Equal rights and anti-discrimination

This chapter critiques the European Union’s efforts to support Romani people in overcoming the disadvantaged positions they hold in EU Member States (MS). It reviews current EU measures and developments and argues that these have produced limited results for the improvement of the lives of Romani people in Europe. The chapter argues that the EU should revise its approach for potentially more effective impacts, by gearing its efforts towards empowering Romani people to take up the opportunities that the EU and its MS offer in a manner which allows them to lead lives of their choosing. To this end, this chapter adopts Sen’s capabilities approach as a way forward, which suggests that people need to have the freedom (capability) to choose a variety of lifestyles, and thus require empowerment to make choices and implement these in their lives. The capabilities approach goes beyond having access to goods and services and requires authorities to create the conditions to empower citizens to make effective use of those goods and services. This chapter elaborates on Sen’s capabilities theory and assesses whether the EU supports it, and how it might (further) do so in the future. It concludes that to enhance the capabilities of Romani people in the EU, the EU institutions should adopt a multipronged strategy based on: greater use of Article 7 TEU and infringement procedures; the introduction of a hard law, Romani-specific measure; and the creation of a Roma Truth and Reconciliation Commission.

On February 21, 2025, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights published its ruling in Dos Santos Nascimento and Ferreira Gomes v. Brazil, a case decided on 7 October 2024. This was the first time the Court analyzed racial discrimination in the workplace, as well as the categories of race and skin color as independent grounds for discrimination. Additionally, the Court determined that acts and omissions by Brazilian judicial authorities contributed to the reproduction of structural racism within legal proceedings, reinforcing discriminatory patterns in the justice system. The Court had previously addressed discrimination against Black individuals in the Americas in cases such as Acosta Martínez v. Argentina, Afro-Descendant Communities Displaced from the Cacarica River v. Colombia, Dominican and Haitian Expelled Persons v. Dominican Republic, and Workers of the Santo Antonio Fireworks Factory v. Brazil, among others. However, this case presented a far more in-depth and direct analysis of racial discrimination, particularly in the employment sector. The case involved two Brazilian Afro-descendant women, Neusa dos Santos Nascimento and Gisele Ana Ferreira Gomes, who applied for a job at Nipomed, a company in São Paulo, after seeing a newspaper advertisement. They were International Labor Rights Case Law 11 (2025) 242-246

In light of the diversity of today’s cultures, governments should
identify and involve as many distinct minorities as feasible in their
systems of minority protection. They should constantly support and
facilitate the establishment of new minority rights designed explicitly for
different minorities and the individuals who belong to them, taking into
account their unique circumstances, positions, needs, and interests, in
addition to the rights already granted to national and other minorities. A
conception and model of minority protection and non-discrimination that
is predicated on the inclusion, integration, and involvement of all people
and unique communities might make a substantial long-term contribution
to the peace and stability of today’s diverse society.
The latest developments on the EU level indicate that issues related
to minority protection will continue to be regulated within an antidiscrimination
framework. This could possibly allow for a more inclusive
reading of the available standards to include minorities, with a focus
on Roma, Egyptians, and other ethnic communities vulnerable to racial
discrimination in the Western Balkans.
At the same time, the EU must continue to apply its compressive
approach to protecting minorities and non-discrimination in its
enlargement monitoring.

After a hue and cry raised among Hindu people in the social media after Anand Ranganathan brought out the lethal nature of the Waqf provisions in the Indian legal system in his seminal book "Hindus in Hindu Rashtra", the BJP government, was forced to look, or pretend to look, at a very crucial issue which they had deliberately ignored during their ten years of unchallenged one-party rule.

Multicultural education originated out of civil rights debates of the 1960s and became established in the world of American teacher education in the 1970s and 1980s (with a great deal of support from state law and education accreditation standards). Its theorists are the only important source of arguments for "multiculturalism" in the United States. Examining the principal rhetorical strategies of these theorists helps us to see how some of the more radical political dimensions of anti-discrimination politics have been able to succeed. General appeals to "diversity" and against "assimilation, " implied of course by the term "multiculturalism" itself, are prominent on the surface of multicultural education theory. By obscuring the importance and the unsettling character of some of its political claims, the rhetorical presentation of multiculturalism has helped to make its political core less noticeable and less controversial.

