Engel v. Vitale

Si monumentum quoeris circumspice. If you seek her monument, look around. As society sees what women can do, as women see what women can do, there will be more women out there doing things, and we'll all be better off for it. Sandra Day O'Connor 14 November 1990. On November 9, 1979, at the age of sixty-two, when many contemplate retirement, Florence Kerins Murray (1916-2004) became a Rhode Island Supreme Court Justice. At that time Rhode Island was one of eleven states plus the District of Colombia that selected women for state courts of last resort (Cook 1984, 608-610). The support of her candidacy by Democratic Governor J. Joseph Garrahy led to her subsequent election by the Grand committee of the Rhode Island General Assembly in 1979. This choice broke "the convention set in 1935 of a seat set aside for a Republican" (Weisberger Interview 17 November 2007). From the good will she engendered over the years with many of the one hundred and fifty members of the Rhode Island General Assembly, and as a former member of that body, she secured the necessary votes. By a margin of ninety-nine to fifty-one, legislators voted Murray to become the first woman Supreme Court Justice in Rhode Island history (Murray Interview 26 January 2002). Although Murray was the first woman to sit on the highest court, she was no stranger to the judiciary, having spent the previous twenty years as an associate judge and presiding judge on Superior Court, the Rhode Island trial court. Yet her election was significant in judicial history; when Murray became a Supreme Court justice over thirty years ago, there were barely one hundred women on state courts. Twenty states still had no women judges on state trial courts. As a justice on a state Supreme Court, Murray was one of thirteen; she was keenly aware that the courts needed to change and she led the way. This article examines Justice Murray's role on the Rhode Island Judiciary and explores her legacy using oral history interviews of judicial figures, journalists, politicians, scholars, and members of boards on which she served. Murray's contributions are analyzed in the framework of the post-World War II era and the movement to secure equal rights for women. In other words, did Murray push a feminist agenda in her rulings on cases and/or in her dealing with people? At that time, those who marched for political and legal rights in the eighteenth and early nineteenth century were deemed feminists; later feminists in the 1960s and 1970s sought rights over reproduction, freedom from domestic violence, and workplace rights. Specifically, the interviewees interpret Murray's legacy in terms of goals to expand the rights of both men and

stratigraphic data (e.g., field notes, maps, photographs) are currently curated at the Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University. SITE DESCRIPTION The James and Ellen G. White house site (20CA118) is currently owned by the Historic Adventist Village. The site is located in the SE 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of section 1, Range 8W, Township 25 of Battle Creek township in Calhoun County (Figure 1-2). The original house site corresponds with Lots 64 (57 and 63-65 N. Wood Street) and 65 (71 N. Wood Street) of Manchester's 3rd addition (Figure 1-3). For the purposes of this study, we focused on Lot 64 where the house was originally built and border areas of the adjacent lots (2 and 3) to the south (Figure 1-4). The landscape slopes gently toward the south where the Kalamazoo River lies less than 1000' away from the site. The house is a wood frame, Greek Revival-style structure with two symmetrical wings and a rear addition. It was built for the Whites soon after they moved to Battle Creek from Rochester, New York, in 1854. Lot 3, located immediately. to the south, was occupied by another Sabbath-keeper or Adventist, Jonah Lewis. The house and associated landscape have undergone significant modifications over the past 143 years. These changes are important clues to the social identities and values of the occupants since 1856. In 1981 a group of laymen, church administrators, and educators established Adventist Historic Properties, Inc., to preserve the dwindling number of historic Seventh-day Adventist buildings in Battle Creek (Adventist Historic Properties 1990). Preservation of sites such as the James and Ellen G. White house is seen as a visible link between the present and the Adventist pioneers by helping to "recall their sense of prophetic mission when they founded the denomination" (Adventist Historic Properties 1990). For nearly two decades, the house has been been maintained as a pilgrimage site and is one of several important Seventh-day Adventist historical landmarks that attract visitors to Battle Creek (Davis and Stoltz 1996). The current appearance of the site and the history of landscape modifications are discussed in more detail in Chapters 3 and 4. ORGANIZATION OF TiilS REPORT Chapter 2 of this report presents the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of the study by discussing the research design and the methods used to guide our geophysical and archaeological investigations. An historical overview of Battle Creek beginning in the early 19th century and a brief history 4 1000

