Economic Organization

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. The key roles of economic and social organization, producer and consumer behaviour towards a HAFEN

In the literature and in current public discourse, innovation is usually taken to mean technological innovation, which is carried out through the figure of the entrepreneur. This editorial introduction first goes back to the emergence of the notion of social innovation, dedicated to including other processes, actors and purposes. It reminds us that the notion has been shaped by the crises that faced societies from the 1970s and presents the two fields of research that have anchored the notion in different theoretical positions. We highlight how the food and agricultural sector illustrates the three current meanings of social innovation, despite the fact that the general literature on social innovation usually focuses only on a few types of initiatives. We explain how the papers of this special issue demonstrate that agriculture and food represent an exemplary empirical terrain to push forward thinking in the field, such as the need for a better understanding of 'social innovation in the making' or of the processes of innovation scaling. This introduction thus not only consolidates a collection of contributions to the area of research on social innovation in the sociology of agriculture and food, but it also frames a new and potential contribution of sociology to the literature on social innovation. Innovation covers a wide range of practices and processes, but despite this, from public perceptions to policy and science, innovation often is conceived of from the angle of technological innovation. In other words, what is new consists of new products, methods of production or processes more efficient than the existing . Moreover, innovation is supposed to be due to entrepreneurs, as central actors developing (technological) inventions and placing them in the market, in the line of thought of Schumpeter (1912). First appearing in the 1970s, the notion of social innovation was conceived as an opening of these notions to include other processes, actors, values and results. In an initially very critical posture opposing technical progress and its impacts, the concept has come into its own through more diverse approaches. The multiplication of prolonged crises at the beginning of the 21st Century sparked opposing reactions: on the one hand, a renewed interest in social innovation and the participatory innovative processes it encompasses began to be seen around the world ; on the other hand, some academics critiqued social innovation as an 'institutional notion' that masks the disengagement of States from social

Resumen: La actividad pesquera a pequeña escala es común para las poblaciones que viven en contacto con las áreas naturales protegidas marítimo-terrestres. En estos espacios, la gestión de la pesca intenta conjugar el desarrollo socioeconómico de las comunidades y la conservación de las especies haliéuticas. Sin embargo, este ejercicio genera tensiones entre el sector concernido y la autoridad que implementa los programas de manejo. Esta investigación revela la organización de la actividad pesquera comercial ribereña en el Parque Nacional Bahía de Loreto. Para alcanzar este objetivo, presenta el concepto teórico de pesca comercial ribereña y contextualiza la figura de conservación "Parque Nacional". Además, muestra las infraestructuras de almacenamiento y los flujos comerciales de los productos del mar. Finalmente, expone las tensiones y transformaciones que la pesca comercial ribereña ha sufrido. Se consideraron datos cuantitativos procedentes de las instituciones públicas y entidades privadas, y cualitativos obtenidos en el trabajo de campo.

Resumen El presente trabajo constituye una reevaluación de la secuencia cronológico-cultural del período Arcaico en Taltal, en un intento por documentar las continuidades y transformaciones en la organización económica de las poblaciones locales que habitaron este territorio, a partir de nuevos datos generados durante los últimos años en conjunto con otros estudios realizados en la zona anteriormente. Esta investigación ha estado principalmente orientada al registro y comprensión de tres variables principales dentro de los sistemas económicos de las comunidades de cazadores, recolectores y pescadores del área de estudio: los sistemas de movilidad, las prácticas de subsistencia y la tecnología. Palabras claves: secuencia cronológica-organización económica-norte de Chile-costa arreica-Taltal.

Resumen El presente trabajo constituye una reevaluación de la secuencia cronológico-cultural del período Arcaico en Taltal, en un intento por documentar las continuidades y transformaciones en la organización económica de las poblaciones locales que habitaron este territorio, a partir de nuevos datos generados durante los últimos años en conjunto con otros estudios realizados en la zona anteriormente. Esta investigación ha estado principalmente orientada al registro y comprensión de tres variables principales dentro de los sistemas económicos de las comunidades de cazadores, recolectores y pescadores del área de estudio: los sistemas de movilidad, las prácticas de subsistencia y la tecnología. Palabras claves: secuencia cronológica-organización económica-norte de Chile-costa arreica-Taltal.

