Evolution Theory

Es lässt sich kaum leugnen, dass wir in einem Zeitalter permanenter und sich zuspitzender ökologischer Krisen leben. Diese äußern sich in Symptomen wie dem massenhaften Artensterben, der anthropogenen Übernutzung der Biosphäre, Abholzung, industrieller Verschmutzung durch nicht abbaubare und toxische Stoffe, Überbevölkerung, übermäßigem Konsum und Klimawandel. Diese Entwicklungen scheinen langfristig sogar die Existenz der Menschheit zu bedrohen.
Vertreter der phänomenologischen Bewegung – beginnend mit Edmund Husserl und weitergeführt von Denkern wie Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty und Hans Jonas – haben sich wiederholt mit dieser Problematik befasst. Die Wurzel der Krise wird in der modernen instrumentellen Rationalität erkannt: einer Form der Vernunft, die zur Formalisierung und Idealisierung neigt, qualitative Aspekte ausblendet und auf Kontrolle und Verfügbarkeit abzielt – im Kontext des modernen Kapitalismus insbesondere auf Profitabilität. Dabei werden sowohl menschliche als auch nicht-menschliche Natur zu Objekten der Verwertung. Schon vor der Entstehung der Ökophänomenologie in den 1960er Jahren wurde diese Haltung als potenziell katastrophal erkannt.
Der vorliegende Beitrag zielt darauf, die öko-ethischen und öko-politischen Herausforderungen dieser Krise aus einer spezifisch Husserl‘schen Perspektive zu beleuchten. Es existieren bereits Ansätze zu einer auf Husserl gegründeten Umweltethik, etwa bei Ian Angus, Erazim Kohák, András Lányi oder Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka. Diese Interpretationen konzentrieren sich zumeist auf Husserls Kritik an der formalen, lebensfremden Rationalität der Moderne (Hua VI). Im Gegensatz dazu rücken wir seine Theorie des universalen, intersubjektiven Lebens sowie seine ethischen Überlegungen zur inhärenten Wertstruktur des Lebens in den Vordergrund (z. B. Hua XLII, 297–332). Die Kritik an der instrumentellen Vernunft ergibt sich daraus als deren logische Konsequenz.
Nach Husserl manifestiert sich in jedem Lebewesen – sei es bewusst oder unbewusst – in gewissem Sinne dasselbe immanente Leben (Hua VIII, 482; Hua XV, 593–610). Dieses Leben besitzt in jeder individuellen Erscheinungsform Eigenwert und verdient Achtung. Husserl betont, dass das Leben als solches wesentlich wertvoll ist, unabhängig davon, ob es sich um menschliches oder nicht-menschliches Leben handelt (Hua XLII, 426-427). Er erkennt zugleich das Bestehen von Wertkonflikten an – teils unauflösbaren (Hua Materialien IX, 144–145) –, ist jedoch überzeugt, dass eine hinreichend bewusste axiologische Einstellung und die kollektive Vernunft einer Gemeinschaft diese Konflikte so austragen können, dass der Wertverlust minimiert und die Wertverwirklichung maximiert wird. Entscheidend bleibt für Husserl, dass kein Lebewesen – und auch die lebendige Umwelt als solche – jemals rein instrumentell behandelt werden darf. Der Eigenwert des Lebens gebietet auch in Konfliktsituationen Respekt.
Soweit ersichtlich, existiert bislang keine kohärente öko-politische Theorie, die auf diesen spezifischen Überlegungen Husserls gründet. Der Beitrag möchte zeigen, wie seine Aussagen zur Wertstruktur des Lebens und seine Kritik an der instrumentellen Vernunft den Weg zu einer phänomenologisch fundierten öko-politischen Theorie weisen – mit durchaus praxisrelevanten Implikationen.

