Early Modern Travel Literature

I presented the results of my postdoctoral research on the topic Hermeneutics in the Theologica and Allegorica of Michael Psellos, which took place at the Department of Social Theology and Christian Culture of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (April 2020 – July 2023). I referred to four publications (1 monograph: Hermeneutics in the Theologica and Allegorica of Michael Psellos, Kosmos – Monographs, 14, Thessaloniki 2023, as well as 3 articles) that were produced during this period.

Research conducted so far on the Theologica has examined only certain aspects of Psellos’ hermeneutics. It has focused mainly on hermeneutical practice and very little on hermeneutical theory. The studies on the Allegorica are introductory, and they have not yet been thoroughly compared with the Theologica. Above all, the issue of situating Psellos’ hermeneutics within the developments of philosophical and theological history of the eleventh century has not been investigated.

The research problem was based on the fact that in Psellos’ thought there appears a wealth of remarks concerning hermeneutics. This material is found primarily in the Theologica and Allegorica. What particularly attracts attention is that in these works the philosopher refers not only to hermeneutical practice, but also to the method of interpretation. Within this framework, he develops principles of hermeneutics. The theoretical character of these remarks makes their systematic study necessary—not only because they have so far received little attention, but also because they pose an additional fundamental problem: in these passages Psellos presents broader philosophical teachings. It has already been noted that, especially in the Theologica, he philosophizes relying very little on the authority of the Bible, and primarily on philosophical reasoning.

In relation to the above, one could also raise the following question: What is his principal philosophical proposition? I set as a fundamental starting point that hermeneutics is Psellos’ philosophy par excellence. A further distinctive point of reference is the fact that, despite his preference for Neoplatonism, he does not seem bound to any philosophical movement or to any patristic exegetical trend, but rather proposes a philosophy of his own. It is, therefore, a hermeneutics that could be characterized as distinctly Psellian.

The unique character of this hermeneutics may be better understood if one adds the particular emphasis he places on a mystical conception of interpretation, in which his role as hierophant is especially significant.

The emphasis of the Theologica on philosophical reasoning, as well as on the mystical character of interpretation, makes it necessary to examine them alongside the Allegorica, where similar theoretical principles appear. In these texts for interpretation, Psellos seeks to uncover a hidden Christian meaning, compatible with Christianity.