El presente artículo es la síntesis del debate de los autores sobre las transformaciones organizacionales basadas en el creciente predominio de los activos intangibles, especialmente del capital humano, para comprender las organizaciones económicas actuales en medio de sus contextos altamente exigentes y variables, como resultado de la fase inicial de una investigación general sobre el factor trabajo de las ESAL (entidades sin ánimo de lucro). A partir del enfoque tradicional de la fi rma, el capital humano es el factor que ha transformado los análisis teóricos por su relativamente nueva y creciente importancia, lo que da curso a la necesidad de clarifi carlo. Se observa la forma en que la tecnología infl uye la transformación de la organización moderna y su articulación con el capital humano, para concluir con la relación de posturas que permiten identifi car y valorar los activos intangibles basados en este tipo de factor de producción.

Resumen El presente trabajo constituye una reevaluación de la secuencia cronológico-cultural del período Arcaico en Taltal, en un intento por documentar las continuidades y transformaciones en la organización económica de las poblaciones locales que habitaron este territorio, a partir de nuevos datos generados durante los últimos años en conjunto con otros estudios realizados en la zona anteriormente. Esta investigación ha estado principalmente orientada al registro y comprensión de tres variables principales dentro de los sistemas económicos de las comunidades de cazadores, recolectores y pescadores del área de estudio: los sistemas de movilidad, las prácticas de subsistencia y la tecnología. Palabras claves: secuencia cronológica-organización económica-norte de Chile-costa arreica-Taltal.

Resumen El presente trabajo constituye una reevaluación de la secuencia cronológico-cultural del período Arcaico en Taltal, en un intento por documentar las continuidades y transformaciones en la organización económica de las poblaciones locales que habitaron este territorio, a partir de nuevos datos generados durante los últimos años en conjunto con otros estudios realizados en la zona anteriormente. Esta investigación ha estado principalmente orientada al registro y comprensión de tres variables principales dentro de los sistemas económicos de las comunidades de cazadores, recolectores y pescadores del área de estudio: los sistemas de movilidad, las prácticas de subsistencia y la tecnología. Palabras claves: secuencia cronológica-organización económica-norte de Chile-costa arreica-Taltal.

The Lake Titicaca Basin is one of the regions in the world where both primary village and state formation occurred in prehistory. Although agriculture has been discussed as the central engine fueling these processes, fish and other aquatic resources were significant but little-understood components of the region's ancient economy. In this paper, we use zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains from 367 flotation samples recovered from five archaeological sites to discuss the interplay between fishing, environmental change, and the emergence of sociopolitical complexity in the Taraco Peninsula of Lake Titicaca. Our results suggest that fishing comprised a significant component of the local inhabitants' diet between 1500 BC and 1100 AD. The intensity of fish procurement, however, varied through time and independently of both climatic and population change. We interpret variation in fish consumption through time as a product of group and individual decisions to optimize resource use in a context of dynamic environmental and sociopolitical variability.

Resumo A institucionalização do Estado autoritário português teve como principal marco a promulgação da Constituição Política de 1933. Aí se inscreveu o ideário corporativo, que, mais do que tendo um perfil estabilizador, projetou-se como ideal animador do projeto estatal a construir. Envolvendo vários domínios públicos, teve, em toda a vigência do regime, maior importância para o plano da economia. Contudo, permaneceu por estudar como se estruturou o caráter econômico e social daquela Constituição e as negociações políticas que determinaram as opções inscritas naqueles aspectos. Tomando como ponto de partida a reflexão de Jon Elster de que pouco se exploram os processos de elaboração das constituições tanto em estudos sobre casos nacionais quanto em estudos de dimensão comparativa, este artigo procura contribuir para essa temática. Procura-se clarificar como se construiu a dimensão econômico-social da Constituição portuguesa de 1933, atendendo-se às suposições cognitivas dos criado...