Ce numéro de la Revue des Ordinations Épiscopales présente les renseignements des 202 ordinations épiscopales conférées au cours de l`année 2023 avec les tables habituelles. Je remercie les nonces apostoliques et leurs assistants, les archivistes et les curies diocésains, et les nouveaux évêques qui ont très aimablement fourni la plupart des données pour ce numéro, et également mes amis et collègues qui m`ont tant aidé depuis plusieurs années. Le prochain numéro de la Revue sera publié en mars 2025, avec les ordinations épiscopales conférées en 2024.

In this paper we introduce the Independence National Historical Park dataset, a freely-available collection of thin-shell ceramic fragments, images and metadata for these images. We describe the contents of this dataset and its possible uses in vessel and decorative pattern classification of thin-shell ceramic artifacts. We will employ computer vision algorithms to help automate the ceramic classifications used in archaeological vessel reconstructions. This methodology promises significant time and cost savings for the laboratory mending of ceramic objects, freeing scarce human resources to focus on the analyses of objects needed to produce new history insights. We propose a vector space model of pyramid histogram of visual words (PHOW) that can, in turn, be used by a supervised learning schema for decorative pattern classification. Inspired by explicit semantic analysis of textual documents using term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf), a tf-idf model is proposed to represent thin-shell ceramic artifacts. The effectiveness of this representation is then demonstrated in decorative pattern classification using various machine learning classification algorithms, including support vector machines (SVMs) and k-nearest neighbor clustering.

El fin de este ensayo es proponer algunas objeciones a la tesis en tres partes de Quentin Skinner en la que se afi rma que para los Levellers y sus aliados (i) la historia y, en particular, la conquista normanda, se usa únicamente como un medio para ilustrar un número de argumentos que se podrían establecer de una manera más abstracta, (ii) que no tratan la evidencia histórica como si expresara una fuerza prescriptiva y que (iii) como sugirió Hobbes, la historia ofrece sólo ‘ejemplos de hecho’, nunca un ‘argumento de Derecho’. Parece, sin embargo, que sobre la evidencia que nos proporciona el estudio del vocabulario político de algunos tratados de los Levellers y de Winstanley que las proposiciones (i)-(iii) no se pueden mantener como una explicación histórica correcta de las principales reivindicaciones políticas que se expresan en esos tratados.The aim of this paper is to arise some objections to Quentin Skinner’s three part thesis that for the Levellers and his allies (i) history...

stratigraphic data (e.g., field notes, maps, photographs) are currently curated at the Department of Anthropology, Western Michigan University. SITE DESCRIPTION The James and Ellen G. White house site (20CA118) is currently owned by the Historic Adventist Village. The site is located in the SE 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of the SW 1/4 of the NW 1/4 of section 1, Range 8W, Township 25 of Battle Creek township in Calhoun County (Figure 1-2). The original house site corresponds with Lots 64 (57 and 63-65 N. Wood Street) and 65 (71 N. Wood Street) of Manchester's 3rd addition (Figure 1-3). For the purposes of this study, we focused on Lot 64 where the house was originally built and border areas of the adjacent lots (2 and 3) to the south (Figure 1-4). The landscape slopes gently toward the south where the Kalamazoo River lies less than 1000' away from the site. The house is a wood frame, Greek Revival-style structure with two symmetrical wings and a rear addition. It was built for the Whites soon after they moved to Battle Creek from Rochester, New York, in 1854. Lot 3, located immediately. to the south, was occupied by another Sabbath-keeper or Adventist, Jonah Lewis. The house and associated landscape have undergone significant modifications over the past 143 years. These changes are important clues to the social identities and values of the occupants since 1856. In 1981 a group of laymen, church administrators, and educators established Adventist Historic Properties, Inc., to preserve the dwindling number of historic Seventh-day Adventist buildings in Battle Creek (Adventist Historic Properties 1990). Preservation of sites such as the James and Ellen G. White house is seen as a visible link between the present and the Adventist pioneers by helping to "recall their sense of prophetic mission when they founded the denomination" (Adventist Historic Properties 1990). For nearly two decades, the house has been been maintained as a pilgrimage site and is one of several important Seventh-day Adventist historical landmarks that attract visitors to Battle Creek (Davis and Stoltz 1996). The current appearance of the site and the history of landscape modifications are discussed in more detail in Chapters 3 and 4. ORGANIZATION OF TiilS REPORT Chapter 2 of this report presents the theoretical and methodological underpinnings of the study by discussing the research design and the methods used to guide our geophysical and archaeological investigations. An historical overview of Battle Creek beginning in the early 19th century and a brief history 4 1000

