Electricity and Gas Market

The present work aims to investigate a particular measure of enforcement attributed to the regulatory authorities of public utility services by Article 2, c. 20, lett. d, Law 481/95, i.e. the power to order service operators to cease conduct that infringes users’ rights. Starting from the rich phenomenology of the uses made of that measure in the energy sector by the regulatory authority (Arera), and assuming (as far as possible) a neutral point of view, this work would show the versatility of the measure, capable of adapting to the needs that arise in various forms in the ever-changing context of the concrete behavior of the sector operator. To this end, I will delve into the affordances (à la Gibson) offered both by the specific discipline of the cease and desist order, and by the regulation of the services within which conducts infringing to users’ rights can concretely take place.

Natural gas has continued to experience high patronage over the years, largely due to its efficiency as an energy source. Economic growth literature posits that there is a relationship between energy consumption and growth. More recent literature have argued for the efficiency of the form of energy used. The robustness of this relationship is however often questioned. Indeed natural gas remains one of the most efficient forms of energy source, and it is found in abundance in Nigeria with a proven reserve of over 180 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and the ninth country in the world regarding proven natural gas reserves. Hence, given the significant outlays of natural gas to economic growth, this study attempts an evaluation of domestic gas utilisation in Nigeria. Key macroeconomic variables with the theoretical potential of influencing the level of gas utilised in Nigeria were subjected to econometric model testing using time series data from 1980 to 2013. The result in conformity with literature reflected that gas plays a pivotal role in the Nigerian economic advancement.

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas non-renewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas nonrenewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas nonrenewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

This study evaluated the influence of human capital on industrial sector growth in Nigeria from 1986 to 2020. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag co-integration method of estimation was applied in the empirical analyses to determine the influence of human capital variables on industrial sector growth. The empirical observations revealed that government's recurrent investment in education had significantly negative short-run impact on industrial sector growth while in the long run, there was a significant positive influence. Government recurrent expenditure on health revealed short-run significant impact on industrial sector growth while in the long run, it was observed to be negative. The implication of this on the industrial sector is that for the desired level of industrial sector growth to be achieved, investment in education should be increased by government policy. The study suggests that there should be a premeditated government investment in education and health to achieve the desired level of industrial sector growth in Nigeria in the nearest future.

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas non-renewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

Natural gas has continued to experience high patronage over the years, largely due to its efficiency as an energy source. Economic growth literature posits that there is a relationship between energy consumption and growth. More recent literature have argued for the efficiency of the form of energy used. The robustness of this relationship is however often questioned. Indeed natural gas remains one of the most efficient forms of energy source, and it is found in abundance in Nigeria with a proven reserve of over 180 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and the ninth country in the world regarding proven natural gas reserves. Hence, given the significant outlays of natural gas to economic growth, this study attempts an evaluation of domestic gas utilisation in Nigeria. Key macroeconomic variables with the theoretical potential of influencing the level of gas utilised in Nigeria were subjected to econometric model testing using time series data from 1980 to 2013. The result in conformity with literature reflected that gas plays a pivotal role in the Nigerian economic advancement.

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The predictive power of the manufacturing output on growth is a topical issue, especially with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on global manufacturing and economic activities. As such, this study examines how Nigeria’s manufacturing output can be observed in estimating economic growth. The ARDL model and OLS technique were employed in our assessments, and quarterly data was sourced from the CBN statistical bulletin for 2019 and the NBS annual report from 2010Q1 to 2020Q4. The study finds that manufacturing output positively and significantly affects growth in Nigeria and therefore can significantly predict further economic growth and, by extension, recession in Nigeria. It also recommends the need to improve the ease of doing business and security, adjusting interest rates for manufacturers, stabilize the exchange rate, develop infrastructure, and increase interventions in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria.

The predictive power of the manufacturing output on growth is a topical issue, especially with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on global manufacturing and economic activities. As such, this study examines how Nigeria’s manufacturing output can be observed in estimating economic growth. The ARDL model and OLS technique were employed in our assessments, and quarterly data was sourced from the CBN statistical bulletin for 2019 and the NBS annual report from 2010Q1 to 2020Q4. The study finds that manufacturing output positively and significantly affects growth in Nigeria and therefore can significantly predict further economic growth and, by extension, recession in Nigeria. It also recommends the need to improve the ease of doing business and security, adjusting interest rates for manufacturers, stabilize the exchange rate, develop infrastructure, and increase interventions in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria.

