto enzimático. Se concluye que las enzimas fibrolíticas exó...

Forage is a feed source for ruminant livestock, but one of the limiting factors of forage is high content of fiber in old forage plants. The fiber content in forage can only be degraded by rumen microbes. One of the rumen microbes that has fiber degrading activity is rumen anaerobic fungi because it can produce very active enzymes to degrade lignocellulose. The rumen anaerobic fungi are divided into several genera which are grouped base on the number of flagella in zoospores, thallus morphology and rhizoid type. The presence of fungi in the rumen is very important because fungi can form rhizoid which will penetrate the feed particles and degrade plant cell walls physically and chemically. In addition, fungi can produce fiber degrading enzymes such as cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, and lignocellulase which can increase feed digestibility. However, in Indonesia there is not much study of the potential for rumen anaerobic fungi, so the aims of this review paper is to discuss the ...

The anaerobic fungi play an active role in the plant fibre degradation by producing a wide array of potential hydrolytic enzymes in the rumen. In present study, 12 anaerobic fungal strains were isolated from the faecal samples of wild blue bull, and identified as species of Piromyces, Anaeromyces, Orpinomyces and Neocallimastix based on their morphological characteristics. Isolate WNG-12 (Piromyces sp.), showed maximum filter paper cellulase (23 mIU ml À1) and xylanase (127 mIU ml À1) activity, while WNG-5 (Piromyces sp.) showed maximum carboxymethyl cellulase activity (231 mIU ml À1). Based on the results obtained, it can be stated that Piromyces sp. WNG-12 may be a promising isolate in utilizing fibre rich diets in the rumen as evidenced by the production of hydrolytic enzymes in vitro.