I would like to address this week's discussion item C., the question being: "Ben Witherington does not believe in tithing today. Engage with his material found on pp. 20-23. What comments do you have? I found the logic behind Witherington's position interesting that Christians are not under any biblical obligation to tithe. His arguments to me appear to be: 1) The fact that he notes that "tithing requirements are juxtaposed with requirements as varied as stoning disobedient children, leaving the edge of your grain field for gleaning…, avoiding tattoos…, a host of other commandments that Christians haven't thought about keeping for a long time." (p.21)

Defining religion as morality, Thomas Jefferson considered religion essential for the unity of the United States. His casual wall metaphor is not representative of his thinking and, therefore, should not be a basis for constitutional interpretation

Study abroad at Roger Williams University allows students to travel to new locations and pursue personal and intercultural development opportunities. This thesis describes a research study that investigated: How does the study abroad experience influence students’ academic, intercultural, and personal development? 28 RWU participants answered survey questions about their semester abroad experiences. Results suggest that a study abroad semester has

This paper discusses how the Puritan faith and ideology concerning the eternal damnation of one's soul undermined the correct judicial proceedings during the Salem Witch Trials of 1692. The context by which witchcraft was suspected, was a way for people to make sense of the world around them when the bible could not directly answer the questions presented.

The objective of the present text is to support the idea that the levellers had formed one of the more important radical democratic movements of modern history, defending a political program which articulated a series of principles that, in its all, configured a democratic proposal. These principles included: the notion of popular sovereignty, inalienable human rights, consensual government, universal political rights and religious toleranceO objetivo do presente texto é sustentar a ideia que os levellers formaram um dos mo vimentos democrático-radicais mais importantes da história moderna, defendendo um programa político que articulava uma série de princípios que, no seu todo, configuravam uma proposta democrática. Estes princípios incluíam: a noção de soberania popular, de direitos humanos inalienáveis, o princípio de governo por consenso, a proposta de direitos políticos universais e a defesa da tolerância religios

Urban [BOXSCAPE] is a method of developing upon the existing Big Box Landscape in order to synthesize commercial, environmental, and social components of civic life into an integrated solution. This urban concept is demonstrated through a design vision for a Big Box Center ...

In 1636, Roger Williams established the colony of Providence. He did so with the goal of creating a safe-haven for those who were persecuted due to their relgious beliefs. It was his desire to construct a functioning society in which people were free to live out their spiritual ideas with no governmental oversight or interference. In order to accomplish this goal, Williams called for the strict and total separation of church and state. Religion and the English government had always been closely entwined and reliant on one another other as a source of power, prestige, and authority. It was the accepted way of English life that church and government be connected. Therefore, what Williams was attempting to build in Providence was shockingly radical and met with much resistance and disdain. Through analyzing Williams’ journey in establishing what would become Rhode Island, a deeper appreciation and understanding is formed as to the crucial nature of Williams in cementing the relgious au...

