Early medieval numismatics

En 2018, l'Institut archéologique liégeois a acheté en vente publique un délicat portrait en miniature du prince-évêque Jean-Théodore de Bavière (fig. ) 2 . Cette miniature ovale de 5 x 6 cm, réalisée à la gouache et à la mine de plomb sur papier, se présente sous verre dans un cadre en bois et pomponne. L'identité du prélat, le nom du peintre et l'année de la composition sont mentionnés à la plume, à l'arrière : Portrait de Jeanthéodore de Bavière, évêque et Prince de Liège, Louis Peters 1754 (fig. ). Cette acquisition, d'une grande importance pour l'histoire liégeoise, offre l'occasion de dresser un état des lieux de la recherche sur les portraits du prince-évêque, et de s'interroger sur cet énigmatique peintre Louis Peters. Jean-Théodore de Bavière (Munich, 1703-Liège, 1763) a occupé le trône de Saint-Lambert à Liège de 1744 à 1763 3 . Petit-fils du roi de Pologne Jean III, fils du prince-électeur Maximilien-Emmanuel de Bavière ou encore frère de l'empereur Charles VII, il appartenait à l'illustre Maison de Wittelsbach qui avait donné plusieurs princes à la principauté. Avant d'être élu à Liège, Jean-Théodore était déjà évêque de Ratisbonne (1719) et de Freising (1727).

L'attenta revisione della monetazione in argento del V secolo riserva numerosi spunti di riflessione e molte occasioni di approfondimento 1. Nel primo volume dell'anno 2025 di questa rivista, usai queste parole in apertura del mio contributo, e queste sono le medesime parole che mi sento di utilizzare in questa occasione, nella quale proporrò ancora una volta la revisione critica di alcune classificazioni in argento presenti nel RIC X. Le vicende relative a Prisco Attalo possono essere così riassunte per sommi capi: nel 409 ottenne dall'imperatore Onorio (395-423) il ruolo di comes sacrarum largitionum; sempre nel 409 Alarico, re dei Visigoti, occupata la città di Roma, fece di Prisco Attalo un imperatore in opposizione a Onorio, quindi un usurpatore; nell'estate del 410 Prisco Attalo fu deposto dallo stesso Alarico; nel 414 i Visigoti lo nominarono nuovamente imperatore, questa volta in Gallia, sempre in opposizione a Onorio; nel 415 il nuovo re dei Visigoti, Ataulfo, abbandonò la Gallia e l'usurpazione di Prisco Attalo finì di conseguenza. Le emissioni in argento a nome di Prisco Attalo sono quindi evidentemente divise tra Roma, nel primo periodo, e la Gallia, nel secondo. Proprio il secondo periodo restituisce alcuni spunti interessanti perché, come appare evidente, queste emissioni si posizionano sulla sottile linea che divide la monetazione imperiale ufficiale, benché emessa da un usurpatore, da quella imitativa. Il RIC X divide chiaramente queste due monetazioni, e così le monete ufficiali del secondo periodo di Prisco Attalo si trovano ai numeri 1416, un solido in oro, e 1417, una cosiddetta siliqua 2 , ovvero una moneta in argento, entrambe note in un solo esemplare. Della moneta 1417, oggi sono noti non meno di sei esemplari, di cui uno riporta in modo perfettamente leggibile, l'indicazione di zecca in esergo, PSNB 3 , rimandando così senza dubbi alla zecca di Narbonne, peraltro spesso già indicata come sede anche delle successive emissioni imitative. Probabilmente temporalmente precedente rispetto a queste, una moneta non censita nel RIC riporta l'indicazione di Treviri. Altri esemplari della moneta n. 1417 recentemente apparsi permettono inoltre di rivalutare un assunto di Kent presente nel RIC X ADDENDA 2, e di assegnare a questa medesima autorità una serie di monete di per sé identiche a queste, ma riportanti il nome di Onorio, che Kent poneva invece tra le imitative, assegnando loro il numero 3703b 4. La 1 GENNARI 2025. 2 Manterrò in tutto questo contributo nomenclature come siliqua e mezza-siliqua in modo assolutamente non tecnico, ed esclusivamente per un'ormai consolidata convenzione numismatica, consapevole che questi argenti non ebbero mai questo nome nell'antichità, e che l'uso dello stesso tende spesso a complicare un ambito della numismatica già di per sé assai complesso. 3 Le lettere PS a inizio o fine dell'esergo saranno da leggere come pusulatum, in riferimento alla garanzia di purezza dell'argento. Le altre lettere fanno di norma riferimento alla zecca che ha coniato la moneta. 4 Kent assegna ai Visigoti tutte queste monete a nome di Onorio, datandole a circa il 418-423. Si veda anche KENT 1989.

