European Transport Law

Countries that are still developing experience significant disparities in access to railway services, as these nations also grapple with societal inequality issues that remain unaddressed. In developed countries, railway transportation systems serve as the primary mode of transportation for both passengers and goods. However, in recent years, studies on disparities in developed countries have increased, while literature concerning developing countries remains scarce. Therefore, this study takes place in Thailand, a developing country facing significant population disparities. The objective is to examine factors contributing to these disparities in access to railway transportation systems across cities, using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to identify user disparities. The sample group comprises 1,252 randomly selected railway users from various regions in Thailand, obtained through Stratified Random Sampling. The results reveal seven dimensions of disparities: cultural, spatial, societal, political, knowledge-based, economic, and environmental. The CFA results also highlight cultural disparities as a significant factor in explaining access disparities among railway users. These findings can inform relevant organizations, aiding them in better understanding the actual needs of railway users and aligning railway development plans accordingly. Ultimately, this contributes to policy development aimed at reducing access disparities and fostering a more equitable society.

Abstract
This paper explores the pedagogical and training challenges emerging in the era of autonomous vehicles, with a particular focus on the integration of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) into professional education and training for driving instructors, automotive technicians, and traffic safety officers. The study highlights the rapid technological evolution in the automotive sector and its implications for vocational and academic curricula, specialized teaching methods, and cross-disciplinary collaboration. It addresses the necessity of updating training programs to ensure safety, efficiency, and competence, emphasizing scenario-based learning, technological ethics, and system-level awareness. Additionally, the paper examines the institutional and operational gaps in preparing professionals for smart mobility and conditionally automated driving, underlining the importance of aligning technical proficiency with safety regulations and societal expectations. The discussion integrates technological, educational, and human factors perspectives, aiming to contribute to the development of effective strategies for professional adaptation in a rapidly changing transportation landscape.

The contents of this analysis has been presented under the title "Open BIM für Infrastrukturmit OKSTRA und IFC-Alignment zur internationalen Standardisierung des Datenaustauschs" as part of 6th OKSTRA-Symposium (May 20th -21th 2015) in Cologne (Germany).

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The cultural approach to traffic safety is a new research perspective which has emerged recently, especially in the US. It is part of the safe systems approach in recent safety research. The project 'TraSaCu', which received funding from EU's Horizon 2020 RISE program and still runs until February 2018 takes up the concept of safety culture which is well established in organisational safety research and applies it to the open realm of road traffic and road safety. In the course of the project a theoretical model has been developed and the traffic safety culture of selected countries has been analysed to demonstrate the concept of traffic safety culture in an applied manner. Existing large-scale survey data on attitudes, perceived norms and self-reported behaviour have been used to statistically extract four scales that are suitable to describe cultural dimensions. Furthermore, factors which determine deliberate (un)safe behaviours and their potential to be changed in favor of higher levels of safety were identified.

This paper proposes a collaborative process to handle demands received by a carrier for urban goods' delivery. The purpose of this article is to provide support for carriers analyzing the demands, physical resources, human resources, risks and profitability, in order to decide processing internally or externally a goods' delivery demand or rejecting it. Such a process, called CUFP (Collaborative Urban Freight Process), is based on an analysis of urban movements of goods, divided into four stages: check out of extreme conditions, feasibility study, exploitation study and execution.

This paper proposes a collaborative process to handle demands received by a carrier for urban goods’ delivery.The purpose of this article is to provide support for carriers analyzing the demands,physical resources,human resources,risks and profitability,in order to decide processing internally or externally a goods’ delivery demand or rejecting it.Such a process,called CUFP(Collaborative Urban Freight Process),is based on an analysis of urban movements of goods,divided into four stages:Check out of extreme conditions,feasibility study,exploitation study and execution.

Introduction Stopping Sight Distance control of passing lanes of divided highways represents currently a discussion point among researchers. A 3-D approach to address the issue is accepted as the overall solution to the problem by both researchers and contemporary design policies. This paper aims to contribute to the problem by presenting a sound and practical design solution to it with an analytic and a design values based format. Methods The solution approach consists of both a realistic description of the 3-D highway configuration and a 3-D vehicle kinematics calculation of the stopping maneuver along the vehicle's actual path. A SSD control method, previously developed by the authors', that relates concurrently the 3D configuration of a roadway to the kinematics of a vehicle moving along the actual roadway path, is applied, as a tool for the assessment of critical design parameters directly related to SSD adequacy. Results A rather comfortable alignment case consisting of a left curved divided highway overlapped with crest vertical curve parameters for numerous horizontal-vertical arrangements is examined, where an extensive area of SSD inadequacy during emergency braking procedure is reported. Conclusions The authors propose that the optimal solution to achieve SSD adequacy on left curved divided highways is to increase object height. This would preserve design consistency as well as driver expectations, by avoiding the need for lateral widening or site-specific speed limits. More specifically the object height is suggested to be equivalent to the driver's height of 1.08 m (AASHTO 2011). This would require additional stop lights on those vehicles whose stop lights are currently below this level. Although such a requirement regarding the current vehicle fleet is not feasible, vehicle industries as well as road design guidelines should address this issue in the near future.

