Electrical Substation Design

Cada día cobra más importancia en el tema de los transformadores, la necesidad de su diagnóstico y la detección de averías o anomalías que pudieran surgir durante su explotación o ensayos eléctricos. Dentro de los métodos para este tipo de diagnóstico, tienen mucha actualidad los de detección de fallas a través del llamado análisis de la respuesta en la frecuencia (FRA). En este trabajo se presentan los resultados obtenidos en el Centro de Investigaciones y Pruebas Electroenergéticas de Cuba, en la implementación y aplicación de estos métodos con el fin de detectar averías o movimientos en los devanados y circuito magnético de los transformadores, durante la explotación de los mismos o durante los ensayos de cortocircuito dinámico o de impulsos. Palabras clave: Análisis de respuesta en frecuencia, diagnóstico de transformadores, fallas en transformadores Every day it gets paid more importance in the topic of the transformers, the necessity of the diagnosis of the same ones and the detection of mishaps or anomalies than they could arise during their exploitation or electric rehearsals. Inside the methods for this diagnosis type, they have a lot of present time those of detection of flaws through the call analysis of the response in the frequency (FRA). In this report the results are presented obtained in the Electroenergetical Research and Test Center of Cuba, in the implementation and application of these methods with the purpose of detecting mishaps or movements in those reeled and magnetic circuit of the transformers, during the exploitation of the same ones or during the rehearsals of dynamic short circuit or impulses.

This paper presents how near surface soil characteristics are obtained through soil electric resistivity ratio from soil apparent resistivity profile. In recent advances of electrical sensors, soil apparent resistivity is implemented as nondestructive method for obtaining near surface soil profile. Although geo-electric techniques offer an improvement to traditional soil sampling methods, the resulting data are still often misinterpreted for obtaining soil characteristics through apparent electrical resistivity in the field. Because, soil resistivity as before rain and after rain are changeable due to the presence of more moisture contents in field investigations. In this study, the parameter of soil electric resistivity ratio is incorporated to obtain reliable near surface soil profiles from apparent resistivity of adjacent two layers in soil. The variations of potential differences are taken into account for using four probes method to get the soil apparent resistivity profile. The research is significant for simpler and faster soil characterizations using resistivity ratio of apparent resistivity in soil investigations.

The paper inhere describes the measuring procedure and results for grounding resistance audit and control in regard with wind generators having EMC problems, working at the locality of "Buzludzha" in the "Stara Planina" mountain, owned by "VETROKOM" LTD.

Minimization of Construction Costs of Substation Grounding Grids: In every electrical installation, one of the most important aspects is adequate grounding; in particular, the grounding of high-voltage substations to protect people and equipment in the event of an electrical fault. Well-designed grounding systems ensure the performance of power systems and safety of personnel. It is desirable that the substation grounding provides a near zero resistance to remote earth. The prevailing practice of most utilities is to install a grid of horizontal ground electrodes (buried bare copper conductors) supplemented by a number of vertical ground rods connected to the grid, and by a number of equipment grounding mats and interconnecting cables. The grounding grid provides a common ground for the electrical equipment and for all metallic structures at the station. It also limits the surface potential gradient. Currently the IEEE 80-2000 standard for substations grounding limits the determinat...

Agradecimientos muy especiales a mi director Guillermo Aponte por llevarme de la mano en el camino del conocimiento, compartiendo conmigo su amplia experiencia profesional, en un marco de confianza y amistad; sus comentarios, correcciones y aportaciones han sido vitales para la concreción de este trabajo. A todo el grupo de alta tensión, compañero y amigos, con los cuales se comenzó en un camino académico y se termino uno de amistad, por sus voces de aliento y confianza, en especial a Jennifer y Carlos. A la empresa EPSA y el laboratorio GRALTA, por brindarme la oportunidad de trabajar en este proyecto con sus equipos y logística, a todos los ingenieros y personal que colaboraron con la realización de las pruebas.

Effective grounding is critical for protection of electrical equipment from transients. Grounding for personnel safety requires very distinct considerations. The application of the grounds may be similar in some instances. However, the installation will be radically different in isolated areas. Furthermore, the grounding of controls and computers present even more unusual requirements than the grounding of power devices. Additional concerns are circulating currents and injection of spurious noise. This paper addresses grounding for transients, power, and personnel. Designs include installations in plants and for isolated and remote equipment. The methods have been effectively used for pipelines, production facilities, gas plants, and power plants. Ten case studies of diverse applications illustrate the pertinence of the techniques and procedures.

