Ecology of Bird Migration

Bird Species Diversity and Assessment of Bird-Strike in Sam Mbakwe International Cargo Airport, Ngor Okpala, Imo State, Nigeria was carried out to determine the distribution, abundance and diversity of bird species, coupled with the incident of bird strike within the last four years and to also identify potential bird species that pose serious threat to aviation safety in the study area. Lines transect and point count method of bird census was used to collect data on distribution, abundance and diversity of bird species in the study area. Information on bird strike occurrence at the airport for the past four years was collected from the wildlife and bird Hazard control unit of the Airport. A total of 18 bird species representing 16 families were recorded during the study. Shannon Wierner diversity index value of 1.140 was recorded in the morning hours. Bird species were more evenly distributed during the evening hours with a value of 0.458 and morning hours had the highest species richness with a value of 2.055. The Hooded vulture was the highest ranked potential bird species that pose serious threat to aviation safety in the study area while the most abundant bird species was the pied crow. Variety of bird species were observed in the vicinity of the Airport. The susceptibility of these birds to run into an aircraft is valid and this is a threat to aviation industry and prospective bird control measures should be carried out in a manner that it does not create circumstances that are attractive to other species.

Trade‐offs between moult and fuelling in migrant birds vary with migration distance and the environmental conditions they encounter. We compared wing moult and fuelling at the northern and southern ends of migration in two populations of adult Common Whitethroats Sylvia communis. The western population moults most remiges at the breeding grounds in Europe (e.g. Poland) and migrates 4000–5000 km to western Africa (e.g. Nigeria). The eastern population moults all remiges at the non‐breeding grounds and migrates 7000–10 000 km from western Asia (e.g. southwestern Siberia) to eastern and southern Africa. We tested the hypotheses that: (1) Whitethroats moult their wing feathers slowly in South Africa, where they face fewer time constraints than in Poland, and (2) fuelling is slower when it coincides with moulting (Poland, South Africa) than when it occurs alone (Siberia, Nigeria). We estimated moult timing of primaries, secondaries and tertials from moult records of Polish and South Afri...

Present study was undertaken in Umblebylu village to find out diversity of bird's species by point count, random walk survey and opportunistic methods. Total 132 bird species were recorded in varied habitats such as wetlands, forest edges, agricultural and residential areas. Maximum number of bird species were belonging to family Ardeidae. Order Passeriformes represented highest number (57) bird species The study area had 11% schedule-I, 66 % schedule-II and 23 % schedule-IV species representing their conservation status. The most of the bird species found were rare.

We report the first European record of five shorebirds (Anas platyrhynchos, Fulica atra, Larus michahellis, Melanitta fusca, and Podiceps cristatus) preying on the non-native spiny-cheek crayfish (Faxonius limosus) in Lombardy (Northern Italy). This crayfish is considered an invasive alien species, rapidly spreading all over the country, primarily in northern regions. These first observations of predation by bird species evidenced the availability of F. limosus as a new trophic resource, even for mostly herbivorous species, such as F. atra and A. platyrhynchos. In this note, we would also highlight the role of citizens in providing further records of new interactions among native and nonnative species.

Citizen-science driven exercises (e.g. bird surveys) and online platforms (e.g. eBird) provide voluminous data on bird occurrence. However, the semi-structured nature of their data collection makes it difficult to compare bird distribution across space and time. Bird atlases are based on standardized surveys and describe the distribution of bird species over a predefined region and have fewer biases, and thus are better suited for use in research. The recently concluded Kerala Bird Atlas (henceforth KBA) is Asia's largest bird atlas in terms of geographical extent, sampling effort and species coverage. The entire state of Kerala was systematically surveyed twice a year during 2015-20 and over 0.3 million records of 380 species from 25,000 checklists were aggregated. The dataset was filtered and various metrics were estimated. A total of 915 cells were laid out for systematic surveys, of which 888 were surveyed in either or both the seasonsdry season (January-March) and wet season (July-September); 27 cells could not be surveyed in either of the seasons due to logistical constraints. However, this variation in sampling effort had a minimal effect on survey completeness. The slope of the species accumulation curve suggested nearcomplete species sampling in over 70% of the cells. After eliminating nocturnal and pelagic species, data from 361 species were analysed. Species count was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Species richness (count) and evenness were higher in the northern and central districts than in the southern districts. High elevation regions of the southern Western Ghats were the largest contiguous areas lacking sufficient sampling. We found that most of the endemics were concentrated in the Western Ghats, but threatened species were as likely to occur along the coasts as in the Ghats. The KBA dataset is a valuable resource for testing various ecological hypotheses and suggesting science-backed conservation measures. KBA model could be replicated for similar atlases in other states or biogeographic regions of India.

Avian taxa are natural indicators of a healthy ecosystem. India has 1332 bird species, about 6% of population. Birds survey was carried out in the winter season from December 2023 to February 2024 at Gorakhpur Zoo (26.713403°N and 83.407705°E, 68m altitude), Uttar Pradesh, following the fixed transects. We recorded 85 avian species belonging to 39 families and 17 orders. Ardeidae was the most diverse family of birds in the study area (RDi value = 8.33). Among the recorded species, 63 species are Resident, 19 species are winter migrant and 3 species are local migrant. During the survey, we recorded one threatened species and winter migrant, the Ferruginous Pochard. There are no studies conducted on birds at the study site despite its abundant avian population. It is essential to conduct further research to monitor the species and population trends of birds, particularly in light of shifting climatic conditions.