Traditional surveying tasks (i.e. mapping of road surfaces for constructing the as-built layout) or new promising applications (i.e. paver guidance), requiring high geometric element accuracy, could well be served by dynamic positioning techniques. They can provide the basic data for constructing the bearing diagram (change of bearing along the road sections) to determine the geometric elements (i.e. the radius of

Proc. IV International Symposium Turkish-German Joint Geodetic Days, Berlin, 3-6 April. ... A COST-EFFECTIVE ROAD SURVEYING METHOD FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF ROAD ALIGNMENTS ... Basil Psarianos 1 , Demetre Paradisis 2 , Byron. Nakos 3 and George. Karras 4

In 2010 1 , over 6.500 elderly people died in road traffic accidents in 24 European countries. The number of elderly people who died in the EU-19 countries fell by 30% between 2001 and 2010. The Elderly (Aged >64) Due to their greater frailty, the elderly are more likely to be seriously injured in any given accident than younger people. In 2010, 6.563 elderly people were killed in road traffic accidents in the 24 Member States for which CARE are available, as shown in Table 1 (2010 CARE data were unavailable for 4 Member States and Northern Ireland at the time of the query, so 2009 data were used instead). This constitutes 21,7% of fatalities of all ages in 2010. Table 1 presents the annual data by country from 2001, with the totals for the 19 countries with CARE data available for most of the decade. This total is presented in Figure 1; it fell by 30% between 2001 and 2010. 1 The country abbreviations and definition of EU level are shown on Page 20. Where a value is missing for an EU-19 country in a particular year, its contribution to the EU-19 total is estimated as the previous or next known value. brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Repositori d'Objectes Digitals per a l'Ensenyament la Recerca i la Cultura

The present study aims to investigate user attitudes and behaviour when users interact with a corporate multimodal mobility sharing system, consisting of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), pedelecs (i.e. electric bicycles) and public transport. We analysed participants' attitudes towards BEVs, pedelecs, public transport, and the underlying service tools, as well as the economic impacts of the whole corporate multimodal mobility system. Ninety-three participants took part in the 22 months long naturalistic driving study and used the corporate multimodal mobility sharing system for their business travel. The attitudes towards BEVs and the keyless access were evaluated as the most positive components, and usage behaviour was related to a more positive attitude towards pedelecs, public transport, as well as the keyless access and the booking tool. The economic evaluation revealed the possibility of significant reductions in mobility costs when integrating different means of transport into a smart multimodal mobility system. The findings may help fleet owners to further improve existing mobility concepts for corporate travel.

The French authorities installed the country's first speed cameras in November 2003 and at present some 2500 devices are in operation throughout the road and highway network. France has seen a significant decrease in the number of fatalities and injuries since the implementation of this speed enforcement programme. However, in comparison with its Australian counterparts, the French system functions differently and has its own special characteristics. An empirical analysis of this programme can yield new findings regarding the enforcement mechanism and could open up new avenues for traffic safety policy. The first section of this article proposes a presentation of the French programme and how it is currently operated. The second section offers a detailed investigation into the deterrent effect and punishment policy, with emphasis on the specificities of the strategy followed by the French public authorities. The final section focuses on the political consequences of implementation of such a programme. This contribution highlights the insights the French ASE programme can yield for countries interested in installing such apparatus or in improving their own programmes.

Joint raveled or spalled damage (henceforth called joint damage) can affect the safety and long-term performance of concrete pavements. It is important to assess and quantify the joint damage over time to assist in building action plans for maintenance, predicting maintenance costs, and maximize the concrete pavement service life. A framework for the accurate, autonomous, and rapid quantification of joint damage with a low-cost camera is proposed using a computer vision technique with a deep learning (DL) algorithm. The DL model is employed to train 263 images of sawcuts with joint damage. The trained DL model is used for pixel-wise color-masking joint damage in a series of query 2D images, which are used to reconstruct a 3D image using opensource structure from motion algorithm. Another damage quantification algorithm using a color threshold is applied to detect and compute the surface area of the damage in the 3D reconstructed image. The effectiveness of the framework was validated through inspecting joint damage at four transverse contraction joints in Illinois, USA, including three acceptable joints and one unacceptable joint by visual inspection. The results show the framework achieves 76% recall and 10% error.

In recent years the urbanization to affect many countries of the world has made the significant changes to the material flow at all levels of the supply chain. The last mile logistics operating in the urban area has also changed notably. An increase in the volume of material flow within cities has led to a growth in the number of deliveries and the freight turnover, accordingly. The above-stated processes greatly reduce the sustainability of cities, which while keeping the urbanization trend, can lead to the serious negative results of the social and environmental nature not only for the cities, but also for the countries. One way to solve this problem is to create the green supply chains from the multi-echeloning principles. In the paper, the authors have presented a two-echelon green supply chain using the zero transport emissions within the second echelon. A multi-criteria function has been developed to assess the rational location of a transfer point in order to reduce the negat...