This review paper delves into the multifaceted challenges faced by LGBTQIHA (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, and Asexual) individuals in India within the specific contexts of education and employment. By examining the intersectionality of gender identity, sexual orientation, and other marginalized identities, this study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the unique barriers faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in these crucial domains. The review begins by exploring the historical and socio-cultural context of LGBTQ+ rights in India, highlighting the significant progress made in recent years while acknowledging the persistent discrimination and stigma. Subsequently, it focuses on the experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in the educational system, examining issues such as bullying, harassment, and lack of inclusive policies. The paper will discuss how these experiences can have a profound impact on academic performance, mental health, and overall well-being. In the realm of employment, the review explores the challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in securing and retaining jobs. This includes discrimination in hiring practices, workplace harassment, and limited opportunities for career advancement. The intersectionality of factors such as caste, class, and region is also considered, as these can exacerbate the challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in the workplace. The paper also examines the role of legal frameworks and policies in addressing the needs of LGBTQ+ individuals in education and employment. It analyzes the effectiveness of existing laws and regulations, as well as the potential for policy reforms to create more inclusive and equitable environments. By synthesizing existing research and literature, this review provides a nuanced understanding of the complex challenges faced by LGBTQ+ individuals in India within the contexts of education and employment.

En el México del siglo XXI, la igualdad de género y la inclusión se han convertido en imperativos éticos y económicos. La discriminación y la desigualdad limitan el potencial de las personas, perpetúan la pobreza y obstaculizan el desarrollo sostenible. En el ámbito empresarial, la promoción de la igualdad de género y la inclusión no solo es un deber moral, sino también una estrategia inteligente para impulsar la innovación, la productividad y el crecimiento económico.

Por lo anterior se han observado grandes cambios en el fomento a la igualdad de genero en las Pequeñas y Medianas empresas, en México, de forma particular estudiaremos las estrategias de la empresa RIESGOS1

Climate change represents one of the most serious challenges of modern society, and its consequences increasingly force people to migrate. Environmental refugees, i.e. people forced to leave their homes due to ecological disasters and environmental degradation, such as severe droughts, floods, rising sea levels, or other extreme weather conditions, undoubtedly face insecurity and legal invisibility. The author explores whether there is specific legal protection for this category of people and whether appropriate legal rules in international law would recognize and protect their particular needs. This paper examines the existing legal framework and definitions of refugees according to international law, pointing out their shortcomings to ecological migrants. The existing international legal framework for refugees, especially the Convention on the Status of Refugees from 1951 and its Protocol from 1967, does not include environmental refugees because, according to the definition of refugees, they must leave their country of origin due to "persecution based on race, religion, nationality, belonging to a certain social group or political opinion". Climate change and environmental disasters, as causes of migration, are not included in this definition, which means that persons forced to migrate due to environmental factors do not formally meet the conditions for refugee status. International legal instruments and initiatives are analyzed, as well as the responsibilities of states and international organizations in protecting environmental refugees. Some political and legal acts try to indirectly address the problem of environmental migration, such as the Global Compact for Migration from 2018 or the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, there is still no specific international treaty that would recognize and protect environmental refugees. Some contemporary challenges include legal protection through human rights in a way that ecological migrants can refer to certain human rights instruments cataloguing particular human rights (e.g. right to life, security), but this does not guarantee permanent protection or specific benefits of refugee status. Some regional documents (e.g. the Kampala Convention, formally the 2009 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa) indirectly recognize ecological migration but do not provide formal refugee status. Finally, certain countries allow temporary residence for people affected by environmental disasters, but these domestic measures, although they represent evidence of state practice, are not internationally standardized or long-term. Environmental refugees, due to their current status in international law, remain legally invisible victims of climate change. Due to the increasing impacts of climate change on migration flows, there is a comprehensive need to develop a legal framework that would provide adequate protection through specific international legal instruments, expand the definition of refugees or adopt special international rules for ecological migrants. The paper accordingly proposes possible legal mechanisms and reform approaches that could improve the status and rights of environmental refugees, highlighting the urgent need to adapt international law to respond to the humanitarian challenges caused by climate change faster and more decisively.