Currently, aquaculture based employment has been impact on fishery industry and gained awareness in worldwide. Northern parts of Thailand, cage fish farming are very important cultivation. It has contributed substantially to livelihoods, food demand, employment and income. Environmental factors are significant role in the fish culture especially, the temperature. It is fairly low in the Northern part of Thailand during in the winter, air temperature drops below 15 degC and difference between day and night about 15-20 degC. Generally, the appropriate and optimum temperature of fish culture was 28-32 degC. The average initial weight of fishes were 2.54plusmn0.11 g at cultured for 120 days in 3 treatments, normal fish cage (T-A), greenhouse fish cage (T-B) and greenhouse fish cage was integrated with reduce heat loss system (T-C). The study investigation revealed that average water temperature and highest value were observed in treatments (T-C) (27.6 degC), followed by treatments (T-B)...

Understanding the dynamics of stopover site quality and the adaptive response of birds within these contexts is essential for comprehending migratory strategies and their impact on individual survival and fitness. to investigate these dynamics, we examined 16 years of bluethroat Luscinia svecica monitoring at txingudi, one of its key stopover sites in northern Iberia. Our aim was to examine annual variations and potential temporal trends in demographic structure (characterised by subspecies, age and sex ratios), population size, timing of passage, stopover duration, fuel load and fuel deposition rate. Such variations could signal a shift in the ecological value of this stopover site. the number of bluethroats declined at an annual rate of 2.3%. Stopover probability and body mass varied annually, the latter showing a negative trend. however, population structure, passage timing and fuel deposition rate remained remarkably constant, with only minor deviations from the mean in specific years for certain parameters. the observed population decline mirrored that in the breeding population in France, suggesting changes in major stopover sites like txingudi may reflect dynamics within breeding areas. Future research, including comparative studies across flyways, will be essential for comprehension of the long-term temporal dynamics of major stopover site usage.

Aquatic avifauna are an important bio-indicator of an ecosystem changes. Mizoram, one of the northeastern states of India, lies in one of the richest biodiversity hotspots of the world. Along its water bodies, it is home to several species of resident birds, and is also a temporary home for migrating birds in different seasons. These resident and migratory avifauna form an important component of most wetland ecosystems, as they are vital components of the food webs. While only the Tamdil and Palak Lake are recognized as wetlands, there are several rivers and smaller water bodies around which aquatic avifauna exist. However, official records comprise of about 14 species of waterbirds belonging to 6 orders and 8 families. Of these, Anatidae, Charadriidae, Scolopacidae, Anhingidae, and Podicipedidae are represented by one species each, while the Ardeidae are represented by four species. Among the 14 species reported so far, two species of the Order Pelicaniformes, namely Anhinga melanogaster (Family Anhingidae) and Ardea insignis (Family Ardeidae) are highly endangered. However, detailed studies are wanting and, while there are sporadic reports of sightings on social media, there is a need for a more comprehensive study of the diversity and seasonal variations of aquatic avifauna around the different water bodies of the state of Mizoram.

This paper is a comprehensive survey of avian diversity in the Central University of Odisha, situated in the Sunabeda of the Koraput district and epitomizes different ecosystems over 450 acres. The survey was conducted over a period of 12 months from September 2023 to August 2024, dealing with species of birds, seasonal population dynamics, and habitat associations across this ecologically important region. Observations were conducted at peak bird activity hours on grasslands, forests, agricultural land, and water bodies with the observations recorded systematically. A total of 117 species of birds were recorded comprising 16 orders and 51 families,

Individuals of Laridae family play an important role in functional ecology of marine and coastal environments, and have been described as bioindicators of ichthyofauna, however, knowledge about these birds in southwestern Gulf of Mexico is limited. The objective of the present study was to study Laridae family assemblages and migratory patterns along Barra Norte beach coastline, Veracruz State, southwestern Gulf of Mexico. During 2014-2015 winter migratory season, three monthly samplings were conducted along 1 km x 600 m line transects. The assemblages were approached through diversity indices (Pielou's equity, Simpson's dominance and true diversity) and dominant species (characterized by a percentage similarity analysis). Migration was studied with a partial canonical correspondence analysis. A total of 3,314 organisms grouped into 14 species were recorded. Equity was highest in April and dominance in February. The dominant species were Leucophaeus atricilla, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Hydroprogne caspia. Three migratory patterns were found and coincide with the rainy, northerly and dry seasons. Each pattern contains particular species assemblages. The first pattern occurs from August to October 2014 (Sterna hirundo, T. acuflavidus and Chlidonias niger), the second from November 2014 to February 2015 (Larus delawarensis, L. californicus, L. argentatus smithsonianus, L. atricilla, H. caspia and Rissa trydactila) and the last one covers April and May 2015 (Rynchops niger, Sternula antillarum and L. pipixcan). Results establish that larids community assemblage is composed of a multiple migratory pattern.