Optimization of passenger matching to improve service efficiency and customer happiness is both possible and difficult in the ride-hailing sector, which has grown rapidly. This paper proposes optimizing ride-hailing passenger matching using IoT and reinforcement learning (RL). To gather real-time traffic, passengers, and vehicle data, integrate Internet of Things (IoT) sensors into ride-hailing vehicles. Using IoT data, an RL agent dynamically assigns passengers to drivers. Journey duration, driver proximity, and passenger preferences are considered by the RL model to match passengers. This technique improves passenger matching efficiency and reduces wait times and journey durations via thorough simulations and real-world trials. Our findings show that the IoT-integrated RL system outperforms heuristicsbased systems, making ride-hailing more smooth and rewarding for passengers and drivers. It explores the scalability and practical application of our approach on current ride-hailing platforms, emphasizing the potential for considerable service quality and operational cost savings. It addresses IoT data privacy and security problems and recommends solutions to protect user data.

Introduction of the Building Information Modeling (BIM) approach in Civil Engineering practices allows a design optimization through both an improved control of all the components of a project and an increased efficiency in the collaboration between all professionals involved. In Italy, major attention is being paid by scientists and professionals on this subject area, especially after the implementation of the national law DM 560/2017. This document will gradually rule the integration of BIM-based procedures for contractors in major public tenders. The present paper aims to propose a methodology for implementing an optimization dynamic model of time (4D) and costs (5D) across different project phases. To achieve this aim, the process relies on several authoring tools and 4D/5D modeling software, capable to incorporate a variety of project data in a unique and shared environment. The most effective methodology to maximize the interoperability between various codes will be presented....

Purpose The increasing importance of the Bus Rapid Transit systems in the last 20 years has given rise to the implementation of several sorts of systems over the world with different characteristics and success levels. This paper aims to describe a global approach of them as well as to carry out an effective comparison in order to achieve outstanding conclusions. Methods From the conceptualization or determination of the main features and evolution of BRT Systems we do a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the currently operating systems according to the development of countries in which they operate in order to identify the key factors for the success of such type of transportation, regarding both its management and users comfort. Results and conclusions Comparison between different BRT systems according to their geographical area provides some important evidences. Paper results suggest that we can find two separate groups in BRT systems, on one hand, some countries with more technology and commercial velocity (European, Australian and Americans BRT systems), and on the other hand countries more developed in terms of service, ridership, routes and impact in population. It's necessary to understand the BRT in the context of the mobility of the city and as long as this system has to compete with other modes of transport the compliance of desirable requirements for a full BRT become more essential.

Background Cycling has always been considered a sustainable and healthy mode of transport. With the increasing concerns of greenhouse gases and pollution, policy makers are intended to support cycling as commuter mode of transport. Moreover, during Covid-19 period, cycling was further appreciated by citizens as an individual opportunity of mobility. Unfortunately, bicyclist safety has become a challenge with growing number of bicyclists in the 21st century. When compared to the traditional road safety network screening, availability of suitable data for bicycle based crashes is more difficult. In such framework, new technologies based smart cities may require new opportunities of data collection and analysis. Methods This research presents bicycle data requirements and treatment to get suitable information by using GPS device. Mainly, this paper proposed a deep learning-based approach "BeST-DAD" to detect anomalies and spot dangerous points on map for bicyclist to avoid a critical safety event (CSE). BeST-DAD follows Convolutional Neural Network and Autoencoder (AE) for anomaly detection. Proposed model optimization is carried out by testing different data features and BeST-DAD parameter settings, while another comparison performance is carried out between BeST-DAD and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Result BeST-DAD over perform than traditional PCA statistical approaches for anomaly detection by achieving 77% of the F-score. When the trained model is tested with data from different users, 100% recall is recorded for individual user's trained models. The research results support the notion that proper GPS trajectory data and deep learning classification can be applied to identify anomalies in cycling behavior.

Shared Autonomous Vehicles (SAVs) are expected to have a transformative role in future transportation systems, by reducing vehicle ownership, helping in alleviating congestion, improving accessibility and traffic safety, and changing travel behavior and urban infrastructure. The potential introduction of SAVs in transportation systems has triggered the need of exploiting suitable tools for designing and planning SAV operations and services and assessing their impacts. An explicit category of such tools are agent-based models (ABMs), whose advantage in efficiently representing transportation systems with a fine level of detail, has allowed them to gain importance in modeling SAVs. This paper systematically reviews and organizes the current state-of-the-art on ABMs dealing with SAVs. The review is two-fold: first, the methodological aspects of exploiting ABMs in the context of SAV services and operations are analyzed and second, ABM-based findings on the anticipated impacts of SAVs to traffic, travel behavior, land uses, the environment and so on, are presented and discussed. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research on SAVs and other, potential ABM applications for that purpose.

