Eteocypriot Language

Rjabchikov, Sergei V., 2025. Several Minoan Inscriptions from Knossos, Crete. In: I.I. Ivanovskaya and L.A. Kuzmina (eds.) Fundamental'naya i prikladnaya nauka: Aktual'nye voprosy. Sbornik statey Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, sostoyavsheysya 22 sentyabrya 2025 g. v g. Petrozavodske. Petrozavodsk: International Center for Scientific Partnership "New Science", pp. 38-42.

Abstract: In this work Sergei V. Rjabchikov has studied several Minoan records from Knossos, Crete. They were directly related to the economy of the ancient civilisation. The social structure of this country was considered partly. The author used the methods of structural and contrastive linguistics.

Key words: Minoan, Linear A, Linear B, Crete, history, economy, religion, mythology, linguistics.

Аннотация: В настоящей работе автор исследовал несколько минойских надписей из Кносса на Крите. Они имели прямое отношение к экономике этой древней цивилизации. Социальная структура этой страны была частично рассмотрена. Автор применил методы структурной и контрастивной лингвистики.

Ключевые слова: минойский, линейное письмо А, линейное письмо Б, Крит, история, экономика, религия, мифология, лингвистика.

This paper investigates the eupatridai of Cyprus and their roles on the island. It examines the only two attestations of the Greek term eupatridēs in inscriptions from Amathous and Kafizin, namely IG XV 1.1 n° 7, an original Eteocypriot-alphabetic Greek monumental decree and IG XV 2.1 n° 67, an alphabetic Greek private dedication. Contrary to previous scholarship, which claims that Cypriot elites easily assimilated into the emerging Ptolemaic administrative apparatus, a deeper analysis of the title eupatridēs demonstrates that the integration process was protracted and uneven. While the assimilation of the upper class did occur, it only happened at a later stage. The study shows that this title was introduced to the island in the late Classical period, likely from Greece, retaining primary meanings it had in Classical Athens. It designates members of local elites who fought to maintain their superior status and preserve the traditional Cypriot socio-political structure – which entailed their great prestige and privileges – during a transitional period from the end of the 4th century BCE until the second half of the 3rd century BCE. During those years, the wars among the diadochi, who aimed to take possession of Cyprus, threatened the traditional subdivision of the island into city-kingdoms, which ultimately dissolved under Ptolemaic rule (c. 294–258 BCE). The appearance of the title eupatridēs in late Classical and early Hellenistic inscriptions may be a significant testimony to the Cypriots’ initial reaction against contemporary political upheavals and the introduction of a new administration.

This volume is a very welcome and necessary update, after more than a hundred years, of Friedrich Bechtel's Die historische Personennamen des Griechischen. Since then, our knowledge of ancient Greek anthroponymy has been enriched by a number of studies, but above all by the large number of inscriptions published during this period. In fact, the editors have so far dealt with ca. 40,000 names dating from the Archaic to the Byzantine period-as a frame of reference, Bechtel collected ca. 15,000 names from the Archaic to the Imperial period. The amount of material is so vast that this is the first of a series of three volumes, the second of which, corresponding to letters Ζ-Ξ, is expected to be published in the next years. Another important innovation is the fact that the printed volumes have been converted to an online format as part of the Lexicon of Greek Personal Names (LGPN) project. The linguistic information provided has been uploaded at LGPN-Ling. Therefore, they are a complement to the LGPN, and the names analysed are those collected there. As a matter of fact, one advantage of the printed dictionary over the online version is that the editors have incorporated the names comprised in Volume 5c (Inland Asia Minor) of the LGPN, which has yet to be uploaded to the project database.

Rjabchikov, Sergei V., 2024. The Decoding of Three Minoan Hieroglyphic Records. Cross-readings of Words. In: I.I. Ivanovskaya and M.V. Posnova (eds.) Sovremennye issledovaniya: Teoriya i praktika. Sbornik statey VIII Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, sostoyavsheysya 8 iyulya 2024 g. v g. Petrozavodske. Petrozavodsk: International Center for Scientific Partnership “New Science”, pp. 83-97.

Abstract: In this work, Sergei V. Rjabchikov has studied three Minoan records put down with the help of signs of the hieroglyphic script. Several Linear A and Cypro-Minoan texts have been interpreted also. In this investigation, the methods of structural and contrastive linguistics were used.

Key words: Minoan glyphs, Linear A, Linear B, Cypro-Minoan script, Crete, Cyprus, ancient Egypt, Tel Haror, Odyssey, Homer, Lexicon, Hesychius, history, archaeology, linguistics, economy of ancient word.

Аннотация: В настоящей работе автор изучил три минойские надписи, выполненные с помощью иероглифической письменности. Также переведены надписи линейного письма А и кипро-минойского письма.  В исследовании были применены методы структурной и контрастивной лингвистики.