This review provides an exhaustive analysis of the impact of climate change on fruit yield and quality, with a specific focus on India's horticultural sector. It synthesizes current research findings, identifies gaps, and suggests future directions to understand and mitigate the effects of climate change on key fruit crops. Climate change, characterized by rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, and extreme weather events, poses significant challenges to fruit production. These challenges under three main sections: the direct and indirect effects of climate change on fruit yield, the influence of climate change on fruit quality, and the adaptations in modern horticultural practices. The direct effects include alterations in flowering and fruiting cycles and changes in pollination dynamics. Indirect effects comprise changes in soil quality and nutrient availability, along with water availability and irrigation challenges. These factors collectively lead to variations in fruit yield across different regions and crops. The review also discusses the impact of climate change on the nutritional content of fruits, such as changes in sugar, acid, vitamin levels, and secondary metabolites that affect flavour and health benefits. Physical and aesthetic changes, including modifications in size, color, texture, and shelf life, are also examined, highlighting their implications for marketability and consumer preference. Adaptation strategies in response to these challenges are crucial. Delves into breeding and genetic modification efforts aimed at developing climateresilient fruit varieties and discusses the role of biotechnology in these adaptations. It also covers changes in agronomic practices, such as adjustments in planting dates and crop rotation, alongside water management and conservation techniques. The adoption of technological innovations like precision agriculture, monitoring systems, and controlled environment agriculture (CEA) is evaluated for their potential to enhance resilience in fruit production.

Responding to environmental changes, a variety of bird species have recently been displaced, leading to changed behavior. Migrant and sedentary birds show interpersonal survival differences in rates, population count, and lifetime of 180 individuals radio-tracked throughout, including partially displaced Great Bustards (Otis tarta), with 16 years of data for analysis. We utilized population migration patterns in this study, automating the step of screening ecological phenomena from radar data. This approach will significantly assist in conducting large-scale research. We employed Fisher on SIFT descriptors as the basis of the vector model, comparing it to convolutional neural networks (CNNs). By comparing the performance of these models, we can use various techniques for this new mission. We evaluated the performance of deep and shallow network structures, comparing the conventional CNN model with deep structure models and trained them on radar imagery before fine-tuning using ImageNet. We compared the results obtained. There may be several reasons why many birds migrate. The primary reason is the availability of food during their migration. If they remain in one place, their food supply during the breeding season will eventually run out. Therefore, they move to areas where food is plentiful to reproduce. During this period, a decrease in food does not affect incoming birds, but it does attract predators who view them as an easy meal. Additionally, birds usually migrate to ensure healthy conditions for raising their offspring. Another reason for migration is changes in climate or weather conditions. If there is a change in these conditions, it may trigger their migration. Severe situations such as predators and diseases can drive them to migrate in order to protect themselves and their descendants. Generally, they migrate to places that are safe and inaccessible to predators.

The growth and digestibility study has been performed in Channa punctata in four experimental conditions with pelleted diets. The formulated diets were prepared with locally available ingredients viz, rice bran, oil cake, silkworm pupae, fish meal, meat meal, blood meal etc following standard methodology. There was an increasing trend of growth parameters such as food conversion ratio and food conversion efficiency as well as digestibility in all experimental groups except those on feed pellets of blood meal as an ingredient. Findings of the present study suggest that cocoon based feed could be used for better growth and feed utilization efficiencies of snakehead Channa punctata.

Human-induced direct mortality affects huge numbers of birds each year, threatening hundreds of species worldwide. Tracking technologies can be an important tool to investigate temporal and spatial patterns of bird mortality as well as their drivers. We compiled 1704 mortality records from tracking studies across the African-Eurasian flyway for 45 species, including raptors, storks, and cranes, covering the period from 2003 to 2021. Our results show a higher frequency of human-induced causes of mortality than natural causes across taxonomic groups, geographical areas, and age classes. Moreover, we found that the frequency of human-induced mortality remained stable over the study period. From the human-induced mortality events with a known cause (n = 637), three main causes were identified: electrocution (40.5 %), illegal killing (21.7 %), and poisoning (16.3 %). Additionally, combined energy infrastructure-related mortality (i.e., electrocution, power line collision, and wind-farm collision) represented 49 % of all human-induced mortality events. Using a random forest model, the main predictors of human-induced mortality were found to be taxonomic group, geographic location (latitude and longitude), and human footprint index value at the location of mortality. Despite conservation efforts, human drivers of bird mortality in the African-Eurasian flyway do not appear to have declined over the last 15 years for the studied group of species. Results suggest that stronger conservation actions to address these threats across the flyway can reduce their impacts on species. In particular, projected future development of energy infrastructure is a representative example where application of planning, operation, and mitigation measures can enhance bird conservation.