The Integration of the Textile Industry – A History of Discrimination,
Civil Rights and Affirmative Action is an ongoing project that aims to serve
as an educational tool for teachers and students in the social sciences in
South Carolina. Tackling important topics such as equal employment opportunity and affirmative action through a historical lens, the project offers
an information hub where teachers and students can access historical narratives, as well as primary and secondary source materials. This hub will
allow users to ask their own questions and find answers through the use of
historical sources and methodology. In the first phase of this ongoing project, the results of an extensive literature review and documentary source
harvest have been integrated into a website. The project team is currently
seeking funding to complete phase two, which will focus on editing and
making available the oral history interviews that were carried out during
phase one, as well as setting the up site for heightened interaction with the
audience.

The American South has been a focus of digital scholarship for decades.
From the statistical analyses of the 1960s and 1970s through the
era of “new media” in the 1990s, scholars have turned to technology to
help document, analyze, and share their work. In late 2017, Philip Kolin,
then editor of The Southern Quarterly, wrote to Vernon Burton asking if he
would guest-edit an issue for the journal on the Digital South to highlight
some of the new work in the field and reflect on the changes from the past
half-century. Because Burton and Clemson University were working to establish
the first doctoral degree in digital history in the United States, the
chair of the history department encouraged Burton to take on the task. At
that time Burton was co-teaching a graduate digital history class and visiting
Fulbright Scholar Jozefien DeBock of the Netherlands was sitting in on
the seminar and volunteered to work with Burton to put together this special
issue. Bringing on board DeBock gave us an international perspective to
the work on the Digital South. We put together announcements and calls for
proposals, and we contacted individual scholars and teams of scholars who
we knew were doing projects on the Digital South. In the meantime, another
digital historian, Joshua Catalano, arrived at Clemson in 2018 and agreed
to join as the third editor of the volume. Catalano received his Ph.D. from
George Mason University, where he was trained both as a public historian
and in the latest techniques in digital history. Together, we started reading
the submissions, finding peer reviewers, and reaching out to digital project
creators and practitioners to fill gaps in content matter.

The Philippines is considered as a gay-friendly country. However, it is reported that Filipino Lesbian, Gay, Transgender and Bisexual (LGBT) community, especially LGBT students are struggling with bullying and discrimination from families, communities and schools. This paper aims to explore the works conducted by the first Filipino student LGBT organization (UP Babaylan), major barriers experienced by the organization, the challenges and problems faced by LGBT Filipino students, and the possible solutions to address these issues. This is a qualitative study and 13 members of the ‘UP Babaylan’ were interviewed after getting written informed consent. All the interviews were transcribed and thematically analyzed using NVivo 11. Findings of the study suggest that the organization has conducted a number of activities, such as educating and sensitizing, coordinating with HIV clinics and other organizations to help LGBT students, lobbying to pass the anti-discrimination bill and conduct UP...

Este trabajo intenta contribuir a la construcción de un Derecho antidiscriminatorio crítico y feminista mediante el análisis de dos elementos que están moldeando nuevos horizontes en la actualidad jurídica: por un lado, la necesidad de combatir los estereotipos en la lucha contra la discriminación; y, por otro lado, la adopción de un enfoque interseccional que permita observar el cruce del género con otros ejes discriminatorios como la raza, la orientación sexual, la clase, la religión,… etc. Con base en tales elementos, se analiza la proyección antidiscriminatoria en el ámbito jurídico español, pero con mayor profundidad, en la realidad jurídica de la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco (CAPV). Para ello se utiliza una metodología socio-jurídica que incluye entrevistas realizadas a distintos agentes clave en la producción y aplicación del Derecho en el mencionado territorio autonómico. Al amparo de dicho análisis metodológico se señalan las principales tendencias en el tratamiento jurídico de la discriminación y se ofrecen recomendaciones para el poder judicial y para las instituciones que trabajan por la igualdad de género en el ámbito de la CAPV.

'Insider' descriptions of living with autism in a world where most people are not autistic may at the same time inform and challenge a professional approach to what can be termed as 'autistic behaviour'. This article draws on the perspectives of the 'neurodiversity' movement, people who themselves have diagnoses on the autistic spectrum but reject that autism is a disorder, choosing instead to fight for their right to be autistic. The authors include a case study to explore how such descriptions and perspectives can be applied to services supporting an autistic service user. They conclude that, regardless of whether autism is seen as a difference or a disorder, care staff providing services to autistic service users may need to examine their assumptions carefully if they are to avoid discriminatory practices.