Ключевые слова: минойские иероглифы, линейное письмо А, линейное письмо Б, кипро-минойское письмо, Крит, Кипр, древний Египет, Тель Харор, «Одиссея», Гомер, «Лексикон», Гесихий, история, археология, лингвистика, экономика древнего мира.

Even if it is often assumed that the Nibelungen saga, the most famous saga of the Germanic mythology, goes back to the time of the Migration Period, the plot points back to a much further time, namely the Chalcolithic Age. Here you have to differentiate carefully between historical events and people from the Migration Period and mythological figures and motives that go back to a much earlier point in time.

The Linear B inscription comes from Chania. The was found in 2003 from a greek-swedish archäological team. It´s a round disk of clay. We see three signs in the front of the disc. The first sign is a bird. Then follow the Linear A signs PI-KA. At the side of the disk there are nine women, which are dancing.

This chapter is very important to understand the Minoan and Pre-Greek religion. During my research, I found indications, that there was an Aegean god Poti. I tried to collect informations about this god and this opens a door to understand the Minoan religion.

In the first chapter I yet wrote, that I think, that I found the proof of the character of the Minoan language similar to the ti-ri-po-de of Ventris. Yet the so-called clay tablet with Minoan vessel-names were interpreted as Semitic words, belonging to the Semitic language familiy. But I found another inscription, that confirms this theory.

That the Minoan language could be a Semitic language was often proclaimed, so by Cyrus H. Gorddon. In the Linear A-texts, we find often the part KU-LO, which means sum total. The word is probably connected with Sem. kull*-all, whole, every, hebr. kol, aram. kol, kul, arab. kull, akk. kalum. PO-TO-KU-RO in Linear A means sum total. Here we find Aram. pwty, puttay, puttaya-extension. Now I want to turn my attentiion to the Eteocretan inscription Praisos 2., where we find important traces.

Rjabchikov, Sergei V., 2023. Minoan and Cypro-Minoan Records about Bronze, Tin and Copper. In: I.I. Ivanovskaya and M.V. Posnova (eds.) Nauka i chelovek v novom mire. Sbornik statey III Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferentsii, sostoyavsheysya 10 oktyabrya 2023 g. v g. Petrozavodske. Petrozavodsk: International Center for Scientific Partnership “New Science”, pp. 98-111.

Abstract: In this work Sergei V. Rjabchikov has studied several Minoan and Cypro-Minoan inscriptions. Such words as ‘bronze,’ ‘tin’ and ‘copper’ have been successfully read. The Eteocypriote inscriptions have been investigated, too. Several fragments of the Cypro-Minoan clay tablets from Ugarit (Syria) read easily, and we can say that the decipherment of the Cypro-Minoan script took place. The mythology of the early Indo-Europeans has been studied also. The author used the methods of structural and contrastive linguistics.

Keywords: Linear A, Linear B, Crete, Egypt, Cyprus, Minoan, Cypro-Minoan, Eteocypriote, mythology, structural linguistics, contrastive linguistics, economics of the ancient world, history.

Аннотация: В данной работе автор изучил несколько минойских и кипро-минойских надписей. Такие слова, как “бронза”, “олово” и “медь”, были успешно прочитаны. Также были исследованы этеокипрские надписи. Несколько фрагментов текстов кипро-минойских глиняных табличек из Угарита (Сирия) легко читаются, так что мы можем говорить о расшифровке кипро-минойского письма. Кроме того, была рассмотрена мифология ранних индоевропейцев. Автор применил методы структурной и контрастивной лингвистики.

Ключевые слова: линейное письмо А, линейное письмо Б, Крит, Египет, Кипр, минойский, кипро-минойский, этеокипрский, мифология, структурная лингвистика, контрастивная лингвистика, экономика древнего мира, история.

Decoding the Minoan language 1. chapter The legendary ancestors of the Eteocyprians Many years I research about the Minoan, Eteocypriot an Eteocretan languages. A half year ago I found the proof, the ti-ri-po-de of Ventris, about my theory and so I decided to show step by step, how it´s possible to decode the Minoan language. I want to begin with the "Bilingue of Amathus".

