End of the Bronze Age

Fragmented objects are an everyday occurrence in archaeological work. The fragmentary nature of finds often makes it difficult to assess them precisely. However, intentional damage can provide valuable insights into the rituals and social practices surrounding the deliberate destruction of votive offerings in Greek sanctuaries. A current research project at the Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie in Mainz is systematically investigating, for the first time, the traces of fragmentation on selected bronze objects from the sanctuary of Zeus at Olympia, as well as the intentions behind them.

he genesis of this volume resulted from the generosity of Matthaios Bessios, Athena Athanassiadou, and Konstantinos Noulas, in responding to an initiative by Yannis Tzifopoulos to share the discoveries made at ancient Methone since 2003 with the wider public which these finds deserved. The first stage of this dissemination was the publication of the important early inscriptions from the Hypogeion; 1 this coincided with an international conference bringing together philologists, linguists, historians, and archaeologists in 2012 to explore these discoveries more fully, 2 followed by an exhibit of the early inscriptions at the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. 3 At the invitation of Manthos Bessios, the next stage of research at Methone brought in the University of California at Los Angeles, represented by John Papadopoulos and Sarah Morris, to assemble a team of specialists to do justice to the wide spectrum of spectacular finds from excavations conducted between 2003 and 2013, and began in 2012 with a collaborative study permit issued by the Greek Ministry of Culture. This volume, delayed in part by the onset of new field research in 2014 that formed another component of our collaboration, 4 is the result of our research since 2012 and 2013. In addition to the many individuals thanked in each chapter of this volume, we are grateful to a great number of individuals and institutions who helped the Ancient Methone Archaeology Project (AMAP) reach its goals. The Pieria Ephoreia (formerly, since 2004, kZʹ Ephoreia) has hosted both field research and study seasons devoted to this project since 2012, at its storage facilities in Makrygialos, and assisted with both personnel and equipment in every season. The entire team is grateful to our successive Ephors (Efi Poulaki-Pantermali, Elena Papastavrou, and Christos Gatzolis) for permission to conduct fieldwork and study seasons, to our co-directors for arranging their summer schedules around team seasons, and to the staff for providing services on site and in the apotheke (especially Christos Avramidis, Charilaos Karanikas, Ioannis Moschos, Ioannis Moschou, Konstantinos Athanassiadis, and Iordanis Poimenidis). Security staff for study seasons at the Makrygialos storage facility graciously allowed for extended hours, thanks to guards Nikos Kalitsios and the late Vassilis Danielidis, while the Makrygialos middle school (gymnasion) provided extra workspace and restrooms under its successive principals. Since 2012, we have been assisted annually and ably by archaeologist Stamatia Kordanouli in field survey, cataloguing, washing pottery and shells, and assistance to photographers and illustrators in the documentation of finds: our profound thanks are expressed to her. Additional assistance was provided in 2012 by Maria karanika. Since 2015, Annette Dukes has served as registrar, driver, base manager, informal photographer, and project angel; no season could have run smoothly without her generosity, patience, team spirit, and archaeological skills. The heroic task of conservation was headed since 2012 by Vanessa Muros of UCLA, assisted over the years by students from the UCLA-Getty MA Program in Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials (Brittany Dolph, Carinne Tzadik, Heather White, Marci Burton, and xii PREFACE AND ACkNoWLEDGMENTS Lindsay ocal), as well as Megan o'Connor and Ciarán Lavelle (2013); during field excavation and post-excavation study seasons, we were joined by

