Family Planning Program

Background: Rwanda has made significant strides in improving the health of its people, including increasing access to and use of family planning. Contraceptive use has increased from 17% to 53% in just one decade, from 2005 to 2015. The data consist of 13 in-depth interviews conducted with family planning program experts in Rwanda to better understand the mechanisms for success, elucidate remaining challenges, speculate on the future of the program, and discuss potential applicability for translating aspects of the program in other settings. Results: All respondents first noted the positive aspects of government will, leadership, and management of the family planning program when asked to describe the reasons for success. The challenges that loomed the largest for the program were service accessibility for rural Rwandans, adolescent access to and use of contraceptives, opposition from religious institutions, as well as inadequate human resources and funding. These challenges were openly acknowledged and are in the process of being addressed. The importance of government leadership and focus in the success of Rwanda's family planning program was prominent. All positive aspects of the program are based upon the strong foundation the government has built and nurtured. Since innovation is welcomed and program evaluation is considered essential, the outlook for Rwanda's family planning program is favorable. The issues that remain are common and persistent challenges for family planning programs. Other nations could learn tangible practices from Rwanda's success and follow Rwanda's efforts to mitigate the remaining challenges.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between some selected socio-demographic variables and current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women. In spite of the remarkable efforts made in improving contraceptive prevalence rate in Ghana there are still substantial constrains to the number of users of contraceptive in the country. The paper considers some selected socio-demographic variables such as education, knowledge of access to contraceptive method, knowledge of method, employment status, marital status, region of residence, fertility preference and ethnicity. All the variables were found to be statistically significant. However, knowledge of access to contraceptive method was the most important variable. It is recommended that contraceptive providers must take keen interest in periodic sensitization of both users and the general public about the general benefits of contraceptive methods. Easy accessible avenues must be created to address complains in order to reduce the unmet needs of women.

The objectives of this study are to examine the trends, assess socioeconomic differentials, and to determine whether declines in desired family size are associated with declines in fertility in Kenya. Using the synthetic cohort analytical method, the study found a consistent and monotonic decline in desired family size over the periods studied. These declines are highly correlated with declines in total fertility rate (TFR) over the same period, thereby suggesting that observed declines in TFR are probably driven by changes in desired family size. The analysis of the differentials reveal that women's education, women's work and income status, ownership of durable goods, husband's desired family size, knowledge of modern contraception and ethnicity account for significant variations in desired family size. Les objectifs de cette étude consistent à examiner les tendances, à évaluer les différentiels socioéconomiques, et à déterminer si les baisses de la taille désirée de la famille sont associées à celles de la fécondité au Kenya. Utilisant la méthode analytique de la cohorte synthétique, l'étude a trouvé une baisse constante et uniforme de la taille désirée de la famille au cours des périodes étudiées. Ces baisses sont en étroite corrélation avec les baisses du taux global de fécondité au cours de la même période, au point de faire croire que les baisses observées au niveau du TGF sont probablement provoquées par des changements au niveau de la taille désirée de la famille. L'analyse des différentiels révèle que l'éducation des femmes, le travail et le niveau du revenu des femmes,

Alat Kontrasepsi adalah alat untuk mencegah terjadinya kehamilan yang sifatnya sementara atau permanen. Alat kontrasepsi hormonal seperti Pil/tablet, Suntik, Implan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktorfaktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku pemilihan jenis kontrasepsi hormonal di Desa Kemurang Wetan Kecamatan Tanjung Kabupaten Brebes Tahun 2013 Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik. Jumlah populasi sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu aseptor KB hormonal yang berdomisili di Desa Kemurang Wetan Kecamatan Tanjung Kabupaten Brebes yang berjumlah 157 responden yang terdiri dari 95 ibu asepstor KB suntik, 43 KB implan dan 19 KB pil. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh nilai P-Value = 0,000, 0,020, 0,002, 0,000, 0,001 (P-Value < 0,05), hal ini menunjukan bahwa Ho ditolak, berarti terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pendidikan, pengetahuan, dukungan suami, umur, sumber informasi dengan perilaku pemilihan jenis kontrasepsi di Desa Kemurang Wetan Kecamatan Tanjung Kabupaten Brebes tahun 2013. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh nilai P-Value = 0,231, 0,079 (P-Value < 0,05), hal ini menunjukan bahwa Ho diterima, berarti tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pekerjaan, pendapatan dengan perilaku pemilihan jenis kontrasepsi di Desa Kemurang Wetan Kecamatan Tanjung Kabupaten Brebes tahun 2013.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to analyze &quot;The Role of ED-Links (Educational Development) in the Promotion of Secondary Education; A Case Study of District Malakand, Tehsil Dargai. Methodology: The researchers selected 50 respondents and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the respondents from the age group of 25 years and above. The interview schedule was used as a data collection tool due to the possibility of illiterate respondents. ED-Links played an important role in the development of secondary education of Dargai Tehsil in Malakand. Findings: The study indicates that ED-Links has helped the schools in infrastructure development and teacher training. This training has improved the skills of teachers and the development of infrastructures such as libraries, sanitation, and resource centers. All of the respondents said that ED-Links had a positive impact on the overall performance of the school. ED-Links supports students in providing book accessories, ...

