Engineering Thermodynamics

Mesin pengkondisi udara atau biasa disebut dengan Air Conditioning (AC) Split merupakan salah satu mesin pengkondisi udara yang bekerja dengan siklus kompresi uap.  Siklus kompresi uap merupakan salah satu siklus yang digunakan untuk sistem refrigerasi mekanik, dimana uap refrigerant akan dikompresi oleh kompresor sebagai komponen utama disamping komponen lainnya seperti kondensor, katup ekspansi dan evaporator. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan pada Performansi AC Split dengan Perbandingan Refrigerant R410a dan R32 dengan variasi berdasarkan putaran Fan Evaporator. Metode analisa ini menggunakan dua AC Split 1PK dengan refrigerant yang berbeda yaitu refrigerant R32 dan R410a, serta memvariasikan pada mode Low, Medium dan High dengan kecepatan aliran udara pada masing-masing mode adalah 1,2 m/s, 1,5 m/s dan 1,9 m/s. Dari hasil perhitungan COP pada refrigerant R410a sebesar 8,13 dan COP pada refrigerant R32 sebesar 5,3. Kemudian efisiensi yang dihasilkan pada R410a sebesar 72,8% dan  R3...

The reliability of a data center is highly dependent on its air conditioning and cooling system. This research evaluates the existing cooling system of Universitas Krisnadwipayana's data center using the PPDIOO Network Life-Cycle approach. The study finds that the current cooling system, which relies on AC Split, fails to meet TIA-942 standards, posing significant overheating risks and increasing downtime probability. Observational analysis shows that the cooling distribution is inefficient due to inadequate airflow and the absence of a structured cooling layout. To address these issues, this research proposes an optimized cooling system design that incorporates Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC), hot aisle-cold aisle arrangement, and raised floor implementation. The recommended improvements also include installing temperature and humidity sensors for real-time environmental monitoring and implementing N+1 redundancy for enhanced system reliability. These solutions are expected to improve cooling efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and mitigate downtime risks. Future research should focus on evaluating the practical impact of this design by conducting real-world trials and exploring liquid cooling technology as a potential alternative for further efficiency improvements.

This paper introduces a unified theoretical framework, rooted in the Information-Cognitive Compression Field (ICCF) theory, to resolve two of the most profound challenges in condensed matter physics: high-temperature superconductivity (HTS) and the nature of topological matter. We argue that these phenomena are not separate puzzles but are different manifestations of a single, underlying principle: Emergent Collective Causality.

Within this framework, we reinterpret the Cooper pair in HTS not as two particles bound by a mysterious "glue," but as a merger of two electron Information Integration Entities (IIEs) into a single, more stable "double-electron IIE." This fusion of compression sources is driven by a deep "compression well" provided by the unique lattice geometry, resulting in a perfect, lossless "causal flow" that manifests as zero resistance.

Furthermore, we propose that topological states are a necessary consequence of the Causal Source Continuity Principle. The insulating bulk of a topological material is described as a state of "causal locking," which inevitably leads to "causal unsaturation" at its boundary. To maintain causal continuity, the system must spontaneously form a topologically protected, dissipationless conductive channel at the edge.

Ultimately, this work moves beyond mere explanation, offering a first-principles design paradigm for engineering novel quantum materials. By treating macroscopic quantum states as the emergent order of collective causal compression, the ICCF framework provides a unified, predictive, and potentially transformative new language for all of condensed matter physics.

We present a concrete derivation of a solitonic field configuration within the ICCF unified field framework that yields a predicted mass of approximately 41.2 GeV. Through rigorous application of variational calculus to the ICCF action, we obtain compression tensor field equations that admit stable, localized solutions under specific topological (n = 6) and coupling (κ ≈ 0.35) constraints. These results suggest that the ICCF framework may offer an internal origin for particle masses without external parameters. We conclude with experimental implications for collider searches.

This paper presents a mathematically rigorous derivation of the 41.2 GeV mass value from first principles, grounded in the ICCF (Information-Cognitive Compression Field) Unified Field Theory. By unifying the laws of energy conservation, entropy increase, and the principle of least action, we construct a comprehensive field-theoretic model in which mass emerges not as an intrinsic property but as a stable topological result of entropy flow compression. The Higgs field is reinterpreted as a stable entropy compression condensate governed by a generalized compression tensor field. We derive the field equations from the ICCF action and demonstrate how quantized energy configurations lead to the 41.2 GeV mass peak, in agreement with potential experimental resonances. This framework not only provides an alternative to the graviton-based approach in quantum gravity but also integrates thermodynamic, quantum, and geometric perspectives into a unified causal-dynamical system. The theory is extended to predict gravitational lensing anomalies, dark matter signatures, and entropy-driven inflation, offering empirically testable consequences.