My initial intuition in 1997  that the 13 bronzes were in relation to the stone tools present in the tomb, can rightly be confirmed today in the light of the new literature and in comparison, with the metallurgical environment emerged in the excavation of Pyrgos/Mavroraki. The rectangular slab no. 59, 37 cm long, with a straight cut at one end and a sloping and worn edge at the opposite end, can be considered in all respects one of the oldest goldsmith's workshop tools ever found, accompanied by two basalt stone hammers and two chalcedony burnishers. It can function very well as a rolling mill for metal sheets by sliding the chalcedony cylinder held in both hands over a strip of raw metal obtained by beating, stretched over the slab. But it can function as a working base (the goldsmith's bench stock) with the worn end positioned perpendicularly in front of the craftsman, as suggested by the state of wear of only one end of the slab, while the opposite one, although rough, was probably embedded in the opposite wall or between the stones of a sort of prehistoric bench, whose final functionality is not very different from the current one. We cannot therefore consider the owner of Tomb 21 a person active in the production of copper, that is in the extraction, smelting and melting of the metal, but a craftsman blacksmith who produced small swords, knives and some copper tools, but also objects of strictly personal use such as cosmetic pliers, bracelets and necklaces with personalized pendants. Objects that show the precise use of tools suitable for their creation. Furthermore, the dating of Tomb 21 leaves no doubt that the workshop from which the objects come belongs to the period of maximum splendour and production of the metallurgical site, before the extraordinary mastery perfected over centuries of production of copper and bronze objects was shattered by the devastating earthquake that shook the entire island of Cyprus.

è dedicata alle origini della civiltà cipriota nel senso più ampio del termine, attraverso la pubblicazione di memorie, saggi e ricerche storiche, linguistiche, archeometriche e archeologiche riguardanti anche i rapporti culturali e commerciali di Cipro con le altre civiltà mediterranee. Accoglie monografie, saggi e miscellanee di autori diversi presentate in lingua Italiana, Francese, Spagnola e Inglese*. * The Scripta Cipria series founded by Maria Rosaria Belgiorno is devoted to the origins of Cypriot civilization in the broadest sense of the word, through the publication of memoirs, essays and historical, linguistic, archaeometric and archaeological researches including the cultural and commercial relations of Cyprus with the other Mediterranean civilizations. It hosts monographs, essays and miscellaneous texts by different authors presented in Italian, French, Spanish and English *.

A series of surveys carried out between 1970 and 1987 by volunteers of the Gruppo Archeologico Romano collected a significant quantity of pottery sherds on the Montarana hill. This contribution presents around 200 significant fragments from the more than the 1000 of those collected.

A new scanning of far better quality made by the Akadémiai Kiadó makes easier the handling of the whole monograph (redigit by I. Holl and adiuvantibus). The plates are clearer, the footnotes are more legible. Mind my Addenda to this book as well.
A császárkori birituális temető részlet (214 sír) monográfiája  az Akadémiai Kiadó  korszerűbb, saját szkennelésében, sokkal jobb minőségben (72 rajzos tábla + 10  fekete-fehér fotó tábla (+ az 'Addenda', a főszerkesztő, Holl Imre döntése miatt kihagyott tárgyfotókkal) valamint lényegesen olvashatóbb, bőséges lábjegyzetekkel. Új feltöltés, mivel a  sima cserét sehogyan sem  tudtam megoldani.

In this paper, published in German, an analysis of early copper and bronze artefacts from Schleswig-Holstein (2250-1700 BCE) revealed an astonishing phenomenon. In the eastern region of the state, the artefacts are exclusively documented as hoards and individual finds, whereas in the western region they are primarily recovered from burial contexts. This bipolarity is also evident in the contemporaneous flint daggers. While this bipolarity diminishes during the Bronze Age, it can be observed in the opposite manner during the Final Neolithic period (Corded Ware context). The bipolarity may be interpreted as an expression of disparate social groups with diverging perceptions of the collective or the individual in the burial ritual. This persistent contrast indicate that distinct traditions emerged in a restricted area and were maintained for a considerable length of time.