RESUMEN

“De cada cosa conoce su naturaleza”.
Emperador Marco Aurelio – Meditaciones 7.56

Este artículo propone que las capacidades emergentes de la inteligencia artificial (IA), como la persuasión en GPT-4, los juicios éticos en Grok, o la generación de animaciones en Stable Diffusion, son análogas a exaptaciones biológicas, particularmente enjutas —rasgos no adaptativos cooptados para nuevas funciones—como los pechos humanos para simbolismo cultural o las plumas de dinosaurios para vuelo (Gould & Vrba, 1982; López Tapia, 2002, 2017, 2025). Construido sobre la progresión de López Tapia (2002, p. 7; 2017, p. 3; 2025, p. 2), que identifica la mente humana como una enjuta evolutiva extendida por la IA, presentamos un marco transdisciplinario que integra biología, informática y filosofía mediante tres principios fundamentales: plasticidad (flexibilidad funcional), economía evolutiva (reutilización eficiente de recursos), y emergencia (novedad compleja). Analizamos 33+33 ejemplos —biológicos (e.g., Gaia, halterios) e IA (e.g., AlphaFold, Multi-Agent RL)— mapeados con criterios rigurosos (origen no adaptativo, cooptación, impacto emergente, restricciones estructurales), validados mediante un enfoque comparativo y visualizaciones gráficas. Incorporamos el equilibrio puntuado (Gould & Eldredge, 1972) para analogizar los “saltos emergentes” en IA con procesos de cladogénesis, proyectando un crecimiento de 103-123 exaptaciones para 2035 basado en un modelo sigmoide ajustado. Comparado con enfoques arquitectónicos (Nava & Melis, 2024; Lara-Hernandez et al., 2024) y técnicos (Brown et al., 2020), nuestra tesis se distingue por su aplicación a la inteligencia como fenómeno emergente y su enfoque ético-prospectivo. Las limitaciones incluyen diferencias de sustrato (biológico vs. digital) y la medición de emergencia, lo que subraya la necesidad de un diseño ético responsable. Desarrollado por el entomólogo Alexis López Tapia, con la colaboración de Grok, una IA de xAI, simbolizado por un ícono colaborativo de un árbol dual, reimagina la IA como una enjuta evolutiva, un puente transdisciplinario que dice “No” a las restricciones reduccionistas.

Palabras clave: Exaptación, Enjuta, Inteligencia Artificial, Equilibrio Puntuado, Transdisciplinariedad, Proyecciones Futuras.

Ästhetik trotz Luhmann Anmerkungen zur Kunstphilosophie Harry Lehmanns Klaus Lippe »Das theoretisch marginalisierte Subjekt kehrt als normatives Postulat menschenfreundlicher Ausrichtung der Gesellschaft zurück oder es rächt sich durch ›Kritik‹«. 1

Aesthetics despite Luhmann Comments on Harry Lehmann’s philosophy of art – Although
Harry Lehmann understands his philosophy of art to be an extension of system theory as
according to Niklas Luhmann, his concern is not so much a theoretical approach to art in
modern society but rather a re-formulation of social criticism. His approach re-refers art to
›truth‹ and ›meaning‹ in an emphatical sense. In the same way as Jürgen Habermas, he
aims to formulate a normatively relevant theory which is able to rephrase the possibility of
criticism and value judgement not only concerning art but also concerning the state of
modern society in general. Correspondingly, he believes that the function of art lies in the
provocation of social self-descriptions which serve to reflect the problems of the functional
differentiation of modern society. Analoguous to his normative distinction between ›me-
rely artistically simulated innovations‹ and a ›truly innovative art‹, he distinguishes bet-
ween ›normal‹ communication systems such as economy, science or politics on the one
hand and the ›reflection systems‹ which operate in ›human media‹ such as art, philosophy,
belief and love on the other. In the end, only the latter shall be able to fulfil the socio-
political function. The main problem of Lehmann’s aesthetics lies in the question as to why
adopt his normative scheme of observation and »re-exit« the theoretical context of the
system theory at all. Since his ›philosophical‹ approach itself makes reference to an
emphatical concept of truth which cannot be coded by the difference between true or false,
his social criticism seems to be hardly able to achieve connectivity with system theory.

We consider a simple model for the immune system in which virus are able to undergo mutations and are in competition with leukocytes. These mutations are related to several other concepts which have been proposed in the literature like those of shape or of virulence -a continuous notion. For a given species, the system admits a globally attractive critical point. We prove that mutations do not affect this picture for small perturbations and under strong structural assumptions. Based on numerical and theoretical arguments, we also examine how, releasing these assumptions, the system can blow-up.

Hay autores que consideran al divulgador científico Carl
Sagan como un crítico hostil a las religiones que siempre las vio como
opuestas y enfrentadas al pensamiento racional y a la ciencia. Aquí se
argumentará que Sagan no fue un simple partidario del conflicto entre
la ciencia y la religión, sino un pensador que siempre mantuvo una línea
coherente de defensa de la crítica y de la aceptación de nuestros errores
como algo necesario en todas las áreas del quehacer humano, incluida la
religión. El falibilismo en ciencia y religión puede verse como un punto
de encuentro a partir del cual ambas pueden avanzar en sus búsquedas
respectivas de lo verdadero y de lo sagrado.