Durante los últimos cinco años ha aumentado la producción sobre la frontera peruano-chilena. No obstante, la profundización etnográfica sobre las dinámicas de este corredor permitirá ahondar sobre el carácter transfronterizo complejo del mismo, permitiéndonos debatir propuestas teóricas y metodológicas. El presente trabajo aborda las dinámicas sociales, económicas y culturales de las ferias de ropa y calzado de segundo uso en la frontera sur peruana, complementando estudios realizados en el norte chileno. Finalmente, los resultados expuestos discutirán presupuestos teóricos propuestos para el corredor fronterizo peruano-chileno. De esta manera, por medio de una metodología etnográfica desarrollada con base en las técnicas de entrevistas y observación, se busca generar evidencias de las dinámicas socio-territoriales manifiestas en la esfera pública de las referidas ferias. Finalmente, observaremos que la propia esfera pública descrita nos permite discutir las escalas territoriales de...

The Lake Titicaca Basin is one of the regions in the world where both primary village and state formation occurred in prehistory. Although agriculture has been discussed as the central engine fueling these processes, fish and other aquatic resources were significant but little-understood components of the region's ancient economy. In this paper, we use zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains from 367 flotation samples recovered from five archaeological sites to discuss the interplay between fishing, environmental change, and the emergence of sociopolitical complexity in the Taraco Peninsula of Lake Titicaca. Our results suggest that fishing comprised a significant component of the local inhabitants' diet between 1500 BC and 1100 AD. The intensity of fish procurement, however, varied through time and independently of both climatic and population change. We interpret variation in fish consumption through time as a product of group and individual decisions to optimize resource use in a context of dynamic environmental and sociopolitical variability.

11 Knowledge and Learning, Markets and Organizations Managing the Information Transaction Space Ard Huizing and Wim Bouman The field of knowledge management lacks a com-prehensive analysis from the economic perspec-tive. While numerous benefits are claimed in lit- ...

The aim of this article is to provide an insight into understanding transaction costs on
other than the company level. Using the literature review, the foundations of the new
institutional economics are evoked to verify whether any obstacles exist that would prevent
translating the analysis into the mesoeconomic level. Furthermore, referring to Coase’s suggestion
on bonding economics and accounting, a proposal for industry-level operationalisation is
presented, based on profit and loss account and highlights different elements of transaction
costs. The proposal constitutes a starting point for further meso or macro-economic estimations.
It also suggests a more in-depth way of estimating the value of transaction costs in industries
and economies that could constitute an alternative for the Wallis and North’s previous
estimations of transaction services estimations.

This dissertation contains articles on business reengineering and organizational learning published over the last ten years. Chapters 2, 3, and 4 focus on reengineering, while chapters 5 and 6 consider knowledge and learning across markets and within organizations. Each chapter is self-contained and can be read as a separate essay. Another way to approach this book is to view reengineering and learning as developments in organization theory. Reengineering can be interpreted as a recommendation to "organize around process," and learning "to organize around knowledge and the construction of meaning." Some theorists believe organization theory to be in a state of disarray . New ideas would emerge from firms and consultancies rather than from academics, and new organizational developments would proceed faster than our capacity to theorize about them. Moreover, there would be hardly any cooperation among and within the different organization disciplines addressing organizational problems, thus obstructing the growth of organization theory. Instead, each organization discipline and every theory group operating in these disciplines would pursue its own specialized research agenda, producing academically rigorous outcomes, but also an increasing divergence from managerial and organizational practice. All these contentions relate to the debate on rigor versus relevance that plays on ongoing role in organization theory. Reengineering and learning can therefore be seen as different, unrelated subjects, and as concepts of organization that can be evaluated in terms of their contribution to organization theory and the debate on rigor versus relevance. The five chapters can be read either way. This chapter serves as an introduction to the five essays. In addition, it poses the question: what can we learn from reengineering and learning if we consider them in the wider context of organization theory and the debate on rigor and relevance that is taking place within this context? I shall first describe the fundamental challenge of organization, and present an overview of the academic disciplines addressing this challenge. In doing so, a distinction is made between economics, organization studies, and organizational economics. Furthermore, the rigor versus relevance debate among and within these disciplines is briefly illustrated. This discussion not only allows me to introduce and summarize the five chapters dealing with reengineering and learning as separate subjects, but also to comparatively assess them in the much wider perspective of organization theory. Chapter 2 is a summary of five articles published in several journals in the early days of reengineering. It introduces the concept of reengineering and a reengineering typology on which the notion of balanced change is developed. Chapter 3 is a complete reprint of an article that reports on a quantitative-empirical study into the relationship between balanced change and organizational performance. It is representative of a number of publications that resulted from this research project. Of chapter 4, in which reengineering is critically assessed and its demise anticipated, four previous versions are in circulation. Learning across markets and within organizations is the subject of chapters 5 and 6. Chapter 5, too, is a complete reprint of a previous publication, whereas chapter 6 is "hot off the press," and has not appeared in a journal yet. In total, this dissertation encompasses 18 publications, which I have collated alone or in