Παρουσίασα τα αποτελέσματα της μεταδιδακτορικής μου έρευνας με
θέμα Η ερμηνευτική στα Theologica και Allegorica του Μιχαήλ Ψελλού,
που έλαβε χώρα στο Τμήμα Κοινωνικής Θεολογίας και Χριστιανικού
Πολιτισμού του Αριστοτελείου Πανεπιστημίου Θεσσαλονίκης (Απρίλιος
2020–Ιούλιος 2023). Αναφέρθηκα σε τέσσερεις δημοσιεύσεις (1
μονογραφία: Η ερμηνευτική στα Theologica και Allegorica του Μιχαήλ
Ψελλού, Κόσμος – Μονογραφίες, 14, Θεσσαλονίκη 2023, επίσης 3 άρθρα)
που έλαβαν χώρα κατά τη διάρκειά της. Οι μέχρι τώρα έρευνες στα
Theologica εξέτασαν μερικές μόνο όψεις της ερμηνευτικής του Ψελλού.
Εστίασαν κυρίως στην ερμηνευτική πράξη και ελάχιστα στη θεωρία. Οι
μελέτες για τα Allegorica είναι εισαγωγικές, ενώ δεν έχουν συγκριθεί
μέχρι τώρα εξονυχιστικά με τα Theologica. Κυρίως, δεν ερευνήθηκε το
ζήτημα της συναφειοποίησης της ψελλιανής ερμηνευτικής στις εξελίξεις
της φιλοσοφικής και θεολογικής ιστορίας του ενδεκάτου αιώνα.
Η προβληματική της έρευνας βασίστηκε στο ότι στην ψελλιανή σκέψη
εμφανίζεται πληθώρα σχολίων περί ερμηνευτικής. Το υλικό αυτό
εντοπίζεται κυρίως στα Theologica και Allegorica. Αυτό που ελκύει
ιδιαίτερα την προσοχή, είναι το γεγονός ότι σε αυτά ο φιλόσοφος δεν
αναφέρεται μόνο στην ερμηνευτική πράξη, αλλά στη μέθοδο ερμηνείας.
Στο πλαίσιο αυτό αναπτύσσει αρχές ερμηνευτικής. Ο θεωρητικός
χαρακτήρας των σχολίων καθιστά αναγκαία τη συστηματική τους έρευνα,
όχι μόνο γιατί μέχρι τώρα έχουν ερευνηθεί ελάχιστα, αλλά διότι θέτουν
ένα επιπλέον θεμελιώδες πρόβλημα: Ο Ψελλός στα εν λόγω χωρία
προβάλλει ευρύτερες φιλοσοφικές διδασκαλίες. Έχει ήδη επισημανθεί ότι
ειδικά στα Theologica φιλοσοφεί, ελάχιστα βασιζόμενος στην αυθεντία
της Βίβλου, αλλά κυρίως στη φιλοσοφική συλλογιστική.
Σε σχέση με τα προηγούμενα, θα μπορούσε κανείς να αναφέρει και το
ακόλουθο ερώτημα: Ποια είναι η κύρια φιλοσοφική του πρόταση; Έθεσα
ως θεμελιώδη αφετηρία ότι η ερμηνευτική είναι η κατεξοχήν φιλοσοφία
του Ψελλού. Ιδιαίτερο, επιπλέον, σημείο αναφοράς αποτελεί το γεγονός
ότι, παρόλη την προτίμηση στον Νεοπλατωνισμό, φαίνεται να μην
δεσμεύεται από κανένα φιλοσοφικό κίνημα ή εξηγητική τάση των
Πατέρων, αλλά να προτείνει μία δική του φιλοσοφία. Πρόκειται συνεπώς
για μία ερμηνευτική, που θα μπορούσε να χαρακτηριστεί ψελλιανή.
Ο ιδιάζων χαρακτήρας της ερμηνευτικής αυτής μπορεί να γίνεται
αποδεκτός, εάν προστεθεί στο προσκήνιο η ιδιαίτερη έμφαση με την οποία
προβάλλει μία μυστικιστική θεώρηση της ερμηνείας, όπου ο ρόλος του
ίδιου ως ιεροφάντη είναι ιδιαίτερα ουσιώδης.
Η έμφαση των Theologica στη φιλοσοφικότητα, αλλά και στον μυστικό
χαρακτήρα της ερμηνείας, καθιστά αναγκαία τη συνεξέτασή τους με τα
Allegorica, στα οποία εμφανίζονται παρόμοιες θεωρητικές αρχές. Στα εκεί
κείμενα προς ερμηνεία ο Ψελλός επιδιώκει να αναδείξει ένα κρυμμένο
χριστιανικό νόημα, συμβατό με τον Χριστιανισμό.

This article offers unprecedented insight into the domestic movements of early modern commercial entertainment producers based on fresh archival and archaeological details about bears and bearwards, centring on a surviving two-month journey record. We plot roadways taken and the lengths and times via GIS mapping, offering a fresh spatial humanities methodology to explore commercial life on the road and its consequences. Together, these sources and our interdisciplinary methodologies (uniting archival research and cultural history with spatial humanities, GIS mapping, and zooarchaeology) illuminate what it meant more broadly to travel on foot in early modern England.