Centola, un casale del basso Cilento, assurge al rango di "Universitas" nel tredicesimo secolo, durante il periodo Svevo, 1189-1266 (figura 1). Il riconoscimento della personalità giuridica delle Universitas si ebbe con la costituzione di Federico II, con cui l'imperatore intese porre un freno agli abusi dei baroni [1, 2, 3]. Per "Universitas" s'intendeva, nel medioevo e in Età Moderna, l'insieme di nuclei familiari, detti "fuochi", che risiedevano in una ben definita area territoriale, cui era data facoltà di usufruire di beni comuni quali: piazze, strade, sorgenti, pascoli, selve, ecc. Al popolo era concesso il diritto di eleggere propri rappresentanti che trattavano nell'interesse comune con i feudatari e col sovrano. Ogni Universitas riferiva a un "Parlamento", che si riuniva in sedute pubbliche e del quale faceva parte un certo numero di membri eletti direttamente dalla cittadinanza. Il tutto era regolato da codificati "Statuti", redatti dalle singole Universitas, che includevano le regole cui dovevano sottostare gli organismi che esercitavano il potere esecutivo per fare rispettare diritti e doveri della popolazione: delimitavano i rapporti che dovevano intercorrere tra i feudatari e i residenti. < … definivano obblighi e diritti reciproci e dettavano norme in materia di diritto civile, penale, commerciale e amministrativo della Universitas .... > [4]. Amedeo La Greca circa gli "Statuti" ha scritto: <Anzitutto essi regolavano le competenze degli "eletti", cioè di chi annualmente era scelto con libere votazioni a ricoprire cariche pubbliche. A capo delle Universitas vi erano due giudici che controllavano l'operato degli altri funzionari. Due Catapani che avevano il compito di stabilire il prezzo delle merci e insieme ai Sindaci dovevano controllare la regolarità di pesi e misure. Due Sindaci dovevano provvedere alla Grassa, cioè coordinare l'approvvigionamento dei viveri Per la comunità. Due Mastri razionali, a fine anno controllavano le entrate e le spese dell'Universitas e delle chiese locali. Norme particolari regolavano l'uso delle fonti e dei corsi d'acqua, lo sconfinamento degli animali, la manutenzione delle vie pubbliche, l'uso dei pascoli e delle terre comunali; la vendita e il prezzo della carne e del pesce. … > [5]. Sempre Amedeo La Greca ricorda come nel periodo aragonese (1442-1504) <per porre un freno allo strapotere dei feudatari … vennero confermati dal re gli antichi "Statuti", completandoli con norme e consuetudini in uso presso il popolo> [5].

Analysis of the alloy of AE2 coins of the late Roman emperors Leo I and Zeno may provide additional confirmation of the hypothesis that these issues were minted in Chersonesus (Crimea). The percentages of lead and tin in the coins from the time of Theodosius the Great and his sons are an order of magnitude lower than later at V century.

L'intervento presenta le ricerche condotte nel 2023 e 2024 presso l'insediamento di età romana e tardoantica della Pantirola, svolte nell'ambito della ricerca dottorale dell'autore. Queste hanno preso le mosse dal ritrovamento, durante ricognizioni condotte dal Gruppo Archeologico Sermidese, di due exagia solidi, per la prima volta attestati in un insediamento rurale della pianura padana. In ragione della peculiarità di questa attestazione, si è tentato di comprendere la natura e l'articolazione del sito nel VI secolo attraverso il ricorso ad approcci quali lo studio dei materiali e il ricorso a indagini non invasive e un saggio di scavo.