Background Travel surveys show that the amount of private car driving in Norway has increased significantly since the mid-1980s. Private car driving has for a long time been the main mode of transport for retail and service trips, and grocery shopping trips represent over 60% of the retail and service travels. Despite the growing number of studies addressing accessibility to daily destinations, to the best of the authors’ knowledge there are no studies examining these issues over time. Methods This paper aims to investigate changes in accessibility to grocery stores over time and use two counties in Norway as examples. Based on GIS data at a detailed level, distances from dwellings to nearest grocery store has been examined. Findings The results from the spatial analyses reveal significant changes from 1980 to 2019: The share of the population living within 500-m from a grocery store has decreased from 55% to 34% in one of the counties examined and from 36% to 19% in the other. This...

Background: The present work is related to a project developed in a company dealing with the security and communication systems, fire alarms, and electronic displays sector, located in the district of Aveiro. This work aims to improve the logistics flow of material reception in the warehouse of a company by using case study research methodology. Methods: Initially, there were too many queues at reception and high throughput times. The approach used to solve these problems was balancing the workstations, with the help of industrial simulation software (Arena®) and changing the existing layout, making the queues residual in order to reduce the throughput times. Results: Considerable savings were achieved with this approach in terms of operational costs. A reduction of the throughput time by 28% is reached and a reduced number of workstations is achieved, as well as a greater capacity to receive more material without the need for further investment. Conclusions: The changes in the layo...

App-based Mobility as a Service (MaaS) platforms combining public transport, car-and micro-mobility-shared services with dynamic carpooling are emerging as viable alternatives to solo car use for suburban contexts. Insights from real-life implementation are however still limited. Which practical challenges affect MaaS platforms leveraging carpooling? We tackle this question from the perspective of potential users of the Swiss-based MixMyRide platform, engaging them in co-design workshops. We find four elements of practical interest, resonating with limitations already identified for carpooling. First, carpooling increases the number of interchanges potentially affected by delays. This requires real-time traffic information data, rescheduling tools, and features for quick interaction between users. Second, as social control is low, features to create trust between strangers are needed, which calls for trade-offs between strict identity checks and quick registration. Third, carpooling pick-up/drop-off may endanger safety if bus stops are used. This requires in-advance agreements, negatively affecting the MaaS' dynamism. Fourth, car-pooling offer is not granted. To accept possible discomfort, decreased flexibility, and effort to enter ride offers, drivers need incentives, such as sharing of travel expenses, virtual or tangible rewards by public institutions, and feedback on saved emissions.

Efficient traffic management is essential in modern urban areas. The development of intelligent traffic flow prediction systems can help to reduce travel times and maximize road capacity utilization. However, accurately modeling complex spatiotemporal dependencies can be a difficult task, especially when real-time data collection is not possible. This study aims to tackle this challenge by proposing a solution that incorporates extensive feature engineering to combine historical traffic patterns with covariates such as weather data and public holidays. The proposed approach is assessed using a new real-world data set of traffic patterns collected in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The constructed models are evaluated for their accuracy and hyperparameter sensitivity, providing insights into their performance. By providing practical solutions for real-world scenarios, the proposed approach offers an effective means to improve traffic flow prediction without relying on real-time data.

Background The classic accident reconstruction process is based on information recorded manually at the scene and gathered from witness statements. Liability cannot always be determined if no objective data are available, especially for accidents at traffic lights. Even Event Data Recorder (EDR) data (speed, braking, gas/brake pedal operation, etc.) will not improve the assessment of such a liability situation significantly, since vehicle movements cannot be synchronized in time with the phase plan of the intersection control. This problem could be solved if globally synchronized time data (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) were available, or a camera recorded the signal of the given traffic lights. In our study, the technology that goes beyond EDR data was defined as EDR+ data recording technology. Aim The aim of this article is to rank the assessability of different types of accidents through the statistical analysis of a publicly available database, taking into account the dif...

Purpose and research question The agencies responsible to operate and maintain airfields in developing countries manage the airfield pavements on need to do/ reactive basis instead of resorting to performance based preventive maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) activity profiles. Extracting due cognizance from literature on internationally recognized airfield pavements management systems, this research article presents a framework of the step-wise procedure for airfield pavement management system. Methods M&R effectiveness is quantified based upon area bounded by the pavement performance curve and cost is the present worth of total cost incurred by the agency. The evaluation and prioritization of different alternatives is based on life cycle cost analysis and cost effectiveness index. The case study for an in-service airfield has also been presented to demonstrate the application of proposed methodology. Results The evaluated M&R alternatives for a given preservation scenario include: Joint Filling, Patching and 2^thick overlay; Milling and 2^thick AC overlay of mid-section (keel) section; Replacement with complete 4^thick AC Overlay; and Re-construction of complete airfield. The analysis results revealed that Mill and 2^thick AC overlay of mid-section was the most cost effective alternative entailing minimum cost while yielding maximum benefit pavement performance. Conclusions The developed pavement management process provides systematic and objective procedures for maintaining the inventory of pavement infrastructure, monitoring pavement performance, selecting optimal treatment and its application time. The proposed management system for the airfield pavements will not only prioritize the areas for repair/ maintenance but also give a cost-effective solution for enhancing the airfield pavement service life..