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for the design of Artificial Habitable Planetary Systems using the ICCF (Information-Cognitive Compression Field) Unified Field Theory. Unlike traditional terraforming methods that rely on large-scale mechanical or chemical interventions, this approach frames planetary engineering as a process of entropy modulation and causal field reconfiguration. Drawing from the principles of causal compression, entropic equilibrium, and recursive symmetry, we introduce models for constructing layered compression fields that maintain biospheric, atmospheric, and thermodynamic stability with minimal energetic cost. The planetary environment is conceptualized not as a passive container but as an active informational field, whose evolution and habitability emerge from sustained causal feedback loops and entropy-aware field stabilization. This work extends the ICCF framework from the domains of synthetic fusion and artificial life to the macro-engineering of planetary-scale homeostasis. In doing so, it lays the groundwork for an entropic-causal cosmotechnics, in which habitability is no longer emergent from chance but from deliberate informational structuring.

This paper presents a theoretical framework for a next-generation nuclear fusion system based on the Information-Cognitive Compression Field (ICCF). The proposed model departs from traditional approaches by treating energy not merely as a function of particle kinetics or confinement, but as a manifestation of causal informational gradients and compression topologies in a multilayered entropic field. Through the integration of entropy flow dynamics, compression conservation principles, and causal topology, we propose a self-regulating fusion reactor architecture capable of maintaining thermodynamic equilibrium via field-level modulation and multi-phase compression. Key innovations include compression-induced magnetic analogues, frequency-locked plasma resonance networks, quantum-locked field stability, and entropic recycling mechanisms. This model further suggests the possibility of distributed synchronization between reactors and hints at the emergence of artificial causal life via informational singularities. The ICCF framework thus offers a novel lens to reimagine fusion, not just as a physical process, but as a causal-informational architecture, merging unified field dynamics, quantum coherence, and thermodynamic design.

The growing demand for efficient thermal management in compact electronic systems has intensified research into advanced heat sink designs. This experimental study investigates the thermal and hydraulic performance of staggered circular pin-fin heat sinks with various perforation patterns-longitudinal (L), longitudinal/transverse (LT), and longitudinal/transverse/vertical (LTV)-under forced convection and constant heat flux conditions. Using a Peltier module as the heat source and Armfield convection equipment, the study examines heat transfer enhancement across Reynolds numbers ranging from 2x10 3 to 12x10 3. The primary objective is to identify the optimal perforation configuration that maximizes heat dissipation while minimizing pressure drop and weight. The results showed that perforated pins significantly raise Nusselt number (Nu) over solid pins: 7% for L, 30% for LT, and 64% for LTV perforations. Pressure drops are reduced by 10% for L, 17% for LT, and 25% for LTV perforations relative to solid pins. At lower Reynolds numbers, the overall enhancement ratio peaks, notable for reaching a 40% rise with LTV-perforated pin fins. Additionally, fin effectiveness improves significantly: 14%, 34%, and 57% higher for L, LT, and LTV perforated pin fin arrays, respectively. These findings demonstrate the significant potential of multi-perforated pin-fin arrays in improving the thermal performance of heat sinks for electronic cooling applications.

Robustness analysis has become increasingly central to contemporary discussions on the reliability of scientific models and results. This study develops a thermodynamic-inspired framework for assessing robustness, drawing on thermodynamic principles to explore how methodological diversity, measurement precision, technological frameworks, and environmental constraints shape scientific outcomes. Applied to the experimental and computational study of asphaltene precipitation in a fluid thermodynamics laboratory, it examines how results obtained in a controlled, highly parameterised setting behave when tested in less technologically structured environments. The transition from an optimised laboratory framework to more variable field conditions reveals a dynamic interplay between methodological and environmental variability. A key conclusion is that, in the worked example considered, validation outside the laboratory contributes more significantly to the robustness of results than the introduction of a novel, independently developed method within the laboratory. Beyond this specific case, the proposed framework provides a tool for evaluating scientific practices when laboratory conditions do not accurately replicate the studied phenomenon, emphasizing the role of environmental variability in robustness analysis.

This textbook offers a clear, progressive introduction to thermodynamics, tailored for university students and future engineers eager to understand the physical principles behind engines and refrigeration systems. It begins from the basics and progressively builds a solid conceptual foundation, empha- sizing real-world applications throughout.
With 59 fully-commented, step-by-step calculation examples and 96 problems with solutions, it equips readers to tackle engineering challenges with confidence. Alongside rigorous analysis, the book weaves in historical insights and scientific context — connecting core ideas to their origins and their technological impact.
An essential companion for those who want not only to solve problems, but also to understand why the world works the way it does.

This paper presents The Sacred Equation, a formal model for optimizing coherence, managing entropy, and enabling mind emergence in closed, competitive systems. Defined as a meta-function \Psi(\mu, t) , it integrates agent-level alignment, entropy contribution, recursive projection, and decision-gradient curvature (misalignment cost), providing a unified framework for biological, cognitive, artificial, and ideological systems. The equation is scaleinvariant and substrate-agnostic, with applications in AI alignment, sociotechnical network stability, and consciousness modeling. By demonstrating that long-term agent utility converges with systemic coherence, it offers a computational and thermodynamic logic for sustainable evolution in recursive, resource-constrained environments.