Artificial intelligence (AI) opens new possibilities for processing and analysing large, heterogeneous historical data corpora in a semi-automated way. The Ottoman Nature in Travelogues (ONiT) project applies a fine-tuned Contrastive Language–Image Pre-Training (CLIP) model for retrieving images with nature representations in digitized early book prints based on embeddings of visual features rather than on textual metadata. In this article, we present results of our work, including a curated and annotated dataset of 8,042 images of nature representations, and the CLIP-based text–image exploration tool ONiT Explorer. An evaluation of the fine-tuned model comparing it to the zero-shot model confirms the potential of vision-language models for retrieving specific contents from large image collections in the cultural heritage and digital humanities domains. While in general our fine-tuned model can retrieve more correct examples per class compared to the zero-shot model, our analysis also reveals some limitations that need to be addressed in future explorations.

This article focuses on three, Second World War, female diarists writing about self-control, self-definition, and self-assertion. The diarists are: Jane Hoyake (GDP 306), a 70 year old living in German-occupied Amsterdam; Ethel Johnson (GDP 7), an internment camp prisoner; and Evelyn (GDP XX), coming-to-age in England. The paper starts with an exploration of the women’s multifaceted and, often, contradictory experiences of war. Jane, for example, shows us that her sense of agency is under-fire, not from starvation, exile or German troops, but from her lack of self-control. She declares herself determined to fashion her own being: a religious form of self-abnegation. It is clear, she is far from thinking that she has triumphed in the adventure. Our diarists highlight the ways in which the form’s special character captures the fragmented and ambiguous nature of experience. Irrespective of how much we learn of our diarists, whether it be a lot or very little, we are as often confronted by what we realise we still don’t know. A gappy “intimate history” and a sort of heuristic heaven, the diaries invite us to explore what we can say about trauma, agency, and about the diary-form, on teasingly slight data (Hartman 2019). With the support of insights drawn from Wittgenstein’s and Einstein’s diary-writing, the second section of the article sketches a handful of ways in which the diary-form’s “poetics” and modus operandi can point to interpretative strategies that are well-suited to navigating such elusive territory. It does so precisely because the form will not be standardized. The penultimate section of the article introduces perspectives from the “gap hypothesis”. This supposes that even the fullest account of a person’s life (one’s own or others’) is full of unknowns, or gaps. Contrariwise, the least fragment can be rewarding if tantalizing. The “gap hypothesis” is a diary-derived interpretative mode that goes beyond the diary and amounts to a strategy for the discussion of veracity, not least in seeing that the “poetics” of the form are truth-seeking and aesthetically effective. The article ends by suggesting that the diary-form’s “poetic”, exemplified so powerfully by Jane, Ethel, and Evelyn, can help us discuss perennial issues that now matter in new and powerful ways.

The architectural guidebook, as the publishing format in its current form, was born in interwar Germany with Neues Bauen in Berlin (Heinz Johannes, 1931); the second work of this kind, New sights of London (Hugh Casson, 1938) came a few years later. Both of them included among their graphic material drawings made by the authors of the publications to illustrate some of the works in their catalogues. For the Berlin guide, these were freehand street views, while for its London successor a series of architectural elevations were produced. This article analyses the characteristics of these illustrations, their place in their authors’ careers and their brief role in the early development of the architectural guidebook as an emerging publishing type.