Le champ couvert par la Revue numismatique (RN) comprend la numismatique et l'histoire monétaire et s'étend à l'archéologie, l'histoire économique, l'histoire de l'art ainsi qu'à l'épigraphie, la sigillographie ou la glyptique dans leurs rapports avec l'étude des monnaies, médailles et documents monétiformes de toutes civilisations. La RN recherche des études de haut niveau et de première main, publication de documents nouveaux ou nouvelle interprétation de documents connus. Des notes synthétiques faisant le point sur une question ou un débat y ont également leur place. Les langues admises sont, outre le français, l'allemand, l'anglais, l'espagnol et l'italien. Les manuscrits complets et conformes aux instructions aux auteurs doivent être remis au secrétaire principal de rédaction au plus tard le 1 er septembre de l'année qui précède la parution ; celui-ci les rend anonymes avant qu'ils ne soient expertisés. Les manuscrits sont confiés par le comité de lecture, lors d'une première réunion (octobre) à plusieurs rapporteurs, dont au moins un de ses membres est titulaire, ledit comité se réservant le droit de faire appel à des spécialistes extérieurs. Les expertises sont examinées et discutées par le comité de lecture lors d'une seconde réunion (novembre) et les articles sont retenus en fonction de leur intérêt scientifique. Le comité de lecture peut conditionner la publication d'un article à d'éventuelles reprises. Les secrétaires de rédaction annoncent aux auteurs les décisions du comité de lecture avant le 31 décembre. Les articles sont définitivement validés lorsque le conseil de gestion de la RN se réunit en janvier, pour adopter le budget du volume à paraître et ne peuvent dès lors plus faire l'objet d'une autre publication. En cas de contestation d'une décision, les auteurs doivent la présenter au secrétaire principal de rédaction, qui la remettra aux directeurs pour y répondre. La RN ne rend compte que des ouvrages qui sont adressés au secrétariat avec la mention « Revue numismatique ». Les ouvrages sont remis à des spécialistes proposés par les directeurs au comité de lecture. La publication rapide dans le bulletin ne doit pas nuire au caractère informatif et critique des comptes rendus et il est possible de rendre compte simultanément et synthétiquement de plusieurs ouvrages sous la forme de comptes rendus de synthèse. La RN se réserve le droit de refuser toute publicité sans avoir à fournir de motif à sa décision.

Research on early medieval Piast coinage has traditionally concentrated on typological, chronological, and iconographic aspects. Knowledge of the origin of the raw material used for minting, however, has so far remained fragmentary and relied mainly on hypotheses about the circulation of precious metals in Central Europe (fig. 1). The application of Lead Isotope Analysis (LIA) to provenance studies opens up new research perspectives, enabling direct links between coins and specific mining regions.

The National Museum of Slovenia has two silver ingots in its collection from the mid-fourth century AD, although unfortunately, they lack information about the context of their discovery. The ingots are in the shape of a double axe-head, which is the commonest form of Late Roman silver ingots. Their weight corresponds to that of a Roman pound. Both feature a stamped portrait of the Roman Emperor Constantius II. In addition to the portrait, one of the ingots has a punched POLIPI inscription and the other two stamped inscriptions that read EOR NKA and EOPTOC / NKA. The XRF analyses have confirmed a 95–98% purity of silver known to have been used in the silver ingot production. Similar ingots were fairly common in the fourth century AD, out of this group, the paper focuses on the extremely rare examples stamped with Imperial portraits.

At the death of Lothair I (855), the denari issued in the Kingdom of Italy stopped bearing the name of the mint of origin. They adopted the representation of a church in the form of a tetrastyle temple accompanied by the legend XPISTIANA RELIGIO, which would remain in exclusive use until 905/10, then progressively abandoned during the 10th century.
Thanks to the availability of a new set of coins from excavations, and a large group of specimens recently rediscovered in public and private collections, it is now possible establish with greater accuracy their mint of origin and assume a break in the monetary unity of the Kingdom of Italy at the beginning of the 10th century, i.e., more than fifty years earlier than usually believed.

В сборник вошли труды интернационального коллектива учёныхнумизматов, занимающихся историей нумизматики, монетного дела и развития денежного обращения на землях Причерноморского региона, Балкан и Малой Азии с самых древнейших времён -от эпохи Античности и Средневековья до Нового и Новейшего времени.