Along with multiple classes of vehicles, frequent signalized intersections on the urban roads and the platoons thus created add complexity to the estimation of Passenger Car Units (PCU). Under such scenarios of interrupted traffic, a new approach based on platoon movement of vehicles is introduced for the realistic estimation of PCU values for urban roads by incorporating the appropriate vehicle behavior and interactions. The PCU values were derived by finding the trade-off between the speed reduction caused by the flow of passenger cars and other vehicle classes, as per the given definition by Transport Research Laboratory (TRL). However, the speed-flow, as well as the speed-density relations, were analyzed and found that later is preferred for the realistic estimation of PCUs for urban roads. The speed reduction is modeled using multiple linear regression with field data collected from typical urban roads characterized by platoon flow in Mumbai city (India).

The accurate analysis and comparison of transport indicators from a large variety of urban areas can help to evaluate the performance of different adopted transport policies. This paper attempts to determine important transport and socio-economic indicators from 151 urban areas and 51 countries, based on comparable, directly observable open-source data such as OpenstreetMap (OSM) and the TomTom database. Analysis: This is the first, systematic indicator-analysis using recent, open source data from different urban areas around the world. The indicator road kilometers per person, sometimes cited as infrastructure accessibility is calculated by processing OSM data. Information on congestion levels have been taken from the TomTom database and socio-economic data from various, publicly accessible databases. Relations between indicators are identified through correlations and regression models are calibrated, quantifying the relation between transport infrastructure and performance indicators. Three sub-categories of cities with different population sizes (small cities, large cities and metropolises) are defined and studied individually. In addition, a qualitative analysis is performed, putting five different indicators into relation. The main results reconfirm previous findings but with a larger sample size and more comparable data. Good correlation values between infrastructure accessibility, socio-economic indicators, and congestion levels are demonstrated. It is shown that cities with higher GDP have generally built more infrastructure which in turn reduces their congestion levels. In particular, for cities with low population density (above approximately 1500 inh. Per sq.km), more roads per inhabitant lead to lower congestion levels; cities with high population density have in general lower congestion levels if the rail infrastructure per person ratio is high. Furthermore, these cities increasing railways per person is more effective in reducing congestions than increasing road length per person.

Big cities show a wide public transportation network, allowing people to travel within cities. However, with the overpopulation of urban areas, the demand for new mobility strategies has increasing. Every day, citizens need to commute fast, easily and comfortable, which is not always easy due to the complexity of the transport network. The main objective of this paper, is to explore the ability of Big Data technologies to cope with data collected from public transportation, by inferring automatically and continuously, complex mobility patterns about human mobility, in the form of insightful indicators (such as connections, transshipments or pendular movements), creating a new perspective in public transports data analytics. The presented work, focus on the Lisbon metropolitan area, aiming to analyze the demand and supply side of transportation network of Lisbon, considering ticketing data transactions provided by the different transportation

The travel time experienced by users stands as a fundamental determinant of road network service quality at its core. Beyond the inherent delays within road segments, travel time on routes across the network encompasses additional impediments arising from intersections regulated by traffic signals. However, signal delay often remains inadequately addressed within Traffic Assignment models, primarily due to incomplete network information and associated complexities. This article aims to rectify this oversight by leveraging the complementary Traffic Assignment algorithm to incorporate crucial signal delay functions within the Tehran network context. By doing so, we endeavor to shed light on the nuanced impact of signal delays on travel time dynamics, particularly under both undersaturated and oversaturated traffic conditions. The application of the complementary Traffic Assignment algorithm allows for a more comprehensive evaluation of travel time, elucidating the intricate interplay between signal delays and overall network performance. Through comparative analysis across varied traffic scenarios, this study seeks to discern the differential effects of signal delays on route efficiency and user experience, thereby offering valuable insights for traffic management and infrastructure optimization efforts.

Department of Methodology of Behavioural Sciences of the (SPAIN) This report constitutes the summary report workpackage 2 report on mobility patterns in the ageing European societs of the EU project CONSOL, "CONcerns and SOLutions -Road Safety in the Ageing Societies" (contract period: 2011-2013). All CONSOL partners contributed to the report by writing parts of the report (authors), participating in the literature research and/or commenting to earlier versions of this report. In addition to the summary report a longer version (CONSOL -WP2 Technical report), including all steps of analysis for all used data sets, data description and Annexes including graphs and tables, is available. Data analysis was based on travel survey data available to the participating partners gathered in course of other projects and national travel surveys. Data analysis was strictly based on accessible secondary data, with no new travel survey data has been produced I course of this workpackage. All CONSOL partners contributed to the report by writing parts of the report (authors), participating in data analyses, interpretationa and/or commenting to earlier versions of this report. We would like to give special thanks to Lidia Zakowska for constructive suggestions and review of the report supporting us to assure the quality of the report.