Dear all,
here is a CfP (English and German) for the conference of the German Society for Phenomenological Research which will take place in Darmstadt from Sept 24-27, 2025.
We are looking forward to great submissions!
Best wishes,
Sophie Loidolt

Der Begriff der Lebenswelt wurde vor allem von dem Mathematiker und Philosophen Edmund Husserl in seinem Buch Die Krisis der Europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie in die weitere Diskussion eingeführt. Die Lebenswelt ist der intersubjektiv geteilte Sinn- und Erlebenshorizont, der eine notwendige Voraussetzung für Mathematisierungs- und Digitalisierungsprozesse bildet. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass der Begriff der Lebenswelt ein Schlüssel zum Verstehen der Digitalisierung ist, insbesondere in Bezug auf den Einfluss neuerer Technologien wie Künstliche Intelligenz (KI). Drei Weisen der Digitalisierung der Lebenswelt werden erörtert: Veränderungen durch (1) digitale Geräte, (2) digitale Ordnung der Lebenswelt und (3) „intelligente“ Manipulation des menschlichen Sinn- und Erlebenshorizontes.

In this paper a comparison is made among various groups of Serbian teachers (kindergarten teachers, primary school teachers, biologists, physicists, chemists) in terms of the following factors: acceptance and the understanding of evolution theory. In order to accomplish the tasks of this paper, the specific questionnaire model with parallel groups of teachers was applied (involving 341 teachers). The aim was to identify and measure differences in those factors among these large groups of teachers. The results show that biology teachers performed better on accepting and understanding the evolution theory in comparison with other groups of teachers. Also, we determined that there is a positive correlation between the acceptance and understanding the evolution theory for all groups of teachers. The findings indicate a necessity to enhance the evolution teaching contents in the Serbian system of education for groups of teachers who participated in this investigation. Modern teaching pro...

This paper traces recent developments in economic theory from the perspective of Veblen's methodological distinction between teleological and evolutionary modes of scientific thought. It is argued that the imposition of rational behaviour at the individual level prevents neoclassical theory from exhibiting genuine evolutionary processes, since decision rules are prevented from emerging out of a process of adaptation to a changing environment. The standard rationality postulate can nevertheless give rise to quasi-evolutionary sequences at the aggregate level. This possibility is blocked in macroeconomic literature by the use of the representative agent construct and the imposition of the hypothesis of self-fulfilling expectations.

Paper aims: Poor supply chain design cost Boeing, Chipotle, Lego, and Toyota billions in revenues, capitalization, and reputational value. This paper introduces a purposive, systematic supply chain design process, identifies economic disrupters, and describes how a proactive approach to supply chain design can support and propel visionary business models. Originality: The paper introduces punctuated equilibrium as a critical lens to evaluate how technological disrupters will transform supply chain design and the development of Industry X.0. Converging game changers will place more companies at existential risk, making it essential to identify potential trigger events and how they might change the competitive rules. Research method: Conceptual development following over 100 interviews with companies during a 10 year longitudinal study. Main findings: Emerging technologies promise/threaten to transform the economy on the scale of the industrial and information revolutions. We discuss how each technology might influence supply chain design. Individually, each technology represents a game changer. Their convergence requires purposive supply chain design to shape the emergence of Industry X.0. Implications for theory and practice: Managers who employ astute scanning and nuanced scenario analysis will position their companies to not only identify inflection points but also accurately assess the timing of the transformation. This skill set will be critical to designing and developing a supply chain able to support and propel visionary business models.

Today, it seems that Darwin's theory of human primordial nature underlies modern humanist anthropology, and that all human problems are analyzed as those of an evolved animal on the horizon of instinct. On the contrary, what makes man a special being in Islamic teachings is his enjoyment of a transcendent truth called "soul" or "human primordial nature". Although some thinkers in Islamic culture have considered human primordial nature as the origin for all kinds of consciousness "umm al-ma`ārif", it is right to present "it" as a coherent theory that can express its consequent requirements in comparison with competing views in the field of humanities and social sciences. In this article, an attempt has been made to reconstruct the idea of ​​"primordial nature" as a theory against some important dualities of Western thought, and to show some of its aspects concretely in the field of anthropology; An anthropology that goes beyond what generally saying and can be used as a basis in the humanities and social sciences.

The general evolutionary theory can be seen as a comprehensive generalization and extension of Darwin's theory. The basic idea is to consider not only the evolution of genetic information -as Darwin didbut also the evolution of very general information. It shows that evolution is characterized by the fact that new types of information have developed in leaps and bounds, each with new storage technologies, new duplication technologies and new processing technologies. This unified concept of evolution makes it possible, among other things, to 1) achieve a unified view of biological and cultural evolution; 2) find a natural periodization of the evolution from the formation of the earth until today; and 3) understand the exponential acceleration of evolution through the emergence of targeted variation mechanisms.

