Edge influence

Fragmentation and habitat loss contribute considerably to global declines of amphibians and reptiles. However, few studies focus on forest edges, created during the fragmentation process, as proximate drivers of the local demographic structure of populations. Here, we use abundance data of amphibians and reptiles to study their responses to forest edges in nine fragmented forested landscapes of the Neotropics. Species-specific abundance data were collected in plots established at varying distances from their respective nearest forest edge. We tested for edge effects on the abundance of species, and used curve clustering techniques to group species with similar edge responses, i.e. species with either increasing or decreasing abundance from the matrix towards the forest interior. We also grouped species that showed no change in abundance with respect to the nearest forest edge and those whose abundance response was unimodal, peaking in either forest habitat or the surrounding matrix habitat. We found that 96% of all amphibians and 90% of all reptiles showed an edge response, with the abundance of 74.5% of amphibians and 57.3% of reptiles decreasing with increasing proximity to forest edges. However, species-specific edge effects were not always consistent, with some species having opposite edge responses when measured in different landscapes. The depth of edge effects exhibited by forest species, i.e. species that increased in abundance in the forest interior, extended up to one kilometre away from forest edges. We show that the median edge effect on forest species extends to 250 m within the forest interior, indicating that tropical forest patches with a mean diameter < 500m (minimum area ≈ 78 ha) are unsuitable for half of forest-dependent species considered in this study.

This paper describes implementation of image processing algorithms on FPGA. Currently, implementation of image processing algorithms using software approach is slower due to limited speed of the processor. So a dedicated processor for implementation of image processing algorithms is required which is possible with VLSI technology. FPGA’s have the advantages of speed and re-configurability which is required for image processing applications. This paper deals with image enhancement algorithm. This paper presents three techniques of image enhancement algorithms of Negative transformation, Thresholding & Contrast stretching. The aim of this paper is to simulate and implement these algorithms using Matlab and VHDL. The device selected here for implementation is Sparten 3E500K from Xilinx.

Federated Learning (FL) is an essential privacy-preserving AI paradigm where
your AI training can happen in a federated manner i.e without sharing of raw data in
cloud environments. Nevertheless, the traditional FL suffers from security, efficiency
and scalability issues. The paper considers the integration of advanced technologies to
enable better federated learning in cloud based AI ecosystem.
For secure enclave based model training, we propose to use Confidential
Computing with Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs). Homomorphic Encryption
and Zero Knowledge Proofs are also bolstering cryptographic security of the models:
One gets privacy without sacrificing model accuracy. The advantages of decentralized
trust and auditability and elimination of single point failures are provided through
Blockchain based FL and Swarm Learning. In addition, Differential Privacy
mechanisms provides defense against evolving threats like post quantum adversaries
whereas Quantum Safe Cryptography essentially breaks any cryptographic algorithm
designed on factoring deep problems.
This paper introduces a novel scalable and secure framework based on these
emerging technologies to promote federated learning to cloud environments. We
propose an approach that attempts to achieve a golden triangle of privacy, security, and
efficiency for the construction of robust, privacy preserving AI solutions.

Objective: The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of Mangiferin on the pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin in hyperlipidemic rats. Methods: The plasma concentration of Atorvastatin (ATR) to the time profile was calculated using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiment was carried out in normal and High Fat Diet (HFD) induced hyperlipidemic rats in single and multiple-dose treated rats for pharmacokinetic study. HFD was administered to the rats for 8 w to induce hyperlipidemia. Each group contains six animals, Group I received ATR alone (20 mg/kg), Group II received Mangiferin (MGF) (40 mg/kg) followed by ATR for Single-Dose Interaction(SDI), Group III received MGF for 7 days, followed by ATR on 8 th d for Multiple Dose Interaction (MDI). Blood samples were collected and estimated for pharmacokinetic parameters such as the Area under Curve (AUC), Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax), Time to achieve Cmax (Tmax), Biological Half-Life (t1/2), mean Residence Time (MRT) and Volume of distribution (Vd), Clearance (CL) and Elimination Rate Constant (Ke). Results: In normal and disease-induced rats of SDI and MDI studies it has shown increased plasma concentration of ATR in the presence of MGF. MGF significantly increased the following pharmacokinetic parameters: Cmax (83.56±5.94 ng/ml) in SDI, (100.28±6.37 ng/ml) in MDI, AUC (265.25±14.73ng. h/ml) in SDI, (299.04±14.11ng. h/ml) in MDI. t1/2, Vd, and MRT were also enhanced in both studies. However, CL and Ke were reduced significantly. Conclusion: This study revealed that MGF altered the ATR pharmacokinetics. This could be due to MGF Cytochrome P450 (CYP3A) enzyme inhibition.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) are just two of the new technologies that have changed the way things are made thanks to Industry 4.0. Traditional AI systems, on the other hand, have problems with delay, bandwidth, and data privacy because they are centralized. This article talks about how federated learning and edge AI could change the way these problems are solved and make smart manufacturing better. We talk about the current state of smart manufacturing, how federated learning can be used in different industry settings, and how edge AI can be added to improve performance. We also talk about the problems that come with using these technologies and suggest ways to fix them for future study. It also looked at how it will affect industry standards and rules, taking into account the need to follow data security laws. Lastly, we talk about how AI will change in industry in the future and how new technologies like 5G will help make federated edge AI systems work smoothly.