Uuak (UDC) 902/904 (479.22 m295 winamdebare publikacia warmoadgens walkis municipalitetis sof. safarxarabas (dRevandeli sof. samadlo) CrdiloeTiT mdebare samarovnze 2003 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dokumenturი angariSis inglisur versias. samarovanze savele samuSaoebi mimdinareobda 2003-2005 wlebSi kompania BP-is dakveTiT. savele samuSaoebs awarmoebda oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris TrialeTiს arqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli g, narimaniSvili). mxolod 2003 wels Catarebuli samuSaoebis angariSis qarTuli versia gamoqveynebulia Jurnalis #4 nomerSi. #5 nomerSi ibeWdeba amave angariSis inglisuri versia. #6 nomeri mieZRvneba 2004 wlis, # 7 ki 2005 wlis ivnis-agvistoSi Catarebul samuSaoebs, 2005 wlis dekemberSi gaTxrebis angariSi ki daibeWdeba Jurnalis me-8 nomerSi. mT. redaqtori

Uuak (UDC) 902/904 (479.22 m295 winamdebare publikacia warmoadgens walkis municipalitetis sof. safarxarabas (dRevandeli sof. samadlo) CrdiloeTiT mdebare samarovnze 2003 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dokumenturი angariSis inglisur versias. samarovanze savele samuSaoebi mimdinareobda 2003-2005 wlebSi kompania BP-is dakveTiT. savele samuSaoebs awarmoebda oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris TrialeTiს arqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli g, narimaniSvili). mxolod 2003 wels Catarebuli samuSaoebis angariSis qarTuli versia gamoqveynebulia Jurnalis #4 nomerSi. #5 nomerSi ibeWdeba amave angariSis inglisuri versia. #6 nomeri mieZRvneba 2004 wlis, # 7 ki 2005 wlis ivnis-agvistoSi Catarebul samuSaoebs, 2005 wlis dekemberSi gaTxrebis angariSi ki daibeWdeba Jurnalis me-8 nomerSi. mT. redaqtori

This study assesses the impact of firing on burnished ceramic surfaces. For this task, two main factors related to burnishing were examined and evaluated, the reflection of the ceramics and pottery surface sheen. Macroscopic observations on the burnished surface were made with the naked eye.
A series of experiments was conducted to explore the ways in which traditional firing conditions affect pottery surfaces. Data was gathered from four different firings, including three open-air dung firings and one wood-firing in an updraft kiln. Additional testing was carried out under controlled conditions in the laboratory. The aim was to further investigate and determine the specific thermal characteristics that influenced the burnished pottery and use the feedback to approach burnishing disturbance in traditional conditions.
The data showed that certain thermal profiles and characteristics cause a reduction in burnishing on ceramic surfaces, with the rise in temperature, among others, being a significant one. The type of clay also proved to be an important factor regarding the way in which the reduction in burnishing progresses. The present inquiry constitutes the first part of an ongoing research project that will be completed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis of the microstructure and surface micromorphology of the ceramics.

Gadolou, A. 2017a "Δύο κρατήρες πρώιμων ιστορικών χρόνων από την Αχαΐα. Εκφράσεις κοινωνικής διαφοροποίσης και εδραίωσης της συλλογικής ταυτότητας, στη διάρκεια του 8ου αιώνα π.Χ. " In: Vlachou, V. & A. Gadolou (eds.) ΤΕΡΨΙΣ, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology in honour of Nota Kourou (Études d'Archéologie 10), Bruxelles, 17-60. Gadolou, A. 2017b "Achaian interaction and mobility in the area of the Corinthian Gulf during the seventh century BC". In: INTERPRETING , 212-220. Gadolou, A. 2017c "Thapsos-Class Pottery Style: a Language of Common Communication Between Corinthian Gulf Communities". In: KOINAI, 323-342. Gauer, W. 1975 Die Tongefäße aus den Brunnen unterm Stadion-Nordwall und im Südost-Gebiet (Olympische Forschungen 8), Berlin. Gazis, M. 2017 "Teichos Dymaion, Achaea. An acropolis-harbour of the Ionian Sea looking westwards". In: HESPEROS, 463-472. Gentili, G.V. 1988 "Testimonianze dell'abitato villanoviano ed 'Etruscoide' di Verucchio", La Formazione della città proromana in