Using data from multiple sources over last 15 years, this paper examine the fertility and development relationship in 640 districts of India. The total fertility rate (TFR) is the dependent variable and has been estimated for 2001 and 2015-16 using data from census of India, 2001 and National Family Health Survey, 2015-16. A set of nine indicators in the domain of health, knowledge and standard of living has been used to compute a district development index (DDI), similar to human development index. Descriptive statistics, ordinary regression analyses and panel regression are used in the analyses. Result suggest limited converge of fertility level in districts of India. The association of fertility level and development is strong and consistent over time. However, the regional pattern of fertility and development is evident. We did not find any strong evidence on shift in fertility and development relationship in districts of India. Extended Abstract Introduction Fertility transitio...

Sub-Saharan Africa has entered the early stage of the demographic transition with differences in and between countries. The relation between fertility preference and actual fertility is at the core of the demographic changes during the demographic transition in sub-Saharan Africa. At the current pace of the demographic transition, overachieved fertility (actual fertility being higher than fertility preference) is more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa although some women do achieve their fertility preference. Our aim is to assess the trends and identify factors that consistently influence women with completed fertility to achieve their fertility desires in Ghana over a 10-year period. We used secondary data from the 2003, 2008 and 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys for the analysis. The sample size was restricted to currently married/living in union women aged 45–49 years. The results indicate that underachieved fertility has increased from 25.1% in 2003 to 35.8% in 2014. Simil...

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between some selected socio-demographic variables and current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women. In spite of the remarkable efforts made in improving contraceptive prevalence rate in Ghana there are still substantial constrains to the number of users of contraceptive in the country. The paper considers some selected socio-demographic variables such as education, knowledge of access to contraceptive method, knowledge of method, employment status, marital status, region of residence, fertility preference and ethnicity. All the variables were found to be statistically significant. However, knowledge of access to contraceptive method was the most important variable. It is recommended that contraceptive providers must take keen interest in periodic sensitization of both users and the general public about the general benefits of contraceptive methods. Easy accessible avenues must be created to address complains in order to reduce the unmet needs of women.

The number of children directly affects the health and nutritional status of mother. For a healthy child, the mother should be healthy and this could be possible with planned pregnancies or avoiding unwanted pregnancies by use of family planning methods. The present study was undertaken to investigate the methods of family planning used and their effect on the health of a woman. The study was carried out in the city of Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India. The study was cross-sectional and comprised of 220 married women aged 25-40 years, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study. The respondents were randomly selected, with the exclusion criteria for unmarried, widow, divorcee women, or those who were not living with their husbands. The results showed that the respondents were aware of the family planning concept. The best source of information regarding family planning was media (36.36%); and the maximum of them preferred the permanent method (40.45%) as the method of contrace...

Sub-Saharan Africa has entered the early stage of the demographic transition with differences in and between countries. The relation between fertility preference and actual fertility is at the core of the demographic changes during the demographic transition in sub-Saharan Africa. At the current pace of the demographic transition, overachieved fertility (actual fertility being higher than fertility preference) is more prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa although some women do achieve their fertility preference. Our aim is to assess the trends and identify factors that consistently influence women with completed fertility to achieve their fertility desires in Ghana over a 10-year period. We used secondary data from the 2003, 2008 and 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys for the analysis. The sample size was restricted to currently married/living in union women aged 45–49 years. The results indicate that underachieved fertility has increased from 25.1% in 2003 to 35.8% in 2014. Simil...

Relationship between Information Giving and the Contraceptive Choice or Rational Contraception (Study Used SM-PFA Project Data in Central Java and East Java in 2002) Background: Family Planning programs in Indonesia have been admitted both nationally and internationally to be successful programs in decreasing birth rate. The number of contraceptive acceptors is increasing and it reflects that Family Planning programs have become the society’s need. One option of SM-PFA project conducted in 10 districts in East and Central Java aimed at increasing the Quality of Family Planning services with respect to giving information by the provider as one of important factors in the decision taking on contraceptive choice. Objective: To find out the correlation between information giving and contraceptive choice and rational contraception. Methods: It was an analytic study using cross-sectional based on the secondary data from SM-PFA project in 2002-2003 involving 1588 fertile married couples. T...

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between some selected socio-demographic variables and current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women. In spite of the remarkable efforts made in improving contraceptive prevalence rate in Ghana there are still substantial constrains to the number of users of contraceptive in the country. The paper considers some selected socio-demographic variables such as education, knowledge of access to contraceptive method, knowledge of method, employment status, marital status, region of residence, fertility preference and ethnicity. All the variables were found to be statistically significant. However, knowledge of access to contraceptive method was the most important variable. It is recommended that contraceptive providers must take keen interest in periodic sensitization of both users and the general public about the general benefits of contraceptive methods. Easy accessible avenues must be created to address complains in order to reduce the unmet needs of women.

This study is to find out family knowledge about family planning (KB) and mothers want to do family planning program, to increase family knowledge about the types of methods and contraception. This research is a type of research with a case study design by conducting studies aimed at an information-gathering technique that is done by compiling a list of questions. The results showed two problems in the family, which were found in mothers who had not had a family planning age of 31 years and the age of the last child of 5 months. After a systematic review is made in determining the priority of the problem, health education is needed by the mother and family. The husband advised the mother to use contraception and only use natural contraception methods.