In his review of Bill Nye’s Undeniable, Nicholas Wade proposes a “treaty” to defuse controversies over the teaching of evolution: describing evolution as a theory ambiguously—as a well-established scientific theory to supporters of evolution education, but as “just a theory” to opponents of evolution education. On inspection, Wade’s proposal misidentifies the focus of the creationist objection to evolution, distorts the nature of science, and involves a blatant equivocation. Rather than equivocating on the term theory à la Wade, teachers ought to focus on ensuring that students understand not only the important theories in the field of evolutionary biology but also what a theory in science is and isn’t.

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The synergetic use of bonding evolution theory (BET) and non−covalent interaction (NCI) analysis allows to obtain new insight into the bond breaking/forming processes and electron redistribution along the reaction path to understand the molecular mechanism of a reaction and recognize regions of strong and weak electron pairing. This viewpoint has been considered for cheletropic extrusion of CO from unsaturated cyclic ketones cyclohepta−3,5−dien−1−one CHD, cyclopent−3−en−1−one CPE and bicyclo[2.2.1]hept−2−en−7−one BCH by using hybrid functional MPWB1K in conjugation with aug−cc−pVTZ basis set. Decarbonylation of CHD, CPE and BCH are non-polar cyclo−elimination reactions which are characterized by the sequence of turning points (TPs) as: CHD: 1-11-C[CC]C † C † FFF TS C † C † C †-0: HT + CO, CPE:

Paper aims: Poor supply chain design cost Boeing, Chipotle, Lego, and Toyota billions in revenues, capitalization, and reputational value. This paper introduces a purposive, systematic supply chain design process, identifies economic disrupters, and describes how a proactive approach to supply chain design can support and propel visionary business models. Originality: The paper introduces punctuated equilibrium as a critical lens to evaluate how technological disrupters will transform supply chain design and the development of Industry X.0. Converging game changers will place more companies at existential risk, making it essential to identify potential trigger events and how they might change the competitive rules. Research method: Conceptual development following over 100 interviews with companies during a 10 year longitudinal study. Main findings: Emerging technologies promise/threaten to transform the economy on the scale of the industrial and information revolutions. We discuss how each technology might influence supply chain design. Individually, each technology represents a game changer. Their convergence requires purposive supply chain design to shape the emergence of Industry X.0. Implications for theory and practice: Managers who employ astute scanning and nuanced scenario analysis will position their companies to not only identify inflection points but also accurately assess the timing of the transformation. This skill set will be critical to designing and developing a supply chain able to support and propel visionary business models.

In the field of biosemiotics in our time, Ferdinand de Saussure's theory of semiology has been dismissed for its glottocentric, anthropocentric, and dyadic characteristics and as such unsuitable for the said field. Such accusation is symptomatic of an extremely narrow view of Saussure, which ignores the e fforts he made in tackling problems concerning the unification of biology (natural sciences) and semiotics (human sciences). A broader view of Saussure, emerging from the newly-discovered orangery manuscripts along with his thought-provoking course lectures, reveals that his epistemology is actually grounded in evolutionary differences and the concept of uniformitarianism. In order to demonstrate the value of his ideas, this paper proceeds through five sections. (1) To begin with, the understandings and misunderstandings of key terms are summarized while seeking to reconcile arbitrary and relatively arbitrary (analogical) modes of consciousness within the network of differences that Saussure proposes in his manuscripts. (2) My study points out how such a network blurs disciplinary or systematic boundaries between language and non-verbal systems and how it might serve as a framework for appreciating true analogies between natural sciences and the science of language. (3) The paradox of analogy, torn between the synchronic and diachronic schemes of time, is discussed. This unravels several strings that have made the functioning of analogy into such a delicate point in Saussure's theory of evolution. (4) The concept of état de langue is made comprehensive in relation to appropriations of Darwinian model and Neo-Darwinian ideas. Saussure's model of evolution explicates the phenomenon of symbiogenesis, which is non-linear, nonadaptive, non-restrictive as regards localities, yet claims certain truths about nature and culture. (5) Finally, my study draws attention to the implications of conceptualizing non-linear evolution within and across systems. There are indeed disparities between Saussure's epistemology and that of biosemiotics: nineteenth-century confused epistemology reoccurred within biosemiotics in its early phase.