Theoretical Framework: The theoretical basis of this study is the fundamentals of thermoelectric and photovoltaic energy generation viewed from the perspective of systems theory. Integration conforms to the macrosystem, whose components are the two systems to be integrated, operating according to systemic principles: interdependence, equifinality, and homeostasis. Method: The methodology adopted for this research included a literature review (bibliographic research) in conjunction with the observation and analysis of the functioning of energy systems that operate separately. Results and Discussion: The results obtained revealed the possibility of integrating the systems. In the discussion section, these results are contextualized within the theoretical framework, highlighting the normative implications and relationships emanating from the regulatory agency. Possible adversities for execution may originate from the different voltage ranges that need to be made available to consumers. Research Implications: The practical and theoretical implications of this research are methodological, as the study presents the materials and procedures necessary for integrating systems, specified through an examination of the real situation in the state of Roraima. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the literature by presenting a systematic integration of energy generation systems that utilize both fossil fuels and renewable energies, in pursuit of a future with predominantly sustainable energy availability.

This paper presents the steps of calculating a safety grounding system of substations as recommended by the IEEE Std standard. 80-2013 with ground grid configuration combined mesh and earth rods, using ground soil enhancement material to reduce ground resistance. A program for automatic design of substation grounding system has been developed, allowing quick calculations to be applied to Electricity companies, Electrical Design Consultants, etc. in Vietnam, for the sample grounding calculation example is applied to the 220/110/22kV Long Thanh substation.

The context of the research reported in this paper is the design and construction of an Overhead Transmission Line with a specific focus in the analysis and efficiency optimization due to localized high intensity winds. The methodology described herein was applied to an HV Transmission Line in the island of Crete, Greece, which connects Ierapetra city and the power plant of Atherinolakkos on the remote south-east coast of Crete. Frequent interruption faults and subsequent outages in the electrical supply made it imperative to reconsider the design of the power line and apply optimized solutions from a holistic point of view by means of Geographic Information Systems, in-situ evaluation, and economic implication. This is inter alia a consequence of the design principles that the Greek Public Power Corporation has adopted and emphasizes the importance of optimal placement of towers, protective devices, reliability indices and environmental sustainability. These imperatives are undersc...

Power transmission reliability and system integrity are essential requirements in high voltage transmission and distribution networks. Outdoor insulation has a critical role, since the majority of these installations incorporate open air systems and there are many factors able to trigger deterioration mechanisms, which may finally conclude to a system failure. It is important to notice, that although the initial investment for the insulation systems is low in comparison to other types of equipment, an insulation failure may result in considerable costs for the utility. A strategy that is followed by more and more utilities nowadays is the incorporation of composite insulators, in transmission and distribution systems, where the influence of pollution is considerable. In Crete, this action started 37 years ago, experienced intense action; 15 years ago and today the majority of outdoor insulators are composite. This large scale application is presented in this paper, especially with reference to the problems experienced and the testing and maintenance procedures applied.

article describes the experience acquired from the longterm use of room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber coated glass insulators and high temperature vulcanized composite insulators in coastal transmission lines along with the results of comparative measurements performed in an experimental HV test station.

This is a revised version with AI data analysis design suggestion based on the paper "Practical Approach to Achieving Ultra-Low Ground Resistance in High Resistivity Soils: A 132/11kV Substation Earthing Design Case Study and Solutions in Hong Kong".

This research work was improved protection for RSU 2 X 15MVA, 33/11kv Injection Substation. Primary data were collected from Port Harcourt Electricity Distribution Company and others were calculated which aided in the hand calculation and decision making on the verification of lightning arresters and protective margin, voltage gradients and transformers differential protection (Case 1). The table value for verification of lightning arresters and protective margin indicated that discharge current was 0.7996KA meaning that the available 5KA lightning arresters in use are adequate and protective margin of 145% is adequate as it is >20%. The table value of voltage gradients indicated that E step (tolerable) for faults of duration < 3seconds and sustained faults are 305.8V and 9.135V respectively while E touch (tolerable) for faults of duration < 3seconds and sustained faults are 308.1V and 9.03375V respectively showed that they are good as none is greater than the reference figures. The table value for transformers differential protection (Case 1) showed that a matching CT of ratio 3.280A/4.374A which is a mismatch. Case 2 of the transformer differential protection is improved protection as it showed a matching CT ratio of 4.921A/4.374A. Report from verification of relay operation, case 1 showed that T1ASR and T2ASR failed to trip their respective CBs under fault condition while case 2 relay operation report showed that T1ASR and T2ASR tripped normally. Case 2 relay operation is improved protection too.