This essay aims to describe and analyze the forms of toleration and the dialectics of their transformations. More specifically, the goals include:  the presentation and analysis of the theoretical traditions of toleration (1), especially focus is set on the connection between toleration and liberalism (2),  the current crisis of the toleration in representation and practices (3), and finally a preliminary analysis of the historical fate of the toleration and some predictions about its future (4).

For a compilation of documentation about Massachusetts freedom suits, I began seeking and documenting petitions for freedom to and orders from Massachusetts executive and legislative bodies prior to 1692 when those governing bodies sometimes acted as quasi-judicial entities. The Massachusetts General Court (divided in houses of Assistants and of Deputies) and the Governor’s Council considered a flurry of petitions from Native leaders and others, and sometimes orders were generated to free Indians taken captive during Metacom’s Rebellion. Because those petitions were brought and decided as legislative and executive matters, and not as civil or criminal legal actions considered by judges and juries, I decided to stop pursuing those matters because they were conceptually separate from “freedom suits.” These extracts from my preliminary research notes are offered to assist other researchers interested in this topic.

Latar Belakang. Peralatan medis dan kesehatan dewasa ini menjadi sangat kompleks dan canggih sehingga membutuhkan lingkungan dan pemeliharaan yang semakin khusus agar dapat digunakan secara optimal. Alat kesehatan dapat berfungsi dan berjalan sesuai fungsinya jika penggunaan dan pemeliharaan alat tersebut sesuai dengan petunjuk penggunaan dan pemeliharaan alat yang baik. Pemeliharaan yang baik pada sebuah alat kesehatan akan mencegah potensi bahaya yang ada pada peralatan tersebut sehingga tidak mencederai manusia dan lingkungannya. Disamping itu juga dapat mengurangi biaya pemeliharaan, meningkatkan utility, serta selalu dalam keadaan siap untuk digunakan. Peralatan kesehatan di puskesmas merupakan salah satu faktor penunjang yang sangat penting dalam penyelenggaraan pelayanan kesehatan. Puskesmas harus memastikan bahwa peralatan medis penting mereka aman, akurat, handal dan beroperasi pada tingkat kinerja yang optimal. Dalam kenyataan sehari-hari sering dijumpai masalah adanya ala...

Past studies of American nonsense literature have tended to lump it together with the British, for many good reasons. This article, however, distinguishes American nonsense, not just from the British, but from any other tradition, by way of its folk origins and cultural context. One of the least-recognized writers of nonsense is Carl Sandburg, who is famous for his iconic American poetry, but his Rootabaga Stories (1922-30) are some of the best and most distinctive representatives of the genre. Sandburg’s nonsense short stories are lyrical and strange, but their value lies also in their distinctive American origins. They are distinguished in having particularly American themes, cultural tendencies, and geography, but also in their formal techniques, which hearken back to American folklore and the tall tale in particular, as in W. B. Laughead’s Paul Bunyan (1922).

Laws," we said, "are made for the government of actions, and while they cannot interfere with mere religious belief and opinions, they may with practices. . . . Can a man excuse his practices to the contrary because of his religious belief? To permit this would be to make the professed doctrines of religious belief superior to the law of the land, and in effect to permit every citizen to become a law unto himself." -Justice Scalia, Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 1 "Only an especially important governmental interest pursued by narrowly tailored means can justify exacting a sacrifice of First Amendment [religious] freedoms as the price for an equal share of the rights, benefits, and privileges enjoyed by other citizens." -Justice O'Connor, Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith 2

Le "Prediche nomate Laberinti del libero arbitrio" sono un testo importantissimo della Riforma radicale, stampato rocambolescamente nel 1561 a Basilea da Bernardino Ochino, ex cappuccino senese convertitosi alla Riforma e rifugiato in Svizzera, ma giunto presto alla rottura con le Chiese riformate ufficiali. La questione trattata è tra le più spinose nella spiritualità del '500. L'edizione cerca di condurre il lettore nel vero e proprio garbuglio che l'appassionato religioso traccia in diciannove prediche di cui si cerca di individuare e seguire la struttura argomentativa che rivela precisi capisaldi teorici della cosiddetta "ala sinistra della Riforma".