There is a confusion in the use of the terms “gorodni” and “tarasa”, related to the construction of walls, in written sources and historiography on the architecture of the fortifications of the Russian state in Siberia and the Far East. The purpose of the study, the results of which are presented in the article, was to clarify the meaning of the term “gorodni” in written sources. The factual base consists of written, archaeological and cartographic sources. It is established that the term “gorodni” is earlier in relation to the term “tarasa”. The change of terminology did not reflect changes in the wall structure. Such a structure of defensive walls as a gorodni was not used in the region under study. Both of these terms imply a tarasa structure, which were called “gorodni” in written sources until the middle of the XVII century, and from the second half of the XVII century mainly “tarasa”.

This catalog analyzes a total of 122 Cypriot sherds found in Area D-West, which are comprised of two sherds of Red-on-Red/Red-on-Black ware and 120 White Painted wares: four in White Painted Cross Line Style (cls); 18 in White Painted Pendant Line Style (pls); three in White Painted iv-vi; and 95 sherds of White Painted indeterminate. Chronologically, this catalog represents sherds from contexts dated to the Middle Bronze Age i-ii. The Cypriot pottery found in Tomb 8050 as well as two other sherds from Area L are included in the analysis and discussions here, but the actual catalog for those sherds will be found in Chapter

Работа выполнена при поддержке проекта РНФ № 22-18-00194 «Эпохальная трансформация культурного и физического облика населения юга Среднего Поволжья и Приуралья в период неолитранний железный век по источникам археологии, антропологии, генетики». Аннотация. В статье публикуются материалы кургана эпохи средней бронзы, раскопанного в 2000 году в могильнике Бобровка I, расположенном в долине р. Самары на территории Самарского Заволжья. Курган диаметром 42 м и высотой 0,84 м был сооружён из земляных блоков и окружён рвом, врезанным в материк. Под насыпью кургана выявлена могильная яма с уступом, которая содержала погребение пожилого мужчины в возрасте 55-65 лет, захороненного в скорченном на спине положении, головой на СВ. В радиоуглеродной лаборатории Университета штата Пенсильвания методом AMS получена абсолютная дата кости погребённого: 4185±20 BP, Cal 2880-2700 BCE. Погребение безынвентарное, но рядом на пашне найден металлический нож. Ключевые слова: Волго-Уральское междуречье, эпоха средней бронзы, курганный могильник, ямная культура, полтавкинская культура.

The article presents the results of a of the features of firing hand-made pottery of the Beloyar and Kalinkinа cultures, collected during excavations from eight settlements of the first half of the Early Iron Age in the Barsova Gora tract near the western outskirts of the city of Surgut. In the course of production, the vessels of both cultures were subjected to heat treatment of a low degree of intensity. With the exception of a few containers, they were fired under approximately the same conditions. Among the Beloyar ceramics, the complex from the fortified settlement Barsov gorodok I/3 stands out. It presents three groups of pots and jars, differing in the degree of firing intensity: intensive, medium and least. It was established that the difference in the intensity of firing ceramics was due not to temperature fluctuations in the fires and hearths, but to differences in the skills of the craftsmen. These differences could manifest themselves in the temperature and / or duration of firing, the time spent by containers in fires and hearths, the design features of heat engineering devices, etc. In terms of the intensity of firing, a group of vessels from the settlement Barsova Gora III/20, made of highly sanded clays, stands out in the collection of dishes from the Kalinkina culture. On the clay component preservation diagram, the values for such samples are located closer to its center. This is especially characteristic of vessel 32, which was fired more intensively than all the other items of this group. The corresponding characteristics of the three vessels from the settlement Barsova Gora III/12 on the same diagram are at the maximum distance from the origin of coordinates. This also distinguishes them from the rest of the pottery from this site and testifies to less intense firing. It is not yet possible to reconstruct specific types and design features of devices for firing ceramics used by potters of the Beloyar and Kalinkina cultures. One can only assume that the dishes were fired in bonfires and hearths.