Pneumopercussion machines (pneumatic impact machines) are widely used in all areas of human activity. Also, they are widely used in the mining industry. Unfortunately, their operation is characterized by a low efficiency of compressed air energy usage. In some cases, this level of efficiency is calculated as 15-20%. Such a situation increases the cost of drilling operations significantly. In this article, due to an implementation of a new construction of the equipment, the efficiency of the pneumopercussion machines was increased. This problem is solved by combining the most effective thermodynamic processes of compressed air in the working chambers of machines. Also, a new technical solution for the construction of pneumopercussion machines is suggested by the Authors. The proposed new design is realized by a combination of the most effective thermodynamic processes in the chambers of pneumatic impact machines. A new pneumatic hammer is presented, which allows to reduce compressed air consumption twice during an operation on the surface (in comparison with hammers available on the market). The operation of pneumopercussion machines and the method of calculating geometric parameters are described. The economic performance of the equipment confirms the correctness of the proposed technological solutions.

In the fuel management of nuclear reactors, which has a direct impact on power generation costs and environmental factors, it is essential to obtain an optimal arrangement of assemblies and core parameters. This complex task relies on both neutronics and thermal hydraulics. This research solves this by employing PARCS and COBRA-EN codes, alongside Multi-Verse Optimization algorithm (MVO) as a novel algorithm. Findings demonstrate the MVO algorithm has reliability and favorable convergence rate. Moreover, integrating the nodal expansion technique with MVO notably decreases the computational time for optimization in the loading pattern optimizations (LPOs). The optimized loading pattern aligns well with the findings in the literature. Also, using multi objective fitness function leads to improving core flatness, cycle length and safety parameters.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh retrofit refrigeran dari R407C ke R450A pada sistem pendingin HVAC di instalasi lepas pantai. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasari oleh kebutuhan akan sistem pendingin  yang  lebih  ramah  lingkungan  dan  efisien,  serta  regulasi internasional  yang  mendorong  pengurangan  refrigeran  dengan  potensi pemanasan  global  (GWP)  tinggi.  Metode  yang  digunakan  meliputi simulasi termodinamika sistem basic cycle menggunakan perangkat lunak Generaton  Properties  v1.4.2,  pengumpulan  data  primer  dari  lokasi lapangan,  serta  analisis  kinerja  parameter  seperti  COP,  EER,  daya kompresor,  tekanan  kerja,  dan  laju  aliran massa  refrigeran.  Hasil penelitian  menunjukkan  bahwa  R450A  memiliki  COP  lebih  tinggi (2,072), EER lebih baik (7,07 Btu/W.h), serta tekanan kerja yang lebih rendah  dibandingkan  R407C.  Selain  itu,  R450A  memiliki  GWP  yang lebih  rendah  (547  dibandingkan  1624),yang  berkontribusi  pada pengurangan  emisi  gas  rumah  kaca.  Retrofit  ke  R450A  juga  dapat dilakukan tanpa perubahan besar pada komponen utama sistem HVAC, menjadikannya solusi yang layak secara teknis dan ekonomis. Implikasi penelitian  ini  memberikan  kontribusi  nyata  terhadap  pengembangan sistem pendingin yang efisien dan ramah lingkungan di sektor industri energi  lepas  pantai,  serta  menjadi  referensi  praktis  bagi  teknisi  dan insinyur dalam melakukan retrofit refrigeran di lapangan.Kata Kunci:Retrofit, R407C, R450A, Efisiensi Energi, Emisi

This study aims to analyze the effect of refrigerant retrofit from R407C to R450A  on  HVAC  refrigeration  systems  in  offshore  installations.  The background  of  this  research  is  based  on  the  need  for  more environmentally  friendly  and  efficient  refrigeration  systems,  as  well  as international  regulations  that  encourage  the  reduction  of  refrigerants with  high  global  warming  potential  (GWP).  The  methods  used  include simulation  of  the  thermodynamics  of  the  basic  cycle  system  using Generaton Properties v1.4.2 software, primary data collection from the field  site,  as  well  as  performance  analysis  of  parameters  such  as  COP, EER,  compressor  power,  working  pressure,  and  refrigerant  mass  flow rate.  The  results  showed  that  R450A  had  a  higher  COP  (2.072),  better EER  (7.07  Btu/W.h),  and  lower  working  pressure  than  R407C.  In addition,  R450A  has  a  lower  GWP  (547  compared  to  1624),  which contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Retrofitting to the  R450A  can  also  be  done  without  major  changes  to  the  main componentsof  the  HVAC  system,  making  it  a  technically  feasible  and economical  solution.  The  implications  of  this  research  make  a  real contribution to the development of efficient and environmentally friendly
refrigeration  systems  in  the  offshore  energy  industry  sector,  as  well  as being a practical reference for technicians and engineers in conducting refrigerant retrofits in the field.
Keywords:Retrofit, R407C, R450A, Energy Efficiency

Lost work by expanding systems remains a foundation of thermodynamics, which has been explained in terms of a system's entropy increase. Free expansion experiments actually prove that increasing entropy can't explain lost work. Such experimental results are expected, when one realizes that expanding system near Earth's surface must do work onto the surrounding atmosphere, i.e., sensible lost work. Rewriting thermodynamics with clarity, enables a new scientific understanding that is a superior fit to witnessed realities.