A checklist of birds species recorded from the area is given along with their respective details during the survey. The Duration of survey was almost five years i.e. from Sept. 2012 to July 2017. The Study was carried out including eight fresh water resources along with their surrounding agricultural field and grasslands. It also includes three forest ranges which were around Yavatmal city. This is the first check list of Yavatmal. Total number of 304 species of birds was recorded and taxonomically it covers 13 orders and 54 families. Total 16 species were recorded under the different section such as Black-bellied tern-Endangered (EN), Vulnerable (VU)-Indian Skimmer, Woolly necked stork and Common Pochard, Near Threatened(NT)-Ferruginous Pochard, Black tailed godwit, Pallid harrier, Darter, Black headed ibis, Painetd stork, Curlew sandpiper, Red naked falcon, Great thick-knee, River tern, Alexandrine Parakeet and European Roller as per IUCN threat category. It was noticed that the O...

This paper explores the unusual influx of Little Crakes Zapornia parva in Malta in April 2024, analysing ecological and meteorological factors that may have contributed to this event. The research utilizes field observations and analysis of migration patterns to put the unusual occurrence in a proper context. Historically, Little Crakes were described
as “abundant” in Malta during the 19th century but saw a decline in sightings over time, shifting from being “common” to “rare” according to late 19th and early 20th-century ornithological records. The present study notes that, despite this long-term decrease, a recent count of 22 birds marks a significant event, highlighting the species’ fluctuating status in the Maltese Islands.

Four new species: Oriental Honey Buzzard Pernis ptilorhynchus orientalis, Brown Booby Sula leucogaster, Franklin’s Gull Leucophaeus pipixcan, Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea were recorded between 2023 and 2024. These species bring the number of species of birds recorded in the Maltese Islands to 476.  The list of the birds recorded in Malta that had been updated in 2010 (Fenech 2010) was later updated with new species that were recorded between 2010 and 2015 (Fenech & Sammut 2015).  More new species were added in 2017 (Fenech 2017), in 2020 (Fenech & Sammut 2020), and in 2022 (Fenech & Sammut 2022).

Protected areas are crucial for the conservation of West Africa's increasingly imperiled wildlife, but are under unprecedented pressure associated with exponential human population growth in the region. Using birds as biodiversity indicators, we investigated the conservation status of Togo's Fazao-Malfakassa National Park, which was managed by a private foundation from 1990 to 2015, and since 2015 has been managed by the state. Between 2022 and 2024, we conducted 90 days of bird surveys in the park and documented a total of 240 bird species. Our findings include 34 species new to the park, including the first record of Emin's Shrike (Lanius gubernator) in Togo, the first sightings of the Great Blue Turaco (Corythaeola cristata) since 1990, and first observations of the Abyssinian Ground-Hornbill (Bucorvus abyssinicus) since 2019. Many such species survive in Togo only in Fazao-Malfakassa National Park, but its exceptional biodiversity has come under increasing assault from illegal activities, including poaching, logging, road construction, charcoal production, cattle grazing, and land clearance to establish agricultural plantations. We were unable to document 91 bird species previously reported for the park during our surveys, suggesting a possible ~31% decline in avian species richness in the park compared to historical records. Apparent extirpations of globally-threatened raptors such as the Critically Endangered White-backed Vulture (Gyps africanus) and Hooded Vulture (Necrosyrtes monachus), and declines of the Endangered Bateleur (Terathopius ecaudatus) and Martial Eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus) further indicate that current conservation strategies are failing to adequately protect wildlife in the park. Togo's two other historical national parks have already been almost entirely destroyed by human activities, and unless urgent conservation action is taken, there is a high risk that Fazao-Malfakassa National Park will share the same fate. We urgently recommend improving support for law enforcement capacity and park staff, conducting community conservation outreach, and ongoing monitoring of wildlife in the park to assess its conservation success.

A field study was conducted to find out the status, occurrence and relative abundance of birds in
Chunchankatte region of Krishnarajanagara Taluk, Mysuru District. During April, May, June, July, 2023
sampling was done by visual search method. Collected data from study area were subjected to estimate
relative abundance of species. A total, 50 species belonging to 33 Families and 15 orders were
documented in the study sites. This diverse distribution of bird species was reflected in the study of
diversity indices where the Shannon-Wiener diversity index scores of orders 2.3 like other protected
areas of the country. The present study location is also facing conservation challenges and more
intensive studies will certainly reveal the impact of anthropogenic alteration of the habitats in and
around the present study location along with the enrichment of knowledge for the avifaunal diversity.

Citizen-science driven exercises (e.g. bird surveys) and online platforms (e.g. eBird) provide voluminous data on bird occurrence. However, the semi-structured nature of their data collection makes it difficult to compare bird distribution across space and time. Bird atlases are based on standardized surveys and describe the distribution of bird species over a predefined region and have fewer biases, and thus are better suited for use in research. The recently concluded Kerala Bird Atlas (henceforth KBA) is Asia's largest bird atlas in terms of geographical extent, sampling effort and species coverage. The entire state of Kerala was systematically surveyed twice a year during 2015-20 and over 0.3 million records of 380 species from 25,000 checklists were aggregated. The dataset was filtered and various metrics were estimated. A total of 915 cells were laid out for systematic surveys, of which 888 were surveyed in either or both the seasonsdry season (January-March) and wet season (July-September); 27 cells could not be surveyed in either of the seasons due to logistical constraints. However, this variation in sampling effort had a minimal effect on survey completeness. The slope of the species accumulation curve suggested nearcomplete species sampling in over 70% of the cells. After eliminating nocturnal and pelagic species, data from 361 species were analysed. Species count was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Species richness (count) and evenness were higher in the northern and central districts than in the southern districts. High elevation regions of the southern Western Ghats were the largest contiguous areas lacking sufficient sampling. We found that most of the endemics were concentrated in the Western Ghats, but threatened species were as likely to occur along the coasts as in the Ghats. The KBA dataset is a valuable resource for testing various ecological hypotheses and suggesting science-backed conservation measures. KBA model could be replicated for similar atlases in other states or biogeographic regions of India.