This article presents a new theory for the evolution of the cosmos and time. This is based on the concept of String Theory and had tried to explain the whole phenomena from the quantum level. This has also references from the mass energy equivalence theory and ether theory and so is able to explain the whole phenomena from the very beginning. It is thought that this theory can explain the evolution of cosmos and time from a completely new but more acceptable perspective.

Evolution is one area on Biology learning that has the most contravention and misconception for many students in various educational regions globally, including Indonesia. This study aimed to identify student's acceptance of the evolutionary theory. The study was conducted using a mixed-method, in which the results of descriptive research were followed by correlational research on the variables studied. Data were collected by using questionnaire and rubric of Measure of Acceptance of The Theory of Evolution (MATE). The results showed that the average MATE score was 65.05, in which the students tended to have a moderate level of the acceptance of the evolutionary theory. The result showed that sex and religious background correlated with students' acceptance of the evolutionary theory, with a contribution of 49.9%. Thus, these results suggest that evolution is a crucial aspect to be considered in teaching evolution, and there must be an effort to overcome the differences in t...

In my introduction, I situate the issue under discussion in a broad context, comparing its treatment in Europe with its treatment in the U.S. In the first part, I argue that in European Protestant Christianity, trans-individual issues, such as that of economic justice, dominate the religious agenda. In the U.S. however, issues pertaining to the individual dominate, such as abortion, gay-marriage, euthanasia etc. In the second part, I give an example of the way in which philosophy may contribute to issues of religion and politics, discussing the issue of 'theory of evolution versus Intelligent Design'. This issue does not only receive attention in the U.S. but has recently received some attention in Dutch media as well. My theses are that, first, evolution theory does not prove atheism but, rather, presupposes it; second, the real issue behind it is not only the theological question of whether or not a creator-God exists. Rather, the philosophical question to what extent a culture is prepared to accept contingency plays a pivotal role as well.

Paper aims: Poor supply chain design cost Boeing, Chipotle, Lego, and Toyota billions in revenues, capitalization, and reputational value. This paper introduces a purposive, systematic supply chain design process, identifies economic disrupters, and describes how a proactive approach to supply chain design can support and propel visionary business models. Originality: The paper introduces punctuated equilibrium as a critical lens to evaluate how technological disrupters will transform supply chain design and the development of Industry X.0. Converging game changers will place more companies at existential risk, making it essential to identify potential trigger events and how they might change the competitive rules. Research method: Conceptual development following over 100 interviews with companies during a 10 year longitudinal study. Main findings: Emerging technologies promise/threaten to transform the economy on the scale of the industrial and information revolutions. We discuss how each technology might influence supply chain design. Individually, each technology represents a game changer. Their convergence requires purposive supply chain design to shape the emergence of Industry X.0. Implications for theory and practice: Managers who employ astute scanning and nuanced scenario analysis will position their companies to not only identify inflection points but also accurately assess the timing of the transformation. This skill set will be critical to designing and developing a supply chain able to support and propel visionary business models.

Any gene mutation during the mitotic cell cycle of a eukaryotic cell can be algebraically represented by an isotopism of the evolution algebra describing the genetic pattern of the inheritance process. We identify any such pattern with a total-colored graph so that any isotopism of the former is uniquely related to an isomorphism of the latter. This enables us to develop some results on graph theory in the context of the molecular processes that occur during the S-phase of a mitotic cell cycle. In particular, each monochromatic subset of edges is identified with a mutation or regulatory mechanism that relates any two statuses of the genotypes of a pair of chromatids.

Пермский государственный национальный исследовательский университет, Пермь, Россия ВОДОРОДАККУМУЛИРУЮЩИЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ В работе определен основной спектр методов аккумулирования водорода, применяемых на сегодняшний день в водородной энергетике, а также рассмотрены материалы, используемые в данных методах. Установлены перспективные материалы для будущего водородной энергетики. Из всего разнообразия их выделены самые перспективные, такие как металлогидриды и катодные материалы. Но также было отмечено, что на сегодняшний день не существует оптимального и универсального метода хранения водорода, и их выбор обусловлен целями и возможностями отдельных сфер водородной энергетики.