The predictive power of the manufacturing output on growth is a topical issue, especially with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on global manufacturing and economic activities. As such, this study examines how Nigeria’s manufacturing output can be observed in estimating economic growth. The ARDL model and OLS technique were employed in our assessments, and quarterly data was sourced from the CBN statistical bulletin for 2019 and the NBS annual report from 2010Q1 to 2020Q4. The study finds that manufacturing output positively and significantly affects growth in Nigeria and therefore can significantly predict further economic growth and, by extension, recession in Nigeria. It also recommends the need to improve the ease of doing business and security, adjusting interest rates for manufacturers, stabilize the exchange rate, develop infrastructure, and increase interventions in the manufacturing sector in Nigeria.

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas non-renewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

In this paper is performed an econometric analysis of the dependence between of consumption, GDP and interest rates of 15 European Union countries over a period of three years. The main purpose of this paper is to show how this can be done using the Eviews program, the steps that we must go through this program and to forecast achievements

Regulatory Types. Toward the Credit Protection in Energy Law. In this paper, I propose two Ideal types (Idealtypen) to investigate the various institutions aimed at credit protection in both electricity and gas market, adopted by the Italian sectorial regulatory authority (the Autorità per l'energia elettrica il gas e il sistema idrico). Two different "regulatory types" are considered: (a) in the first approach, the regulatory authority intervention is aimed at applying the ordinary measures of credit protection, which need to be implemented because of the technical specificities of electrify and gas sectors; (b) in the second approach, the regulatory authority intervention is aimed at adopting new legal instruments, in order to compensate the inadequacy of ordinary measures in peculiar situations. These regulators models allow to highlight the different conditions and limits that the regulatory authority encounters when the opposite interests of market operators and consumers have to be concilied.

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas nonrenewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

Bibliography In addition, there is another clear growth effect which derives from changes in the parameter which defines the diffusion path of new capital goods. An increase in the value of this parameter again causes an increase in human capital devoted to research and an upward shift of the diffusion path, thus increasing the long-run growth rate. This result underlines the difference with previous R&D endogenous growth models in that we now have a clear distinction between the sectors producing and using new capital goods. The empirical implications of the theoretical models are then investigated by testing the causal link between R&D and investment, on the one hand, and output growth and investment on the other hand. Indeed, a crucial task of any empirical investigation dealing with endogenous growth theories is to explain the nature of the links between industrial research, investment and economic growth. There is much room for study in this framework, as there are still only a few studies analysing these relationships. Our analysis deals with both aggregate data for the US and UK economies and an intersectoral analysis for the US manufacturing sector. We have used a test procedure which allows us to analyse both the short-run and the long-run properties of the variables using cointegration techniques. We are able to test for any feedback between these variables, thus giving more detailed and robust evidence on the forces underlying the growth process. The results suggests that R&D Granger causes investment in machinery and equipment only in the US economy. However, there is evidence of long-run feedback implying that investment may also affect R&D. In the UK economy there is no evidence for R&D causing investment nor is there strong evidence of long-run feedback between the two variables. This suggests that the causal link between R&D and investment may not be thought of as a stylised fact in industrialised economies. We have also analysed the relationship between investment and output growth to test whether investment may be considered as the key factor in the growth process. We find little support for the hypothesis that investment has a long-run effect on growth. In addition, causality tests support bi-directional causality between these variables in the US economy while in the UK economy, output growth causes investment both in the shortrun and in the long-run. 5 CHAPTER II 2. Technological Change and Endogenous Growth 2.1