A detailed analysis of the avifauna of KSCSTE-Malabar Botanical Garden and Institute for Plant Sciences (KSCSTE-MBGIPS), Kozhikode, Kerala is presented in this paper. This institute is in the urban area of Kozhikode city with a span of 44 acres of protected area for biological diversity. This avifaunal study was conducted from January 2019 to December 2022. The current work documented 111 bird species belonging to 44 families and 18 orders. The avifauna includes three Western Ghat endemic species the Grey-fronted green pigeon, Malabar Barbet, White-cheeked Barbet, and four Globally threatened species, the Asian Woolly-necked Stork, Black-headed Ibis, Oriental Darter, and Painted Stork. In the survey, 15 species were in Schedule I, 94 species in Schedule II of the Wildlife Protection Act (WPA) 2022, one species in Appendix I, five species in Appendix II, and one species that are listed in Appendix III of the Convention on International Trading Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES). These data are satisfied under the updated status of Birdlife International Data Zone. Passeriformes is the predominant order among the avian group, and the family Ardeidae is the most relatively abundant.

Food availability and acquisition are critical components of a stopover site's suitability, but we know relatively little about how changes in food availability affect the stopover ecology of migrating landbirds. We examined fruit and arthropod availability in three habitats, studied foraging behavior and diet, and investigated use versus availability for passerines migrating through southwestern Idaho in autumn. Hemiptera dominated foliage-dwelling arthropod communities in all three habitats, whereas Hymenoptera were most numerous among ground-dwelling arthropods. Mountain shrubland had relatively high biomass of both ground-dwelling and foliage-dwelling arthropods, whereas conifer forest had high biomass of foliage-dwelling arthropods only and shrub steppe had high biomass of ground-dwelling arthropods only. Species' foraging behavior varied , but most species foraged in mountain shrubland more often than expected by chance. Diets of most species included a high proportion of certain Hemiptera and Hymenoptera with smaller proportions of Coleoptera, Diptera, and Heteroptera; Coleoptera and some Hemiptera were consistently preferred by most species. Importantly, all 19 bird species examined consumed some fruit, and this is the first documentation of frugivory for two warbler species. These data point to the importance of several arthropod taxa, especially the Hemiptera and Hymenoptera, and fruits to landbirds migrating in mountain shrubland in autumn. Finally, we found no effect of annual variation of fruit or arthropod abundance on migrants' energetic condition, suggesting that food was sufficient for mass gain in all years of this study and/or that foraging behavior may be plastic enough to allow birds to gain mass despite annual differences in food availability.

Responding to environmental changes, a variety of bird species have recently been displaced, leading to changed behavior. Migrant and sedentary birds show interpersonal survival differences in rates,
population count, and lifetime of 180 individuals radio-tracked throughout, including partially displaced Great Bustards (Otis tarta), with 16 years of data for analysis. We utilized population migration patterns in
this study, automating the step of screening ecological phenomena from radar data. This approach will significantly assist in conducting large-scale research. We employed Fisher on SIFT descriptors as the basis
of the vector model, comparing it to convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

In 2022, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus clade 2.3.4.4b became enzootic and caused mass mortality in Sandwich TernThalasseus sandvicensis and other seabird species across north-western Europe. We present data on the characteristics of the spread of the virus between and within breeding colonies and the number of dead adult Sandwich Terns recorded at breeding sites throughout north-western Europe. Within two months of the first reported mortalities, 20,531 adult Sandwich Terns were found dead, which is >17% of the total north-western European breeding population. This is probably an under-representation of total mortality, as many carcasses are likely to have gone unnoticed and unreported. Within affected colonies, almost all chicks died. After the peak of the outbreak, in a colony established by late breeders, 25.7% of tested adults showed immunity to HPAI subtype H5. Removal of carcasses was associated with lower levels of mortality at affected colonies. More research on the sources and modes of transmission, incubation times, effective containment, and immunity is urgently needed to combat this major threat for colonial seabirds.

A partire dalla stagione invernale 2011-2012 il CISO ha promosso un monitoraggio dedicato alla popolazione svernante di Nibbio reale in Italia, esteso in tutte le regioni ove fosse nota la presenza di dormitori collettivi. Il numero di Nibbi reali censiti nelle rispettive quattro stagioni invernali è risultato pari a 1487 ± 121.4 (media ± ds); 1723.8 ± 138.24; 1660.5 ± 329.8; 1611.5 ± 296.1 con una media complessiva di 1620.7 ± 100.28. Oltre il 60% dei soggetti è distribuito in Basilicata che si conferma la regione più importante per la conservazione della specie, dove il nucleo di Nibbi reali svernanti è risultato compreso tra 900 e 1150 individui.