A preliminary survey conducted by researchers at the Kramatwatu health center who was visiting by interviewing 10 PUS about their perceptions of using contraception. From the interview results, it was found that 7 of these women did not use contraception and 3 of them used long-term contraception. From the presentation of the preliminary data above, PUS who do not use contraception that the use of contraception is considered contrary to religion because many children have a lot of sustenance. Research Objectives: To determine the factors related to the perception of PUS on contraceptive use in the Kramatwatu Community Health Center Work Area in 2019.This study used a cross sectional time approach. With a population of 15,962 PUS and a sample of 99 respondents. The sampling technique used in this research is accidental sampling, data is directly taken from respondents by distributing questionnaires.Research Results More than half of the perception of EFA was negative for the use of c...

A preliminary survey conducted by researchers at the Kramatwatu health center who was visiting by interviewing 10 PUS about their perceptions of using contraception. From the interview results, it was found that 7 of these women did not use contraception and 3 of them used long-term contraception. From the presentation of the preliminary data above, PUS who do not use contraception that the use of contraception is considered contrary to religion because many children have a lot of sustenance. Research Objectives: To determine the factors related to the perception of PUS on contraceptive use in the Kramatwatu Community Health Center Work Area in 2019.This study used a cross sectional time approach. With a population of 15,962 PUS and a sample of 99 respondents. The sampling technique used in this research is accidental sampling, data is directly taken from respondents by distributing questionnaires.Research Results More than half of the perception of EFA was negative for the use of c...

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between some selected socio-demographic variables and current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women. In spite of the remarkable efforts made in improving contraceptive prevalence rate in Ghana there are still substantial constrains to the number of users of contraceptive in the country. The paper considers some selected socio-demographic variables such as education, knowledge of access to contraceptive method, knowledge of method, employment status, marital status, region of residence, fertility preference and ethnicity. All the variables were found to be statistically significant. However, knowledge of access to contraceptive method was the most important variable. It is recommended that contraceptive providers must take keen interest in periodic sensitization of both users and the general public about the general benefits of contraceptive methods. Easy accessible avenues must be created to address complains in order to reduce the unmet needs of women.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the mediating factors of fertility levels and trends in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The major sources of data of the study are the 2001 and 2002 UNDP (United Nations Development Program), covering 42 SSA countries. The selected antecedent variables of fertility levels and trends include: GDP per capita; female adult literacy rate; infant mortality rate; contraceptive prevalence rate; breastfeeding; access to health services; undernutrition; and level of urbanization. The main analytical techniques of the study include simple central tendency descriptive statistics and advanced multiple regression models. The outputs of the correlation matrix and regression models are shown to influence the levels and trends of fertility positively or negatively, increasing or decreasing fertility levels among the countries. But, contraceptive prevalence level appears to be relatively powerful at 5% significance level, relatively more decline with the level of urbanization and positively related with poverty level, which cumulatively gives rise to 5.9 total fertility rate per woman. Accordingly, with declining mortality and high fertility level, the era of rapid population growth in SSA countries has not yet been over with all its implications on sustainable development.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between some selected socio-demographic variables and current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women. In spite of the remarkable efforts made in improving contraceptive prevalence rate in Ghana there are still substantial constrains to the number of users of contraceptive in the country. The paper considers some selected socio-demographic variables such as education, knowledge of access to contraceptive method, knowledge of method, employment status, marital status, region of residence, fertility preference and ethnicity. All the variables were found to be statistically significant. However, knowledge of access to contraceptive method was the most important variable. It is recommended that contraceptive providers must take keen interest in periodic sensitization of both users and the general public about the general benefits of contraceptive methods. Easy accessible avenues must be created to address complains in order to reduce the unmet needs of women.

The disparity in under-five year-old mortality rates between rural and urban areas in Ghana as also reported in other sub-Saharan African countries is a critical national concern. The purpose of this study is to examine the relative importance of major biosocial, demographic and economic factors associated with child mortality in Ghana. The study is an analytical cross-sectional design through secondary data analysis of the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) dataset for children. Series of multivariate Cox regression models were fitted to select the significant factors affecting child mortality both in urban and rural. Overall, the likelihood of death among under-five children in the rural areas was significantly higher than that in the urban areas (p&lt;0.05). Breastfeeding, twins and size of child at birth were key determinants of mortality in the rural areas, but the influence of region of residence was similar in both rural and urban areas. The magnitude of the sign...

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between some selected socio-demographic variables and current contraceptive use among Ghanaian women. In spite of the remarkable efforts made in improving contraceptive prevalence rate in Ghana there are still substantial constrains to the number of users of contraceptive in the country. The paper considers some selected socio-demographic variables such as education, knowledge of access to contraceptive method, knowledge of method, employment status, marital status, region of residence, fertility preference and ethnicity. All the variables were found to be statistically significant. However, knowledge of access to contraceptive method was the most important variable. It is recommended that contraceptive providers must take keen interest in periodic sensitization of both users and the general public about the general benefits of contraceptive methods. Easy accessible avenues must be created to address complains in order to reduce the unmet needs of women.