Background Urban safety performance functions are used to predict crash frequencies, mostly based on Negative Binomial (NB) count models. They could be differentiated for considering homogeneous subsets of segments/intersections and different predictors. Materials and methods The main research questions concerned: a) finding the best possible subsets for segments and intersections for safety modelling, by discussing the related problems and inquiring into the variability of predictors within the subsets; b) comparing the modelling results with the existing literature to highlight common trends and/or main differences; c) assessing the importance of additional crash predictors, besides traditional variables. In the context of a National research project, traffic volumes, geometric, control and additional variables were collected for road segments and intersections in the City of Bari, Italy, with 1500 fatal+injury related crashes (2012–2016). Six NB models were developed for: one/two...

Road design standards/guidelines are based on requirements concerning alignment, sight distance, speed based on three main factors related to: drivers, physics, and comfort. The introduction of automated vehicles in the market will likely have a great impact on the road and transport design, management, operation and safety. In particul may be modified, since some driver

Purpose The main purpose was to integrate two strategies for road safety analyses (qualitative: audits, inspections; and quantitative: accident predictions) and develop a possible protocol for the safety interventions on existing two-lane rural road segments. Those road sections do not typically belong to the TEN-network, to which the 2008/96/EC Directive is mainly oriented. Hence, they could lack of methods for designing safety-based interventions. The main research questions were: & Which possible problems can arise from the application of this protocol to real cases? & Which data are practically needed? & Which possible solutions can be provided for the highlighted problems? Methods The integrated protocol, including: 1) the HSM predictive method, 2) the EU Regulations, 3) the local road design standards, 4) some research developments; is applied to real two-lane rural road segments requiring safety-based interventions. Its application is divided in the typical road safety analysis stages. Results A wide list of possible problems was highlighted and addressed: 1) lack of data, 2) difficult comparison with current road standards in order to identify safety problems, 3) lack of methods for evaluating the skidding risk along the layout, 4) setting speed limits, 5) need for optimizing the selection of countermeasures based on their aims and their timely application, in different recurrent situations, 6) availability and comparison of predictive methods. Conclusions Based on the problems and solutions discussed, main advantages (1) the systematic approach, 2) the quantitative assessment of benefits, 3) the possible transferability) and disadvantages (difficulties in overcoming the lack of data and calibrated accident prediction models) of the method were remarked.

Purpose Large area traffic monitoring with high spatial and temporal resolution is a challenge that cannot be served by today available static infrastructure. Therefore, we present an automatic near real-time traffic monitoring approach using data of an airborne digital camera system with a frame rate of up to 3 fps. Methods By performing direct georeferencing on the obtained aerial images with the use of GPS/IMU data we are able to conduct near real-time traffic data extraction. The traffic processor consists mainly of three steps which are road extraction supported by a priori knowledge of road axes obtained from a road database, vehicle detection by edge extraction, and vehicle tracking based on normalized cross correlation. Results Traffic data is obtained with a correctness of up to 79% at a completeness of 68%. Conclusions With this system we are able to perform area-wide traffic monitoring with high actuality independent from any stationed infrastructure which makes the syste...

The concept and potential of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) has been the subject of significant debate in academia and industry for nearly a decade. There are several city-based Mobility as a Service (MaaS) pilots globally. There remains a significant lack of practitioner evidence of MaaS with the focus on city-based solutions rather than in rural and suburban areas. To that end, this paper asks four research questions to contribute to the gap in Rural MaaS (RMaaS) and Urban MaaS (UMaaS); firstly, is MaaS a mobility option for rural areas given the identified evidence in scientific literature? Secondly, how do practitioner experiences with MaaS (in all areas) differ considering factors like phraseology, geography, available modes, transportation, the origin and implementation stages? Thirdly, what practical learnings can be drawn from practitioners in the field? Fourthly, what is the future of MaaS for rural and urban areas. The research and findings are based upon grey literature and twenty semi-structured interviews with representatives from research or government organisations, public bodies, MaaS technology suppliers, transport operators and experts. Each participant discussed and contributed to the practicalities around real-world applications of MaaS in urban, regional, or rural areas. The analysis produced 2 applied tools which will be useful to practitioners interested in MaaS; a Thematic Map visualising the common matters emerging from the interviews revolving around 'People, Policy, Practice and Pilots (4Ps); a Practical Framework for Implementing MaaS tool, which can be used by any practitioner at any stage of a MaaS project.

Purpose: A traffic safety analysis that is based on registered crashes often suffers from underreporting, which may result in biased conclusions and lead to misguided crash-prevention strategies. Self-reporting traffic crashes is a complementary method to obtain crash information that is often not available in official databases. By surveying studies from around the world, this paper aims to map the current practices in the collection of data from self-reporting traffic crashes. Method: A systematic literature search was carried out in three databases, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Transport Research International Documentation (TRID), resulting in 134 reviewed studies. Results: Self-reported crash studies were found to be more common in Europe, North America and Australasia, but there are few studies in developing countries. The reviewed studies mostly focused on adult road users (i.e. legal age of obtaining driving license and with no upper limit) and car users. Questionnaires (either paper based or online) were the most often used method, and 1 year was the most common recall period used. Regardless of its drawbacks, the reviewed studies showed that researchers 'trust' self-reports. Conclusion: More studies should be conducted, especially targeting adolescent and young adults (age of 15-30 years) and vulnerable road users (VRUs). Developing countries should increase their efforts when it comes to using self-reporting to better assess the actual traffic safety situation and produce knowledge-based appropriate safety measures. Utilisation of smartphone application to assist data collection in self-reporting study for in-depth crash analysis should be explored further.