B.a.; B.I.B.a. "marques ou chiffres destinés à différencier des émissions [von Münzen]" (S. 40). > ha 2 ; kft). MITFORD/MASSON 1983 (Rantidi): 36 ? (> a 1); 37.a (> α ι)\ 71 (a)• 72; 90. Verschiedene Abkürzungen, deren Auflösung unbekannt ist. a-i-la MITFORD 1980 (Kafizin): 114b (a-i\M); 117b; 133b (a-yla); 216; 218b; 266b (a-i-la); 267b (a-i-laAse)); 275b. aîla (attisch άλλα), AkkPlN, "andere", in der Formel ka-se a-i/wi-la wa-li-ka, "und andere entsprechende/ähnliche (Gegenstände)". Nur in Nr. 133b scheint wa-li-ka mit einiger Sicherheit zu fehlen, a-i-la steht in den digraphen Inschriften, die Nebenform a-wi-la in den syllabisch geschriebenen Inschriften. Eine Ausnahme bilden nur Nr. 216 und 270 (> a-laDie Belegstellen, bei denen eine Entscheidung darüber, ob a-i-la oder a-wi-la vorliegt, nicht möglich ist, sind s.v. a-wi-la aufgeführt, da sie sich in nur syllabisch geschriebenen Inschriften befinden.-Zum Lauüichen (Jail/ < */alyf) vgl. (n)a-i-lo-MASSON 1983a (ICS 2): 192.2. Eteokyprisch. Bei a-i-lo und a-lo handelt es sich vielleicht um "Konjunktionen" mit der Bedeutung "und". Beide verbinden Wörter mit Endung-(ri)oti. MERIGGI 1974, 93 schlägt "atque" vor. Ältere Lit. bei MASSON. (n)a-i-lone MASSON 1983a (ICS 2): 217.A 14. aîlOn (attisch άλλων), GenPlM, "unabhängig von den anderen (= seinen) Brüdern". > a-i-la. a-i-sa MASSON 1983a (ICS 2): 285.2. aîsâ, NomSgF, "Anteil" (einer Opfergabe). a-i-ta-r(d) > a-u-ta-re. a-i-tu-wo MASSON 1983a (ICS 2): 318.A IV 2. Lesung mit NEUMANN 1980, 156-157 (a unsicher). a-i-we-i MASSON 1983a (ICS 2): 217.B 31. aiweí, "immer". a-i-? MASSON/MITFORD 1986a (Kouklia): 82. a-ka-to-ke-re-one MASSON 1983a (ICS 2): 307.

Il genitivo singolare dei temi in-o-: fenomenologia del latino-falisco e ipotesi ricostruttive Anno!Accademico!2018/2019! brought to you by CORE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Padua@thesis 2. Genitivo singolare dei temi in-o-in latino e falisco:-ī e-osio………………………68 2.1. La desinenza di genitivo singolare-ī dei temi in-o-…………………….…74 2.1.1. L'origine del morfema di genitivo singolare-ī…………………..77 2.2. La desinenza di genitivo singolare-osio dei temi in-o-…………………..85 2.2.1. L'origine del morfema di genitivo singolare-osio……………….86 2.2.2. Una nuova proposta e accenni sull'allineamento sintattico ergativo in indoeuropeo……………………………………………………89 3. Il genitivo dei temi in-o-in indoeuropeo: ripresa della questione…………………..99 4. Conclusioni…………………………………………………………………………107 Bibliografia……………………………………………………………………………111

The text is in Greek and on the PDF you may see only the first page. A summary in English is provided below.
During the Iron Age in Cyprus at least three languages were used for which there are documents: Greek, Phoenician and another language that until today remains incomprehensible. The modern scholarship describes the latter one with the conventional term "Eteocypriot", suggesting that it might have arisen from a Late Cypriot idiom. Although this language is recorded only in few texts dating from the 7th-4th c. BC, is of particular interest since the epigraphic material is predominantly associated with the ancient kingdom of Amathus; a kingdom whose tradition suggests its founding by indigenous Cypriots. The article does not deal with the inscriptions themselves, but examines the historical grounds for their appearance on the island, and investigates the origins of the Cypriots who spoke or understood this incomprehensible language, or claimed to have been connected in one way or another with the indigenous element. In particular, based on the available literary sources, and the historical circumstances, as well on archaeological data this article suggests that these Cypriots might have been linguistically and/or other way related to the ancient Ethiopians and specifically to those Ethiopians who lived in Ancient Nubia.

Özet:
Antik çağdan bu yana, Kıbrıs’ta Anadolu, Grek, Fenike, kökenli farklı uygarlıkların hâkimiyeti ve kültürel etkileri bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle Kıbrıs’ta farklı dil ve alfabelerde yazılar bulunmaktadır. Bu yazılardan bir gurubu literatürde “Kıbrıs Hece Yazısı (Eteocypriot writings) ”  olarak adlandırılmaktadır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı, bu guruba giren ve 1961 yılında yayınlanan Fransız Arkeolog Olivier Masson’un, şu an Metropolitan Müzesinde bulunan eserler üzerinde çalışarak yazdığı “Les inscriptions chypriotes syllabiques. Recueil critique et commenté. (Kıbrıs Hece Yazıları, Kritik ve yorumlama)” isimli eserinde mevcut olan yazılar üzerinde, Türk Runik Alfabesi ve okuma kuralları ile okuma çalışması yapmaktır.   
Bu çalışma, analitik düşünme tekniği ile Orhun ve Yenisey’de bulunan damgaların oluşturduğu alfabe ve ses değerleri kullanılarak, zaman ve mekân farkından doğabilecek farklılıkları da göz önünde bulundurularak, ortaya çıkan kelimeleri, Kaşgarlı Mahmut’un Divan-ı Lügati't Türk isimli eserinde tespit ederek yapılmıştır.
Sonuçta yazılardan iki tanesinin Türkçe olarak okunabileceği görülmüştür.
Anahtar kelimeler:  Kıbrıs Hece Yazısı, Türk Runik Yazısı, Olivier Masson