Data Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana (BKKBN) menunjukkan jumlah PUS tahun 2015 di Kecamatan Pangururan sebanyak 3.650 jiwa, peserta vasektomi 0,71% dan peserta kondom sebanyak 7,45 %. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan, sikap dan pelayanan KB dengan keikutsertaan pria mengikuti KB di Kecamatan Pangururan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan pengetahuan pria dengan keikutsertaan  menjadi akseptor KB (p-value 0,037) dan sikap pria dengan keikutsertaan menjadi akseptor KB (p-value 0,007) serta pelayanan KB dengan keikutsertaan menjadi akseptor KB pria (p-value 0,001). 

Pasangan Usia Subur merupakan salah satu penentu jumlah penduduk di Indonesia, apabila mereka tidak mendapat asuhan kebidanan yang tepat maka tidak menutup kemungkinan jumlah penduduk akan semakin bertambah. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mempelajari Faktor-faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Keikutsertaan Pasangan Usia Subur Dalam Program Keluarga Berencana Di Puskesmas O Mangunharjo Kab. Musi Rawas. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian survei melalui pendekatan Cross Sectional menggunakan teknik Proportional Random Sampling yaitu sebanyak 109 Pasangan Usia Subur. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan data primer dan sekunder. Hasil penelitian didapatkan: (1) PUS yang tidak mengikuti program Keluarga Berencana (KB) 40,7 (2) Umur terbanyak pada kategori banyak 57,0 yang umur tidak beresiko (3) Pendidikan terbanyak pada kategori banyak 60,5 yang pendidikan menengah (4) Paritas terbanyak pada kategori banyak 60,5 paritas multipara (5) Terdapat hubungan antara umur, pe...

Achieving grand convergence in global health and bridging the gap between the countries, within country and between the states are important targets of ongoing SDGs. India is often described as a country with substantial progress in average health status alongside sizable geographical, rural-urban, social, economic and bio-demographic disparities. Although the country is witnessing a considerable improvement in health status across the states, alongside a steeper inter-and intrastate differentials in the speed of improvement coexist. Lack of equity with progress in the health status of the population in the laggard states of India is one of the key features in its growth story. In this backdrop, the paper examines the hypothesis that whether the districts of Uttar Pradesh are converging towards a homogenous state or diverging and explores its determinants. We have used the data from Census 2001 and 2011 published by Registrar General of India (RGI) for estimation of district-wise life expectancy for all persons, males and females separately. Further, for assessing the determinants, we have used multiple data sources for various indicators which are considered as predictors of Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) in the previous literature. We have estimated LEB at the district level for all persons, males and females for the year 2001 and 2011 using the well-known Brass method for indirect estimation of IMR, child mortality rate (CMR) and corresponding LEB of different model life table parameters. We have adopted novel approaches to the objective of testing of convergence hypothesis in average health status and health inequalities across the districts. The inequality measures range from absolute inequality measured through Dispersion Measure of Mortality (DMM) to relative inequality measured through Gini index. The convergence in health status was examined by using the standard parametric models (absolute βand σ-convergences). Further, non-parametric econometric models (kernel density estimates) have also been used to detect the presence of convergence clubs, and finally we have analysed the determinant of convergence through panel regression model. Findings revealed that the inequality-based measures of convergence suggest that convergence process is underway regarding both

Alat Kontrasepsi adalah alat untuk mencegah terjadinya kehamilan yang sifatnya sementara atau permanen. Alat kontrasepsi hormonal seperti Pil/tablet, Suntik, Implan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor – faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku pemilihan jenis kontrasepsi hormonal di Desa Kemurang Wetan Kecamatan Tanjung Kabupaten Brebes Tahun 2013 Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik. Jumlah populasi sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu aseptor KB hormonal yang berdomisili di Desa Kemurang Wetan Kecamatan Tanjung Kabupaten Brebes yang berjumlah 157 responden yang terdiri dari 95 ibu asepstor KB suntik, 43 KB implan dan 19 KB pil. Hasil uji statistik diperoleh nilai P-Value = 0,000, 0,020, 0,002, 0,000, 0,001 (P-Value &lt; 0,05), hal ini menunjukan bahwa Ho ditolak, berarti terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara pendidikan, pengetahuan, dukungan suami, umur, s...

The disparity in under-five year-old mortality rates between rural and urban areas in Ghana as also reported in other sub-Saharan African countries is a critical national concern. The purpose of this study is to examine the relative importance of major biosocial, demographic and economic factors associated with child mortality in Ghana. The study is an analytical cross-sectional design through secondary data analysis of the 2008 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) dataset for children. Series of multivariate Cox regression models were fitted to select the significant factors affecting child mortality both in urban and rural. Overall, the likelihood of death among under-five children in the rural areas was significantly higher than that in the urban areas (p&lt;0.05). Breastfeeding, twins and size of child at birth were key determinants of mortality in the rural areas, but the influence of region of residence was similar in both rural and urban areas. The magnitude of the sign...