Westinghouse Utility Engineering Reference Books
( It appears Vol. 1&2 were never published as referenced in the preface)
A classic reference that every Power Systems Engineer should have.

TOC
1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF DISTRIBUTION
2 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
3 SUB-TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION SuBSTATIONs
4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION
5 SECONDARY NETWORK SYSTEMS
6 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
7 SYSTEM VOLTAGE REGULATION
8 APPLICATION OF CAPACITORS
9 VOLTAGE FLUCTUATIONS ON POWER SYSTEMS
10 PROTECTIVE DEVICE COORDINATION
11 METERING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
12 STREET LIGHTING .
APPENDIX
INDEX

Protection of equipment insulation against lightning over voltages and selection of lightning arrester for 220 kV substations that will discharge at lower voltage level than the voltage required to breakdown the electrical equipment insulation is examined. The objectives of this paper is to select appropriate lightning arrester with the lowest rated surge arrester that will provide adequate protection of equipment insulation and equally have a satisfactory service life when connected to a specified line voltage in power system network. The effectiveness and non-effectiveness of earthing system of substation determines arrester properties. Also Standards recognize that particular attention is required for the earthing of surge arresters. A MATLAB program is used in the development of model for the determination of Surge arrester grounding grid parameters like calculation of tolerable limits of current to the body, typical shock situations, tolerable touch and step voltages, maximum f...

This paper presentsvoltage regulation at Karu 132/33KV substation in Abuja, Nigeria using static var compensators. Flexible alternating current transmission systems (FACTS) devices aremodern electrical equipments that have gained wide applications in power transmission and grid stability. To improve the power quality and stability through good voltage profile, the role of static var compensators was examined using PowerFactory Digisilent software models. From the results gotten, the voltage profile at the busbar was greatly improved hence proving the efficiency of such device.

En este trabajo se describe una metodología para la realización de los estudios de transitorios electromagnéticos ante la conexión de compensación capacitiva en derivación con el fin de determinar las solicitaciones sobre instalaciones existentes y verificar el correcto diseño del banco de capacitores. Se contemplan estudios de energización y desenergización de los bancos de compensación, falla cercana a la ET donde se conecta el banco y posible presencia de ferrorresonancia. Se definen el alcance y las metodologías de los estudios necesarios y se presentan los modelos adecuados para cada caso. Se enumeran las normas internacionales que fijan las pautas técnicas en esta materia y se puntualizan los problemas más frecuente o típicos que aparecen en este tipo de estudios.Instituto de Investigaciones Tecnológicas para Redes y Equipos Eléctricos (IITREE

Se describe la implementación de un sistema capacitivo para la medición del orden estructural que conforman un conjunto de objetos bidimensionales, todos de igual forma. El dispositivo de medición se diseñó y construyó usando para ello un circuito de medición capacitiva CA. Se construyó un sistema compuesto de discos al cual se le puede variar su orden estructural entre un arreglo cúbico y uno hexagonal. Se realizaron medidas de la capacitancia del sistema usando electrodos de un tamaño comparable al diámetro de los discos. Los experimentos comparados con los resultados teóricos mostraron una discrepancia del 0,23%.

In the article answers are given on the most important questions asked by experts regarding a new way for protecting digital protective relays from cyber attacks and intentional destructive electromagnetic impact, described by author in previous publication.