Aim This study identifies and compares perceptions of autonomous vehicle (AV) implementation among three Swedish stakeholder groups: Future Users, Urban Planners, and Developers. Method Semi-structured comparative focus groups were conducted separately with each of the three groups of stakeholders and the transcripts were analysed in broad themes using thematic analysis. Results Assumptions, hopes, concerns, and direction of development were the main themes that emerged from the analysis. Assumptions included electrification of vehicles, changes in travel demand, and the need for regulations; Hopes included the idea that AVs will contribute to a more accessible and safer transport system; Concerns included overtrust in AV technology, a possible detrimental impact on the city in the form of congestion and higher demand for investments in infrastructure that could outcompete other modes of transport; and Direction of development and their own role, where the need for collaboration bet...

What are the profiles of both users and non-users of car sharing in European cities regarding their travel patterns and psychological aspects? Two subsamples (1519 users and 3695 non-users of car sharing) participated in a survey, translated into seven languages, with 36 questions regarding attitudes towards car sharing, the environment, political orientation, personal norms, frequency of use of different transport modes and transport mode choice for different travel purposes. Through a hierarchical cluster analysis, five distinct mobility styles were identified, with no a priori restriction of the number of clusters. The mobility styles were further characterised by sociodemographic variables and by the motives for making use of car sharing. This paper discusses the implications of research based decision-making and urban planning in a way that guarantees long-term human and environmental security.

Objective: To present a structured, narrative review highlighting research into human perceptual-motor coordination that can be applied to automated vehicle (AV)–human transitions. Background: Manual control of vehicles is made possible by the coordination of perceptual-motor behaviors (gaze and steering actions), where active feedback loops enable drivers to respond rapidly to ever-changing environments. AVs will change the nature of driving to periods of monitoring followed by the human driver taking over manual control. The impact of this change is currently poorly understood. Method: We outline an explanatory framework for understanding control transitions based on models of human steering control. This framework can be summarized as a perceptual-motor loop that requires (a) calibration and (b) gaze and steering coordination. A review of the current experimental literature on transitions is presented in the light of this framework. Results: The success of transitions are often m...

In-car support systems focus increasingly on improving traffic flow and throughput. Advisory systems allow for fast market penetration, advising drivers how to drive in order to improve general flow. By following the advice, drivers cannot create a beneficial effect by themselves but rely on other road users to comply as well. Drivers who sense a low compliance among other road users may be discouraged to use the system themselves. The present experiment investigated whether drivers are able to distinguish between various compliance rates to Connected Cruise Control (CCC), an advisory driver support system that gives headway, speed and lane advice to improve throughput on motorways. Method Forty-two participants estimated the compliance of other road users to CCC in a driving simulator. Actual system compliance was varied between 10, 50 and 90 %. Half of the participants received detailed information about the advice and the manifestation of compliant behaviour in traffic. Results Compliance estimates showed no effect of actual compliance rates. Overall compliance ratings were higher for participants who had not received additional information about the system. Difference scores between compliance estimate and actual compliance indicate that additional information did not improve estimation accuracy, neither did it increase participants' confidence with their estimate. Conclusions When actual compliance is low, drivers still show high compliance estimates which can have beneficial effect on system acceptance. Additional information does not improve compliance estimates.

Introduction MAAT cruiser/feeder airship system is a transport system financed by European 7th Framework programme 2011. The project aims to realize a cruiser/feeder airship system, which can connect major populated centres worldwide. The MAAT cruiser feeder system is based on two different airships, the cruiser, which remains airborne for long times, and the feeder, which connects the cruiser with the ground and vice versa. This paper traces a detailed bibliography about MAAT project showing the actual state of the art of the project. This bibliographic review allows understanding the level of innovation related to this project. Methods Starting from the results of the preceding literature, the authors present a model of the cruiser, in terms of both mass and energy. According to the preceding studies, they have assumed the following minimal set of hypothesis: the buoyant gas is hydrogen; the shape of the cruiser is a discoid; operative altitude is in the range 15-17 km. It is well known that the major showstopper to actual diffusion of airships is related to the initial costs related to the use of Helium. The problem is more accentuated in Europe than in USA and Russia, because of higher unitary prices. An economic comparison with the possibility of using Hydrogen has produced. A further comparison has performed in terms of operations, focusing on the necessity of replacing the gas, which disperses in the external atmosphere because of the porosity of the tissues of the balloon system. The on board generation of hydrogen as an energy system is very