Historia de la sociedad presente. El mundo y sus desvelos desde 1990, coordinada por José Manuel Azcona Pastor y Miguel Madueño Álvarez, es una obra que ofrece una mirada amplia y profunda sobre los cambios que han marcado el mundo desde el fin de la Guerra Fría hasta nuestros días. Publicada por Editorial Dykinson, esta compilación de estudios aporta una visión multidisciplinar, donde confluyen análisis históricos, políticos, económicos y sociales que permiten entender los complejos procesos globales y locales en un periodo de gran transformación. Dividido en tres secciones bien definidas-Ámbito Global, Perspectiva Sectorial y La España Actual-, el libro reúne a destacados académicos que abordan desde la geopolítica internacional hasta los cambios en sectores clave, como la tecnología, la cultura y la política. Esta estructura facilita un análisis exhaustivo de las principales dinámicas contemporáneas, manteniendo un equilibrio entre una perspectiva global y los efectos específicos en España. En términos generales, Historia de la sociedad presente logra ofrecer al lector claves para la comprensión de los retos actuales, y lo hace con rigor académico y un enfoque accesible, siendo útil tanto para estudiosos como para un público interesado en los grandes temas de la contemporaneidad. El libro sobresale por su capacidad de conectar las esferas global y local, ofreciendo una visión crítica sobre los logros y las dificultades del mundo contemporáneo.

The numismatic collection of the Zane family has many extraordinary features in the panorama of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Venetian collecting. Formed in the last decades of the seventeenth century with only a few hundred antique gold coins, this collection seems to have been created almost by chance from local finds and preserved by three generations of Zane family members essentially as a means of social prestige and as a value reserve. Dispersed on the British antique market in the second half of the eighteenth century, the Zane Collection became part of the collection of King George III and is now in the British Museum

The text concerns the results of recent research into the origins of recoinage in Poland. The first information about any kind of a tax in that state dates back to the 1170s, but this undoubtedly refers to the periodic and developed system of exchange. As such, its origins had to be earlier. In previous studies, it is Bolesław III the Wrymouth who has been established as the first Polish ruler to implement recoinage. The newest, detailed research proved that on the basis of the currently available data base, we can confirm this concept. But at the same time we have to move the time at which such an event occurred forward in time, because Wrymouth did not in fact start recoinage right at the beginning of his reign, but rather did so later.

The article is also freely available on the website of Brepols Publishers https://www.brepolsonline.net/action/showBook?doi=10.1484%2FM.WSA-EB.5.144042 under a Creative Commons CC 4.0: BY-NC license.

This article focuses on circulation patterns, which do not apply equally to all types of Roman Republican coins in the Imperial period – visually different coins, such as the denarii serrati, were hoarded differently in some regions of the Roman Empire, especially in Great Britain. In the first part of this article, the composition of hoards from Italy is compared with the structure of hoards from the Central European Limes region, and the differences in recycling, or rather the transfer of the coins and their later recycling, are discussed. In the second part, the circulation behaviour, and differences in hoarding of denarii serrati are examined in more detail and presented as a case study.

Circulation of coinage involves not only travel through space but also movement in time: coins enter circulation, then circulate for a longer or shorter amount of time, with greater or lesser intervals of immobility, and finally leave circulation. The amount of time that coins are in circulation is an essential factor determining the monetary supply of the economy. For the Visigothic kingdom of the early medieval Iberian Peninsula, the evidence of coinage is particularly important for studying the economy, since other information is very limited. This paper discusses the assumptions involved in modeling circulating lifetime and evaluates the possibilities relative to the limited hoard evidence available for the Visigothic kingdom. On this basis, it is suggested that Visigothic gold coins left circulation more rapidly than expected under an exponential model.

УДК 94+902/904 ББК 63.3+63.4 П 30 Ответственный редактор: Мустафаев Ш. М., доктор исторических наук Рецензенты: Байтанаев Б. А., доктор исторических наук Гомзин А. А., к. и. н. П 30 Петров П. Н., Воякин Д. А., Калинин В. А. Первый Кумарыкский клад караханидских дирхамов XI в.-Алматы, ТОО «Хикари», 2025.-236 стр., ил.

We are glad to draw your attention to the 9th volume of the research series “Rus', Lithuania, Horde”, specially dedicated to the XVI International Numismatic Congress, which is going to be held in Warsaw (Poland) in September 2022. For the first time, our journal is published in English to make the works of numismatists and sigillographers of Eastern Europe widely available to the international research community.