This is a draft paper. It aims to make an effort for understanding the origins of the ‘EteoCypriote’ language which is mostly traced on the Amathusian inscriptions. The suggested conclusion was formed based first and foremost on historical grounds since its cardinal argument was historiographical. However, to ground such an issue, one needs to extend the research beyond the historical perspective. For this reason other sources were employed from the archaeological and the linguistic fields resulting to a potential origin of this epichoric Cypriote language.
Important Note: For the monetary section of this paper please see the revised interpretation of the ku-ru-ko sequence mentioned in the paper titled "Reconsidering and Rereading the Cypro-syllabic signs KU, RU and KO on Ancient Salamis Coins". See also my article ‘The Signs KU, RU and KO on Salaminian Coins of the 5th cent. BC’, in The Numismatic Chronicle 180 (2020), pp. 69-94.

In the late 80s and early 90s, Colin Renfrew presented his Anatolian hypothesis. According to him, the agrarian revolution begun in Anatolia, and from there, it spread out in Europe. He supposed that these farmers were carriers of the Proto-Indo-European language, but his theory had weak support from Indo-European linguists. Some questions then arise: What language(s) was introduced in the Ægean islands and mainland Greece by these early farmers? Can we figure out the affiliations of the Minoan language? A different agrarian hypothesis will be shown in these pages, unrelated to the Indo-European and Semitic language families. It instead is featuring a new language family that encompasses the Ægean, Anatolia, Caucasus and the Near East.

In another study ), I have examined some features of the languages written in the three most important Cypro-Minoan (= CM) writing systems, CM 1, 2 and 3. These scripts are undeciphered open syllable 1 syllabaries and their languages are unknown (despite several tentative decipherments and linguistic identifi cations). I concluded that: (a) the languages of CM 1 and CM 2 seemed more likely different than identical; (b) there were one or two hypothetical common points between the languages of CM 1 and CM 3.

In another study ), I have examined some features of the languages written in the three most important Cypro-Minoan (= CM) writing systems, CM 1, 2 and 3. These scripts are undeciphered open syllable 1 syllabaries and their languages are unknown (despite several tentative decipherments and linguistic identifi cations). I concluded that: (a) the languages of CM 1 and CM 2 seemed more likely different than identical; (b) there were one or two hypothetical common points between the languages of CM 1 and CM 3.

In this paper, I analyze the very few morphological elements that can be found within the small corpus of "Eteocypriot" inscriptions. These elements almost surely belong to the nominal system of that language, which can now be tentatively compared to Anatolian languages, and Luwian above all.

Dresser un tableau d’Amathonte à l’époque classique demande de rendre compte, d’un côté, des éléments qui le rapprochent aux autres royaumes de Chypre (le système politique, le monnayage, la structure urbaine, la culture matérielle), de l’autre côté, des caractéristiques qui en font un cas unique dans le cadre de l’île : sa prétendue autochtonie, l’usage de l’étéochypriote. On tâchera de montrer les rapports subtils qui relient entre eux ces différents aspects, afin de recomposer une image du royaume à l’époque classique autour des thèmes centraux de l’autochtonie et de la royauté. Deux approches complémentaires seront adoptées : une approche linguistique et épigraphique, qui visera à approfondir, à la lumière d’importantes contributions récentes, le dossier étéochypriote et son rapport avec la question de l’autochtonie; une approche numismatique, qui s’attachera au thème de la royauté à travers l’examen du monnayage royal d’époque classique.

This pioneering volume approaches the languages and scripts of ancient Cyprus from an interdisciplinary point of view, with a primarily linguistic and epigraphic approach supplemented by a consideration of their historical and cultural context. The focus is on furthering our knowledge of the non-Greek languages/scripts, as well as appreciating their place in relation to the much better understood Greek language on the island. Following on from recent advances in Cypro-Minoan studies, these difficult, mostly Late Bronze Age inscriptions are reassessed from first principles. The same approach is taken for non-Greek languages written in the Cypriot Syllabic script during the first millennium BC, chiefly the one usually referred to as Eteocypriot. The final section is then dedicated to the Phoenician language, which was in use on Cyprus for some hundreds of years. The result is a careful reappraisal of these languages/scripts after more than a century of sometimes controversial scholarship.