This study examined how exposure to Family Planning (FP) information can influence modern contraceptive use among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. The study used a secondary dataset from the PMA2020/NGR4 conducted in 2017. A total of 11,380 females were interviewed, which is the sample size for this study. Data analysis included Univariate, Bivariate, and Multivariate techniques. Bivariate analysis findings showed that exposure to FP information was higher among those who know a place to obtain FP services. However, other exposure such as via radio, television, newspapers, told at the health facility are also significantly associated with the modern use of FP in Nigeria (p-value <0.05). Binary logistic regression showed that show that women who heard FP information on the radio were 0.23 times as likely to report using contraception compared to those who did not. To improve family planning use various ways of conveying family planning messages should be encouraged because multiple information sources on contraception help retain the message better and extend the reach of the campaign on family planning use.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the mediating factors of fertility levels and trends in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries. The major sources of data of the study are the 2001 and 2002 UNDP (United Nations Development Program), covering 42 SSA countries. The selected antecedent variables of fertility levels and trends include: GDP per capita; female adult literacy rate; infant mortality rate; contraceptive prevalence rate; breastfeeding; access to health services; undernutrition; and level of urbanization. The main analytical techniques of the study include simple central tendency descriptive statistics and advanced multiple regression models. The outputs of the correlation matrix and regression models are shown to influence the levels and trends of fertility positively or negatively, increasing or decreasing fertility levels among the countries. But, contraceptive prevalence level appears to be relatively powerful at 5% significance level, relatively more decline with the level of urbanization and positively related with poverty level, which cumulatively gives rise to 5.9 total fertility rate per woman. Accordingly, with declining mortality and high fertility level, the era of rapid population growth in SSA countries has not yet been over with all its implications on sustainable development.

Aim: Considering the fundamental role of parents&#39; function and family dynamics including the importance role of family communication pattern on preventing early -onset substance use in children, the present study aimed to determine the co rrelation between family communication pattern and mothers&#39; preventive behavioral intention regarding preventing early-onset substance use in children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among 234 Iranian mothers in Tehran who were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in the study. The participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire including Idemographic information; IIfamilybased behavioral intention regarding preventing earlyonset substance use in children; and IIIfamily communication pattern. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software (ver. 21.0) using Pearson&#39;s correlations, independent t-test, and ANOVA at 95% significant level. Findings: The results reported a correlation between conversation (r=0....

This paper analyses subpopulation fertility patterns in Ghana since 1998 using data from the three Demographic and Health Surveys of 1998, 2003 and 2008. The impacts of sexual activity contraceptive use, abortion, postpartum infecundability and sterility on fertility in each subpopulation are quantified using the model of the proximate determinants of fertility reformulated by John Stover. Substantial and persistent subpopulation differentials in the proximate determinants of fertility are identified.The index of postpartum infecundability (Ci) had the highest fertility inhibition effect in 1998, 2003 and 2008 for both rural and urban areas with the rural areas having the highest in all the ten regions of Ghana. The Northern region had the highest percentage reduction due to the index of postpartum infecundability (Ci). Upper East and Upper West also had very high percentage reduction due to postpartum infecundability (Ci). Among all the regions, the Greater Accra Region had the hig...

Background In order for stakeholders of HIV and AIDS to effectively plan HIV prevention programs, it is expedient to assess the level of individuals&#39; knowledge on the most common preventive methods and misconceptions of the HIV virus. This study examines the trends and determinants of comprehensive knowledge (CK) of HIV and AIDS among Ghanaians from 1998–2014. Method The data used for this study were drawn from the Ghana Demographic Health Surveys (GDHS), 1998–2014. A separate analysis was performed on each survey-year data and GDHS pooled dataset. Additionally, both the male and female datasets were combined. The samples used for the study were 6,389, 10706, 9484, and 13784 representing 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The pooled dataset consisted of 40363 responses. The Pearson chi-square test and multilevel binary logistic regression analysis were carried out to assess the association between the study variables and CK of HIV and AIDS. Results CK of HIV and AIDS was ...

Family planning is defined as a practice through which number of children and the intervals between their births can be controlled. The need of using contraceptives cannot be neglected in Pakistan, as this would result in unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions. Illiteracy, lack of knowledge, fear of side effects, and other socio-cultural factors create obstacles in using family planning methods. These obstacles in turn create adverse impacts on women health and society. For instance, failure to use contraceptives can cause unintended pregnancies which would leave the women at the risk of pregnancy related complications resulting in maternal morbidity and mortality. Moreover, multiple pregnancies also cause financial and social distress resulting in lack of ability to fulfill basic needs of a child. Thus, important measures need to be taken to alleviate the precipitating factors and to improve maternal and child health.

A number of studies have concluded that weak involvement of men in family plan-ning decision-making accounts for the low adoption in countries undergoing fertil-ity transition. Programmes to incorporate men in family planning decision-making have largely focused on married men. However, given the pronatalist nature of such societies, family planning within marriage tends to be low. An alternative is to consider the involvement of unmarried young people. This paper assesses the exposure of young males ’ to specific contraceptive messages and their predictors rather than channels. The study uses data from the 2003 round of Ghana Demo-graphic and Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of people in their reproductive ages. Logistic regression was used to examine predictors of exposure to family planning messages. Generally, levels of exposure to messages on contra-ceptives were high. Messages which positioned family planning messages as ben-eficial to the individual had high ...