This article describes the main security and reliability criteria for demand connection planning through substations. The objective is to provide the basic information on the technical design specifications and criteria, technical terms and equipment parameters for planning of demand side substations, in addition to the requirements of normal case (N), contingency cases (N-1). Additional criteria, that covering aspects of quality of supply which are often contained in the grid code, should be considered in conjunction with the security standards. The article is structured as follows. Section 1 presents definitions of technical terms of security standards. Section 2 explains system instability. Section 3 discusses the maximum short circuit levels of switchgear. Section 4 describes the demand connection design criteria. Section 5 presents substation configurations examples. Section 6 describes the equipment thermal loading. Section 7 presents the dynamic criteria. Finally, Section 8 summaries the main recommendations for the technical requirements and criteria for planning and design of demand connections to electricity transmission systems through HV substations.

Regarding Bangladesh's ongoing environmental and energy crisis, the desire for ecologically sound and carbon-free energy sources has assumed crucial significance. It is essential to look into feasible alternatives to traditional fossil fuels as the nation struggles with issues including growing urbanization, population growth, and rising emissions of greenhouse gases. Solar energy is eco-friendly technology, a superb energy supply, and also the most significant green and renewable energy source. To address Bangladesh's energy and environmental problems, this study thoroughly reviews the opportunities and constraints of solar energy. The assessment starts with a survey of the nation's existing energy situation, emphasizing the nation's excessive reliance on fossil fuels and its effects on greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Then explores Bangladesh's enormous solar energy possibility, highlighted by the country's geographic location and year-round sunshine. It looks at how the use of solar energy has increased recently in the nation, covering the rise of solar farms and solar photovoltaic systems. The study analyses the positive aspects of solar energy, including its potential to lower carbon emissions, create jobs, and provide access to electricity in rural locations.

The need for clean, sustainable energy sources is growing worldwide, which has prompted much research and development into solar power exploitation. The full modeling and simulation of a cutting-edge solar energy generating system intended to maximize efficiency and solve issues with conventional photovoltaic technology is the main emphasis of this paper. The model considers solar irradiance and temperature as primary variables influencing power output, with a temperature correction factor accounting for temperature-dependent efficiency. Simulations are conducted to analyze how sun irradiance and temperature profile variations impact overall energy generation over time. Real-world data from Bells University of Technology, Ota Ogun State, Nigeria geographical locations, and climatic conditions validate the model's accuracy. The results reveal intricate relationships between solar panel performance and environmental factors, highlighting the need for adaptive solar energy system design strategies. The study also investigates the influence of these variables on the long-term reliability and maintenance requirements of solar installations. The research proposes mitigation strategies to enhance system resilience under varying conditions, integrating advanced technologies like predictive control algorithms and adaptive thermal management systems. The findings contribute valuable insights to solar energy engineering, offering a deeper understanding of challenges posed by sun irradiance and temperature variations. The developed model and simulations provide a robust framework for assessing and improving solar energy generation systems in diverse climates.

Palabras clave: test de circuitos analógicos, modelos de falla estadística, test por análisis de respuesta transitoria. Resumen. En el presente trabajo se evalúa la capacidad de la estrategia de test denominada Método de Análisis de Transitorio (TRAM) para detectar fallas en los elementos de un filtro bajo condiciones de variabilidad estadística de los mismos. Esta es una perspectiva de evaluación no tradicional que permite la generación de nuevos datos y métricas referidas a un circuito de una complejidad mayor que el previamente reportado por estos autores. El modelo de falla adoptado consiste en variar todos los parámetros del circuito dentro de sus tolerancias, con distribución normal, excepto uno que adopta un valor fuera de tolerancia, representado como una desviación del valor nominal del mismo. Los resultados de simulación de fallas muestran que, utilizando TRAM, la probabilidad de detectar fallas para desviaciones mayores de 35% es alta (mayor de 80%) para casi todos los componentes con excepción de dos, que se consideran difícil de detectar. No obstante, se encuentra que las fallas de desviación pequeñas son difíciles de detectar. En el caso de que la aplicación requiera la detección de este tipo de desviaciones, la aplicación de este método de test debiera desaconsejarse.

The objective of this paper is to critically compare the effects of mutual resistance (Rm) subject to bonding parallel rods to the main earth mat and to share the innovative implementation of a supplementary grounding system with bentonite backfill designs. These approaches demonstrate significant improvements in resistance and compliance with safety criteria for touch voltage, step voltage, and ground potential rise. By combining practical site testing methods, such as fall of potential method, with ETAP earthing simulation and advanced analytical approaches, this study provides valuable insights and methodologies for designing safe and efficient grounding systems in challenging high-resistivity soil environments.