A unique manuscript (inv. n. 5702), dated c. Ad 1471 and kept in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts (Matenadaran) in Yerevan, testifies that towards the end of the rule by the Qarā Qoyūnlū ruler Jahān Shāh (Ad 1439-1467), the Armenian Catholicos Step‛anos IV (Ad 1465-1489) from the Sefedinian-Arcrunid family crowned his own brother Smbat as king. Until recent times, no numismatic evidence existed to maintain the authenticity of this historical event, while the story on the coronation described in the manuscript did not inspire much confidence. This episode in Armenian history would probably have remained even more understudied if a small group of silver coins (tankas) inscribed in the name of the Qarā Qoyūnlū sultan Jahān Shāh had not recently appeared on the coin market. Two coins are the Qarā Qoyūnlū tankas marked by the mint of Wasṭān, while the third one, which appears to be different from other contemporary issues in terms of its overall design, mentions two mints simultaneously-Wasṭān and Wān. The aim of this article is to show that some of these coins could have been struck on behalf of the Armenian king Smbat Sefedinian-Arcruni. Another aim of this article is a brief discussion on the obscure history and coinage of the Ḥakkārī Kurds, who ruled with interruptions in the Van-Vostan area in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries.

This article deals with a preliminary diachronic study about the ritual use of coinage in funerary contexts in the modern province of Veneto between the third and tenth centuries ad, identifying the peculiarities of each period based on coin selection, position in the tomb, and distribution by age and gender. The study considers 29 necropolises analysed within the framework of postdoctoral project Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions MORTI (H2020-MSCA-IF-2020-101025031).

Merovingian obols, half-deniers from the years 670-750, have the unusual feature of being uniface. This is exceptional in French coin production, unlike Germanic tradition. The corpus now includes 103 obols, making it possible to undertake a statistical study. Analysis of the dies shows that the same ones were used for deniers and obols, and that in a large number of cases the blanks were superimposed in order to strike them simultaneously in pairs. The circulation area of these Merovingian obols is a region between the south of Neustria and the north of Aquitaine, to the north of the Melle mines where the mints were located.
Please note this article is published with Brepols Publishers as a Gold Open Access article under a Creative Commons CC 4.0: BY-NC license.

The article is also freely available on the website of Brepols Publishers https://www.brepolsonline.net/action/showBook?doi=10.1484%2FM.WSA-EB.5.144042 under this same license.

This paper presents 540 pennies from Brita Malmer's combination groups 3-6 (KG 3-KG6). The analysis divides the coin types into pennies from Ribe and Haithabu, the most prominent towns in Viking Age Denmark. The coins are divided into 10 main types, and a detailed review of types and varieties is presented, which are dated based on numismatic considerations, input from treasure finds and archaeological excavations. The period of minting is extended from c. 825-60 to cover the remaining part of the 9th century and, for one of the coin types, extended further to cover a period well into the 10th century. The coins are divided according to their use: as payment or in a demonetized form as coin-pendants.
Based on the use of the coins as either payment or converted into coin-pendants and in combination with the geographical distribution, it is argued that there were two economic zones, one around Ribe and one around Hedeby in the 9th century where money was used as a managed local currency, so that pennies from the two towns largely excluded each other. In connection with the earliest penny from Ribe (c. 820/30-c. 850), one of the main types presented is a halfpenny – a significant innovation in Danish monetary history. Finally, the coinage is linked to a strong royal presence that had both the necessary power and control, as well as the organizational skills to implement and maintain coinage over quite long periods of time, and to a certain extent to enforce managed local currencies.

К онец I в. до н. э. -начало I в. н. э. в истории Боспорского царства можно рассматривать как своеобразный «темный период», характеризующийся отсутствием в письменных и эпиграфических источниках какой-либо внятной информации как о событиях, происходивших в это время на Боспоре, так и о том, кто в этот отрезок времени управлял государством и какую роль в жизни Боспора тогда играл Рим. На этом фоне особенно ярко проявляется значение имеющихся в нашем распоряжении нумизматических материалов, относящихся к рассматриваемому периоду. Их интерпретация, однако, является делом далеко не простым, и достичь согласия среди исследователей даже по поводу понимания того, кто, когда и с какой целью чеканил в то время монету, и как данные нумизматики могут быть использованы для исторических реконструкций, к сожалению, не удалось до сих пор. Появление в последние годы нового археологического и нумизматического материала все же, как нам кажется, может помочь пролить определенный свет как на запутанные вопросы собственно боспорского монетного дела рубежа эр, так и на саму историю Боспорского царства этой эпохи. Начиная со времени Фарнака (63-47 гг. до н. э.), на Боспоре складывается своеобразная монетная система, составляющими которой были золотые и бронзовые монетные выпуски. Чеканка серебра была прекращена и остававшиеся в обращении более ранние серебряные монеты были постепенно из него выведены. Единственным номиналом золота были статеры, вес большинства которых при Фарнаке и в первые 12 лет правле-