Beginning after the Second World War, amid the momentum of civil rights, feminism and gay and lesbian rights movements, patients' rights groups began campaigning for their place in the human rights discourse. Disability rights activists engaged in aggressive campaigns for better access to services, while psychiatric patients and their families began lobbying for anti-stigma campaigns, alongside demands for adequate housing, basic health services, voting rights, and access to safe employment. The concept of 'mad pride' emerged in the 1960s and, like other pride movements, challenged the notion that madness, or gayness,

HOARDING, HOSTING, HOSPITALITY "Le fouillis est la manifestation de la liberté [Clutter is the manifestation of freedom] » pouvait-on lire sur une affichette jaunie négligemment collée sur un mur d'une habitation de trois étages, qui avait été, pendant plus de trente ans, le théâtre de ces « manifestations de liberté », comme en témoignait l'accumulation d'objets dans chacune des pièces. Lors de ma première rencontre avec les propriétaires, je compris qu'il était difficile pour Joshua et Rebecca de remettre en question le désordre qui régnait dans leur maison, car ils se disaient très heureux de vivre ainsi. Lucides, toutefois, sur le fait qu'ils ne pouvaient pas laisser à leurs deux filles adultes la lourde tâche de tout nettoyer après leur disparition, ils s'étaient résolus à répondre à l'annonce d'aide au rangement et au désencombrement que j'avais publiée dans un magazine local 1. Sur l'« échelle d'encombrement » (Clutter Image Scale) élaborée par Randy Frost et comptant 9 niveaux 2 , qui fait référence dans le domaine, la plupart des pièces de cette habitation s'inscrivaient dans les catégories allant de 4 à 6 (Frost et al. 2008). Par exemple, lors d'une des multiples visites que je leur rendis, nous tombâmes sur une pile de caisses encore fermées, qui provenaient de l'appartement de New York qu'ils avaient quitté trente ans auparavant. On y trouvait, pêle-mêle, de nombreux livres anciens remontant à l'enfance de Rebecca, un ensemble d'étagères au design danois du milieu du xx e siècle et une collection de souvenirs de l'exposition universelle de 1964. Ces objets étaient restés intacts, entreposés sous la table de travail de l'atelier de Joshua, qui était une pièce dédiée à la couture où il concevait, pour son entreprise,

This dissertation ethnographically examines a specific aspect of the Brazilian affirmative action policies: so-called hetero-identification commissions that have to decide whether candidates who applied for a quota vacancy for Black persons should be accepted as such. Drawing on field research conducted between 2016 and 2018, Lempp analyzes how race as a category of difference is enacted in the course of these classification practices as well as in the administrative and legal practices surrounding them. Throughout the thesis, a special focus lies on the idea of the 'social gaze'-that is, on the idea that the commissions would have to look at the candidates 'with the eyes of society' in order to decide whether a person should be accepted for a quota vacancy. Each chapter of the thesis analyzes a specific aspect of the contradictory and meandering process of operationalizing this social gaze. Chapter 2 shows that there are different versions of Blackness at play in Brazil, which makes the objective of the commissions-namely to produce a clean and uncontested version of Blackness-extremely difficult, if not impossible. And yet, the commissions attempt to do precisely that, as is discussed in Chapter 3 by analyzing the work of an interministerial working group that had the task to regulate the hetero-identification commissions. Chapter 4 analyzes how the 'bureaucratic ritual' set up by the interministerial working group played out within the concrete assessment work of the hetero-identification commissions. Chapter 5 examines how three 'borderline cases' whose classification as quota candidates became the matter of controversy tried to navigate the specific social/skilled gaze of the commissions and what consequences the rejection as quota candidates had for them. In the concluding Chapter 6, Lempp reflects on the election of right-wing extremist Jair Bolsonaro as president of Brazil and analyzes the open rejection of quota policies as a key element of the ideology of Bolsonarismo. Subsequently, she reflects on the mode of anthropological critique adopted in this thesis. Linking postcolonial approaches within Science and Technology Studies with the research fields of classificatory practices, the anthropology of bureaucracy, and citizenship studies, the thesis provides a dense praxiographic analysis of the doing of race in a specific local context and thus makes an important contribution to the anthropological study of race.

