Fatty Acid Content

The purpose of this research was to determine of milk yield, protein content, and fat content of dairy cows fed supplemented with probiotics. Design in this research was used a randomized block design consisted of 4 treatments and 3 block based on initial milk production. The treatment given in this study were: P 1 = K + EG + Control (without probiss), P 2 = K + EG + probiss liquid dose of 40 cc / day, P 3 = K + EG + probiss liquid dose of 60 cc / day, P 4 = K + EG + probiss liquid dose of 80 cc / day. The results showed that the probiotics supplement in feed highly significant (P<0,01) on milk yield, protein and fat content. Based on the results it can be concluded that the supplement of probiotics probiss in feed highly significant influence on production performance of dairy cows, adding Probiss 60 cc / head / day provide optimal results.

Milkfish has a high nutritional content, especially fat content. The processing of milkfish oil into pure oil has not been done much. Proper processing is needed so that the fatty acids contained in fish can be utilized optimally for pharmaceutical and medical needs. Enzyme extraction is known to extract fish oil with better quality than the heating method. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the enzymes bromelain and papain on the quality of pure fish oil from milkfish silage by treating different body parts used. The experiment was carried out with Factorial Complete Randomized Design with three replications involving two factors. The first factor was the type of enzyme using two types of enzymes, namely bromelain and papain with a concentration of 15%, the second factor used was the difference in body parts that was whole fish, flesh, and waste (head, viscera, and bones). The results showed that the type of enzyme had no significant effect on the quality of fish oil, but the different treatments of fish body parts had a significant effect on the quality of the fish oil produced. The best treatment was adapted from fish oil treated using the bromelain enzyme with the flesh. This treatment resulted in yield of 1.25%, density 0.903 g/mL, FFA content of 0.56%, and peroxide value of 7.64 meq/kg.

This study evaluated the effect of seasonal variation on the physicochemical, biochemical, and nutritional composition of Gracilaria manilaensis. Sampling was designed during the main monsoon seasons in Malaysia-the Southwest monsoon (SWM) and Northeast monsoon (NEM)-to understand the intraspecific variation (p < 0.05). Carbohydrates, protein, and dietary fiber were found to be higher in NEM-G. manilaensis, whereas a higher ash content was quantified in SWM-G. manilaensis. No significant differences were found in crude lipid and moisture content (p > 0.05). Vitamin B2 was calculated as (0.29 ± 0.06 mg 100 g −1) and (0.38 ± 0.06 mg 100 g −1) for the NEM and SWM samples, respectively (p < 0.05). The fatty acid profile showed the dominance of saturated fatty acids (SFAs)-palmitic acids, stearic acid, and myristic acid-while the mineral contents were found to be good sources of calcium (1750.97-4047.74 mg 100 g −1) and iron (1512.55-1346.05 mg 100 g −1). Tryptophan and lysine were recorded as the limiting essential amino acids (EAAs) in NEM G. manilaensis, while leucine and phenylalanine were found to be the limiting EAAs in the SWM samples. None of the extracts exhibited antibacterial properties against the screened strains. The study concluded that seasonal changes have a great effect on the biochemical composition of G. manilaensis.

Two fresh-food maturation diets were tested on wild Penaeus monodon broodstock during a period of 1 month in primary quarantine and 3 months in secondary quarantine; diet A was composed of 70.30% squid (Photololigo sp.), 7.66% marine worm (polychaetes), 7.94% oyster (Crassostrea sp.), and 14.10% pork liver and diet B was composed of 37.39% squid, 16.50% marine worm, 27.14% oyster, and 18.98% pork liver; all on a dry-weight basis. The formulation of diet B was to resemble the ratios of ARA/EPA, DHA/EPA, and n-3/n-6 fatty acids of mature ovaries of wild P. monodon. At the start of primary quarantine, the average weight of the shrimps allocated to the two diets was not significantly different (129.71 ± 2.96 g for females and 87.88 ± 2.49 g for males in the group of diet A and 131.74± 1.75 g for females and 88.95± 2.05 g for males in the group of diet B). After secondary quarantine, the growth rate of the female shrimps receiving diet B was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the female shrimps fed diet A (24.44 b ± 4.98% compared to 12.89 a ± 3.24%, respectively). Shrimp fed diet B performed better than shrimp fed diet A in terms of spawning frequency (85% versus 57%) and fecundity (458,796 a ± 35,658 and 245,718 b ± 34,736 eggs/spawn, respectively), but number of spawns, hatching rate, fertilization rate and metamorphosis rate of the nauplii into zoea did not differ between the treatments (P > 0.05). The success of diet B in terms of spawning frequency, fecundity, fertilization rate and hatching rate indicates the importance of the ARA/EPA and DHA/EPA ratios in broodstock nutrition of black tiger shrimp. This study also confirmed the success of natural mating of P. monodon in small tanks (1.25 m 2 bottom area). The two-step biosecure quarantine procedure was applicable for producing SPF shrimp.

Two fresh-food maturation diets were tested on wild Penaeus monodon broodstock during a period of 1 month in primary quarantine and 3 months in secondary quarantine; diet A was composed of 70.30% squid (Photololigo sp.), 7.66% marine worm (polychaetes), 7.94% oyster (Crassostrea sp.), and 14.10% pork liver and diet B was composed of 37.39% squid, 16.50% marine worm, 27.14% oyster, and 18.98% pork liver; all on a dry-weight basis. The formulation of diet B was to resemble the ratios of ARA/EPA, DHA/EPA, and n-3/n-6 fatty acids of mature ovaries of wild P. monodon. At the start of primary quarantine, the average weight of the shrimps allocated to the two diets was not significantly different (129.71 ± 2.96 g for females and 87.88 ± 2.49 g for males in the group of diet A and 131.74± 1.75 g for females and 88.95± 2.05 g for males in the group of diet B). After secondary quarantine, the growth rate of the female shrimps receiving diet B was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than the female shrimps fed diet A (24.44 b ± 4.98% compared to 12.89 a ± 3.24%, respectively). Shrimp fed diet B performed better than shrimp fed diet A in terms of spawning frequency (85% versus 57%) and fecundity (458,796 a ± 35,658 and 245,718 b ± 34,736 eggs/spawn, respectively), but number of spawns, hatching rate, fertilization rate and metamorphosis rate of the nauplii into zoea did not differ between the treatments (P > 0.05). The success of diet B in terms of spawning frequency, fecundity, fertilization rate and hatching rate indicates the importance of the ARA/EPA and DHA/EPA ratios in broodstock nutrition of black tiger shrimp. This study also confirmed the success of natural mating of P. monodon in small tanks (1.25 m 2 bottom area). The two-step biosecure quarantine procedure was applicable for producing SPF shrimp.

2. Abstract This study was conducted to create a nutritional database on brown seaweeds and to popularize their consumption and utilization in Iran. The fatty acid contents, amino acids profiles, and certain mineral elements composition of some brown seaweeds, ...