Clay is a product of the breakdown or weathering of feldspathic rock and is abundant in nature (Rodes 1975 cited in Ali 2014). Secondary clays are found in most localities and their contamination with other non-clay or organic matrices such as wood, leaves, pebbles, and other non-plastic inclusions makes them suitable for pottery making. Secondary clay can be used with little or no additives and matures at low temperatures during firing by potters. This study, therefore, investigates the indigenous production of clay wares (pottery) of the Izzi people of Ebonyi state, Northeast of Igboland. The swampy and shale basements of the Abakaliki complex make clay easily available. The clays are called ura by the Izzi people. The ura is light grey and quite malleable due to the availability of carbon and other organic substances. Research findings show that this may be the last generation of potters in Izzi, as the art faces lots of threats from modern technology, several pain points by the potters and apathy by the present generation in learning the art. Modern ceramics, plastics and steel wares are a serious threat to the sustenance of the craft. There is a need to sustain the trade through research and improving the skills and technology for modern pottery production.

The Mala Mcha graveyard is located in Iranian Kurdistan, near the ancient Mannaean site of Ziwiya. Abdolreza Mohajerynezhad and Rasol Oshtodan conducted rescue excavations at Mala Mcha in 2012, and 16 graves were uncovered. Although most of the graves had been plundered by tomb robbers the tomb structures, and especially the grave-goods that remained, suggest an Iron Age III date and close relations with neighbouring sites such as Ziwiye, Qalaichi and Changbar. Most of the graves were covered with large flat slabs and contained one, two or three burials, the exception being tomb no. 7 with 14 burials.

The present article considers two socketed axes discovered in Transylvania, dated to the end of the Bronze Age, as well as several particular aspects regarding their context and decorations. One socketed axe, from Ciugud, found on the Mureş River bank, opened a discussion on the aquatic contexts of certain bronze items, most of which had been found in this riverbed around the town of Alba Iulia. The second socketed axe, previously considered to have been lost, originated from the hoard from Pănade (Pănade I) – its contents are readdressed in the present paper. The decoration on the socketed axe depicts Y-shaped ribs and it is discussed within the context of several similar items.

Recent research has shown that the creation of Bronze Age metalwork hoards is based on selection processes and culture-specific rules. Not everything is hoarded, and not everything can be mixed and matched with everything else. Hoards that consist of only one find category ("reine Horte" in German) are of particular interest in this context, since the
selection and placement of only specific bronzes is particularly evident here. The present article discusses "pure" hoards composed exclusively of socketed axes along the lower Danube and in the eastern Carpathian Basin. A new list of such discoveries is presented, their chronology, chorology and interpretation discussed.

Im Juli 2010 entdeckte ein Detektorgänger bei Norderstapel ein aus vier Bronzebecken bestehendes Gefäßdepot. Es handelt sich um vier Kreuzattaschenbecken, die mit der Mündung nach unten in einer etwa 60 cm×50 cm großen Grube deponiert worden waren. Alle Fundstücke sind dem Typ B2a nach G. von Merhart zuzuweisen, die vornehmlich in die Stufe Ha B2/B3 datiert werden (Periode V im Norden). Sie dürften im Karpatenbogen selbst oder in den nördlich vorgelagerten Regionen gefertigt worden und von dort in den Norden gelangt sein. Da für die Perioden IV und V aus Schleswig-Holstein bislang keine Bronzegefäße bekannt waren, schließen die Neufunde eine Fundlücke. Der Auffindungsort liegt auf einem Geestrücken, der von den Flussmarschen der Flüsse Eider, Treene und Sorge umgeben ist. Er dürfte im landgestützten Handel entlang der schleswig-holsteinischen Westküste und für die Verbindung zwischen Dithmarschen und Nordfriesland eine Mittlerstellung eingenommen haben, die sich auch in dem Hortfund...