Abstract
The traditional narrative of Central European historiography postulates that early medieval exchange was based primarily on redistribution, with a marginal role for the market and a monetarised economy. However, important indications suggest that the involvement of rural communities in market exchange began in the central regions of Moravia and Bohemia as early as the 9th and 10th centuries. The establishment of central and local marketplaces in the 11th and 12th centuries in any case preceded the emergence of institutionalised towns in the 13th century. Archaeological and written evidence document a number of rural sites that were located at important communication nodes and became natural meeting and trading places. From the 13th century onwards, these settlements were often granted market or even full urban privileges. Due to the dynamic demands of market exchange, topographical shifts were quite frequent. This created a system characteristic of the High Middle Ages, i.e. a very dense network of market centres at various levels, from market villages to ‘institutionalised’ towns. The peasants could reach the nearest market within 2–3 hours. The paper focuses on the dynamics of the monetarisation of the medieval countryside, the emergence of market places in the period of transformation in the 12th–13th centuries, and the archaeology of market villages in the High Middle Ages in the Czech lands.

يُعد القنديل من أبرز أدوات الإضاءة الصناعية، التي ظهرت على النقود الإسلامية، حيث ظهر على النقود النحاسية خلال العصر المملوكي البحري في عهد السلطان الناصر حسن بن قلاوون (748-752هـ/1347-1351م)&(755-762هـ /1354-1361م)، ثم ظهر بعد ذلك في نهاية العصر المملوكي الجركسي على النقود النحاسية للسلطان الأشرف أبوالنصر قانصوه الغوري (906-922هـ/1501-1516م)، كما كان للنقود العثمانية نصيب من نقش القنديل عليها، فظهر على النقود النحاسية، والتي تُعرف بالمانجير، للسلطان مراد الثالث بن سليم الثاني (982-1003هـ/1574-1595م) ، واستمر ظهوره أيضًا على نقود ولده السلطان محمد الثالث (1003-1012هـ/1595-1603م).
وقد ظهر القنديل على النقود الإسلامية؛ لما يحمله من دلالة دينية كبيرة، فهو يرمز لنور الله وتجليه في الكون، بصفته مصدرًا مهمًا من مصادر النور، إضافة إلى كونه عنصرًا وأداة زخرفية مهمة، الأمر الذي خول لحكام الدول الإسلامية في شرق وغرب العالم الإسلامي نقشه على كافة عمائرهم ومنتجاتهم الفنية بمختلف أنواعها وأشكالها.
ويُركز هذا البحث على دراسة النقود الإسلامية التي تحمل نقش القنديل، وتسليط الضوء على أسباب نقشه ودلالته الرمزية، وذلك من خلال نشر ودراسة نماذج جديدة من هذه النقود، بعضها لم يسبق نشرها أو دراستها من قبل، والبعض الآخر لم يسبق دراستها – في ضوء ما توصلت إليه الدراسة-.

This project aims to inventory, classify, and enhance the archives of Jean Lafaurie (1914–2008), a leading figure in French numismatics and former curator of the Cabinet des Médailles at the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Through his hundreds of publications and his decisive role in expanding the national collections, Jean Lafaurie profoundly shaped the discipline. His archives, now largely preserved in the Department of Coins, Medals, and Antiquities, constitute a valuable resource for the history of numismatics, the intellectual history of the Cabinet, and, more broadly, the development of historical knowledge in the twentieth century. The project involves a material and typological assessment of the collection (around 100 boxes), a classification that respects the original context of the documents’ production, and a scholarly valorization that will include interviews with former collaborators. Ultimately, the project seeks to foster dialogue between archival studies, the history of institutions, and the memory of scholarship.