Paper aims: Poor supply chain design cost Boeing, Chipotle, Lego, and Toyota billions in revenues, capitalization, and reputational value. This paper introduces a purposive, systematic supply chain design process, identifies economic disrupters, and describes how a proactive approach to supply chain design can support and propel visionary business models. Originality: The paper introduces punctuated equilibrium as a critical lens to evaluate how technological disrupters will transform supply chain design and the development of Industry X.0. Converging game changers will place more companies at existential risk, making it essential to identify potential trigger events and how they might change the competitive rules. Research method: Conceptual development following over 100 interviews with companies during a 10 year longitudinal study. Main findings: Emerging technologies promise/threaten to transform the economy on the scale of the industrial and information revolutions. We discuss how each technology might influence supply chain design. Individually, each technology represents a game changer. Their convergence requires purposive supply chain design to shape the emergence of Industry X.0. Implications for theory and practice: Managers who employ astute scanning and nuanced scenario analysis will position their companies to not only identify inflection points but also accurately assess the timing of the transformation. This skill set will be critical to designing and developing a supply chain able to support and propel visionary business models.

Conclusion Although recent meta-analyses have considered amongpopulation genetic differentiation for molecular and quantitative traits [17], no such study is available on the correlation between measures of molecular versus phenotypic variability within populations, especially following environmental changes. As recently emphasised [18], prior evolutionary history of a species will influence phenotypic evolution during biological invasion. Furthermore, lifehistory and mating system probably also influence the relationship between the two types of diversity [13]. Genetic monitoring of both molecular and quantitative genetics diversity will provide invaluable information about evolutionary processes during range expansion, but also about the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, as suggested by the recent study of H. canariense [12].

We review the present knowledge of instrumental, developmental, and communicative parallels between birdsong and language. Birdsong and human language turn out to be convergently evolved 'adaptive profiles'. Such convergencies are indispensable for our understanding of why and how these properties came into being at all. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant emphasized in 1803 tradition in birdsong in parallel with human culture. We specify the role of tradition in birds' vocal repertoire, syntax, and semantics. Comparing birdsong with human language embeds the hitherto purely anthropocentric approach to language into a causal evolutionary framework and helps to identify the selective forces as well as the ecological factors that forged the evolution of language and language-like communication.

… now if our chosen subject were not the forms of constitution but the forms of animal life … (Aristotle, The Politics, book IV, chapter 4) There is going on a "natural selection" of ideas, customs, institutions irrespective of natural selection of individuals and races. (Ritchie, "Social Evolution", s. 171) Taxonomists seem to feel passionately about their schools of thought, in a way that we expect in political science or economics, but not usually in academic science.

The static character of economics can be made crystal clear by comparing economics and biology. Economists take pride in the fact that Darwin was influenced by Malthus-and he was influenced also, as I learned from Stephen Jay Gould, by Adam Smith. But contrast what has happened in biology since Darwin with what has happened in economics since Adam Smith or Malthus. [...] Biologists have not rejected Darwin-evolution is still the core of the subject-but they look at biological processes in a completely different way. Similarly, I am not rejecting Adam Smith. We should not abandon his great insights. But I do advocate changes that will ultimately transform economics from a "soft" science to a "hard" science [...]. We have to account of the effects of the legal system, the political system, etc. And if my impression is correct, their theories often have a stronger empirical base than is usual in economics. Ronald Coase, nobelpristagare 1991, i ett anförande inför det då nybildade International Society for New Institutional Economics (1999) Kulturuttryckens evolution*

The article reconstructs the main lines of three hypotheses in the current literature concerning the evolutionary pace which characterized the natural history of human language: the ''continuist'' and gradualist perspective, the ''discontinuist'' and evolution-free perspective, and the ''punctuationist'' view. This current debate appears to have a long history, which starts at least from Darwin's time. The article highlights the similarities between the old and the modern debates in terms of history of ideas, and it shows the current limits of each of these perspectives. In the final part, we present an alternative approach which considers human language not as a single trait, but as the result of a mosaic of different elements, some of which recently evolved, and some others gradually evolved and phylogenetically ancient. When matched with a tree thinking and comparative perspective, this view suggests that expressions of symbolic and linguistic behaviors in other human species could have preceded the more complex and systematic behaviors showed by Homo sapiens.

The sex of the prlmruy decision maker for a product 1s often the basis marketers of consumer goods use as a prnnary segmentation variable. Research to date has supported the use of s;Lch an xppmach by showing that husbands and wives tend to play substantiAly different roles in famdy purchasmg achvities. Kenkel 1181 found tilat husbands tend to play the instrurrental role in most family decisions while wives tend to play the expressive role. Brown's study [4] of automobile purchasing behavior produced findmgs which corresponded with Kenkel's: the husband tends to make the major decisions concerning the automobile purchase-the wife tends to make such expressive decisions as color and ophons. In addihon to ~nstrumental-express~ve differences m male-female purchasing roles, other studies have found that husbands and wives tend to be the primary decisiaa makers for different product purchases made for the family-the wife makes many of the decisions pertainmg to a wide range of household goods, while the husband tends to decide upon life Insurance purchase 17,211. The preceding findings appear to provide a sound basl:, for employing sex as a segmentation variable for the products to which it applies. However, such studies of purchasing roIe differences between husbands and wives have o&n failed to consider some major factors relating to the purchase of these products which might qualify these findings. It: has been found that although wlveb are the primary purchasers and decision makers for grocery products, husbands are often mfluential in determining the specific brands which are bought [US]. In addihon, the aggregate husband-wife purchasing Volume 4, Numbw 4