This research’s goal is to learn on the development of the Family Planned program in the village after these years; various participations from people including village leaders (formal and non-formal), cadres and Family Planned participants, husbands and young people. Villager’s perception, which consists of viewpoint and behavior of the leaders, cadres, husbands, and the young people to the Family Planned program and its advantage in the village during these years. This research was using the method of descriptive qualitative. This research is meant to reveal various qualitative information with detail and meaningful analysis-descriptive, however does not ignore the quantitative information in the form of number nor amount. In each project will be seen the tendency, the pattern of thinking, disorder, behavior and the integration in genetic study of case. As mentioned previously, this research is using the strategy of case study. This type of strategy of with more specific details i...

Abstinence from sexual intercourse after childbirth is a common practice deeply rooted in the cultures of different communities, including Nigeria with varying duration. Despite the high level of postpartum abstinence in the South-east compared to other neighbouring regions of Nigeria, under-five mortality is relatively higher in the South-east. This paper examined postpartum sexual abstinence as a predictive factor for under-five health outcome in Abia State with data from a sample of 609 childbearing women within 15-49 years. The mean duration of postpartum abstinence was 3.1±1.5 months; shorter in rural than urban areas with 2.7±1.4 and 3.5±1.3 months, respectively. The months of abstinence from sexual activity after childbirth is significantly related to experiences of under-five mortality and childhood diseases (p&lt;0.05). The qualitative data showed that period of abstinence from sexual activity after childbirth is rooted in culture and was alluded to have great influence on ...

The objective of the study was to establish the relationship between mass media and modern contraceptive use among women in Kenya. Data drawn from the 2008/09 KDHS was used and 5679 women of reproductive age provided the sample for the study. The study used descriptive statistics, cross tabulations and logistic regression for data analysis. The results indicated that 31 percent of the women were using contraceptives. Sixty six percent of women, forty percent of women and thirty six percent of the women were exposed to family planning messages on the radio, television and newspapers respectively. Results of cross tabulations indicated that women who were exposed to family planning messages on the three mass media variables were more likely to use modern contraceptives. In addition more educated women as well as those belonging to households with higher wealth index were more likely to use modern contraceptives. The results showed that women in their thirties, married women and women ...

This study tests the hypothesis suggested by many smaller studies that young people prefer to use private providers to access contraceptive methods. It examines the patterns in young womens levels of sexual activity use of modern methods of contraception and sources of modern contraception by age group and union status using Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data. In addition while controlling for other important explanatory variables the study seeks to answer the question of whether young women are more likely to choose private sector providers than older women. Results indicate that young women ages 15--24 have higher levels of sexual experience in Africa than in the Latin American Caribbean or Asian countries included in this analysis. Overall proportions of young women currently using modern contraceptive methods in Africa however are quite low when compared with countries included in the analysis from the Latin American Caribbean and Asian regions. Data examining whether youn...

Pakistan has total population of 21 million and with an annual growth rate of 2.3%, this may reach 310 million in 2050 (Population Matters, 2017; Govt. of Pakistan, 2018). Thus, this would be a challenge for national policy makers to cope up with essential needs of people and necessitate the family planning (FP) practices (GOP, 2017). Presently govt. and non govt. institutions are escalating their facilities to deliver FP services among all areas of Pakistan. These institutions familiarize diverse sorts of contraceptive methods such as oral pills, injections, tubal ligation, condoms, nor plant, abortion and natural methods. Contraception is a course of stopping uninvited pregnancy or birth at a desirable space for any avoidable reason or family size. Majority of the couples have awareness about contraceptive method. Very few, how ever use these methods due to different beliefs like not matching with their cultural values (Varma and Rohini, 2008; Tarar et. al., 2017; Tarar et. al., 2...

The problem raised in this study was that the low coverage of Implant KB in Karangnangka Village in 2014 was only 5 people while the target to be achieved was 18 people. The low coverage of implantable family planning in Karangnangka Village, Rubaru District is caused by several factors, namely internal factors and external factors. This study aims to determine the description of the interests of mothers in choosing KB Implants in Karangnangka Village, Rubaru District, Sumenep Regency in 2014. This study uses descriptive research. Total sample of 204 respondents. Data acquisition was obtained using a questionnaire sheet. The data analysis technique used in this study is distribution frequency. To calculate the results of data processing using the SPSS program for Windows. The results showed that the majority of respondents aged between 26-35 years were as many as 106 respondents (52%). Most of the respondents&#39; education was only at the elementary school level, which was 172 resp...

Background In order for stakeholders of HIV and AIDS to effectively plan HIV prevention programs, it is expedient to assess the level of individuals&#39; knowledge on the most common preventive methods and misconceptions of the HIV virus. This study examines the trends and determinants of comprehensive knowledge (CK) of HIV and AIDS among Ghanaians from 1998–2014. Method The data used for this study were drawn from the Ghana Demographic Health Surveys (GDHS), 1998–2014. A separate analysis was performed on each survey-year data and GDHS pooled dataset. Additionally, both the male and female datasets were combined. The samples used for the study were 6,389, 10706, 9484, and 13784 representing 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The pooled dataset consisted of 40363 responses. The Pearson chi-square test and multilevel binary logistic regression analysis were carried out to assess the association between the study variables and CK of HIV and AIDS. Results CK of HIV and AIDS was ...