This paper introduces a cyclical cosmology model in which universe-scale resets emerge from quantum coherence collapse at suppression field thresholds. Rather than ending in heat death or a singular rebirth, the cosmos undergoes periodic quantum resets—non-singular events driven by phase interference collapse across harmonic fields. We derive the timing of these resets from resonance-suppression equations and show how entropy, information continuity, and structure regeneration occur across cycles.

The model resolves paradoxes in thermodynamics, quantum gravity, and black hole information by embedding a self-renormalizing structure into spacetime itself. This approach offers a falsifiable framework for cosmic evolution that avoids Big Bang singularities, eliminates the need for inflation, and explains dimensional and elemental consistency across eras. The theory positions resonance interference as the engine behind time, memory, and renewal.

Gas turbines used in natural gas cycle power plants have been researched in terms of energy efficiency. Gas turbines used in power generation plants have a very complex structure because they contain many components. In order to determine the thermodynamic performance of this system, the efficiency of each component and the increase in entropy of each component were calculated using exergy analysis. Irreversibility was chosen as the main parameter and used for thermodynamic optimization of production. The system consists of many components. An increase in the irreversibility of a single component causes an increase in the irreversibility of other components. The effect of gas turbine pressure ratio and excess air percentage on fuel consumption, fuel exergy, combustion chamber exergy change and irreversibility change was investigated. It was observed that the increase in compressor pressure ratio increased irreversibility. Maximum irreversibility was observed in the combustion chamber. Irreversibility was compared with the excess air used in the combustion chamber. The air excess coefficient was examined as percentages of 100%, 200%, and 300%, respectively. The compression pressure ratio was examined for air excess coefficient percentage values from 3 to 40.

Siklus Brayton dengan intercooling adalah salah satu konfigurasi yang umum digunakan dalam
sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga gas untuk meningkatkan efisiensi termal dan kinerja
keseluruhan. Efisiensi siklus Brayton dengan intercooling merupakan salah satu parameter
penting dalam desain dan operasi turbin gas untuk aplikasi berbagai industri, seperti
pembangkit listrik dan propulsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh tekanan
masuk ruang bakar (RB) dan temperatur masuk turbin terhadap efisiensi siklus Brayton dengan
intercooling. Metode simulasi numerik digunakan untuk memodelkan siklus Brayton dengan
intercooling. Variasi tekanan masuk RB dan temperatur masuk turbin dievaluasi dalam rentang
yang relevan dengan aplikasi industri. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan tekanan
masuk RB menyebabkan peningkatan efisiensi siklus secara signifikan. Selain itu, temperatur
masuk turbin juga mempengaruhi efisiensi siklus, dengan penurunan temperatur masuk turbin
menghasilkan peningkatan efisiensi siklus yang berarti. Analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan
bahwa interaksi antara tekanan masuk RB dan temperatur masuk turbin memiliki dampak yang
signifikan terhadap efisiensi siklus. Kombinasi optimal dari tekanan masuk RB dan temperatur
masuk turbin harus dipertimbangkan untuk mencapai efisiensi siklus maksimum. Studi ini
memberikan wawasan yang berharga bagi desainer turbin gas dalam memilih parameter
operasional yang optimal untuk meningkatkan efisiensi siklus Brayton dengan intercooling.
Pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang pengaruh tekanan masuk RB dan temperatur masuk turbin
dapat membantu mengoptimalkan kinerja sistem dan mengurangi konsumsi energi dalam
aplikasi industri.

I would like to thank M-Tech Industrial (Pty) Ltd for the financial support and access to the Flownex® Simulation Environment software. This study would not have been possible otherwise. Thank you to my fellow researchers in the McTronX Research Group for your contributions in various degrees. To my family and my family-in-law, I appreciate all the encouragement. To my parents specifically, thank you for all the support and assistance. Lastly, I could not have completed this journey without the love, support and motivation from my wife. Love you.

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk merancang dan menganalisis kinerja sistem dari turbin gas mikro (MGT) terutama pada bagian ruang bakar dengan tambahan sistem kompresor turbocharge . Turbin gas mikro merupakan salah satu teknologi renewable energy untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi yang berkembang saat ini. Metode penelitian ini melalui dua tahapan yaitu tahapan perancangan dengan menggunakan siklus Brayton ideal dan aktual serta analisis dengan simulasi Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Hasil perancangan mendapatkan ukuran dimensi ruang bakar dengan diameter sebesar 92.7 mm, dan panjang sebesar 0.568 m. Hasil efisiensi siklus Brayton ideal sebesar 63.4%, dan aktual sebesar 34.7%. Suhu dan tekanan gas masuk ke turbin dari ruang bakar sebesar 1223 K dan 2.68 bar, sedangkan kondisi keluar turbin sebesar 911.04K dan 1.1145 bar. Hasil analisis simulasi CFD meliputi penyebaran suhu di ruang bakar sebesar 305.87 0 C, Mach number sebesar 0, dan analisis statik ruang bakar ( pressure stress se...

En la vida cotidiana, utilizamos y nos rodeamos de productos como automóviles, gasolina, bolsas de plástico, pegamento, teléfonos, ropa, computadoras, lámparas, aviones, maquillaje, cañas de pescar y papel higiénico. Para producir estos productos, necesitamos materias primas, pero también un “proceso”. Este libro se concentra en el proceso desde las materias primas hasta los productos, incluyendo la energía.