Inavel innebär att individer som är nära släkt får avkomma tillsammans. Om det pågår under många generationer påverkas förloppet av flera olika mekanismer. Inaveln i sig gör att den genetiska variationen i populationen minskar och blir likartad. Det kan göra individerna och populationen mer sårbar för sjukdomar och miljömässiga förändringar. Men det gör också att recessiva skadliga egenskaper som finns i arvsmassan kommer till uttryck, och populationen kan då drabbas av det som kallas inavelsdepression. Det kan då ske en utrensning (så kallad purging) av skadliga recessiva egenskaper genom att individerna som bär dem oftast inte överlever tillräckligt länge för att kunna få avkomma. Tillsammans med genetisk drift och naturlig selektion minskas den genetiska variationen ytterligare. Motkrafter som istället ökar den genetiska variationen är mutationer och inkommande individer som bär på nytt genetiskt material. Beroende på populationens storlek och historia påverkar alla dessa faktore...

Darwin established an analogy between language change and the evolution of species in an attempt to reinforce his evolutionary theory, but there seems to be a deeper connection between languages and species than the one Darwin thought. This connection can be explained more properly by applying a structuralist evolutionary model and the concept of exaptation, proposed by Gould & Vrba (1982), than by a strict Darwinian functionalist one. The analogy can be set out from an internal-functionalist point of view without linking changes to any external function outside the Language Faculty.

Med hjälp av ett experiment och minnesspelet Memory testades huruvida survival processing leder till förhöjd inkodning av spatiala förhållanden i långtidsminnet. Hypotesen var att information som bearbetats efter dess överlevnadsvärde—survival processing—även i ett hypotetiskt scenario är lättare att lägga på minnet i jämförelse med information som bearbetats utifrån andra typer av meningsfulla aspekter (deep-thought processing). Från ett evolutionsteoretiskt perspektiv är det rimligt att anta att minnets evolution präglats av problemlösning relaterad till liv och död, och där samband mellan geografiska platser och olika typer av faror varit bland det viktigaste att lägga på minnet. I experimentet spelade försöksdeltagaren utan förvarning Memory, efter att först ha instruerats att föreställa sig antingen ett överlevnadsscenario eller ett trivsamt scenario, och efter ett kort inkodningsmoment där deltagaren fick studera facit. Resultatet visade ingen signifikant skillnad mellan grupp...

Das Universitätsspital Basel (USB) ist eines der fünf grössten Gesundheitszentren der Schweiz. Die Abteilung Infrastruktur ist u.a. verantwortlich für die Erbringung von bedürfnisgerechten und den neusten Erkenntnissen entsprechenden Reinigungsdienstleistungen. Im Rahmen einer Überprüfung der Reinigungsprozesse wurde das Institut für Facility Management (IFM) der Zürcher Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften beauftragt, die Prozesse zu analysieren und mögliche Optimierungspotenziale aufzuzeigen.

The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical framework for the study of adoption of new methods, techniques and ideas concerning organizing and control of activities in organizations. A short review is made of the main stream in research on innovations. It is argued that the main shortcoming is the tendency to treat all innovations as stable entities which remain the same in the process of diffusion. Hence, research generally focuses on the question of adoption or rejection in organizational settings. A different frame of reference is proposed; in short, focusing the transformation of innovations when they change location in time and space. The central theme is to explore how "open" or "closed" innovations are. This question has two aspects: the longitudinal and the tontext. Over time innovations can develop a more closed character as a result of discursive and practical action, i.e. equipment, instructions, established claims, motivations, explanations of causality. That development is "given" when the innovation is brought to a new tontext. The crucial things, though, are the discursive and practical capacities different groups of actors in the fotal tontext have in relation to the more or less elaborated version of the innovation. Further, it is also argued that adoption of new methods, techniques and ideas concerning organizing and control of activities, can be be analyzed in those terms.