This study provides an original method of analysing maternal mortality in Brazzaville, based on all deaths collected in the mortuaries in August 1996. During the study period, a clinical examination of all cadavers brought to Brazzaville's three mortuaries was done, and the relatives who had delivered the bodies were interviewed on signs and symptoms preceeding and the actual circumstances surrounding the deaths. A maternal mortality ratio of 652 per 100,000 was found in the age range 15-49 years, and the risk of death from all causes in women while pregnant, parturient or postpartum was estimated as double the baseline. The different indicators of risk of death attached to childbearing were shown to vary considerably according to age. In relative terms, the increase in all-cause risk of death was high for "early" pregnancies (estimated as nearly three fold below age 25), much more so for "late" pregnancies (nearly six fold above age 40), and much less for those pregnancies between these two age groups (less than two fold). In absolute terms, the excess risk of death associated with childbearing was maximum after (estimated at 40 per 1,000), and much lower before age 40 (5 to 6 per 1,000). In the age group most affected by AIDS (25 to 39 years), only 37% of all deaths in pregnant, parturient or postpartum women were from direct obstetric causes, versus about 60% before age 25 and 80% after age 40. The external and internal consistencies of the findings are discussed, and the public health policy implications are described.

This study provides an original method of analysing maternal mortality in Brazzaville, based on all deaths collected in the mortuaries in August 1996. During the study period, a clinical examination of all cadavers brought to Brazzaville's three mortuaries was done, and the relatives who had delivered the bodies were interviewed on signs and symptoms preceeding and the actual circumstances surrounding the deaths. A maternal mortality ratio of 652 per 100,000 was found in the age range 15-49 years, and the risk of death from all causes in women while pregnant, parturient or postpartum was estimated as double the baseline. The different indicators of risk of death attached to childbearing were shown to vary considerably according to age. In relative terms, the increase in all-cause risk of death was high for "early" pregnancies (estimated as nearly three fold below age 25), much more so for "late" pregnancies (nearly six fold above age 40), and much less for those pregnancies between these two age groups (less than two fold). In absolute terms, the excess risk of death associated with childbearing was maximum after (estimated at 40 per 1,000), and much lower before age 40 (5 to 6 per 1,000). In the age group most affected by AIDS (25 to 39 years), only 37% of all deaths in pregnant, parturient or postpartum women were from direct obstetric causes, versus about 60% before age 25 and 80% after age 40. The external and internal consistencies of the findings are discussed, and the public health policy implications are described.

Most of the studies carried out in the field of fertility ignore the lack of knowledge of the fertile period among women of childbearing age, and those that do exist are biomedical in nature, thus leaving the sociodemographic approach on the shelf. In Côte d'Ivoire, 32% of women have a good knowledge of the fertile period against 68% with questionable knowledge. Yet, knowledge of the fertile period is important for birth control and has benefits such as avoiding drug side effects, immediate recovery of fertility and its being free of charge. This study intends to use secondary data from the 2011-2012 EDS-MICS of Côte d'Ivoire to highlight the extent to which the level of unfamiliarity with the fertile period vary among women of childbearing age and investigate related factors. The findings, based on both bivariate descriptive and multiple component factorial analyses, reveal a correlation between lack of knowledge of the fertile period and variables relating to standard of living, place of residence, religion, exposure to the media, marital status, level of education, use of birth control, and the woman's occupation. Therefore, addressing these variables, would not only help control both fertility, and family planning, but also help achieve the demographic dividend.

Most of the studies carried out in the field of fertility ignore the lack of knowledge of the fertile period among women of childbearing age, and those that do exist are biomedical in nature, thus leaving the sociodemographic approach on the shelf. In Côte d'Ivoire, 32% of women have a good knowledge of the fertile period against 68% with questionable knowledge. Yet, knowledge of the fertile period is important for birth control and has benefits such as avoiding drug side effects, immediate recovery of fertility and its being free of charge. This study intends to use secondary data from the 2011-2012 EDS-MICS of Côte d'Ivoire to highlight the extent to which the level of unfamiliarity with the fertile period vary among women of childbearing age and investigate related factors. The findings, based on both bivariate descriptive and multiple component factorial analyses, reveal a correlation between lack of knowledge of the fertile period and variables relating to standard of living, place of residence, religion, exposure to the media, marital status, level of education, use of birth control, and the woman's occupation. Therefore, addressing these variables, would not only help control both fertility, and family planning, but also help achieve the demographic dividend.

Background In order for stakeholders of HIV and AIDS to effectively plan HIV prevention programs, it is expedient to assess the level of individuals&#39; knowledge on the most common preventive methods and misconceptions of the HIV virus. This study examines the trends and determinants of comprehensive knowledge (CK) of HIV and AIDS among Ghanaians from 1998–2014. Method The data used for this study were drawn from the Ghana Demographic Health Surveys (GDHS), 1998–2014. A separate analysis was performed on each survey-year data and GDHS pooled dataset. Additionally, both the male and female datasets were combined. The samples used for the study were 6,389, 10706, 9484, and 13784 representing 1998, 2003, 2008, and 2014, respectively. The pooled dataset consisted of 40363 responses. The Pearson chi-square test and multilevel binary logistic regression analysis were carried out to assess the association between the study variables and CK of HIV and AIDS. Results CK of HIV and AIDS was ...