Bibliography In addition, there is another clear growth effect which derives from changes in the parameter which defines the diffusion path of new capital goods. An increase in the value of this parameter again causes an increase in human capital devoted to research and an upward shift of the diffusion path, thus increasing the long-run growth rate. This result underlines the difference with previous R&D endogenous growth models in that we now have a clear distinction between the sectors producing and using new capital goods. The empirical implications of the theoretical models are then investigated by testing the causal link between R&D and investment, on the one hand, and output growth and investment on the other hand. Indeed, a crucial task of any empirical investigation dealing with endogenous growth theories is to explain the nature of the links between industrial research, investment and economic growth. There is much room for study in this framework, as there are still only a few studies analysing these relationships. Our analysis deals with both aggregate data for the US and UK economies and an intersectoral analysis for the US manufacturing sector. We have used a test procedure which allows us to analyse both the short-run and the long-run properties of the variables using cointegration techniques. We are able to test for any feedback between these variables, thus giving more detailed and robust evidence on the forces underlying the growth process. The results suggests that R&D Granger causes investment in machinery and equipment only in the US economy. However, there is evidence of long-run feedback implying that investment may also affect R&D. In the UK economy there is no evidence for R&D causing investment nor is there strong evidence of long-run feedback between the two variables. This suggests that the causal link between R&D and investment may not be thought of as a stylised fact in industrialised economies. We have also analysed the relationship between investment and output growth to test whether investment may be considered as the key factor in the growth process. We find little support for the hypothesis that investment has a long-run effect on growth. In addition, causality tests support bi-directional causality between these variables in the US economy while in the UK economy, output growth causes investment both in the shortrun and in the long-run. 5 CHAPTER II 2. Technological Change and Endogenous Growth 2.1

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas non-renewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

This study analyses government capital and recurrent spending outlays on sectors (education, health, defense agriculture and transport and communication) believed to be critical to the growth of the economy, for the period 1980 to 2014. The Error Correction Method was adopted to analyze the short-run impact of each spending division on the prosperity of the economy. The disaggregation into capital and recurrent expenditure was done to gauge the impact each has economic growth. Empirical findings of the study reveal that though capital outlays on the sectors concerned have been more significant than recurrent spending towards achieving the goal of economic growth, more priority should still be given to capital spending. At the same time, the continuous growth in recurrent spending over capital spending should be checked. This study therefore recommends an increase capital spending in the various sectors considered, relative to recurrent spending, in accordance with our conclusions drawn from the period under study. We believe the main critical inducing outlay of government on growth is capital spending. Also, because of the interrelationship existing between the sectors considered, proper harnessing of the potentials of the various sectors is crucial towards attaining the goal of Nigeria becoming one of the twenty most industrialized nations by 2020,

This study analyses government capital and recurrent spending outlays on sectors (education, health, defense agriculture and transport and communication) believed to be critical to the growth of the economy, for the period 1980 to 2014. The Error Correction Method was adopted to analyze the short-run impact of each spending division on the prosperity of the economy. The disaggregation into capital and recurrent expenditure was done to gauge the impact each has economic growth. Empirical findings of the study reveal that though capital outlays on the sectors concerned have been more significant than recurrent spending towards achieving the goal of economic growth, more priority should still be given to capital spending. At the same time, the continuous growth in recurrent spending over capital spending should be checked. This study therefore recommends an increase capital spending in the various sectors considered, relative to recurrent spending, in accordance with our conclusions drawn from the period under study. We believe the main critical inducing outlay of government on growth is capital spending. Also, because of the interrelationship existing between the sectors considered, proper harnessing of the potentials of the various sectors is crucial towards attaining the goal of Nigeria becoming one of the twenty most industrialized nations by 2020,

This study examined the impact of agriculture sector growth on unemployment level as well as the direction of causality between agricultural sector output and unemployment level in Nigeria. Secondary annual time series data between 1981 and 2016 were used for the study. Data on unemployment rate, agriculture sector output, public expenditure and industrial output were obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria’s statistical Bulletin while data on FDI and population growth were obtained from the World Bank World Development Indicators. The data were analyzed using ADF (Augmented Dickey Fuller Test) unit root test, Autoregressive distributed lag Bounds test of cointegration, Autoregressive distributed lag error correction model estimation and Granger causality. The results of ADF unit root test revealed variables were at different orders of integration, the ARDL bounds test revealed cointegration between variables, and the Autoregressive distributed lag error correction model estimatio...

This paper investigated this disparity in the literature using Nigeria data from 1980 to 2016. In doing this, energy consumption was disaggregated, and their impacts on economic growth investigated using a modified Ordinary Least Square technique which allows for time gaps in the model. It was observed that only renewable energy impacted on economic growth in the long-run whereas non-renewable energy component impacted on economic growth in the short-run. Therefore, the study sees the impact of energy consumption on economic growth to be indistinct in Nigeria within the period under review. This further buttresses the need for improvement in electricity production and distribution in Nigeria. Given the importance of energy consumption on productivity, the study, therefore, suggests policies/measures that will bring about increasing the supply or improvement of energy production in the country.