Objectives Co-administration of posaconazole (PSZ) and vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia increases the neurotoxicity of VCR. Our aim is to study the effect of increased lipoprotein levels on the pharmacokinetics of PSZ and VCR upon co-administration in rats. Methods Rats were assigned to three groups, normolipidemic (NL), intermediate hyperlipidemic (IHL), and extreme hyperlipidemic (HL) groups. All rats were administered PSZ orally followed by VCR intravenously 4 h later. For the pharmacokinetic study, serial plasma samples were collected over 96 h and for tissue distribution study; plasma, lung, and liver tissues were collected over 48 h post oral dosing. Results Posaconazole showed higher plasma concentrations than VCR at all time points. Co-administration of VCR with PSZ reduced PSZ weight normalized oral clearance, increased PSZ area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity, showed higher PSZ liver concentrations, and increased VCR volume of distribution of the central compartment. Upon increasing the lipoprotein levels, PSZ showed higher plasma availability and delayed tissue distribution, whereas VCR had shown a significant decrease in PSZ AUC 0-24h , AUC 0-tlast , and AUC o-inf (NL = IHL [ HL) and a significant increase in the volume of distribution (NL = IHL \ HL). Vincristine has shown higher tissue uptake and concentrations. Conclusion Monitoring cholesterol and triglyceride levels in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia is advisable to decrease VCR neurological side effect incidences and delay the activity of both PSZ and VCR.

Co-administration of posaconazole (PSZ) and vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia increases the neurotoxicity of VCR. Our aim is to study the effect of increased lipoprotein levels on the pharmacokinetics of PSZ and VCR upon co-administration in rats. Rats were assigned to three groups, normolipidemic (NL), intermediate hyperlipidemic (IHL), and extreme hyperlipidemic (HL) groups. All rats were administered PSZ orally followed by VCR intravenously 4 h later. For the pharmacokinetic study, serial plasma samples were collected over 96 h and for tissue distribution study; plasma, lung, and liver tissues were collected over 48 h post oral dosing. Posaconazole showed higher plasma concentrations than VCR at all time points. Co-administration of VCR with PSZ reduced PSZ weight normalized oral clearance, increased PSZ area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity, showed higher PSZ liver concentrations, and increa...

The proposed work presents FPGA based architecture for Sobel edge detection operator. It has found application in forensic science and also in digital multimedia for creating image dazzling effect. Currently the image processing algorithms are limited to software implementation which is slower due to the limited processor speed. So a dedicated processor for edge detection and was required which was not possible until advancement in VLSI technology. Now more complex system can be integrated on a single chip providing a platform to process real time algorithms on hardware. Sobel operator is chosen due to its property of less deterioration in high levels of noise. A lot of research work is in progress in various areas resulting in many computationally efficient algorithms. The choice of the technique in most cases depends on the application and image in question rather than a generalized method. The objective of this Paper is to realize the edge detection algorithm on FPGA. FPGA implem...

Edge detection is an important tool in digital image processing applications for extracting information from image. Sobel operator based edge detection algorithm creates an image which highlights edges and transitions. In real-time image processing applications, it is required to process large data of pixels in a given timing constraints. Hence, speed of image processing is a big problem. Reconfigurable device like FPGAs deploy parallelism techniques in image processing algorithms thereby reducing execution times and increasing speed of operation. This paper presents implementation of sobel edge detection algorithm on FPGA. Xilinx ISE Design Suite-14.2 software platform is used to design an algorithm using Verilog language.