Im Juli 2010 entdeckte ein Detektorganger bei Norderstapel ein aus vier Bronzebecken bestehendes Gefasdepot. Es handelt sich um vier Kreuzattaschenbecken, die mit der Mundung nach unten in einer etwa 60 cm×50 cm grosen Grube deponiert worden waren. Alle Fundstucke sind dem Typ B2a nach G. von Merhart zuzuweisen, die vornehmlich in die Stufe Ha B2/B3 datiert werden (Periode V im Norden). Sie durften im Karpatenbogen selbst oder in den nordlich vorgelagerten Regionen gefertigt worden und von dort in den Norden gelangt sein. Da fur die Perioden IV und V aus Schleswig-Holstein bislang keine Bronzegefase bekannt waren, schliesen die Neufunde eine Fundlucke. Der Auffindungsort liegt auf einem Geestrucken, der von den Flussmarschen der Flusse Eider, Treene und Sorge umgeben ist. Er durfte im landgestutzten Handel entlang der schleswig-holsteinischen Westkuste und fur die Verbindung zwischen Dithmarschen und Nordfriesland eine Mittlerstellung eingenommen haben, die sich auch in dem Hortfund...

This chapter is an object-biographical approach applied on the assemblage of the Late Bronze Age cemetery of Gelej (Hungary), focuses on the  technical aspects of manufacturing ceramics, use wear, secondarily burnt ceramics and deliberate destruction of vessels related to the rather complex social practice of burial rituals.

This article is the first of a series presenting the results of two seasons of excavation (2001 and 2002) at the Little Palace North site, Knossos. The excavation was aimed at the exploration of the exposed earth section directly north of the Little Palace, prior to the construction of a drystone wall which was to protect this section from further erosion. While limited in extent, the excavation provided an opportunity to increase our understanding of the layout of the LM and later town and, more generally, of the complex history of occupation of this area, which spans the period from at least the sixteenth century BC to the fourth century AD.In regard to the early Greek periods, few architectural remains were encountered at the Little Palace North site. Instead, early Greek strata, covering all periods from Subminoan to Orientalizing, yielded evidence for various activities that took place outdoors. These activities included, in one area, the (enigmatic) use of large, clay-lined &#...

The excavation, of which this is Part 1 of the final report, took place in following trials made the previous year by the Ephorate of Euboea on a b locality 'Toumba' at Lefkandi. These trials revealed the well preserved wal building apparently Protogeometric in date, as a result of which the Gre Service promoted a joint Greek-British project to investigate the whole of undertaking completed in 1983. The initial investigation was carried out by Mrs. A. Balomenou, then Euboea. In the subsequent excavations, which included futher investigatio cemetery, the Directors appointed by the Greek Archaeological Service were, fo Mrs. E. Touloupa, and thereafter Mr. P.G. Calligas, working under the gen Section 1 The Archaeological Background The building, which measures some 47m. in length and 10m. wide, was constructed at the locality Toumba' (PLATE 1) on a levelled platform of rock which extended well beyond its walls except at the west end where the rock shelves down and required some packing. Despite extensive damage, which the building has suffered mainly in recent years, its plan is reasonably certain, a long, narrow structure oriented east-west, with its approach from the east and terminating in an apse at the west, and it was provided with a veranda extending along its main walls and around the apse (PLATE 2).1 Internally it comprises three main sectors of which the central room is considerably longer than the others. The individual units of the building (shown on the schematic plan at PLATE 2) are here named and defined as follows.2 The Porch is that area in front of the main entrance door and includes the levelled expanse of rock over which it was approached. The East Room is that immediately inside the entrance and contained differing structures in three of its corners. The Central Room, the largest, was mostly destroyed by illegal bulldozing, but its surviving portion contained two burials shafts, a clay box in the southeast corner and two parallel projecting walls in the northeast one. The West Corridor is the passageway from the Central Room into the Apse, and, off it, on either side are doorways leading into two compartments, the North and South Rooms of which the east walls were in both cases demolished by the bulldozer. The Apse Room, at the far west, poorly preserved and with its limits to some extent conjectural, contained a group of pits in its south half, possibly to hold storage jars but found empty (PLATE 3). Following the burials, and soon after its construction, the structure was abandoned, for its earth floors showed little sign of use or consolidation. There are some indications that it may not even have been completed at the time this took place. The structure was then partly dismantled, filled in and buried beneath a mound. Initial attempts may have been made to fill the rooms from within but the method eventually adopted was to construct a ramp, mainly composed of mudbricks, up against the outer walls and to pour the filling material into the building from above. This process is graphically illustrated by the two sections across the Central Room at PLATE 4. 2 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND There are no indications of subsequent use of confined to modern bulldozing and the robbing Porch and the eastern half of the north wall, burials in the cemetery, which came into use a into the mudbricks of the Ramp and into th beyond the blocking wall built across the Porch

AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION BY NON-ANALYTICAL MEANS' A FUNDAMENTAL requirement for archaeologists dealing with the masses of by excavation or survey in Greek lands is the existence of secure criteria fo for the attribution of imported categories to their places of manufacture. several obvious purposes and applications. For example, it is essential in proportion of local and imported wares in any assemblage or in establishing t Permission to study the pottery from Asine in the Nauplion museum was given by the Ephoreia for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities in Nauplion. Thanks are due to the staffs of the ephoreia, in particular Ch. Lanara, and the museum, as well as to the Swedish Institute in Athens for

In volume 84 of the Annual for 1989 I published two Protogeometric Amorgos in the museum of the British School at Athens. Here I publ eleven PG vases in the same collection.' Unlike the Amorgos vases, no group has a credible provenance. However, in most cases their place o probable provenance may be conjectured with some confidence. Given all can safely be assumed to have been found in graves. While the lack them of much of their potential interest, their publication remains wo the corpus of PG pottery is comparatively small and that most o consideration are unusual and thus of intrinsic interest. Three hav published and two others described in varying detail by Desborough in Pottery. A general description of the fabric of nos. 1-9, all of which are fairly uniform, prefaces the catalogue so as to avoid unnecessary repetition. FABRIC I-g, all of Attic manufacture, share the same basic fabric. Where the biscuit is visible (not in the cases of 3, 4, and 8) it is characterized by evenly fired, light brown (7.5YR 7/4-6, IoYR 7/4, 8/4-6) clay. Most distinctive and common to all are numerous small to medium, angular, reddish inclusions; this is the hallmark of Attic PG fabric. All contain varying amounts of fine mica (visible only under a lens) and sometimes small calcareous grits and/or quartz; tiny whitish and reddish specks are also common. Some spalling occurs in nearly every case. Unless specified, all have semi-glossy black paint, usually fugitive over large areas; this too is characteristic of Attic PG pottery.

The highlighting of these elements in the present paper shows that the analogy asserted by A. Vulpe between the decoration style of certain disc-butted axes and the ornamentation displayed by a wide range of pottery vessels from Lăpuş and other sites of the Suciu de Sus culture is still very much valid. The revival of the specific ornaments took place in the context of the perpetuation of certain identity expressions through the use and display of bronze objects such as the disc-butted axes. The tension
between the old and the new elements is reflected by the intensity with which certain social and religious traditions are expressed, mainly in the field of funerary (e.g. biritual cemeteries and lavish burials) and
depositional practice, through the increase of the number of deposited objects, noticeable also in the case of the traditional so-called “one-type hoards” and Apa type deposits, in addition to the newly adopted
hoards inspired by the Kurd type.