Bangladesh’s economic development is largely dependent on the power
sector, which promotes sustainability and growth. The country’s future
energy security, however, is seriously threatened by the natural gas reserves
running out by 2028. As a result, the current energy mix has to be modified
right away to ensure Bangladesh’s sustained economic growth. This research
paper offers a thorough analysis of Bangladesh’s power sector’s current
state. With a focus on important metrics like installed capacity, electricity
generation, and distribution infrastructure, the study seeks to provide
insights into the sector’s opportunities, challenges, and strengths. The
research highlighting the importance of energy security and forecasting the
projected energy demand in Bangladesh. The study also looks at current
projects and advancements that have shaped Bangladesh’s power industry.
This research also provides an ideal energy option that supports
Bangladesh's sustainable growth. This analysis offers significant insights
into the dynamics of the power industry in Bangladesh, elucidating it is
present trajectory, the challenges it encounters, and the potential avenues for
achieving a more sustainable and resilient energy future.

Los transformadores de potencia conforman el grupo de los activos más significativos en los sistemas de potencia. Las salidas de servicio, particularmente intempestivas, implican elevados costos. Esto tiene mayor impacto cuando al cabo de la falla debe reemplazarse el transformador: costo de reposición, penalidades y lucro cesante ante la imposibilidad de abastecer consumos.

Es indudable que en los últimos años las técnicas de procesamiento digital de señales han evolucionado fuertemente con el uso de computadores. El instrumental destinado a los ensayos de alta tensión no ha estado ajeno a dicha evolución. Las nuevas técnicas no sólo permiten variadas visualizaciones durante las pruebas, sino que además posibilitan almacenar digitalmente los resultados para su posterior interpretación, estudio y análisis. En la puesta en marcha se ha considerado como referencia excluyente, la norma IEC 60270-2000 [1]. Para la implementación del nuevo instrumento fue necesario adaptar el resto de los elementos que componen el sistema de medición (divisores capacitivos, filtros, etc.), de forma que la instalación resultante cumpla con los requerimientos establecidos en la norma de referencia. Descargas parciales -evolución de instrumental -adaptaciones y calibración -ensayos normalizadosnorma IEC 60270-2000. Un sistema de medición de DPs básicamente consta de un medidor o adquisidor "M"; un conjunto de

Los transformadores de potencia son uno de los componentes más importantes de los sistemas de potencia. La falla de un transformador implica asumir elevados costos, no solo por el reemplazo de la unidad sino que también el lucro cesante ante la imposibilidad de abastecer consumos.

Los transformadores de potencia conforman el grupo de los activos más significativos en los sistemas de potencia. Las salidas de servicio, particularmente intempestivas, implican elevados costos. Esto tiene mayor impacto cuando al cabo de la falla debe reemplazarse el transformador: costo de reposición, penalidades y lucro cesante ante la imposibilidad de abastecer consumos.

Resumen -Los grandes motores de media tensión suelen tener como objetivo accionar los mecanismos principales y procesos críticos de una industria, por lo que es preciso establecer un programa de mantenimiento adecuado. El correcto diagnóstico de estas máquinas puede ayudar a prevenir una salida intempestiva. Esto se traduce en una reducción de los costos asociados a la pérdida de productividad y la reparación o reemplazo de la máquina afectada. En el presente trabajo se presenta un caso de estudio de un motor de media tensión, al cual se le realizaron diversos ensayos a diferentes temperaturas para obtener un diagnóstico de la condición general de su aislamiento estatórico. El objetivo de los ensayos realizados a diferentes temperaturas fue el verificar el comportamiento de los parámetros más representativos que caracterizan el aislamiento de los motores: resistencia de aislamiento, tangente delta y descargas parciales. Se presentan los fundamentos principales de las pruebas realizadas y finalmente un análisis comparativo de los resultados obtenidos en diferentes condiciones térmicas del sistema de aislamiento.

Resumen -Considerando la importancia que revisten los procesos accionados con maquinaria rotante de potencia, resulta imperioso tener un pormenorizado conocimiento de la condición de dichas máquinas, a los fines de adoptar las medidas necesarias para optimizar la producción, evitando salidas intempestivas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar una recopilación del estado actual de las directrices y recomendaciones del mantenimiento eléctrico de grandes máquinas rotatorias. De esta forma, la publicación ofrecerá una guía para el diagnóstico de máquinas rotatorias tomando como referencia los principales lineamientos establecidos en normativas y documentos técnicos internacionales vigentes.