O presente trabalho busca oferecer um breve relato da história do controle judicial de constitucionalidade nos Estados Unidos, desde sua origem até os dias atuais. Nele, mais do que oferecer ao leitor um panorama dos principais fatos (e decisões) da história constitucional norte-americana, pretende o autor demonstrar que a atuação expansiva do Poder Judiciário não necessariamente deve ser tratada como um processo que trabalha em favor da democracia e dos direitos humanos. A depender de sua composição, uma corte constitucional pode sim atuar de maneira extremamente expansiva, para regredir em matéria de proteção de direitos individuais. Mais do que isso, pode perfeitamente servir de instrumento para atender a interesses políticos e ideológicos, como órgão político que é.

This article examines a thread that runs through Martin Luther's biblical and catechetical writings: his appropriation of a Messianic logic in light of a creedal interpretation of the whole of Scripture. Situating my case in relation to recent philosophical scholarship on the apostle Paul, I contend that this biblical hermeneutic may well be Luther's signal ethical contribution for our age. Drawing on the solae (sola gratia, sola fide, sola scriptura, and solus Christus) and relating them to three themes central to his biblical hermeneutics-the Word of God, Scripture, and the Creeds-I discuss how he develops (1) a Messianic ethics that intrinsically links faith and love in relation to (2) the biblical motifs of command and promise and (3) the Christological themes of cross and incarnation. I conclude by discussing the relevance of Luther's biblical hermeneutics for a postsecular age.

Exhibition Catalog for 'Dr. Franklin, Citizen Scientist,' an exhibition at the APS Museum. Essay by Janine Yorimoto Boldt, Illustrated Checklist of the Exhibition by Boldt and Emily A. Margolis.

Taking inspiration from Benjamin Franklin’s commitment to the pursuit of knowledge for the “Benefit of Mankind in General,” 'Dr. Franklin, Citizen Scientist' considers the relationship between science and public life in the 18th-century Atlantic World. The exhibition examines the production, circulation, application, and accessibility of scientific knowledge through the life and work of Benjamin Franklin. Throughout, it highlights lesser-known contributors to the scientific enterprise and the various spaces where science was performed.

One of the most decisive yet understudied moments in the creation of a post-Tridentine rhetoric within the Apostolic Palace occurred in 1573 when Gregory XIII abandoned the program planned for the Cappella Paolina by Don Vincenzo Borghini and designed by Giorgio Vasari.
This paper argues that the program change signaled an intentional strategy by the Boncompagni papacy to recalibrate the rhetorical principles within chapel, thus shifting away from a Florentine discursive style, and importing a familiar Bolognese devotional tone through the four planned frescoes executed by Lorenzo Sabbatini. This important decision drastically recalibrated the symbolic relationships between the already extent Farnese/Michelangelo frescoes, and helped to concretize the reform trajectories into the Counter Reformation.

In December 1620, Dorothy May Bradford fell off the Mayflower and drowned off the coast of Cape Cod. Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, fictional and historical accounts began reporting her death as a suicide, suggesting without any real evidence that she was involved in a love triangle, or that she was not prepared to cope with the harsh realities of colonial life. The narrative of her alleged suicide is so pervasive that even scholars who reject the notion often mention it as a possibility. This essay argues that, in seeking to give Bradford a voice, readers inadvertently erase Bradford's agency, instead creating a caricature of a "Pilgrim" wife and mother. Reframing Bradford's death using the lens of psychohistory forces critics to interrogate the underlying stereotypes about Pilgrim woman-and motherhood that inform speculations about her death, as well as the latent misogyny in accounts that primarily identify colonial women as struggling with mental health issues. This essay explores the limits of analyzing Dorothy Bradford's mental health and challenges us to remember all of Plymouth's colonists as fully-realized people, with complex physical and mental health.