Soils are one of the largest terrestrial pools of carbon, yet there is still little understanding of spatial variability for ecosystems in the tropics. Fire plays an important role in neotropical savannas ecosystems and significantly contribute to global greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. Nevertheless the impacts of burning on soil carbon is still uncertain in Latin America. We compared soil organic carbon (SOC) in the first 20 cm depth in savannas in pre and post fire conditions along a forests-savanna edge typically present in these landscapes of the northern South America. We established 8 transects of 20 m longitude along the border with 1m2 plots sampled every 4 m. SOC pre-disturbance was on average 1.794 (±SE 0,043) and the minimum value found (1.08%) was registered 6 months after the burning. Our results show that both the influence of the distance to the edge and the time of burning affect negatively the SOC and also there is a significant interaction between both variables. Our r...

Environmental pollution by toxicants has become one of the most important problems in the world. Water pollution problem is due to uncontrolled solid and liquid domestic, in addition to agrochemical contamination and lack of sustainable wastewater management that are becoming threats to living organisms and consequently to Human being. The continual loading of toxicants into our environment creates water pollution problems due to their direct toxic effect on aquatic biota. In addition, pollutants such as heavy metal can be incorporated into food chains and concentrated in aquatic organisms to a level that affects their physiological state. The impact of the environmental pollution on water quality and fish in aquatic ecosystem showed that there were clear differences between the concentrations of pollutants in water and fish tissues where, tissues showed different capacities for accumulating these pollutants. Environmental pollutants have harmful effects on the biochemistry of different tissues of fish. There were changes in the activities of antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase), liver enzymes (ALT, AST and ALP), triglycerides, cholesterol, total proteins and total lipids in muscles of fishes which in turn affect meat Quality, the growth rate and fish production.

The effect of the adjacent non-forested environment on the forest near the edge, edge influence (EI), is an important impact in fragmented landscapes and is believed to vary with factors such as forest structure and edge contrast. In order to improve our understanding of the factors governing the variability in EI, we studied microclimate and vegetation at cerrado edges surrounded by variable land uses in southeastern Brazil, a system with both forest and savanna fragments. We determined the significance, magnitude and distance of EI on microclimate, vegetation structure and grass biomass which we measured along five transects perpendicular to fourteen edges in forest or savanna next to different land uses. We introduce a quantitative measure of edge contrast that considers land uses at different distances from the same edge (e.g., a firebreak between a forest edge and a plantation) and verified whether edge contrast is correlated with EI in this system. Notwithstanding the large variation in EI among variables and study sites, there were some similarities in the patterns of EI between forest and savanna edges. Edge contrast was successfully quantified by our measure but was only correlated with EI on moisture and grass biomass. Our results point to the high variability in EI within a region. Our quantitative measure of edge contrast may be useful in explaining variability in EI. However, much unexplained variation remains in the highly fragmented cerrado system which is affected by EI in both forest and savanna fragments.

A bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics profiles of two doxycycline powder formulations (Providox ® and Doxyvet 0-50 S ) were compared in 24 healthy chickens following administration of a single oral dose ® (20 mg/kg bw). Serial blood samples were drawn at 10 points after administration to determine doxycycline concentrations in chicken plasma by HPLC/UV. the pharmacokinetics parameters; area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC ), maximum plasma concentration (C ) were determined for both 0-24 max formulations. The average means of AUC and C for Providox and Doxyvet 0-50 S were very close 0-24 max ® ® (62.32 ± 3.34 and 57.55 ± 4.66 µg.h/ml and 5.36 ± 0.26 and 5.08 ± 0.25 µg/ml, respectively) with no significant differences based on ANOVA. The 90% confidence intervals of the parameters AUC and C 0-24 max between two formulations were within the range 80 to 125 % of bioequivalence according to US FDA regulation. The relative bioavailability of Providox compared to Doxyvet 0-50 S was 108.24%. Therefore, the ® ®

Reoccurring accidents that appear to involve few people frequently go unnoticed. Yet such accidents—like the disasters described in this chapter—are often linked to global phenomena that have long-term impact on society and the environment, causing widespread physical damage, human suffering, disability, and even death. As the victims are prodded towards a systemic edge, they are either re-integrated or become invisible as they are expelled from their livelihoods, homes, or the biosphere that makes life possible. This chapter explores the role of ritualising at systemic edges where tracing responsibility is often impossible, the beneficiaries rarely feel answerable to the victims, and seldom is anyone held accountable.