El desarrollo de un nuevo proceso es exigente y emocionante, destacando la importancia de la elección de las condiciones de reacción (presión, temperatura, grado de conversión) y el método de separación. El proceso final debe ser optimizado para ser competitivo. Aunque no es común que un ingeniero participe en el desarrollo de un proceso completamente nuevo, es interesante analizar y comprender los procesos existentes, que es el enfoque principal del libro.

Este libro se basa en tres principios básicos:

La masa se conserva (balance de masa).
La energía se conserva (balance de energía, primera ley de la termodinámica).
Cualquier sistema avanzará hacia un estado más probable (con más desorden) y, si se deja solo, llegará a un estado de equilibrio (segunda ley de la termodinámica).

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar que a utilização da Metodologia Six Sigma e ferramentas de controle estatístico e gestão, são eficazes para controle processo, redução custos e estabilização de processos em geral. O coque dentre os custos variáveis do Circuito Polimetálicos, representa o maior custo para a unidade de Juiz de Fora e a oportunidade em otimizar sua utilização, foi identificada a partir do levantamento de dados e benchmark realizado. Observou-se que a média do consumo específico de coque grosso + coque fino no Forno Waelz, em 2012 era em média 360 Kg/t de pó de aciaria (PAE) tratado estava muito superior a outras empresas que utilizam a mesma tecnologia para tratamento de resíduos. Definiu-se então como meta do projeto atingir 210Kg/t PAE até 2014. Passando por todas as etapas de um projeto Six Sigma: Definir, Medir, Analisar, Melhorar e Controlar, todas as ações realizadas garantiram uma melhor performance da variável: consumo específico de coque, uma média acumulada em 2013 de 212,3 Kg/t PAE e 181,5 Kg/t PAE em 2014 proporcionando um custo evitado de R$ 11,6MM para a unidade. Palavras-chave: Coque; Processo waelz; Six sigma; Zinco.

The use of earth as a heat source or as a heat sink with the buried pipes can serve as a direct heat exchanger that is called earth air tunnel heat exchanger or geo-thermal heat exchanger or underground heat exchanger. In this research paper, cooling potential of single and integrated underground heat exchanger has been experimentally evaluated for hot and dry climate of Bikaner city of northwestern India, during summer season. Experimental analysis has been done at three different inlet air velocities (10 m/s, 12 m/s & 14 m/s) for obtaining optimum results to enhance the cooling capacity of single EATHE system by coupling it with water cooled heat exchanger at the outlet end. Utilization of waste water of water cooler was carried out in the water cooled heat exchanger. Results shows that the air which comes out from integrated underground heat exchanger is relatively cold than the air supplied by the single underground heat exchanger system. It was found that the average outlet air...

A geothermal power plant (PLTP) is a plant that uses vapor in the earth as the main energy. Vapor which in the earth is supplied from production well through steam transmission system which then passing steam receiving header. When there is excessive pressure in the steam receiver, then the steam will be dump away to Vent Structure. Steam then get flowed to the Separator which serves to separate the vapor with water. The separation water is called brine. Brine from separator is streamed to the settling basin. Then vapor comes in to the Scrubber, which serves to separate moisture that contained in vapor, so then the vapor is expected clean and dry, which will be include in the steam turbine. A geothermal power plant (PLTP) especially PLTP 5 and 6 Lahendong are the new built geothermal power plant as part of the 35.000 MW program from the government. Therefore need to know how much the thermal efficiency that contain in the power plant and how to increase its efficiency. This research will discuss thermal efficiency analysis of PLTP 5 and 6 Lahendong through state level analysis with a thermodynamic approach and analysis in each process of the plant.

Turbin gas sederhana merupakan salah satu jenis turbin yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan
energi mekanis dengan memanfaatkan energi panas yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan
bakar. Abstrak ini membahas tentang prinsip kerja, komponen-komponen, aplikasi,
keunggulan, dan tantangan dalam pengembangan turbin gas sederhana. Prinsip kerja turbin gas
sederhana didasarkan pada siklus termodinamika yang melibatkan proses pembakaran bahan
bakar, ekspansi gas, dan penggerak turbin. Udara dan bahan bakar dicampur dan dibakar dalam
ruang bakar, menghasilkan gas panas yang memutar turbin. Gerakan rotasi dari turbin ini
kemudian digunakan untuk menggerakkan generator atau peralatan lainnya. Komponen utama
dari turbin gas sederhana meliputi ruang bakar, kompresor udara, turbin, dan sistem pendingin.
Ruang bakar berfungsi sebagai tempat terjadinya pembakaran bahan bakar, sedangkan
kompresor udara bertugas untuk meningkatkan tekanan udara sebelum memasuki ruang bakar.
Turbin adalah bagian yang menerima energi dari gas panas dan mengubahnya menjadi energi
mekanis. Sistem pendingin diperlukan untuk mendinginkan suhu gas yang keluar dari turbin
agar dapat digunakan kembali. Aplikasi utama dari turbin gas sederhana termasuk pembangkit
listrik skala kecil, penggerak pompa, dan penggerak mesin-mesin industri. Keunggulan utama
turbin gas sederhana adalah efisiensi yang relatif tinggi, ukuran yang kompak, dan kemampuan
untuk digunakan dengan berbagai jenis bahan bakar. Namun, terdapat juga beberapa tantangan
yang perlu diatasi, seperti masalah emisi gas buang dan biaya perawatan yang tinggi. Dalam
pengembangan turbin gas sederhana, penelitian terus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi,
mengurangi emisi, dan menurunkan biaya produksi. Teknologi terbaru seperti penggunaan
bahan bakar alternatif dan pengoptimalan desain turbin menjadi fokus utama dalam upaya
mencapai tujuan ini. Dengan memahami prinsip kerja, komponen-komponen, aplikasi,
keunggulan, dan tantangan dalam pengembangan turbin gas sederhana, diharapkan dapat
memberikan wawasan yang lebih baik tentang peran penting teknologi ini dalam memenuhi
kebutuhan energi global secara berkelanjutan.