This is a reflective piece on my trajectory and contributions in the field of Equality, Diversity and Inclusion (EDI) in Scotland and beyond. I start with a highlight in my career and then reflect back in order to identify what helped me get there. I want to share some insights into EDI work that I have gathered along with others over the past 23 years or so.
EDI is a fertile career path and even an industry these days, partly as a result of the consciousness-raising of contemporary movements like #MeToo and Black Lives Matter. Yet, the issues raised by these movements internationally, have been well-known locally for decades and a great deal of work has been done to respond to them. What does this seemingly novel interest in, for example, intersectionality, equality, diversity, inclusion, belonging, anti-racist approaches and the decolonisation of the curriculum mean?
I know where my interest stems from and, whilst sharing some reflections around these terms as buzzwords, I have rather focused in this piece on some lessons and on the processes that led me to learn them in my career in EDI. 
Necessarily, in this piece, I will share my EDI experience as a Mexican in Glasgow, which includes migration’s mark on my well-being, opportunities and safety in hostile anti-migrant environments. However, I also want to share what has become a life mantra of mine, a means of survival, my permanent wish to find in everything, a positive note.

Keywords: equality, diversity and inclusion; anti-racist approaches; institutional racism; migration; Police Scotland

The National Policy of Comprehensive Health of Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Transvestites and Transsexuals (LGBT) was an important step in the search for equity. The lack of specific research can be an obstacle for the design of strategies that address LGBT health needs. The objective of this study is to map and characterize the Brazilian scientific production on the LGBT population health. We used the rapid scoping review methodology to perform a thematic and bibliometric analysis. We included Brazilian researchers' studies published in scientific journals. Searches were carried out in four databases, with inclusion of 381 articles in the analysis. The results indicate that Brazilian production about the health of LGBT has increased over time, particularly from 2016, but there are some gaps in specific needs and vulnerabilities within the subgroups of people covered by the acronyms LGBTQIA+. Despite the advances launched from the National Policy of Health Integral LGBT, there are still many gaps in Brazilian scientific production, which could be included in the agenda of priorities for promoting research.

section 15 jurisprudence is entangled in an overly-complicated analysis which produces a high degree of uncertainty. It is not without cause that the Chief Justice of Canada has termed equality "the most difficult right." 4 In this paper, we argue for a revised approach to the interpretation of section 15. We argue that section 15 has become overly "contextualized" which has two effects, both negative. First, the emphasis on context in section 15 has made interpreting equality more elusive than ever, losing the sort of certainty and predictability that is an important element of the rule of law under our Constitution. Second, Law's penchant for context has essentially eviscerated any role for section 1, which is the proper place where the balancing of interests should take place. This paper has five parts in addition to this introduction. In Part II, we trace the evolution of the Supreme Court's equality jurisprudence up until Law. In Part III, we analyze and critique the Law decision and its aftermath. 5 In Part IV, we identify four key principles relevant to the analysis of equality. We then apply these principles in Part V where we propose a simplified, less contextual approach to section 15 which is more akin to the test the Supreme Court originally articulated in Andrews. More particularly, we argue that in analyzing a claim brought under section 15, the Court should apply the following framework: first, the inquiry under section 15 should be confined to two questions: (i) does the law have either the purpose or effect of disadvantaging the claimant; and (ii) is the disadvantage drawn on the basis of one or more enumerated or analogous grounds; and second, if a prima facie violation of section 15(1) is found, the inquiry should move to section 1 where the government bears the burden of justifying the reasonableness of the restriction on equality. In articulating this test, we argue that all considerations of reasonableness are properly considered under section 1 and not under section

This article aims to analyze the experience of medical students who identify themselves as lesbians, gays, and bisexuals inside the professional health corporation of highest social prestige in contemporary Brazilian society, the Medicine. The categories found show that the undergraduate course has a hidden curriculum that operates in the logic of excesses, with a conservative, masculinist, and heteronormative medical model. People of the LGBTI+ community are made invisible, both in terms of curriculum and in social relations, in a process of excessive and constant surveillance of students to adapt to a model that privileges heterosexual men, whereas the rest are considered abject.