Este estudio analiza el fenómeno de los billetes municipales emitidos durante la Guerra Civil Española (1936–1939) y su posterior reproducción, reimpresión y falsificación en contextos históricos, artísticos y comerciales. A través de una revisión documental y comparativa, se distingue entre billetes auténticos respaldados por ayuntamientos y aquellos considerados fantasía, facsímiles o reproducciones modernas. El trabajo subraya la ausencia de falsificaciones de época documentadas, aunque se identifican intentos propagandísticos como la falsificación de billetes republicanos por parte del bando nacionalista. Asimismo, se examina el uso artístico y simbólico de billetes alterados, y se aborda el marco legal vigente sobre la falsificación de moneda en España, incluyendo casos recientes. La investigación destaca la importancia de fuentes especializadas y colecciones numismáticas para la correcta identificación y clasificación de estos billetes, y advierte sobre el riesgo de confusión entre copias legítimas y falsificaciones con fines fraudulentos.

Structure de l'étude 1. Une problématique « nouvelle » ? 1.1 L'état de l'art... 1.2 Amulettes et talismans 1.3 Des amulettes : pour qui ? 1.4 Les monnaies perforées : où et quand ? 1.4.1 Chez les Grecs 1.4.2 Chez les Celtes 1.4.3 Chez les Romains a. L'or b. Les multiples (médaillons et contorniates) c. L'argent d. Le billon et le bronze e. La thématique 1.4.4 Le Moyen Âge et l'époque moderne 2. Méthodologie 2.1 Les techniques de perforation 2.2 Nombre et topographie des perforations 2.2.1 Perforations uniques a. Perforation unique périphérique centrée b. Perforation unique périphérique décentrée c. Perforation unique périphérique non destinée à la suspension d. Perforation unique centrale 2.2.2 Perforations multiples a. Perforations périphériques doubles opposées ou accolées b. Perforations triples c. Perforations multiples 2.3 Protocole de description 3. Catalogue des monnaies illustrées 4. Bibliographie [1] Le prof. Claudia Perassi (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan) et Marc Bompaire (directeur de recherche au cnrs) ont aimablement accepté de relire ce texte et de faire part de leurs suggestions. À tous deux un grand merci ! Mes remerciements vont aussi à Fl. Audy, R. Bland, . Cardon, G. Gentric, D. Gricourt, H. Horsnaes, P. Iossif, R. Kelleher, Chr. Lauwers, J.-Cl. Richard Ralite et R. Smits (+) ; M. Prieur (+) (cgb.fr) nous a procuré plusieurs photos de monnaies particulièrement spectaculaires. Luc Severs s'est occupé de la gestion des images, ce dont je lui sais gré. L'auteur reste bien entendu le seul responsable de ses opinions.

In 832, the Frankish emperor Lothar I promulgated a capitulary in the royal palace of Pavia („Hlotharii capitulare Papiense“) confirming selected chapters of the capitularies of his predecessors Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. These chapters are mostly cited verbatim, but some (chs. 3, 12, 13) seem to have no equivalent in earlier capitularies and are therefore usually considered to be new provisions by Lothar himself. The article focuses particularly on ch. 13 containing provisions for the office of notary. It includes a clause that has been interpreted as a prohibition against notaries in the service of counts writing charters outside their own county. This article argues for an alternative interpretation: that the chapter aims only to ensure that transfers of property certified by notaries are always certified in the region in which the property is located. Moreover, the chapter very likely refers to a decree by Louis the Pious of 818/819 („Capitula legibus addenda“, ch. 6). It thus emerges that ch. 13 of the „Capitulare Papiense“ does in fact take up a provision by Lothar’s predecessors, and the same can be suggested for ch. 12. According to the latter chapter, unfree people are ineligible to attain their freedom based on the 30-year term of Roman law if one of their parents was unfree. This coincides largely with a known provision ascribed to Louis the Pious in the „Liber Papiensis“, which has not hitherto been connected with Lothar’s capitulary. It can thus be considered the model, adopted and slightly modified by Lothar, for ch. 12. These new findings make it highly probable that ch. 3, for which no source has yet been identified, also repeats an older provision of Charlemagne or Louis the Pious, now lost.