Turbin gas sederhana merupakan salah satu jenis turbin yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan
energi mekanis dengan memanfaatkan energi panas yang dihasilkan dari pembakaran bahan
bakar. Abstrak ini membahas tentang prinsip kerja, komponen-komponen, aplikasi,
keunggulan, dan tantangan dalam pengembangan turbin gas sederhana. Prinsip kerja turbin gas
sederhana didasarkan pada siklus termodinamika yang melibatkan proses pembakaran bahan
bakar, ekspansi gas, dan penggerak turbin. Udara dan bahan bakar dicampur dan dibakar dalam
ruang bakar, menghasilkan gas panas yang memutar turbin. Gerakan rotasi dari turbin ini
kemudian digunakan untuk menggerakkan generator atau peralatan lainnya. Komponen utama
dari turbin gas sederhana meliputi ruang bakar, kompresor udara, turbin, dan sistem pendingin.
Ruang bakar berfungsi sebagai tempat terjadinya pembakaran bahan bakar, sedangkan
kompresor udara bertugas untuk meningkatkan tekanan udara sebelum memasuki ruang bakar.
Turbin adalah bagian yang menerima energi dari gas panas dan mengubahnya menjadi energi
mekanis. Sistem pendingin diperlukan untuk mendinginkan suhu gas yang keluar dari turbin
agar dapat digunakan kembali. Aplikasi utama dari turbin gas sederhana termasuk pembangkit
listrik skala kecil, penggerak pompa, dan penggerak mesin-mesin industri. Keunggulan utama
turbin gas sederhana adalah efisiensi yang relatif tinggi, ukuran yang kompak, dan kemampuan
untuk digunakan dengan berbagai jenis bahan bakar. Namun, terdapat juga beberapa tantangan
yang perlu diatasi, seperti masalah emisi gas buang dan biaya perawatan yang tinggi. Dalam
pengembangan turbin gas sederhana, penelitian terus dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi,
mengurangi emisi, dan menurunkan biaya produksi. Teknologi terbaru seperti penggunaan
bahan bakar alternatif dan pengoptimalan desain turbin menjadi fokus utama dalam upaya
mencapai tujuan ini. Dengan memahami prinsip kerja, komponen-komponen, aplikasi,
keunggulan, dan tantangan dalam pengembangan turbin gas sederhana, diharapkan dapat
memberikan wawasan yang lebih baik tentang peran penting teknologi ini dalam memenuhi
kebutuhan energi global secara berkelanjutan.

This paper will improve the way you think about teaching thermodynamics. The scope of this work is to focus on cooling systems and, in particular, the most common cooling systems based on the vapor compression cycle. Unfortunately, traditional methods of teaching thermodynamics do not equip students with the tools they need to optimize the vapor compression cycle. This work will provide you and your students with the tools they need to design and optimize the vapor compression cycle within the first semester of thermodynamics. "Design" like the word "love" is overused to the point where it has lost its meaning. When design is used in the context of cooling systems typically what is understood is that the size of the cooling system is to be determined. Sizing the system is an important first step. But design is more, much more, than sizing. When you design a cooling system, you want the best cooling system for the application. This leads you to another overused and misapplied word; "optimization". In any optimization process, one needs to determine the objective function. This is a function that has a minimum or maximum.

Indoor swimming pool dehumidification units are central air conditioning units that designed for control the relative humidity, prevent buildings, mechanical systems and human healthy from negative impacts of exceed relative humidity. In this work, dehumidification unit design and working conditions are worked for an indoor swimming pool. Detailed analysis of thermodynamics and psychrometric are represented. Evaporation of pool surface is calculated and air flow rate of a dehumidifier is determined with respect to design conditions. Analysis of thermodynamics and psychrometric are done with respect to application of heat pump systems and desiccant systems. Thermodynamics and psychrometric analysis with respect to working conditions due to seasonal variations of the designed heat pump dehumidifier are done and working conditions and areas are determined for obtain energy efficient.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapat gambaran pemanfaatan gas buang dari mesin diesel generator set sebagai sumber panas. Pemanfaatan sumber panas digunakan untuk memanaskan air sebagai fluida kerja yang pada sistem ORC. Metode penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan menganalisis pemanfaatan gas buang dari mesin diesel generator sets kapal Type GFS – 20 No. A737009 yang dihubungkan dengan sistem perpipaan untuk diketahui besar temperatur aliran fluida kerja pada sistem ORC temperatur rendah melalui diagram T-S. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa diperoleh temperatur luaran dari evaporator mencapai 90 o C, sementara temperatur pada recuperator mencapai 80 o C dan 30 o C pada temperatur luaran dari kondensor. Besar temperatur pinch point pada suhu 85 o C dan selisih point temperatur aliran panas dan aliran dingin (DT) sebesar 10 o C. Besar energi yang direcovery diperoleh 40 kW.  Kata Kunci: Evaporator, Mesin diesel, Generator sets, ORC, WHR