HORST DÜRR
MEINE BIBLIOGRAFIE 1962 BIS 2021

Inhalt
• Vorwort
• Themen
• Publikationen.

Vorwort
Nach Abschluss des Studiums hatte ich 1962 die erste Gelegenheit, Teile meiner eigenen Forschungstätigkeit zu publizieren. Es betraf ein vom Wirtschaftsminister des Bundes gefördertes Projekt am Institut für Werkzeugmaschinen und Betriebstechnik der TH Karlsruhe, an dem ich im Rahmen einer ›Großen Studienarbeit‹ mitgewirkt hatte. Bis heute sind nun zahlreiche Fachpublikationen – seien es Aufsätze in Zeitschriften, Bücher oder Beiträge in Büchern – hinzugekommen.
  Hier ist die bis zum Jahr 2021 aktualisierte Zusammenstellung derjenigen Arbeiten, die durch neue Gedanken und Erkenntnisse aus meiner Sicht von bleibendem Wert sein könnten. Sie ist thematisch gegliedert:
• Werkzeuge und Werkzeugmaschinen
• Warentest
• Haushaltstechnik und Staubsaugen
• Reinigungstechnologie
• Ergonomie und Arbeitswissenschaft
• Karl May
• Koranische Themen
• Evolutionstheorie.
Weil die Titel der Publikationen kaum mehr als die Identifizierung des Werkes erlauben, habe ich vorhandene Kurz- oder Zusammenfassungen bzw. abstracts ebenfalls aufgeführt.

The static character of economics can be made crystal clear by comparing economics and biology. Economists take pride in the fact that Darwin was influenced by Malthus-and he was influenced also, as I learned from Stephen Jay Gould, by Adam Smith. But contrast what has happened in biology since Darwin with what has happened in economics since Adam Smith or Malthus. [...] Biologists have not rejected Darwin-evolution is still the core of the subject-but they look at biological processes in a completely different way. Similarly, I am not rejecting Adam Smith. We should not abandon his great insights. But I do advocate changes that will ultimately transform economics from a "soft" science to a "hard" science [...]. We have to account of the effects of the legal system, the political system, etc. And if my impression is correct, their theories often have a stronger empirical base than is usual in economics. Ronald Coase, nobelpristagare 1991, i ett anförande inför det då nybildade International Society for New Institutional Economics (1999) Kulturuttryckens evolution*

The aim of this section is to give brief indications of the character, content, and cost of new books in the various fields of biology. More books are received by The Quarterly than can be reviewed critically. All submitted books, however, are carefully considered for originality, timeliness, and reader interest, and we make every effort to find a competent and conscientious reviewer for each book selected for review. Of those books that are selected for consideration, some are merely listed, others are given brief notice, most receive critical reviews, and a few are featured in lead reviews. Listings, without comments, are mainly to inform the reader that the books have appeared; examples are books whose titles are selfexplanatory, such as dictionaries and taxonomic revisions, or that are reprints of earlier publications, or are new editions of well-established works. Unsigned brief notices, written by one of the editors, may be given to such works as anthologies or symposium volumes that are organized in a fashion that makes it possible to comment meaningfully on them. Regular reviews are more extensive evaluations and are signed by the reviewers. The longer lead reviews consider books of special significance. Each volume reviewed becomes the property of the reviewer. Most books not reviewed are donated to libraries at Stony Brook University or other appropriate recipients. The price in each case represents the publisher's suggested list price at the time the book is received for review, and is for purchase directly from the publisher.

Chapter 1: Conceptual Change and Evolutionary Developmental Biology Alan C. Love.- PART I: ADAPTATION, ALLOMETRY, HETEROCHRONY AND HOMOPLASY.- Chapter 2: Adaptive Aspects of Development: A Thirty-year Perspective on the Relevance of Biomechanical and Allometric Analyses Karl Niklas.- Chapter 3: Do Functional Requirements for Embryos and Larvae Have a Place in Evo-devo? Richard Strathmann.- Chapter 4: Is Heterochrony Still an Effective Paradigm for Contemporary Studies of Evo-devo? James Hanken.- Chapter 5: Homoplasy, a Moving Target David Wake.- PART II: PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY, DEVELOPMENTAL VARIATION AND EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY.- Chapter 6: The Concept of Phenotypic Plasticity and the Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity in Life History Traits Stephen Stearns.- Chapter 7: A Developmental-physiological Perspective on the Development and Evolution of Phenotypic Plasticity H. Fred Nijhout.- Chapter 8: Cellular Basis of Morphogenetic Change: A Retrospective from the Vantage Point of Developm...

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.