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetic profile of atorvastatin in experimental hepatotoxic untreated and treated rats with N-acetyl cysteine and Costus pictus with special reference to assess the functional status of CYP3A4. Materials and Methods: Twenty Sprague dawley rats of 3 months age were divided into 4 groups, comprising of 5 rats in each group. Acetaminophen (APAP) @ 500 mg/kg BW was administered orally to all the groups except group 1 from day 1 to 3. Group 1 was maintained as normal control. Group 2 was subsequently administered with distilled water (p/o) from day 4 to 17 and was considered as toxic control. Groups 3 and 4 were administered (p/o) with N-Acetyl cysteine @ 300 mg/kg BW and Costus pictus aqueous extract @ 500 mg/kg BW, respectively from day 4 to 17. Atorvastatin was administered on day 18 as single oral dose in all the groups and blood samples were drawn at specified intervals for pharmacokinetic analysis. Results: Atorvastatin metabolism was altered in APAP...

Co-administration of posaconazole (PSZ) and vincristine (VCR) in the treatment of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia increases the neurotoxicity of VCR. Our aim is to study the effect of increased lipoprotein levels on the pharmacokinetics of PSZ and VCR upon co-administration in rats. Rats were assigned to three groups, normolipidemic (NL), intermediate hyperlipidemic (IHL), and extreme hyperlipidemic (HL) groups. All rats were administered PSZ orally followed by VCR intravenously 4 h later. For the pharmacokinetic study, serial plasma samples were collected over 96 h and for tissue distribution study; plasma, lung, and liver tissues were collected over 48 h post oral dosing. Posaconazole showed higher plasma concentrations than VCR at all time points. Co-administration of VCR with PSZ reduced PSZ weight normalized oral clearance, increased PSZ area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to infinity, showed higher PSZ liver concentrations, and increa...

The aim of this study was to investigate the biliary secretion of rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers using an intestinal perfusion method after administration of 10 mg rosuvastatin dispersion in the intestine. Methods: The Loc-I-Gut tube was positioned in the distal duodenum/proximal jejunum and a semi-open segment was created by inflating the proximal balloon in ten volunteers. A dispersion of 10 mg rosuvastatin was administered below the inflated balloon and bile was collected proximally of the inflated balloon. Bile and plasma samples were withdrawn every 20 min during a 4 h period (absorption phase) and additional plasma samples were collected 24 and 48 h post-dose. Results: The study showed that there is a substantial and immediate transport of rosuvastatin into the human bile, with the maximum concentration appearing 42 min after dosing, 39,000 ± 31,000 ng/ml. Approximately 11% of the administered intestinal dose was recovered in the bile after 240 min. At all time points the biliary concentration exceeded the plasma concentration, and the average bile to plasma ratio was 5200 ± 9200 (range 89-33,900, median 2000). We were unable to identify any bile-specific metabolites of rosuvastatin in the present study. Conclusion: Rosuvastatin is excreted via the biliary route in humans, and the transport and accumulation of rosuvastatin in bile compared to that in plasma is rapid and extensive. This intestinal perfusion technique offers a successful way to estimate the biliary secretion for drugs, metabolites and endogenous substances during the absorption phase in healthy volunteers.

This paper presents an efficient architecture for various image filtering algorithms and tumor characterization using Xilinx System Generator (XSG). This architecture offers an alternative through a graphical user interface that combines MATLAB, Simulink and XSG and explores important aspects concerned to hardware implementation. Performance of this architecture implemented in SPARTAN-3E Starter kit (XC3S500E-FG320) exceeds those of similar or greater resources architectures. The proposed architecture reduces the resources available on target device by 50%.

Objective: To study the pharmacokinetic profile of atorvastatin in experimental hepatotoxic untreated and treated rats with N-acetyl cysteine and Costus pictus with special reference to assess the functional status of CYP3A4.
Materials and Methods: Twenty Sprague dawley rats of 3 months age were divided into 4 groups, comprising of 5 rats in each group. Acetaminophen (APAP) @ 500 mg/kg BW was administered orally to all the groups except group 1 from day 1 to 3. Group 1 was maintained as normal control. Group 2 was subsequently administered with distilled water (p/o) from day 4 to 17 and was considered as toxic control. Groups 3 and 4 were administered (p/o) with N-Acetyl cysteine @ 300 mg/kg BW and Costus pictus aqueous extract @ 500 mg/kg BW, respectively from day 4 to 17. Atorvastatin was administered on day 18 as single oral dose in all the groups and blood samples were drawn at specified intervals for pharmacokinetic analysis.
Results: Atorvastatin metabolism was altered in APAP treated toxic group, which was reflected in increase in Cmax, AUC0-t, AUMC0-t, AUC0-∞ and AUMC0-∞ that eventually resulted in prolonged t1/2β, MRT and decrease in clearance. Among the treated groups, group 3 (N-acetyl cysteine) revealed better metabolic profile of CYP3A4 as compared to group 4 (Costus pictus extract).
Conclusion: The treated groups revealed significant alteration in the pharmacokinetic profile that supports the functional status of CYP3A4 and when groups 3 and 4 are compared, the pharmacokinetic profile was found better in group 4 in comparison to group 3 suggesting that N-acetyl cysteine is more potent than Costus pictus in the hepatoprotective activity.