The growth and digestibility study has been performed in Channa punctata in four experimental conditions with pelleted diets. The formulated diets were prepared with locally available ingredients viz, rice bran, oil cake, silkworm pupae, fish meal, meat meal, blood meal etc following standard methodology. There was an increasing trend of growth parameters such as food conversion ratio and food conversion efficiency as well as digestibility in all experimental groups except those on feed pellets of blood meal as an ingredient. Findings of the present study suggest that cocoon based feed could be used for better growth and feed utilization efficiencies of snakehead Channa punctata.

The avifauna of Moldova is represented by 119 species of aquatic birds and waders from nine orders – Podicipediformes 5, Gaviiformes 2, Pelecaniformes 4, Ciconiiformes 12, Anseriformes -28, Gruiformes 6, Charadriiformes 47, Coraciiformes – 1 (105 species) and Passeriformes (the rest of 14 species). All the bird species of this group are migratory species, except the passage birds that can visit in various seasons and with various success the territory of the republic. As a rule, the visits of such species are irregular and their individual number is always moderate. There are only 9 species of them, of which 6 species are representatives of Mongolian or Mediterranean fauna types. The fauna of the republic is represented by many species that don’t breed on our territory, but can be met only on migration. From 42 species the majority belong to the Siberian (15) and Arctic (13) fauna types. These are various species of curlew, gooses, ducks, gulls. The geographic position of the Republ...

The golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos in Sweden are believed to be rather sedentary. Hence, studies in Norway suggest the opposite with a diurnal pattern with seasonal migrations to e.g. south Sweden during the winterdistances of thousands of kilometers. Almost 90 percent of the eagles in Sweden are distributed in the northern parts and occur only in scattered patches in the southern parts of the country. Still, there are reports of eagles visiting feeding ground in these parts of the country during the winter although their origin so far has been unknown. In these boreal ecosystems there are reports that the semi-domesticated reindeer Rangifer tarandus L. constitutes the main prey base for native large carnivores. Here, studies on nesting eagle's food preferences have reviled it to be an important scavenger on reindeer although its extent to prey is concealed. Still, interactions between the species effect ecosystem functions and thus, its resilience. Today, there are few studies on golden eagle movement behavior and there is no study in relation to the movement of the semidomesticated reindeer. On a landscape level, identification of such behaviors enables us to quantify the extent, duration and the timing of the movement dynamics. It gives us understanding to what level these movements are synchronized or notmovement behaviors depending on different life stages, e.g. age, environmental factors and food resources. In Northern Sweden, the ecosystem is characterized by high seasonality causing periods with limited access to food for both predators and prey causing population fluctuation and seasonal migrations. This seasonal movement behavior gives rise to large reindeer migrations twice a year: from the boreal forest in the winter (the winter feeding range) to the alpine tundra in the summer (calving-and summer feeding range). Due to eagles tracked with GPS -transmitters, I had the opportunity to test for spatio-temporal synchronization on the timing of the movement of golden eagle (n = 43) and reindeer migration during two consecutive years (2011 and 2012). My results suggests that both juvenile-and adult golden eagles migrateoften over 1000 km. Further, a behavioral change points analyses suggested that individuals likely synchronized the timing of migration to those of the reindeer's in spring. Hence, the synchronism was less significant during the autumn indicating several factors participating. Hopefully, this study will help to increase our knowledge on movement patterns of golden eagles in Scandinavia, and also, rise questions for further studies of both eagles and reindeers and thereby develop the management of both species in the future.

Emilia-Romagna region, ornithological check-list RIASSUNTO Il lavoro prende in considerazione le segnalazioni edite e molti dati inediti ritenuti attendibili riguardanti specie osservate o catturate in regione dal 1900 ad oggi. Tutte le segnalazioni non accettate dalla COI sono riportate in un'appendice a parte, assieme a quelle non ancora presentate. Sono riportate 394 specie, tra accidentali, migratrici, svernanti e sedentarie, oltre a una ventina di segnalazioni non omologate o non ancora presentate.

Avifaunal diversity is very common in wetland ecosystem. Wetlands like river, beels, marshes provide a significant habitat for incalculable species of birds. The purpose of this study was to find out the diversity and abundance of avifauna in two selected wetlands of Dimoria region namely Jalikhara and Etila. The study was conducted between March 2016 to April 2017. The line transect method was used to collect data on bird diversity and abundance. And to determine the species diversity Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H) was used. A total of 45 bird species belonging to 23 families were recorded. Both the Jalikhara and Etila beel are rich in avifaunal diversity. But the diversity of Etila is found to be comparatively lower (3.17) than the Jalikhara (3.68). And the family Ardeidae is found abundantly in Jalikhara beel while Sturnidae is the most abundant family in Etila beel. The main reason behind it is the avoidance of Etila beel by water birds is due to high effluent discharge by H...

The current investigation was conceded in the year of January 2021 to December 2021. It deals with the study of Avifaunal Diversity in Amagao Mahal lake and Gadchiroli lake. Bird observation was carried out at regular intervals of the three main season of the year. The present study based on the identification of residential bird. Birds are classified under the categories of wetland, earthly and lentic ecosystem avian species. Observation done with the help of binoculars (10x50). Photographs were taken with appropriate zoom lens of Digital camera Nikon. Photos were click once in a month during morning 7.30 to 10.30 am and at evening 4.10 to 6.10 pm. different 40 species of the bird where observed in Amagao Mahal lake and Gadchiroli lake.