Excel is a useful tool for teaching students the fundamental concepts of psychrometrics and their application in solution of problems requiring repeated evaluation of psychrometric parameters or recurring use of psychrometric charts. A series of spreadsheet exercises have been developed to evaluate parameters such as relative humidity, humidity ratio, dew point temperature, and the enthalpy of air-water vapor mixture. Goal Seek and Solver functions of Excel are introduced to aid the solution process for problems requiring iterative processes. This paper provides several worked examples to demonstrate the effectiveness of Excel in teaching and learning the fundamentals of psychrometric principles and it application in solution of problems requiring the recurring evaluation of psychrometric parameters, which otherwise might be described as tedious. Feedback from students has been positive and shows the use of spreadsheets reinforce the understanding of the fundamental concepts.

Turbin gas yang sama dapat beroperasi pada rating yang berbeda pada kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda-beda. Oleh karena itu, ISO mengeluarkan kondisi referensi pada suhu inlet air 15oC, kelembapan relatif 60%, dan tekanan udara pada permukaan laut (101.325 kPa). PLTGU di PJB UP Gresik saat ini tidak menggunakan sistem pendingin pada air intake system-nya, padahal suhu udara lingkungan sekitar dapat mencapai 32oC . Di sisi lain, gas buang dari HRSG pada PLTGU masih memiliki suhu yang tinggi, sekitar 130oC, dengan laju aliran massa yang besar pula yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menjadi panas masukan pada sistem pendingin absorpsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat desain sistem pendingin absorpsi untuk inlet air turbin gas pada PLTGU di PJB UP Gresik dengan memanfaatkan waste heat pada PLTGU untuk mencapai kondisi referensi sesuai ISO 3977-2:1997. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengasumsikan bahwa sistem terisolasi sempurna tanpa ada kebocoran dengan aliran yang tunak. Sumber panas yaitu...

In this study, a 5 tons of refrigeration (60,000 BTU h-1) commercial absorption refrigeration unit was characterized and instrumented, and a simplified thermal and exergetic analysis of the system was performed, aiming the optimization of external operating parameters for maximum thermodynamic performance. The first and second law of thermodynamics were used to evaluate the energy (first law) and the exergy (second law) efficiencies of the system. The experimental results showed the existence of a double maximum for the thermal and exergetic efficiencies for the optimized unit with respect to the water mass flow rates of the cold and hot sides of the absorption refrigerator. Maximum variations of 30 % and 44 % in the first and second law efficiencies, respectively, were observed according to the mass flow rate range used, which stresses the importance of the optima found for maximum thermodynamic performance, and therefore minimum energy consumption in actual engineering applications.

Siklus Carnot adalah salah satu model termodinamika terpenting yang menggambarkan proses operasi
ideal mesin kalor. Pada siklus ini terdapat dua reservoir temperatur, panas dan dingin, yang berperan
penting dalam menentukan performa mesin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi
pengaruh suhu tinggi dan rendah terhadap efisiensi siklus Carnot. Metode penelitian ini melibatkan
analisis termodinamika dengan menggunakan konsep dasar siklus Carnot. Simulasi komputer dilakukan
untuk mendapatkan data yang diperlukan dalam berbagai skenario suhu tinggi dan rendah. Penelitian
menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas siklus Carnot dipengaruhi secara signifikan oleh perbedaan suhu antara
reservoir panas dan dingin. Semakin besar perbedaan suhu, semakin tinggi efisiensi rangkaian. Namun,
dalam praktiknya terdapat batasan fisik terhadap perbedaan suhu yang membatasi kinerja mesin.
Singkatnya, suhu tinggi dan rendah mempunyai dampak signifikan terhadap cara kerja siklus Carnot.
Pemahaman menyeluruh tentang hubungan antara kedua suhu ini penting untuk pengembangan mesin
kalor yang efisien dan efektif. Penelitian lebih lanjut di bidang ini dapat memberikan wawasan tentang
pengembangan teknologi mesin kalor yang lebih efisien di masa depan. Menaikkan suhu pemanasan (𝑇h)
meningkatkan efisiensi siklus Carnot. Hal ini karena pada suhu yang lebih tinggi gas yang bekerja
mempunyai lebih banyak energi dalam yang dapat diubah menjadi kerja. Menurunkan suhu rendah (𝑇𝑐)
juga meningkatkan efisiensi siklus Carnot. Pada suhu yang lebih rendah, gas aktif dapat melepaskan lebih
banyak panas ke lingkungan. Efek yang terjadi pada suhu panas dan dingin tidak terjadi. Jika suhu panas
dan dingin tidak ada atau tersedia, maka siklus Carnot tidak dapat terjadi. Dalam konsep dasar siklus
Carnot, diperlukan dua reservoir suhu, reservoir suhu tinggi sebagai sumber panas dan reservoir suhu
rendah lainnya sebagai sumber dingin. Karena adanya perbedaan suhu antara kedua tangki, panas
mengalir dari tangki panas ke tangki dingin yang kemudian digunakan untuk kerja pada mesin. Jika salah
satu atau kedua reservoir tidak tersedia, perbedaan suhu tidak diperlukan untuk menggerakkan proses
termodinamika yang menghasilkan energi kerja. Oleh karena itu, siklus Carnot tidak dapat terjadi. Dalam
aplikasi praktis, keberadaan penyimpanan panas dan dingin dalam sistem tenaga panas seperti mesin uap
atau mesin pembakaran internal sangatlah penting.