CV. Aren Jaya is an AC service provider located in South Tangerang. In 2017 this shop began to develop by opening new and used AC sales services, AC installation services, used washing machine sales services and washing machine service services. In carrying out the company's business process activities, of course there will always be possible risks and potential risks that can threaten and disrupt business process activities. The need for a risk analysis of existing IS/IT resources in the company, using the ISO 31000:2018 method related to risk management. The purpose of this study is to minimize all possible risks that are currently being experienced or will also occur and provide appropriate recommendations regarding risks that may occur at any time. The research method used in the risk analysis uses the ISO 31000:2018 framework. The results of this risk analysis are in the form of an analysis of the possibility of existing risks, evaluations and risk mitigation plans so that they can produce improvements to existing risks. The final result of the research produces risk recommendations, so the company can adjust to the priorities of the existing risk level, so that it does not interfere with business activities at CV. Arena Jaya.

plomo conservadas, todas sueltas, la de Fernando VII puede atribuirse sin problemas a su extenso diploma ratificatorio; pero ninguna de las otras dos, ambas de Juana la Loca viuda, idénticas, pertenece a su carta de privilegio y confirmación, en cuya cláusula corroborativa se dice que va sellada con el sello de plomo del rrey mi señor, que aya santa gloria, y mío, con que mandé sellar mientras se ymprime mi sello; lo cual delata que había en el archivo al menos otros dos pergaminos de doña Juana. Y en cuanto a la forma de datar, resulta chocante el empleo de la era cristiana por el estilo de la Navidad en la documentación solemne de Felipe III, Carlos II, Felipe V, Carlos IV y Fernando VII. Cierra la obra un apéndice con la transcripción paleográfica de trece de los diplomas estudiados, acompañada de algunas imágenes de los mismos. Además de la importancia de ofrecer a los investigadores uno de los conjuntos documentales riojanos que permanecía inédito en su práctica totalidad, el a...

Nell'ultimo decennio a Luni hanno preso avvio numerosi progetti di ampio respiro volti a migliorare la fruizione dell'area archeologica e del Sistema Museale, in concomitanza con la programmazione di eventi, studi e ricerche condotti anche in collaborazione con istituti universitari; in particolare mi pare di grande importanza l'avvio, nella tarda estate del 2014, del primo cantiere di scavo in concessione a cura dell'Università degli Studi di Pisa 1. L'attività scientifica e di valorizzazione del sito ha per contro coinciso, in concomitanza con l'aprirsi del nuovo millennio, con uno dei momenti più critici e incerti che Luni abbia vissuto, contrassegnato da una inarrestabile diminuzione di risorse, umane e finanziarie, che ha pesantemente influito sui servizi resi al pubblico (grave carenza di personale per la custodia e l'accoglienza) e sulla manutenzione e conservazione delle aree, dei settori di scavo e dei complessi edilizi e monumentali. Le criticità segnalate, ormai note e purtroppo consolidate a Luni come in moltissimi altri siti archeologici nazionali, si sono aggravate a seguito dell'entrata in vigore della riforma del MiBACT, approvata dal Consiglio dei Ministri il 29 agosto 69

En este artículo se presenta un estudio sobre las acuñaciones de plata realizadas en la ceca de Valladolid en 1651, la cual fue una de las casas de monedas peninsulares que se utilizaron para eliminar de la circulación la moneda feble procedente de la Villa Imperial de Potosí en Perú, donde unta trama de corrupción desató una crisis internacional, coloquialmente conocido como el escándalo de Potosí. Citamos algunos de los empleados de la fábrica como es el caso del ensayador Francisco de la Montaña, esclarecemos los diferentes módulos que se labraron, las fechas de sus libranzas, y la cantidad total de plata que se acuñó.

En Toledo, ciudad de los Orígenes de Europa, se producen con frecuencia hallazgos arqueológicos interesantes. En esta ocasión, dirigidos por el DR. ARTURO RUIZ TABOADA, tendremos la oportunidad de acceder a la excavación del subsuelo de la Mezquita de Tornerías, donde durante muchos años pensamos que había un depósito de agua romano y en esta visita, tendremos la oportunidad de conocer los secretos ocultos entre sus muros y la minuciosa excavación y estudio, que realiza interesantes aportaciones sobre cómo se ha ido configurando la ciudad.