The study was conducted to assess the functional status of CYP3A4 substrate (atorvastatin) in hepatotoxicity model treated with silymarin and rutin for a period of 14 days in rats. Hepatotoxicity was induced with acetaminophen (500 mg/Kg po once daily for 3 days) in adult male Wistar rats in 3 groups. Group 1: Normal control, Group 2, 3 and 4 were administered distilled water (5 ml/kg po once daily), silymarin (25 mg/Kg po once daily) and rutin (20 mg/Kg po once daily), respectively subsequently for 11 days from the last dose of acetaminophen. On the 15 th day, a CYP3A4 substrate (atorvastatin @ 10 mg/kg po) was administered in all the groups and blood samples were collected at predetermined intervals. Pharmacokinetic interaction studies were conducted for evaluation of CYP3A4 activity using the specifi c substrate atorvastatin in all the groups. Mean plasma concentration (C max), half-life (t 1/2 β), area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and mean residence time (MRT) of groups 2 and 4 were signifi cantly (p<0.05) increased and elimination rate constant (β) was signifi cantly (p<0.05) decreased in acetaminophen treated group as comparison to the normal control group. The kinetic profi le of silymarin-treated group 3 was comparable to group 1 for single dose study. All the pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin revealed signifi cant correlations between hepatotoxic control and rutin treated group, while silymarin treated group showed signifi cant alterations in the kinetic profi le suggesting its hepatoprotective effect.

Aim: To assess the functional status of CYP3A4 substrate in experimental induced hepatotoxicity treated with N-acetyl L-cysteine and Green tea extract for a period of 14 days in rats. Materials and methods: Twenty four Wistar rats were divided into four groups of 6 rats each and induced hepatotoxicity with acetaminophen (500 mg/Kg po once daily for 3 days) in 3 groups. Group 1: Normal control, Group 2, 3 and 4 was administered distilled water (5 ml/kg po), N-acetyl L-cysteine (NAC; 300 mg/Kg po once daily) and Green tea extract (GTE; 100 mg/Kg po once daily), respectively subsequently for 11 days from the last dose of acetaminophen. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg po) was administered on 15 th day (24 h after conclusion of treatment schedule) in all the groups. The PK studies were conducted in order to evaluate the CYP3A4 activity using the specific substrate atorvastatin in all the groups. Results: C max , t 1/2 , AUC 0-t and MRT of groups 2 and 4 were significantly (p<0.05) increased, while the total body clearance was significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared to normal control after single dose administration of atorvastatin. The kinetic profile of NAC-treated group 3 was comparable to group 1. Conclusion: All the pharmacokinetic parameters of atorvastatin revealed similar values when hepatotoxic control was compared to Green tea extract treated group, while N-acetyl L-cysteine treated group revealed significant alterations in the kinetic profile that support the functional status of CYP3A4 and hence suggesting hepatoprotective potential of NAC.

Absorption a b s t r a c t Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the biliary secretion of rosuvastatin in healthy volunteers using an intestinal perfusion method after administration of 10 mg rosuvastatin dispersion in the intestine. Methods: The Loc-I-Gut tube was positioned in the distal duodenum/proximal jejunum and a semi-open segment was created by inflating the proximal balloon in ten volunteers. A dispersion of 10 mg rosuvastatin was administered below the inflated balloon and bile was collected proximally of the inflated balloon. Bile and plasma samples were withdrawn every 20 min during a 4 h period (absorption phase) and additional plasma samples were collected 24 and 48 h post-dose.