This study analyses government capital and recurrent spending outlays on sectors (education, health, defense agriculture and transport and communication) believed to be critical to the growth of the economy, for the period 1980 to 2014. The Error Correction Method was adopted to analyze the short-run impact of each spending division on the prosperity of the economy. The disaggregation into capital and recurrent expenditure was done to gauge the impact each has economic growth. Empirical findings of the study reveal that though capital outlays on the sectors concerned have been more significant than recurrent spending towards achieving the goal of economic growth, more priority should still be given to capital spending. At the same time, the continuous growth in recurrent spending over capital spending should be checked. This study therefore recommends an increase capital spending in the various sectors considered, relative to recurrent spending, in accordance with our conclusions drawn from the period under study. We believe the main critical inducing outlay of government on growth is capital spending. Also, because of the interrelationship existing between the sectors considered, proper harnessing of the potentials of the various sectors is crucial towards attaining the goal of Nigeria becoming one of the twenty most industrialized nations by 2020,

This empirical study aims to analyze the impact of economic growth and employment in the agricultural sector on poverty in Aceh Province. The study is conducted on annual time series data for the period of 1995-2017 while to explain the research objectives used Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Granger Causality. The results found, in the short term, only employment in the agricultural sector has a significant effect on poverty. Meanwhile, in the long term, economic growth has a profound and negative impact on poverty. On the contrary, the absorption of labor in the agricultural sector tends to increase poverty. In addition, the results obtained that economic growth has a unidirectional relationship with employment in the agricultural sector. It was, therefore, suggested that the government should prioritize economic development in regions that have relatively high poverty rate and build an agro-industry in Aceh to increase agricultural value added and also absorb more...

This paper empirically examined the dynamic impact of energy consumption on the growth of Nigeria economy between 1986 and 2016 using symmetrical autoregressive distributed lag model approach. Findings from the study revealed that electricity consumption has not had a significant impact on the growth of the Nigerian economy. It shows that due to fluctuations in electricity supply, the growth of Nigerian economy has been on the decline. However, petroleum consumption was discovered to have a significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria; while gas consumption was discovered to have no significant impact on the growth of Nigeria economy. This was attributed to gas flaring activities and other environmental abuses that had caused major Niger-delta crisis and attendant consequences like pipeline vandalization and hostage taking. Suggestive from the study therefore are that government should undertake a cogent approach towards reforming the electricity supply sector as its paramount for the country's quest for industrialization.

Abstract:
This research aimed to study and analyze the current situation and predictions of the production and consumption for fish in Egypt. In addition to identifying the most important determinants for the demand of fish in Egypt in order to estimate the demand, function for fish by using Autoregressive Districted Lag (ARDL). As well as studying the fish problems and Suggesting the appropriate methods for how to solving it. The study used some of the techniques and econometric models such as linear regression, unit root test and Autoregressive Districted Lag (ARDL) approach to estimating of the demand function for fish in Egypt.
The most important economic results from the estimated econometric model (ARDL) are; there is a negative and statistically significant effect for the fish price and a positive and statistically significant effect for each of the red meat price and the poultry price of and the real gross domestic production on the demand quantity of fish. The short-run of demand elasticity for each of the fish price, red meat price, poultry price, and GDP estimated at about to (-0.197) (0.258) (0.342) (0.644), respectively. While the long-run demand elasticity for the above-mentioned variables estimated at about to (-0.339) (-0.449) (-0.347) (-0.923), respectively, during the study period.
The study recommends the need to establish an integrated database for fish. It is including the all data rerated to the fish of farms and hatcheries, ports and fishing boats and lakes in Egypt. It can be through this database issuing a several reports regarding the productivity of farms, lakes and various fishing ports. As well as the reports related to the numbers of employment and fishing boats. In addition to other reports related to the fish problems and how to solving those problems. As well as the need to create the fish Stock Exchange that, aims to protect the fishermen from the control of some of the wholesalers, provision of fish for consumers at affordable prices through increased supply, encourage fishing and Fish Resources Development, and creating a surplus for export of fish.