Among the 37 objects from the bronze hoard of Pir there are some pieces which presence in the Upper Tisa Basin and north Transylvania is extremely rare, but are frequent discoveries in other regions. Five of these objects, four socketed axes and a pendant, have analogies in the Alpine area and the northwestern Balkans and may be considered imports from the west and south-west. The considering of the objects from Pir as imports is supported by the fact that they are continuing a process from the previous period (HaA) when, between the metallurgic centres including Transdanubia, the northwestern Balkan area, the metallurgical centres from the Upper Tisa region and Transylvania exchanges with metal pieces took place. The intermediary discoveries may be considered marking points of the directions of circulation of these objects. The concentration of pieces along some communication lines makes necessary the discussion about if the connectivity between regions means only the import of objects or if there are also other types of mobility implied. Along the objects from the Pir hoard there are pieces with a similar provenience in the hoard from Ciumeşti. Both hoards are completing the picture about the presence of imports in an area considered to be a traditional trade route linking Transylvania and the north of the Pannonian Plain. The meaning of these ‘imports’ of north-west Balkanic/southeast Pannonian adornments, weapons and clothing pieces have to be treated from the perspective of their deposition as offerings and also as identity marks. In this context, the connectivity is seen in close relationship with regional deposition customs, with economic and commercial realities and also with identity negotiations produced in the framework of a distinguishable physical and cultural mobility. The intense connectivity evidenced in the repertoire of the bronze discoveries from Transylvania and along the routes towards this area rich in resources, reflects a new dynamic of the society pointing to the fact that from a socio-economic perspective the macro regional convergences tend to prevail over regional divergences

Selected fragments of late Roman pottery sherds that were excavated from Gadara (Um Qais), North Jordan were investigated using multi-methods approach (i. e., typology and archaeometry) in order to learn more about their raw materials, manufacturing technology and provenance. In addition to traditional typological analysis, the samples were analyzed as to their mineralogical content using petrography and XRD, their chemical composition using EDX-SEM, and their internal microstructures using SEM after refiring some samples between 700°C and 1100°C. The results indicated that the Roman potters at Gadara manufactured jars, bowls, and juglets using ferruginous calcareous clays with minimum improvements, while they improved the wares of the cooking pots either by firing at the proper temperatures or selecting and processing the raw materials to fulfill their use. The available raw materials in Gadara and its surrounding seem to be good enough for pottery making, thus, there was no need to import such vessels at that time. 2. Archaeological context of the samples The samples of this study have been selected from the large amount of pottery sherds that were collected during the 2013 and 2014 seasons

l-l<;. i. Map of Sphakia with Crete inset (drawn by SRI'P). enables us to place the cave in the context of the contemporary settlement pattern. The consistent recording of the cave and the settlements, along with fabric analysis of the pottery, reconfirm the value of archaeological survey. The overall objective of the Sphakia Survey is to reconstruct the sequence of human activity in Sphakia, from the time that people arrived in the area, up to AD 1900, the end of the Turkish period in Crete. 2 From its inception, the Survey was conceived as an interdisciplinary J Thanks to a generous permit obtained from the Greek Archaeological Service through the Canadian Archaeological Institute at Athens, researchers began working in Sphakia in 1987. The Survey is co-directed by

Ceramic surface treatments resulting in polished surfaces are frequent during all the Neolithic period and show a significant variability. Although many studies contribute towards a better understanding of some aspects of these treatments, none of them provide a genuine technical and traceological reconstitution method in archaeology. This paper outlines a set of specific experiments designed to test the influence of five main factors on the traces formation process (tool, movement and active part of the tool, paste water content, hydration process and superimposition of the various treatments). The results of the traceological analysis show that: (a) four main techniques can be highlighted through this approach; (b) the variability of the traces occurring during the applied treatments was linked to several processes and methods; (c) archaeological pottery examinations show the potential role of surface treatments in defining "technological styles" and differentiating groups and settlements from one another. As a result, these experiments entail a methodological innovation to archaeology, yielding a broader perspective into prehistoric technologies.

This article explores the chemical-element composition of a wide range of local domestic wares (late 6th century b.c. to early 4th century a.d.). Using instrumental neutron activation analysis and two statistical approaches, we examine whether function or date explains variations in the chemical groups we found and if they match their archaeological labels. The initial choice of ceramic pastes (cooking fabric or buff ware) relates to function, but within those main categories, vessel function did not affect grouping. Fabrics did vary with time. Such changes do not occur at the same time in the cooking and buff wares, nor do they correlate well with the political history of the city.