Sensemaking, Knowledge Creation, and Decision Making Organizational Knowing as Emergent Strategy Chun Wei Choo This chapter introduces the perspective of strat-egy as the outcome of organizational sensemak-ing, knowledge creating, and decision making. The first ...

The Human Development Index of tribals is much lower than that of the rest of India’s population. In the UNDP Human Poverty Index, tribal communities of India, as a group, are ranked alongside those of sub-Saharan African countries, in the bottom 25. This is alarming, considering that India is a middle ranked country on the same index. Though tribals live in resource-rich regions, they continue to be marginalized in the development process. Micro finance, in this context, has emerged as a promising tool to correct market failure and ensure social-economic-political development of tribals. Micro finance is seen as an empowering tool having the ability to give voice to people and help them deal with exploitative forces.
The paper looks at the outreach of Micro finance among the plain area tribes of Andhra Pradesh (AP) and the factors required for making Micro finance work for tribals. It is based on a study of tribal habitations in the plain area districts of AP commissioned by the Tribal Welfare Department, Government of AP. The paper argues for establishment of community-based financial institutions, bundling business development services with Micro finance and development of physical, social and economic infrastructure for development of plain area tribes. The paper also proposes building up a ‘tribal cadre’ for effective implementation of development programmes for tribals.

The field of knowledge management lacks a comprehensive analysis from the economic
perspective. While numerous benefits are claimed in literature, for instance increased
productivity and the creation of innovative products and services, it is broadly acknowledged
that the business or strategic value of knowledge management is hard to demonstrate
(Davenport et al., 1998; Zack, 1999).
The aim of this chapter is to help develop an economic foundation for knowledge
management. We view knowledge management as an organizational discipline bridging
information demand and supply in support of learning processes within organizations. The
fundamental task of organizing is generally to achieve purposeful, coordinated action from
organizations which consist of many specialized individuals and other resources that can be
deployed in different ways and for different purposes (Douma & Schreuder, 1991; Grant,
1996). To better exploit the potential productivity of these resources and to learn from the
experiences, a vast network of information exchange is necessary. We call this complex and
chaotic network of human interaction ‘the information transaction space’, and see it as the
object of knowledge management. It represents the set of all possible information exchanges
— economists say transactions — available to any actor at any time (1).

"The study of northwest coast complex foragers--particularly those of the Greater Lower Columbia River region--assists general anthropology and anthropological archaeology in several ways: it identifies material correlates of one example of complex foragers, which may be useful in other analytical contexts, it assist in understanding the origins of inequality on the Northwest Coast and elsewhere by describing the precontact organization of labour, and it also assists in the understanding of how the unique sedentary foragers of the Lower Columbia region were economically organized in the early-contact period, partially as a test of the accuracy of historical reports. This report investigates the relationship between the organization of labour and usewear and artefact distributions from the floor areas of three aboriginal plank houses excavated in the Greater Lower Columbia River region. These houses date to the late precontact/early contact period, from ca. 1400 AD to 1830 AD. Lithic usewear analysis on tools excavated from these houses was used to identify the range and nature of extractive and maintenance activities carried out within the houses during occupation.