In  cosa  la regolazione  delle  autorità  amministrative  indipendenti  è  diversa  (ammesso  che  lo  sia)  “da  una normale  attività  autoritativa  di  una  pubblica  amministrazione  classificabile  secondo  le  categorie elaborate  de  Otto  Mayer,  da  Zanobini  o  riassuntivamente  elencate  nelle  vecchie  edizioni  del Landi  e  Potenza”.  E, soprattutto,  per  i  civilisti,  la  domanda  da  farsi  è:  in  che  modo  tale  differenza  (sempre ammesso  che  ci  sia) incide sul  rapporto  fra  regolazione  e  contratto? Alcuni  studiosi  hanno  ritenuto  che  la  differenza  fra  la  regolazione  precedente  e  quella  delle  A.I. fosse  da  rinvenire  principalmente  nei  fini  ultimi  perseguiti.  E  cioè,  mentre  la  vecchia egolazione  si  sarebbe  mossa  dentro  il  paradigma  dell’intervento  pubblico  nell’economia,  la nuova  regolazione  avrebbe  sposato  un  modello  pro-concorrenziale  e  comunque  un  modello  che –  come è  stato detto  -  mirerebbe “a  garantire  le condizioni  di  esercizio  dell’iniziativa  economica privata  e  della  libertà contrattuale”. Di  qui  l’idea  secondo  la  quale  la  riserva  di  legge  di  cui  all’art.  41  Cost.  non  opererebbe  davanti agli  interventi  delle  Autorità.  In  altre  parole,  secondo  alcuni  autori,  proprio  perché  il  nuovo  tipo di  regolazione,  a  differenza  di  quanto  avveniva  in  passato,  avrebbe  sposato  un  modello  pro concorrenziale,  e  comunque  volto  a  garantire  le  condizioni  di  esercizio  dell’iniziativa  economica privata  e  della  libertà  contrattuale,  la  limitazione  dell’autonomia  privata  che  ne  discenderebbe non  risulterebbe  coperta  dalla  riserva  di  legge  e  le  Autorità  indipendenti  potrebbero  per  tanto liberamente regolamentare le  attività dei  privati.  Il  tipo  di  problema  segnalato  è  oggetto  di  importanti  prese  di  posizione  sia  da  parte  della dottrina civilistica sia da parte delle Corti.
(Tratto da Programma del corso omonimo coordinato dalla  Prof.ssa M.R. Maugeri per la Scuola Superiore di Catania)

Regulatory Types. Toward the Credit Protection in Energy Law. In this paper, I propose two Ideal types (Idealtypen) to investigate the various institutions aimed at credit protection in both electricity and gas market, adopted by the Italian sectorial regulatory authority  (the Autorità per l'energia elettrica il gas e il sistema idrico). Two different "regulatory types" are considered: (a) in the first approach, the regulatory authority intervention is aimed at applying the ordinary measures of credit protection, which need to be implemented because of the technical specificities of electrify and gas sectors; (b) in the second approach, the regulatory authority intervention is aimed at adopting new legal instruments, in order to compensate the inadequacy of ordinary measures in peculiar situations. These regulators models allow to highlight the different conditions and limits that the regulatory authority encounters when the opposite interests of market operators and consumers have to be concilied.

Per conoscere un oggetto, non mi è necessario conoscere le sue proprietà esterne, -ma le sue proprietà interne io devo conoscerle tutte. Ludwig Wittgenstein SOMMARIO: 1. Tema, finalità, metodo -2. Tre prospettive di analisi -2.1. Prima prospettiva: stoccaggio quale attività -2.2. Seconda prospettiva: stoccaggio quale servizio -2.3. Terza prospettiva: stoccaggio quale risorsa di bilanciamento -3. Il d.lgs.130/10 alla luce delle dimensioni giuridiche dello stoccaggio * Dottore di ricerca in Filosofia analitica e teoria generale del diritto; Responsabile dell'Unità Affari Giuridici e Consulenza dell'Autorità per l'energia elettrica il gas e il sistema idrico. Le considerazioni contenute nel presente scritto sono esclusivamente personali e non coinvolgono l'ente di appartenenza. ** Pubblicato in: Renna, M. (ed.), Infrastrutture di stoccaggio e quote di mercato del gas naturale. Milano, Vita & Pensiero, 2001, pp.1-24.