Resumen -En la actualidad y a nivel internacional, en lo que se refiere al diagnóstico de la condición de transformadores, se cuenta con la norma IEEE C57.152 del año 2013 ("Guía de diagnóstico para ensayos en campo de transformadores, reguladores y reactores inmersos en aceite") y con el documento técnico de CIGRE N°445 de 2011 ("Guía para el mantenimiento de transformadores"). Si bien el objetivo de ambos documentos es el mismo, resulta de interés analizar el enfoque diferente con que abordan los criterios de diagnóstico. IEEE C57.152 clasifica los ensayos por componente, mientras que CIGRE 445 los clasifica por categoría. En el presente trabajo, se realiza un análisis comparativo de criterios, clasificación, procedimientos y valores de aceptación entre los dos documentos de referencia de mayor relevancia a nivel internacional.

Resumen -Este trabajo describe experiencias realizadas sobre diferentes modelos de aisladores compuestos retirados de servicio, con 12 a 20 años de uso. Dichas experiencias están orientadas a determinar la expectativa de vida residual de los mencionados aisladores. Las experiencias, realizadas se basaron en las recomendaciones del Reporte Técnico 481 de CIGRE, de diciembre de 2011. El objetivo del trabajo es ampliar el espectro de posibilidades y variantes de los programas de ensayo desarrollados en el reporte mencionado, además de contribuir a una mejor evaluación del estado de los aisladores a partir de los resultados obtenidos. 19 a 23 de maio de 2019 B2-Líneas aéreas B2-Morcelle

La finalidad del trabajo es de objeto didáctico demostrativo, además del reaprovechamiento de los equipos eléctricos retirados del sistema en la SEMD 1 , Entidad Binacional ITAIPU, margen derecha; para el efecto se ha realizado el desmontaje interno de los equipos para la visualización de los componentes de manera detallada para el entrenamiento de los personales afectadas al sector afines al trabajo técnico, lo cual colaborará a fortalecer los conocimientos sobre la materia. Los equipos a ser presentados son:-Transformadores de corriente (TCs),-Divisores capacitivos de potencial (DCPs) y-Pararrayos de 66kV.

Protection of equipment insulation against lightning over voltages and selection of lightning arrester for 220 kV substations that will discharge at lower voltage level than the voltage required to breakdown the electrical equipment insulation is examined. The objectives of this paper is to select appropriate lightning arrester with the lowest rated surge arrester that will provide adequate protection of equipment insulation and equally have a satisfactory service life when connected to a specified line voltage in power system network. The effectiveness and non-effectiveness of earthing system of substation determines arrester properties. Also Standards recognize that particular attention is required for the earthing of surge arresters. A MATLAB program is used in the development of model for the determination of Surge arrester grounding grid parameters like calculation of tolerable limits of current to the body, typical shock situations, tolerable touch and step voltages, maximum f...

Resumen-Los interruptores de potencia son uno de los componentes más importantes en las subestaciones de transmisión y distribución de energía eléctrica, ellos trabajan a niveles de tensión que pueden ir desde los 6KV hasta los 500KV, su función es controlar el flujo de la energía y generar la rápida apertura de los circuitos eléctricos de potencia ante la presencia de condiciones de falla con el fin de proteger a las personas, la naturaleza y la costosa infraestructura eléctrica. Técnicas tradicionales que se utilizan para su mantenimiento son la inspección rutinaria y tareas de mantenimiento preventivo sin tener en cuenta la condición real de sus componentes, lo cual conlleva al aumento de los costos de mantenimiento sin mejorar la confiabilidad del equipo. La literatura en los últimos años ha definido técnicas de mantenimiento basado en condición para mejorar la disponibilidad y confiabilidad de los interruptores de potencia. El resultado de este documento es una metodología para determinar la salud de un interruptor de potencia basado en su condición de operación que permita establecer si es necesario y oportuno realizar su mantenimiento.