This article examines the potential of transformative constitutionalism for reshaping labour law in Latin America. While traditionally labour law scholarship has been skeptical of courts´ ability to protect labour rights, recent years have witnessed a return to examining constitutions and the role of courts in the field. The article introduces the concept of “Transformative Labour Law in Latin America,” which seeks to reintroduce the struggles between labour and capital into a legal discourse that can address the challenges faced by labour regulation in the region. By employing a methodology that combines constitutional theory and socio-legal literature, the article highlights the productive interactions between social processes and legal provisions. The article is organized into five sections, beginning with an introduction that provides context for the study (I). Subsequent sections examine key features characterizing Latin American labour markets and identify challenges facing labour law (II), introduce transformative constitutionalism in Latin America as a conceptual framework for analyzing labour-capital relations through the law (III), and outline the key components of transformative labour law in the region (IV) before concluding with final remarks (V).

The article contributes a critical analysis of the case law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR), reviewing the protection of migrants' rights in the Inter-American Human Rights System. Specifically, the article's aim is to scrutinise the possible constraints upon growth as regards the role played by the IACtHR. It examines the main drivers behind the evolution of the case law and the key principles laid down in emblematic cases with a view to answering this question. The article also discusses the articulation of a judicial dialogue between the IACtHR and its European counterpart, which has developed the jurisprudence on both sides. Evidence demonstrates that the IACtHR is being innovative in creating its own authentic judicial dialogue with national constitutional courts. Other regional human rights systems, such as the African system, could learn from this. Finally, the article identifies the success and the pitfalls in the approach taken to protect migrants' rights. KEYWORDS Migrants' rights; Inter-American Court of Human Rights; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights; European Court of Human Rights; judicial dialogue; refugees and asylum seekers' rights

Ovaj rad istražuje ideju ukidanja domaćih zadaća kao mjere za postizanje jednakih prava za svu djecu u oblasti obrazovanja. Dublje analizira povijesni kontekst domaćih zadaća, postojeće disparitete u pristupu obrazovnim resursima i potencijalne koristi koje proizlaze iz uklanjanja tradicionalnih domaćih zadaća. Kroz detaljnu analizu, jasno je da bi ovaj prijedlog mogao odigrati ključnu ulogu u promicanju jednakosti i poboljšanju sveukupnog kvaliteta obrazovanja. Domaće zadaće već dugo vremena predstavljaju standardnu praksu u obrazovnom sustavu. Međutim, u posljednjih nekoliko godina sve se više vodi rasprava o njihovim prednostima, posebno u vezi s njihovim utjecajem na prava učenika na jednaku edukaciju. Ovaj rad raspravlja o opravdanju ukidanja domaćih zadaća kao sredstva za izjednačavanje obrazovnog terena.

Comment coder en ethnographes ? L'article aborde cette question en analysant les incidents qui émaillent la constitution d'une base de données dans le cadre d'une enquête quantitative et qualitative. La recherche porte sur les embarras que rencontre la parole religieuse alors qu'elle résonne dans l'espace public de deux pays sécularisés, la Suisse et la France, à propos d'enjeux relatifs au genre. L'analyse revient sur les écarts entre le raisonnement ethnographique, les savoirs pratiques des acteurs sociaux et la logique formelle qui préside à la conception d'une base de données. Elle passe en revue la contingence historique du matériau empirique, issu d'émissions de radio, et sa valeur très relative pour les journalistes qui l'ont produit ; les ambiguïtés inhérentes au codage, entre sémantique des énoncés et savoirs d'arrière-plan des acteurs ; la tension entre une description fine des qualifications issues du monde social et les injonct...

This article focuses on the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) on structural gender discrimination and transformative reparations. It dwells on feminist legal and political analysis on the multiple meanings of gender discrimination and distinguish three feminist categories −that have been incorporated in the International Human Rights Law− that respectively focus on the disadvantaged group (‘women approach’), the discriminatory structure that produces disadvantage (‘gender approach’), and the combined effects of different grounds of discrimination (‘intersectionality approach’). The article is novel for its use of the polysemy of gender discrimination as a lens to analyze strengths and weaknesses of three emblematic cases of the IACtHR: González et al. (‘Cottonfield’) v. México, Atala Riffo v. Chile, and Gonzales Lluy et al. v. Ecuador.
Our analysis shows that the IACtHR refers to different meanings of gender discrimination in the interpretation of the facts, on the one hand, and in the reparation and non-repetition measures, on the other. Our findings allow us to suggest that the pathway to strengthen the role of the Inter-American Court towards the elimination of gender structural discrimination is to issue transformative reparations that include the reforms of the legal and institutional gender-blind framework that maintain and reproduce such discrimination. This study is not only relevant for the Inter-American systems but also for the European Court of Human Rights and the African Court on Human and People’s Rights that can use the IACtHR jurisprudence as a model.