Se ha revisado la presencia pasada y actual de los buitres leonado, negro, alimoche y quebrantahuesos en islas del Mediterraneo y se describe el proceso de colonizacion y asentamiento en Mallorca del buitre leonado desde 2008. De las cuatro especies de buitres las mayores poblaciones de buitre leonado estan en Creta (Grecia) y Cres (Croacia). Las Baleares acogen las mejores y casi unicas poblaciones de Buitre negro (solo presente en Mallorca) y Alimoche (existe ademas una pequenisima poblacion en Sicilia) mientras el Quebrantahuesos apenas cuenta con una veintena de parejas entre Creta y Corcega conjuntamente. El proceso de colonizacion de Mallorca por el buitre leonado fue singular, favorecido por fuertes vientos del suroeste que empujaron a cientos de aves juveniles en migracion desde la Peninsula Iberica. La observacion de un buitre marcado secuencialmente y en escaso tiempo en Murcia y dias despues en Mallorca permitio determinar el origen de estas aves. A los cuatro anos de ase...

Citizen-science driven exercises (e.g. bird surveys) and online platforms (e.g. eBird) provide voluminous data on bird occurrence. However, the semi-structured nature of their data collection makes it difficult to compare bird distribution across space and time. Bird atlases are based on standardized surveys and describe the distribution of bird species over a predefined region and have fewer biases, and thus are better suited for use in research. The recently concluded Kerala Bird Atlas (henceforth KBA) is Asia's largest bird atlas in terms of geographical extent, sampling effort and species coverage. The entire state of Kerala was systematically surveyed twice a year during 2015-20 and over 0.3 million records of 380 species from 25,000 checklists were aggregated. The dataset was filtered and various metrics were estimated. A total of 915 cells were laid out for systematic surveys, of which 888 were surveyed in either or both the seasonsdry season (January-March) and wet season (July-September); 27 cells could not be surveyed in either of the seasons due to logistical constraints. However, this variation in sampling effort had a minimal effect on survey completeness. The slope of the species accumulation curve suggested nearcomplete species sampling in over 70% of the cells. After eliminating nocturnal and pelagic species, data from 361 species were analysed. Species count was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Species richness (count) and evenness were higher in the northern and central districts than in the southern districts. High elevation regions of the southern Western Ghats were the largest contiguous areas lacking sufficient sampling. We found that most of the endemics were concentrated in the Western Ghats, but threatened species were as likely to occur along the coasts as in the Ghats. The KBA dataset is a valuable resource for testing various ecological hypotheses and suggesting science-backed conservation measures. KBA model could be replicated for similar atlases in other states or biogeographic regions of India.

Winter assemblage of avifauna for migratory birds was observed at Chawandiya pond in the region of Bhilwara, Rajasthan, during the winter season (January 2023). The 102 species of birds from 39 families were identified. Most of the families were represented by less than 10 species except family Anatidae. These include 69 residential and 33 winter visitors species. The 42 species of water dependent birds was observed. Among these bird species, 35 were omnivorous, 34 carnivorous, 25 insectivorous, 05 granivorous, 02 frugivorous and 01 nectivorous respectively. For the conservation of avifauna, creation of buffer zone and strict implementation of regulation is needed.

Далеко не всегда изменения под действием естественного отбора адаптивны. Достаточно часто они “загоняют” вид или популяцию в “ловушку”, ведущую к вымиранию, как глобальное потепление — южных соловьёв, исследованных в Испании Remacha et al., 2020. В чём здесь «ловушка»? На зимовку вид совершает транссахарские перелёты и там в Африке, сильно страдает в годы прихода засух (учащающиеся в связи с потеплением, особенно на юге и Африканском роге) — должны вылетать раньше, их больше гибнет в эти годы, прилетает и гнездится у нас меньше и пр. Важный фактор снижения этих рисков — более длинные крылья, и вроде бы приспособление должно действовать в эту сторону?

Однако работа по двум популяциям из Центральной Испании показывает, что в последние 20 лет, когда потепление развёртывается вовсю и сдвигает фенодаты не только прибытия, но и отлёта с зимовок, в т.ч. у дальних мигрантов, соловьи меняются в противоположную — и невыгодную — для них сторону, их крыло укорачивается! что делает их ещё более уязвимыми в условиях ухудшения обстановки на зимовках и трассе пролёта.

Почему так получается? В связи с потеплением в Центральной Испании лето стало суше, засухи чаще, суровей и дольше, почему временное «окно» для успешного размножения сократилось, оптимальным стал меньший размер кладки. А, как назло, до всякого потепления, у перелётных птиц, и особенно дальних мигрантов, сформировался так называемый «пакет генов, связанных с миграцией» («migratory gene package«), фактически суперген, регулирующий не только перелёты, но и подгоняющий жизненный цикл к их требованиям. И здесь большая длина крыла ассоциирована с большим уровнем базального метаболизма, большим размером кладки и меньшей продолжительностью жизни — либо наоборот.