Este artículo presenta un detector de aristas y esquinas, implementado en el dominio del proyecto GEIST (un Sistema de Información Turística Asistido por Computador) para extraer la información de aristas rectas y sus intersecciones (esquinas en la imagen) a partir de imágenes de cámara (del mundo real) contrastadas con imágenes generadas por computador (de la Base de Datos de Monumentos Históricos a partir de posición y orientación de un observador virtual). Las imágenes de la cámara y las generadas por computador son procesadas para reducir detalle, hallar el esqueleto de la imagen y detectar aristas y esquinas. Las esquinas sobrevivientes del proceso de detección y hallazgo del esqueleto de las imágenes son tratados como puntos referentes y alimentados a un algoritmo de puesta en correspondencia, el cual estima los errores de muestreo que usualmente contaminan los datos de GPS y orientación (alimentados al generador de imágenes por computador). De esta manera, un ciclo de control de lazo cerrado se implementa, por medio del cual el sistema converge a la determinación exacta de posición y orientación de un observador atravesando un escenario histórico (en este caso, la ciudad de Heidelberg). Con esta posición y orientación exactas, en el proyecto GEIST otros módulos son capaces de proyectar re-creaciones históricas en el campo de visión del observador, las cuales tienen el escenario exacto (la imagen real vista por el observador). Así, el turista “ve” las escenas desarrollándose en sitios históricos materiales y reales de la ciudad. Para ello, este artículo presenta la modificación y articulación de algoritmos tales como el Canny Edge Detector, “SUSAN Corner detector”, filtros 1- y 2-dimensionales, etcétera.

PACS: 07.05.Pj

MSC: 68Uxx, 68U05, 68U10

To investigate impact of hyperlipidemia on clarithromycin
pharmacokinetics in Wistar rats, hyperlipidemia was successfully
induced by providing high fat diet (rich of cholesterol) for 6-8 weeks.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of clarithromycin in induced
hyperlipidemia and control group (non-hyperlipidemia) were
determined in rats after oral (10, 20, and 100 mg/kg) single
administration of clarithromycin. Group allocation for in-vivo study
(n=6) as follows: G1: Vehicle control, G2-G4: Non-hyperlipidemic
rats treated with clarithromycin, G5-G7: hyperlipidemic rats treated
with clarithromycin. For In-vitro study (n=4): G8: Non-hyperlipidemic rats pooled liver homogenate, G9: Hyperlipidemic rat
pooled liver homogenate for investigation of clarithromycin
metabolism. For biliary excretion  studies (n=4): G10: non-hyperlipidemic rats treated with clarithromycin and G11:
Hyperlipidemic rats treated with clarithromycin. The area under the
plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–∞
) and the peak plasma
concentration (C
max) of clarithromycin (non-hyperlipidemic group)
was 1.77 ± 0.33 µg. h/mL and 0.47 ± 0.06 µg/mL for 10 mg/kg; 5.63
± 1.51 µg. h/mL and 1.21 ± 0.11 µg/mL for 20 mg/kg; 58.97 ± 12.74
µg. h/mL and 12.48 ± 3.8 µg/mL for 100 mg/kg, respectively. In
hyperlipidemic group the AUC0–∞ and Cmax  of clarithromycin was
3.47 ± 0.82 µg.h/mL and 0.84 ± 0.09 ug/mL for 10 mg/kg; 12.21 ±
2.83 µg.h/mL and 2 ± 0.24 µg/mL for 20 mg/kg; 141.88 ± 54.03
µg.h/mL and 20.57 ± 7.6 µg/mL for 100  mg/kg, respectively. Over
all exposure was significantly increased in hyperlipidemic groups at
across the tested doses. The percentage remaining of clarithromycin
in hyperlipidemic rat’s liver homogenates and biliary excretion was
significantly (P<0.05) high as compared with non-hyperlipidemic
rats. The % dose excretion of clarithromycin in urine was lower as
compared with bile in hyperlipidemic rats. Conclude that the
clarithromycin was considerably affected by hyperlipidemia. The enhanced area under the curve of clarithromycin in hyperlipidemic
rats might be mainly due to inhibition of the CYP mediated
metabolism in the liver by hyperlipidemia which was reproduced
in bile and urine.

Effects of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin (DMIS) on the pharmacokinetics of Gatifloxacin were investigated after i.v and oral administration (50mg/mg) to control Sprague-Dawley rats and DMIS rats (at 7 th and 29 th days after administration of streptozotocin (55mg/kg). After i.v administration to DMIS rats, there was no significant difference in clearance, t 1/2 , V d and MRT last. But after oral administration of gatifloxacin to DMIS rats Cmax was significantly increased. This could be supported with the marginal increase in AUC and an increase in bioavailability of drug in chronic (78.7% increase) as well as acute conditions (75.3% increases). Streptozotocin induced toxicity did not influence considerably on the pharmacokinetics of gatifloxacin.