This article aims to analyze the experience of medical students who identify themselves as lesbians, gays, and bisexuals inside the professional health corporation of highest social prestige in contemporary Brazilian society, the Medicine. The categories found show that the undergraduate course has a hidden curriculum that operates in the logic of excesses, with a conservative, masculinist, and heteronormative medical model. People of the LGBTI+ community are made invisible, both in terms of curriculum and in social relations, in a process of excessive and constant surveillance of students to adapt to a model that privileges heterosexual men, whereas the rest are considered abject.

This aim of this paper was to explore commonalities between HIV/AIDS related conditions, obesity and other disabling impairments as health-related barriers that limit opportunity and advancement in society and the workplace. Taking a number of examples from original fieldwork and European Union and United Kingdom law, we posit that 'disability discrimination' under European Union law remains an indefinite, imprecise and incomplete area that requires greater alignment with the social model of disability. The principle attributes of societal discrimination towards people living with HIV and obese people are that these conditions are perceived to be primarily or in some instances, solely caused by controllable factors related often to behaviours and lifestyle choices. Strong beliefs that these conditions are controllable, is perceived as a justification and in some instances encouragement for the creation of stigma and discriminative behaviours that are unjust and uninformed. The structure of the paper is as follows. First, this paper postulates how and why stigma exists towards both individuals with disabilities and also obese individuals and people living with HIV; second, reviews the legal framework on disability discrimination in both United Kingdom and European Union courts that are directly relevant to the concepts of obesity and HIV-AIDS; third, presents critical thoughts as to the extent to which emerging decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union concerning obesity and HIV-AIDS accord with the social model of disability; and fourth, offers an analysis of the implications of the United Kingdom and European framework and suggests possible interventions in this area. .

Public participation is essential to the promotion of democratic governance, the rule of law, social inclusion and economic development, including the fulfillment of human rights. Each country should create the legal framework for giving effect to the right to participate in public affairs by ratifying relevant international and regional treaties and incorporated them in national laws, policies and practices in order to ensure that equal right to participate in public affairs is recognized and protected within national legal framework. Despite being a fairly young democracy, Kosovo has a progressive legal framework. It has been developed with a strong support of the international community whereby majority of international instruments are incorporated within constitutional provisions and numerous positive laws. Consequently, the right to participate is entrenched in constitutional provisions, laws and bylaws of Kosovo. This paper explains the efforts undertaken in Kosovo to increase...

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In 1916, at the first meeting of the then newly created American Institute of International Law, jurists from different countries adopted a declaration stipulating that “[i]nternational law is at one and the same time both national and international.”1 A century later, Latin American international human rights law clearly reflects that idea. Since the adoption of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man in 1948, and especially since the 1950s, with the creation of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, and later with the adoption of the American Convention on Human Rights in 1969, human rights in Latin America have been, are, and will continue to be an essentially regional phenomenon of international law. By examining the Inter-American Court of Human Rights’ case law, this essay analyzes the way in which Latin America has articulated transnational human rights law, from the establishment of the inter-American system, to the distinctive forms of interaction a...

Sexual orientation and gender identity are legally-protected categories in international human rights law and in the law of many States. For the past two decades, States, regional, and the universal human rights systems have expanded the understanding of anti-discrimination law in ways that to many seemed unexpected. Along with the recognition of sexual orientation as a prohibited ground of discrimination, gender identity has also become a legally significant concept for human rights law. In Latin America, a region traditionally labeled as socially conservative, sexuality laws have also undergone unprecedented changes. Such legal developments cannot be understood without an examination of the role of Latin America’s human rights court—the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. This Article discusses the development of sexual orientation and gender identity law by looking at the decisions of the Inter-American Court: Atala and Daughters v. Chile; Duque v. Colombia; Flor Freire v. Ecua...

The goal of this study is to highlight the obstacles faced by
residents of substandard Roma settlements and migrants/
asylum seekers in accessing support measures made available
to the population at all stages of the emergency response to
the Covid-19 pandemic, present the long-term consequences
of the lack of inclusive urban development to the risk exposure
of these communities and their quality of life, and offer
recommendations for tighter links between inclusive urban
planning, emergency action, and creation of social and human
capital by vulnerable groups in Serbia in the context of achieving
the SDGs.