Поэтому местный отбор в пользу меньших размеров кладки и более длинной жизни имеет последствия, неблагоприятные для перелётов, в том числе уменьшение длины крыла. Так у североамериканских перелётных певчих дни за время с 1978 г. размер тела в целом стал меньше — правило Бергманна — а крылья длиннее.

И вот благодаря таким корреляциям, установленным в филогенетическом прошлом вида, отбор на приспособление к местным, испанским условиям, имеет губительную «отдачу» в виде увеличения уязвимости при перелётах (при тех же условиях потепления, что его вызвали). Это показывает относительность — и высокую инерционность — адаптации, и объясняет случаи т.н. инадаптивной эволюции, когда отбор эффективен в каждый данный момент, но организация не выдерживает изменений и дохнет (вещь довольно обычная в с/х практике, почему для предотвращения этого приходится отбор по хозяйственно важным признакам сочетать с отбором по приспособленности).

The Indian Spotted Eagle Clanga hastata is a widespread but sparingly resident species in the subcontinent that occurs throughout most of India, the lowlands of Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar and occupies a myriad of habitats from wetlands to deserts and savannas. This species is considered largely unknown from Pakistan (Roberts 1991; Grimmett et al. 2011; Rasmussen & Anderton 2012); hence, we reviewed all available records to evaluate its status in the country to come up to review of the newer Status.

The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate published literature on the impact of climate change on birds. A systematic method was utilized to access research works of literature on "Impact of Climate Change on Birds". A total of sixty-seven (67) research papers published between the years 1962 to 2023 was accumulated and used for this review. A subjective approach was used to select the topics: impact of climate change and birds. In this paper, nine (9) threatening impacts of climate change on the bird populations were assessed and presented as well as three (3) detrimental impacts of climate change on birds inhabiting mangrove forests. Further, this paper assessed some birds that are threatened with extinction and it also provided a checklist of some migratory birds that are threatened due to the changing climate and that are found on the RED list of the IUCN. Approaches and strategies to enhance and address bird conservation to combat the effect of climate change was also presented in this review. The published works of literature established that the global bird population dynamics, ecology, breeding seasonality, abundance and distribution are all affected due to the threats of climate change. Climate change will affect birds indirectly in the future by modifying their habitats through sea level rise, changes in fire regimes, and changes in vegetation or land use. Birds are in particular vulnerable to environmental changes like climate change since they are subject to continuous changes that may be negatively connected. This review highlights the fact that more extensive studies on the impact of climate change on birds should be done in neotropical countries since there are gaps of such information on research and published data in these biodiversity rich regions.

Citizen-science driven exercises (e.g. bird surveys) and online platforms (e.g. eBird) provide voluminous data on bird occurrence. However, the semi-structured nature of their data collection makes it difficult to compare bird distribution across space and time. Bird atlases are based on standardized surveys and describe the distribution of bird species over a predefined region and have fewer biases, and thus are better suited for use in research. The recently concluded Kerala Bird Atlas (henceforth KBA) is Asia's largest bird atlas in terms of geographical extent, sampling effort and species coverage. The entire state of Kerala was systematically surveyed twice a year during 2015-20 and over 0.3 million records of 380 species from 25,000 checklists were aggregated. The dataset was filtered and various metrics were estimated. A total of 915 cells were laid out for systematic surveys, of which 888 were surveyed in either or both the seasonsdry season (January-March) and wet season (July-September); 27 cells could not be surveyed in either of the seasons due to logistical constraints. However, this variation in sampling effort had a minimal effect on survey completeness. The slope of the species accumulation curve suggested nearcomplete species sampling in over 70% of the cells. After eliminating nocturnal and pelagic species, data from 361 species were analysed. Species count was higher in the dry season than in the wet season. Species richness (count) and evenness were higher in the northern and central districts than in the southern districts. High elevation regions of the southern Western Ghats were the largest contiguous areas lacking sufficient sampling. We found that most of the endemics were concentrated in the Western Ghats, but threatened species were as likely to occur along the coasts as in the Ghats. The KBA dataset is a valuable resource for testing various ecological hypotheses and suggesting science-backed conservation measures. KBA model could be replicated for similar atlases in other states or biogeographic regions of India.

On the territory of the Altai Territory, the Eurasian Crane (Grus grus) is a common migratory, nomadic and breeding species, but its breeding distribution, summer congregations and autumn staging areas are extremely mosaic, which is associated with the diverse landscape and features of agricultural lands using in the various landscape provinces.
Numbers and distribution of the Eurasian Crane in the XX–XXI centuries were analyzed based on literature and our own data for 2014–2023, collected mainly incidentally across most of the territory of the region. To clarify the current breeding grounds in the Altai Territory, and sites of summer gatherings, we used our own observations in breeding area, including the method of direction finding by voices (Markin, 1978), inquiries of local residents, hunters, inter-district state hunting inspectors, state inspectors of specially protected natural areas and nature lovers. A significant amount of information was obtained from the electronic resources “Birds of Siberia” (sibirds.ru) and iNaturalist.org – more than a thousand observations were received and processed from these sources.