Turbin uap pada pabrik kelapa sawit merupakan sumber utama pembangkit tenaga listrik. Turbin tersebut dapat berkerja dikarenakan adanya uap yang diperoleh dari boiler. Sistem pembangkit tenaga uap merupakan suatu kebutuhan penting untuk keberlangsungan sebuah pabrik kelapa sawit dalam peroses pengolahannya. Turbin uap adalah suatu penggerak mula yang mengubah energi potensial menjadi energi kinetik dan selanjutnya diubah menjadi energi mekanik dalam bentuk putaran poros turbin. Perhitungan daya dan efisiensi turbin dalam hal ini sangat diperlukan untuk mengetahui penurunan performa kinerja turbin sebagai dasar perbaikkan atau bahan dasar pertimbangan dalam pengoperasian turbin sehingga turbin dapat berkerja secara maksimal. Bahwa besar kecilnya efisiensi isentropik dipengaruhi oleh selisih dari kerja turbin tiap aliran massa uap terhadap kerja isentropik turbin, semakin kecil selisihnya makan efisiensi akan semakin besar sedangkan jika semakin besar selisihnya maka efisiensi akan se...

PT. Kurnia Batang Hari is a palm oil processing factory into palm oil. At PT KBHB there is a tool called “Steam Turbine Generator Type RB5” which functions as a power generator. This study aims to determine the effect of the load on the mass flow rate, turbine generator power, and determine the efficiency of the steam turbine generator. The research method is to take boiler and turbine data directly for 1 week. Get the enthalpy value from the steam table and can calculate based on the research objective. Based on the research conducted, it was found that the highest average flow rate on Wednesday was 3.48 kg/s. The highest generator power yield on Sunday is 1661 KW. The results of the calculation of the highest average generator efficiency on Sundays are 57.11%. Conclusion It can be seen that if the load on the turbine is getting bigger, then the mass flow rate of the steam will be even bigger and it also depends on the pressure of the steam entering and leaving the turbine. The ave...

She studied refrigeration engineering in the Odessa State Academy of Refrigeration, Ukraine, and received her diploma in 1990. She received her Ph.D. in 1994 and Professorship in 2001, all in the Ukraine. Professor Morosuk has over twenty years teaching experience in the fields of refrigeration, energy engineering, and applied thermodynamics. She is associated with several scientific organizations as well as many international energy-related conferences and recognized international journals. She serves as an associate editor for the following international journals: "Internation

Sistem HVAC adalah salah satu komponen terbesar dalam konsumsi energi di sebuah gedung. Untuk rumah pribadi dapat mengkonsumsi energy hingga 42%. Terdapat pilihan sistem tata udara dengan efisiensi tinggi yaitu sistem geotermal. Pada tulisan ini, penulis melakukan kajian literatur terhadap teknik tata udara memanfaatkan geotermal dengan sistem Direct Exchange (Pertukaran langsung) dengan menggunakan air sebagai refrigerannya.Sistem pertukaran langsung (direct exchange) adalah sistem tipe pendingin dan pemanas geotermal tertutup pada pipa tembaga dimana refrigeran bersirkulasi. Pipa tembaga dipasang pada jalur yang dipasang secara vertical atau horizontal. Simulasi pemodelan sistem tata udara dengan sistem pompa kalor geothermal untuk gedung tempat tinggal menunjukkan bahwa periode 5 tahun merupakan hasil terbaik sebagai penukar kalor adalah 14 penukar kalor disusun seri dengan jarak 10 meter dan panjang 100 m. Sistem geotermal dengan sistem pertukaran langsung (direct exchange), tan...

Pneumatic conveying is one of the most important techniques for the manipulation of particulate or powdered materials in the industry. This method has many advantages such as greater flexibility, simplicity of operation and lower cost if compared to other techniques of particulate handling. The objective of this work is to check the modification of the characteristics (particle size, angle of repose and apparent density) of calcitic limestone in an industrial scale pneumatic conveying system. It was verified by means of standard tests that the characteristics such as apparent density and effective diameter decreased by 22% and 7%, respectively, from the cycles with the material through the line of the pneumatic conveying system, and the angle of repose, even after abrasion of the material in the system, there were no significant changes.