This work seeks to comprehend and investigate the significance of a certain site, the Aptucxet Trading
Post Museum Site in Bourne, Massachusetts. Specifically, the historical interpretation of the site as
being the structure built by the English colonists from Plymouth in 1627 is being examined. The site
was investigated from three historical viewpoints to understand the importance of the trading house in
its 1627, 1926, and 1995 cultural systems. First: How was the Aptucxet Trading Post viewed at the time of its construction in 1627? Second: What was role of the 1920's excavations and subsequent interpretation of the site influenced by the cultural mindset of the time? Third: How, with the archaeological knowledge since the 1920s, can the site be interpreted today?

The Oak Ridge Site was discovered during a Phase I (Intensive) archaeological survey conducted by the Museum African American History on the 26 acres where a wastewater/ sewage treatment plant (today referred to as the Tri-town sewage treatment plant) was proposed to be built. The Phase I survey was carried out in June and July of 1982 under a permit issued by the Office of the State Archaeologist (permit 504) with Beth Bower as the Principal Archaeologist and Leonard Loparto as the prehistoric consultant. Testing consisted of three stages: a walkover reconnaissance of the entire
property; random soil auger testing; and the excavation of shovel test pits. The walkover reconnaissance was carried out along seven north to south oriented swatches that paralleled Route 6 to the east. Each swatch was 200' wide and spaced 200' from its neighbor. The purpose of this phase was to identify foundations, dumps, or vegetative changes indicative of buried archaeological resources.
The Oak Ridge Site is very important in terms of local and regional archaeology. The following recommendations are made for this project to bring it to completion and give it the respect it deserves:
-Determine if a Phase III investigation was conducted a the site
-If so, determine at what stage the analysis of the artifacts and completion of the final report is at
-Finish the analysis, including comparing what was found with other local sites (like Taylor Bray and the Coburn Site) and bringing it up to 2016 speed in regards to what we known and suspect about Late Archaic cultures
-Submit the report to the Massachusetts Historical Commission
-Produce a popular report
-Exhibit the artifacts, even if on just a temporary basis, for everyone to appreciate
-Conduct Thermoluminescence dating on the fire-cracked/ burned rock recovered. A pilot study has been begun by the Taylor Bray Farm Preservation Association and analysis from the Oak Ridge Site would dovetail nicely with it (costs for  thermoluminescence dating is approximately $300.00)
-Fill out the paperwork to gt the Oak Ridge Site on the National Register of Historic Places
-Determine if the artifacts are currently stored in archival quality bags and boxes, if not, then they will need to be rebagged/ boxed
-Move the artifacts and associated field notes to a secure, state approved curation facility
-Conduct further shovel testing in any areas to be impacted by new construction near the Oak Ridge Site. The previous testing appears to have relied on soil auger surveys, which may indicate the presence of features and charcoal but which do not locate artifacts. More recent work has shown that significant prehistoric sites are often found with no traces of the charcoal or discolored soil that auger surveys are designed to encountered
-Conduct further shovel testing across the property area. Unless the town can guarantee that the remaining undeveloped portions of the property will be legally protected in perpetuity, the same reasons stated above for testing around the Oak Ridge Site go for the  remainder of the property as well.

The Agawam Site (a.k.a. the Car Tracks Site) represents a portion of a 17th century Native village location in Wareham, Massachusetts. The site was investigated at the site examination level and a range of Native Pottery remains dating to the Late Archaic to Late Woodland Periods were recovered. This specialist study presents the findings of the analysis of the the pottery including one of the earliest radiocarbon dates associated with New England pottery.

Excavations at the Nickerson Homesite were carried out from July 29 to September 23, 2019. In 2018 we focused on determining the layout of the house and beginning some preliminary investigations into the south and east yards. We returned in 2019 to further explore the yards and found evidence of two outbuildings, a bloomery furnace, the eastern palisade line and a large Native storage pit. Overall, I can conclude that the 2019 season was a success beyond what the Nickerson family of America, the Chatham Conservation Foundation, and the field crew had hoped.