Data Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana (BKKBN) menunjukkan jumlah PUS tahun 2015 di Kecamatan Pangururan sebanyak 3.650 jiwa, peserta vasektomi 0,71% dan peserta kondom sebanyak 7,45 %. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan pengetahuan, sikap dan pelayanan KB dengan keikutsertaan pria mengikuti KB di Kecamatan Pangururan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan pengetahuan pria dengan keikutsertaan menjadi akseptor KB (p-value 0,037) dan sikap pria dengan keikutsertaan menjadi akseptor KB (p-value 0,007) serta pelayanan KB dengan keikutsertaan menjadi akseptor KB pria (p-value 0,001).

Ghana, a lower-middle income country that is still grappling with fertility and birth rates, initiated family planning for the youth decades ago. This mainly targeted deprived communities, and the Muslim youth were also exposed to contraception. However, contraception awareness among the Muslim youth has had difficulties and repercussions. Against the social and economic challenges facing the Ghanaian Muslim youth, this article evaluates their awareness about contraception focusing on the issues and their ramification with the aim of identifying prospects for development. The findings reveal that awareness is high but not in a positive sense as the general patronage among couples is low, while among the unmarried, the awareness has negatively affected their morality. Among the issues, there is a disconnection between service providers and the community while some Muslims think that contraception can reduce the Muslim population and is un-Islamic. It was argued that contraception is permitted for Muslims provided there is ethical justification and that in view of the social and economic challenges, including school dropouts and Muslim child migration due to the poverty of parents, the Muslim youth must plan their childbirth. Hence, it was recommended that government must tackle the problem of education in Muslim communities. The Ulama should also dialogue with the service providers to create trust between the health providers and the Muslims.

The role of diffusion in reproductive change has received great attention in the literature. Underlying the various studies is the assumption that the information or behaviour of one person can have spillover effects on the motivations of another (Montgomery and Casterline, 1998). Two fundamental components of diffusion are identified: social learning and social influence. Social learning refers to the acquisition of information from others, which in the case of fertility control may include information on the types of contraceptive methods available, the health side effects of the methods and the cost of the methods. Social influence, on the other hand, refers to the power that individuals exercise over each other through authority, deference, and social conformity pressures. Using data obtained from the 1995 and 1998 demographic and health panel surveys we examine the impact of social interaction on the adoption of contraception in the Kassena-Nankana district of Northern Ghana. Three major distinct groups of respondents were defined by the social interaction variable: women whose family planning discussion partners are contraceptive users or encouragers (or both); women whose family planning conversational partners are neither users nor encouragers; women who reported never having discussed family planning with their social network partners. While the social interaction variable pertains to the time of the 1995 survey, contraceptive use is at the time of the 1998 survey. Results from this study suggest that social interaction about family planning triggers changes in contraceptive behaviour in the rural areas of Northern Ghana. For the majority of women, the decision to initiate family planning practice is facilitated by informal discussions with social network partners who encourage contraceptive adoption. Résumé Beaucoup a été dit et écrit sur le rôle de la diffusion dans l'évolution de la reproduction avec comme hypothèse sous-jacente que l'information à propos de ou le comportement d'une personne peut avoir des effets d'entraînement sur les motivations d'une autre personne (Montgomery and Casterline, 1998). La diffusion comporte deux composantes principales : l'apprentissage social et l'impact social. L'apprentissage social porte sur l'acquisition de l'information à partir d'autres personnes, ce qui, en matière de contrôle de la fécondité, concerne l'information sur les types de contraceptions disponibles, les effets secondaires sur la santé des méthodes ainsi que le coût des méthodes. Pour ce qui concerne l'impact social, il s'agit du pouvoir que les personnes peuvent exercer les unes sur les autres par l'autorité, le respect, les pesanteurs de la conformité sociale. En utilisant les données des Enquêtes démographiques et de santé de 1995 et 1998, nous examinons l'impact possible de l'interaction sociale sur l'adoption de la contraception dans la région Kassena-Nankana du Nord du Ghana. Pour les besoins de la variable interaction sociale, trois grands groupes de personnes ont été interrogées : les femmes dont les partenaires dans les focus group utilisent et/ou encouragent l'utilisation de la contraception ; celles dont les partenaires dans les focus group ne sont ni utilisateurs ni n'encouragent l'utilisation de la contraception ; celles ayant admis n'avoir jamais discuté de la contraception avec les réseaux sociaux de leurs partenaires. Si la variable interaction sociale porte sur l'enquête de 1995, celle sur l'utilisation de la contraception porte sur l'enquête de 1998. Les résultats obtenus montrent que l'interaction sociale en ce qui concerne le planning familial entraîne des changements dans le comportement en matière de contraception dans les zones rurales du Nord du Ghana. Pour la majeure partie des femmes, la décision de commencer le planning familial est largement facilitée par des discussions informelles avec les membres des réseaux sociaux qui encouragent l'adoption de la contraception.