Democracy and human rights achieve indestructible unity; democracy marks the emancipation of the people, their becoming as a subject of government, emancipation presupposes the power of self-determination of each person, thus endowing them with the rights that are inherent as man and citizen. By adhering to international documents, the states of the world commit themselves to take legislative and administrative action, acting progressively, using appropriate means, to exercise these rights without discrimination. Discrimination is a dynamic concept whose content and approach is continually evolving. The proposed specific objective is the conceptual clarification regarding multiple discrimination and the research and approach way of this type of discrimination by state institutions. Thus, it can be dealt with in two respects: a) multiple discrimination as additional discrimination addressed uni-axially and b) multiple discrimination as intersectional discrimination. Collaboration bet...

Discrimination against any person on the basis of disability is a violation of the inherent dignity and worth of the human person. Therefore, this paper examined the two major forms of disability discrimination which include direct and indirect disability discrimination. Likewise, several legal instruments for addressing disability discrimination such as United Nations Convention on the

This article intends to talk about a democratic initiative of the Brazilian Bar Association to promote human rights and sexual diversity in Brazil. Brazil is walking up the road to protect LGBTI citizens and to legally recognize same-sex couples. The country has guaranteed many rights to homosexual couples and their children, but the lack of a specific act to rule these matters is a problem in a country whose legal system is still very dependent to legal acts and positivism. This work tries to show the state of art of homosexual couples' rights in Brazil and how the proposal of a new statute to protect the rights of LGBTI people, in all aspects of their daily life could protect them and contribute for a democratic society.

Education (good teachers and good schools) is crucial for the successful integration of vulnerable groups in the society. Multicultural diversity presents an opportunity to make schools more inclusive, creative and open-minded. Although there are different projects and activities for Roma inclusion in schools, the number of Roma children attending formal education is still very low. Without having attended formal education, the chances for social exclusion are high and minimal for leading a self-defined life. To increase the rate of school registration and the rate for completion, long-term policy interventions and financial support from international donations are needed. This paper aims to analyze the general situation of Roma children and youth the age of pre-school education, primary and secondary education, as well as the engagement of youth in volunteering activities as a significant role in the inclusion of Roma children in schools. Engagement in volunteering activities can h...

OBJECTIVE To reveal the comprehension of women and health professionals about the feminine vulnerability belonging to the collective of lesbians, bisexuals, and transsexuals' women. METHOD Qualitative research, carried out from October 2018 to March 2019, in a Basic Health Unit located in Marabá - Pará, Brazil, using the hermeneutic-dialectic circle and inductive hermeneutic analysis. Five lesbians, bisexuals, and transsexuals' women and five health professionals participated, through interviews. RESULTS Health care for women, as described by the participants, promoted social and programmatic vulnerabilities structured by taboos and preconception, which endorsed exclusive professional behaviors in the provision of specific care, which consequently amplified risks and threatened the quality of life of this population. CONCLUSION The dissemination of this evidence is configured as an indicator to support future decisions regarding priorities, application of resources and profe...

Although Thailand is overtly open to diversity and promotes equality, discrimination of minorities based on gender, ethnicity, and/or certain occupations is unfortunately still prevalent. Society either obstructs their inclusion or accepts them but only under certain conditions. The objective of this study is to examine the discrimination of TGWs with intersectional identities within Thai society. A total of 19 TGW participants were recruited and underwent in-depth thematic interviews about their experiences of discrimination. Rechecking of the extracted information from the interview transcripts and the subsequent encoding process were conducted using the NVivo program. The results show that the median age was 30 years old, and the majority of the individuals with intersectional identities were ethnic minority TGWs (47%). The in-depth interviews were divided into four main themes, including discrimination at an educational institution, discrimination in the workplace, discriminatio...

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The Inter-American Court of Human Rights performs a wide evidentiary analysis, which tends to be very flexible in its admission of evidence. This paper tries to decipher the extent, applicability, and content of the Court's admissibility rules, both the norms established by the Court itself, and those that the Court is obliged to follow. In order to do so, this article will analyze the relevant case law of the Court and provide some examples. Within this analysis, this article refers in depth to some unclear rulings that the Court has made in relation to the exclusion of evidence obtained via coercion, some of which seem to clash with the central role of truth in the Inter-American system.