The start of the Tudor regime under Henry VII witnessed a radical re-interpretation of the past and its relationship to a glorious and secure future.  With the aid of court poets and artists, Henry promoted himself as England’s savior and fostered elements of British history including his connection to King Arthur.  Historians and antiquaries of the period, however, struggled to present the past more objectively, and while their methods survived them, Henry’s sanguine view of his dynasty had longer influence.

The myth of the foundation of Rome is centred on the notion of boundary. Rome is a city that emerges from its
borders, which seem to be born simultaneously from the plow’s ritual (sulcus primigenius, muri, pomerium), and whose
perimeters tend to overlap and merge into each other. What emerges from our data is a series of fragments, of urbigonic
images, often incongruous, from which we cannot presume to derive the truth (who, when and how Rome was founded),
but rather a trace, a scheme, or a sort of abstract model at most. Nevertheless, it is extremely important to understand the
specificity of this model because it contains the peculiarity of the Roman way of constructing and inhabiting the world. Considering
the idealtypical nature of such a paradigm, it would be useless and misleading to try to adapt the rest of the literary,
epigraphic and material documentation, to find it unchanged in the different historical eras of the city. The discrepancies and
confusions that we have inherited from Antiquity derive, in a large part, from the attempt to match the material with the
ideal, the reality with the myth, the copy with the model, thus ending up freezing a relationship, that between the walls and
the pomerium, which had to be changeable and dynamic instead. The ideal city that inhabits the pages of law technicians is
a sacral fossil that does not coincide with the real city, described by historians and archaeological evidence; a dynamic, open
city that does not seem to respect the norms of the ius divinum. The growth of the empire, the lack of enemies capable of
threatening the security of the city (starting from the end of the Second Punic War), must have caused the loss of the military
function of the walls and, consequently, the progressive oblivion of their santitas.

A one day public archaeology dig was conducted at the Josiah Winslow House in Marshfield on October 22, 2016.  Over the course of the six hour day, we excavated two 50 cm square test pits on the west side of the Winslow House. The 2016 test pits were five meters west of the house and spaced 5 m. apart. They ran parallel with the west side of the house. This area had been previously tested by UMass Boston in 2004 . The 2004 testing identified an area of household refuse disposal (a sheet midden) just outside the kitchen door on this side of the house. Domestic refuse consisted of fragments of ceramics generally dating to after the late 18th century and into the nineteenth, with the general assemblage apparently dating to between ca. 1800-1850. This date range is based on ceramic decorations and tobacco pipe fragments. Faunal remains indicate that the people who created this trash ate soft shell clams, quahogs, surf clams and moonsnails, as well as a variety of domestic animals such as sheep, swine, cattle, and chicken.

In 2015, a descendant of Isaac Allerton, visited the homesite of his ancestor in Kingston, Massachusetts and found that the current property owner was building a house on or near the original Allerton/ Cushman site . The site of Allerton's home, the site first investigated by the late Dr. James Deetz in 1972, the site that revolutionized the study of vernacular architecture in Plymouth Colony. In 2016, the owner gave permission for a limited amount of excavation to occur prior to the final landscaping at the site.  The purpose of these trenches was to identify the location of the palisade trench that was found in  '72. It was hoped that once this trench was located, it could be followed back to the edge of the original excavation and from there, we would be able to determine where the original house was located. Finding the terminus of the 1972 excavation allowed us to place the other features on the ground
today. It appears that the flagpole is located in the center of the cellarhole identified in 1972. This
means that while the recently constructed house has impacted some of the postholes at the southern
and southeastern portions of the original house, the majority of it remains intact (albeit probably
impacted by various more recent utility trenches) straddling the boundary between the property we
tested on and the property to the immediate north. The palisade trench could have also been investigated in 2010 when the town waterline was installed along the path of the present driveway, but the archaeologists at the time only tested with shovel test pits, and,as luck would have it, failed to encounter it. Testing identified various section of the palisade trench as well as recovering samples of Native, 17th century colonial, and 1972 archaeologist's material culture.