In addition to the soil resistivity and size of the grounding system, grounding system configuration can influence the steady-state resistance (RDC) of a grounding system. The RDC of four to six configurations in three distinct soil conditions (sites 1 to 3) is measured using the fall-of-potential method and computed using the current distribution, electromagnetic fields, grounding, and soil structure analysis (CDEGS) simulation. The RDC value generally decreases as size increases, i.e., when more rods or tapes are added, except for a little variation subject to the electrode arrangement and soil resistivity. The 3 and 4-parallel configurations perform better on low resistivity soil (site 1), while the grid configurations (2×2- and 3-rod grids) are better on high resistivity soil (site 2). The difference between the measured and computed values at high soil resistivity sites (sites 2 and 3) is large, ranging from 18% to 66% for site 2 and from 35% to 53% for site 3. The difference is lower and more consistent at site 1, where five out of six configurations achieve less than 10%. At all sites, the difference between computed and measured RDCs generally decreases as the area of the electrode increases, except for some cases at site 2.

Being one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, Bangladesh needs to upgrade its electrical network and aim to reduce dependency on fossil fuel-based energy. For the aging and ever-expanding power network, it is necessary to have a smart substation in order to provide reliable, affordable, and sustainable electrical power. As Bangladesh is looking to integrate Distributed Generation (DG) in the power system, it is high time to think about integrating a smart distribution substation into its power network. In this paper, an investigation of the current power generation structure of Bangladesh was conducted and is described. The major focus was given to the upgradation of the existing substation and distribution setup of Bangladesh by providing suitable architectures, technologies, and communication protocols. Detailed studies of Bangladesh’s prospects to incorporate the new technology and renewable energy into its power network are discussed. ETAP was used to simulate the pro...

Cada equipo de alta tensión instalado en las subestaciones eléctricas que conforman el Sistema Nacional de Transmisión (SNT), cumple una función específica de importancia dentro del mismo. De tal forma que podríamos decir, que gran parte de la confiabilidad de este sistema, depende de las condiciones en que tales equipos se encuentren, si estos han sido correctamente instalados, si desde su recepción en campo han sido adecuadamente sometidos a análisis internos a través de ensayos tanto eléctricos como dieléctricos, y si en consecuencia se ha cumplido estrictamente con los periodos de mantenimiento preventivos recomendados por el propio fabricante. Los ensayos dieléctricos, son los métodos aplicados para evaluar las condiciones actuales en las que se encuentra el sistema de aislamiento de un equipo. El término sistema de aislamiento, se refiere al subconjunto total de materiales aislantes en sus diferentes estados (sólidos, líquidos y gaseosos) que se involucran en la construcción de un equipo eléctrico, con la finalidad de interactuar entre sí y brindar una barrera de aislamiento entre sus partes conductoras y entre estas con respecto a la masa sólidamente aterrizada del mismo. Es a partir de estas definiciones, que nace la necesidad de conocer el análisis y la aplicación de los distintos materiales aislantes en los equipos eléctricos de alta tensión, es decir: cuáles son sus características, como se encuentran dispuestos internamente en el equipo, cual es su función, que problemas atentan contra su vida útil, cuales son los métodos aplicados por el fabricante para su evaluación en la producción, cuales son los métodos que permiten realizar un seguimiento de sus condiciones en campo y finalmente, que métodos permiten su reacondicionamiento y/o recuperación si fuera posible.

Transformator daya merupakan suatu peralatan yang sangat vital yang berfungi menyalurkan daya listrik dari tegangan tinggi ke tegangan rendah atau sebaliknya dan tidak pernah lepas dari gangguan. Transformator daya sebagai peralatan dengan investasi terbesar pada sebuah Gardu Induk transmisi dan distribusi. Adanya gangguan yang terjadi pada transformator dapat menghambat proses penyaluran energi listrik ke konsumen. Oleh karena itu, sistem proteksi yang handal sangat dibutuhkan untuk melindungi transformator dari gangguan.Maka dibutuhkan pendinginan dan pengaman transformator yang maksimal, untuk menahan laju kenaikan temperature kumparan dan minyak. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dengan penambahan pendingin air pada transformator daya dapat meredam panas akibat temperature lingkungan yang tinggi. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh penurunan temperature sebesar 3oC, Sehingga bisa digunakan untuk menambah pembebanan transformator sebesar 2,51 MW. Sedangkan gangguan kerusakan pada berbagai p...