This literature review investigates how self-driving autonomous delivery robots (ADRs) impact last-mile deliveries, add value to the logistics and transport industry, and contribute to creating competitive business models. Autonomous vehicles are still a developing technology and ADRs could possibly be one of the solutions to the last-mile problem, in particular in cities and for urban freight with an increasing number of parcels to deliver. Last-mile delivery is also changing as e-commerce and more demanding customers emerge. Such development, however, faces challenges regarding infrastructure, externalities such as CO 2 emissions, and shorter delivery-time requirements. This review, focused on ADRs, reveals four major themes (operations, infrastructure, regulations, and acceptance) through which we explain the barriers and benefits of using ADRs for last-mile deliveries. The review shows that the operations of ADRs can impact last-mile deliveries by lowering costs, optimising the use of time, and reducing externalities. The review also shows that the foundation of last-mile infrastructure would have to change if ADRs are to be used to a greater extent. Regulations for ADRs are still not yet in place, which makes the market somewhat confused. The acceptance of ADRs in society is another challenge because the innovation of ADRs is still new and unfamiliar. Altogether, the use of ADRs for last-mile deliveries shows great potential, based on the promising results of the articles reviewed. However, most studies on ADRs have been theoretical in nature, such as models, which highlights the need for real-world case studies and implementations.

From the past few decades, technology is out breaking with its significant application in each and every field. Gradually, technology is becoming integral part of human life and effectively used to address many societal issues. One such issue is traffic in urban areas that leads to elongated waiting time at road intersections. An Intelligent Traffic Signal System (ITS S) can mitigate the urban traffic congestion. Already many researchers are working towards and proposed various solutions or techniques. The solution involves combination of different technologies such as Fuzzy Logic, Wireless Sensor Network, Machine Learning, Artificial Neural Networks, Internet of Things, Microcontrollers and high level computing environments. The proposed ideas are capable of adapting to the traffic demands based on real time situations on the road, resulting in efficient utilization of the available road infrastructure. In this paper, an attempt has been made to classify the traffic control signal system deployed at the intersections based on technology adopted and various research contribution for developing ITSS are also summarised.

Introduction The importance of the transport infrastructure role is often described in the attempt to describe the characteristics of a Bsmart city^. Good planning and organization of communication networks contributes to the development of cities that are more fluid and user-friendly and sustainable, concepts underlying Bsmart cities^. The paper focuses on the impact on social organisation and on conception of transport intermodal infrastructures such as city-hubs inducing new and smarter practices of transport infrastructure, but also the urban dimension and their insertion through the actual city and, even more, by the creation of an entirely new neighbourhood and the preoccupation of a better quality of life. As part of the European research project FP7 BCity-HUB^, 27 interchanges have been studied in nine European countries. The paper emphases on the implementation of the City-HUB interchange typology to the case study of Lille European Metropolis (MEL) where two contingent railway stations, Lille Flandres and Lille Europe, were analysed as a potential unique interchange named BEuraflandres^with socioeconomic impacts and the possibility that it may become a Bplace^of life in the smart city. Methods Within the FP7 project City-HUB a literature review was conducted on the role and characteristics of interchanges in the cities and their contribution to smart cities [29]. For 27 interchanges in nine European countries, we have determined a number of relationships between these transport multimodal interchanges and their environment, and established a typology capturing different interchanges and a scheme for scoring their characteristics in terms of function and logistic dimensions (demand, number of transport modes, services and facilities, location in the city) and their local constraints. The governance framework was specified through carrying out semi-structured interviews with key interchange actors for each City-HUB case study that also questioned about the role of interchanges in local economies and their potential impact on that. The Lille Flandres and Lille Europe as a unique landmark BEuraflandres^were particularly studied to understand their characteristics and role to contribute to a smarter city. Results Based on the City-HUB typology, the BEuraflandres^gets a score of 9 because its demand is higher than 120,000 in daily passengers, includes 13 public and private transport modes (several PT, long distance coaches, car and bike), is located in the city centre and is included into a local plan of urban development and TOD definition. BEuraflandres^has all the characteristics for becoming an urban Landmark for the city of Lille. We show how this interchange gets a higher role for being a node on the international railway network, and how their inside and outside spatial and functioning reorganisation contribute to ease the use of public transport for travellers by introducing ITS, innovations in ticketing and providing new urban characteristics transforming transport infrastructures into new places to live. Conclusions Linking the smart city and the development made with BEuraflandres^, we have seen that an opportunity exists to join together the two Lille railway stations and urban Public Transport interchanges in order to combine a great urban interchange. It will procure advantages for increasing the accessibility for all destinations at urban Lille metropolis and regional level, but also at the national and international levels by the possibility offered by the French TGVs running on national network and the Railteam high speed trains such as Eurostar and Thalys. Each type of interchange, according to the identified functions and local constraints, should require the involvement of different stakeholders interchanges and the Lille City-HUB management with its stakeholders' committees seems to be oriented to make effort for finding an agreed way for reducing conflicts, in order to better plan outcomes and to allow communities to have an influence over the future shape of the places where they live. The community-led This article is part of Topical Collection on Smart cities and transport infrastructures * Odile Heddebaut