του Εργαστηρίου Έρευνας για τη Νεοελληνική & Συγκριτική Φιλολογία Βασιλική Κοντογιάννη, Η φίλη μου η Άντεια Kώστας Καραβίδας, Η Άντεια του Αντί: από τη μαθητεία στην ωρίμανση Απόστολος Σαρατζής, «Σχέδιο ημιτελούς βιογραφίας»: Η βιβλιοθήκη της Άντειας Φραντζή στο Τμήμα Ελληνικής Φιλολογίας Θεόπη Πολυζωίδου, Μια (ιστο)σελίδα για την Άντεια: εργογραφία, φωτογραφίες, εικαστικά και ποιητικά σχεδιάσματα Αριλιά Σπάρταλη, Φιλικές αφιερώσεις στην Άντεια Σοφία Βούλγαρη, «Ούτως ή άλλως»: Η Άντεια Φραντζή για τον Μανόλη Αναγνωστάκη Γεωργία Πατερίδου, Η Άντεια Φραντζή ως κριτικός της νεοελληνικής πεζογραφίας Νίκος Μαυρέλος, Η ανθολογία Αίμος Μαρία Ανδρέου, Παγώνα Γιοβανούδα, Στέλιος Μήτρογλου, Από το κριτικό έργο της Άντειας Φραντζή στο περιοδικό Αντί: Κάποιες επισημάνσεις Φωτεινή Κανταρίδου, Επιλογή πολιτικής ποίησης από την Άντεια Φραντζή για την Αυγή (2012) Αθηνά Βούρβου, Μεταμορφώσεις του λυρισμού στην ποιητική της Άντειας Φραντζή Aθηνά Βογιατζόγλου, Μετρική και ποιητική στο ποιητικό και κριτικό έργο της Άντειας Φραντζή Mαρία Ψάχου, «Μιλώ για τον ποιητή» και την «ποίηση της ποίησης» της Άντειας Φραντζή Xρήστος Δανιήλ, Για το ξεμάλλιασμα της σύνταξης από τη Μάτση Χατζηλαζάρου Ανάγνωση ποιημάτων της Άντειας: Γεωργία Ντεμίρη, Φωτεινή Κανταρίδου Τιτίκα Δημητρούλια, Μετα-ποίηση: σώμα-φύση-λόγος στο έργο της Άντειας Φραντζή Βασιλική Κοντογιάννη, Σώμα σε διάσπαση: όψεις μιας ποιητικής οικείας Βαρβάρα Ρούσσου, «Να κόψω τον ομφάλιο λώρο [...] να γράψω ματωμένο χνάρι»: η διπλή μητρότητα στα ποιήματα της Άντειας Φραντζή και ένα σύγχρονο ποιητικό παράλληλο Γιώργος Μαρκόπουλος, Για την ποίηση της Άντειας Φραντζή Λίζυ Τσιριμώκου, Η χαμογελαστή Άντεια: χιούμορ και παρωδία στην ποίησή της Μαίρη Μικέ, Μυθικές μορφές στην ποίηση της Άντειας Φραντζή Ευριπίδης Γαραντούδης, Η Άντεια Φραντζή και το ελληνικό σονέτο της Μεταπολίτευσης

Première traduction française de l'autographe de Schmidl, ed. et commentaire de Franz Obermeier
Ulrich Schmidl (Ulrico Schmidl) est né à Straubing, en Basse-Bavière, dans une famille de commerçants aisés qui fournissait des maires et était représentée au conseil municipal de la ville. Son année de naissance se situe entre 1500 et 1510. En 1534, il se rendit en Espagne via Anvers, où il se joignit à l'expédition de Pedro de Mendoza dans la région de La Plata en 1535. Après les explorations de Juan Díaz de Solis en 1516 et de Sebastian Cabot (1526-1529), la cour espagnole s'était mise en tête d'entreprendre systématiquement la mise en valeur de la région qui lui revenait en vertu du Tratado de Tordesillas (1493). En 1535, le courtisan et soldat Pedro de Mendoza (1487-1537) finança cette expédition à ses propres frais, muni d'une capitulación, un contrat avec le roi qui lui conférait des droits de souveraineté sur la nouvelle région en tant qu'adelantado (gouverneur). La date du départ d'Allemagne de Schmidl coïncide probablement avec sa majorité, qui était alors prononcée lorsque le pupille avait entre 20 et 25 ans. En tant que fils d'un second mariage, Schmidl n'avait probablement pas de grands droits sur l'héritage de son père décédé, ce qui a pu être une des raisons de son voyage. Thomas, l'un de ses demi-frères, fit une belle carrière à Straubing, et sa lettre rappela finalement Ulrich Schmidl d'Amérique du Sud en 1552. Son livre se termine, comme les récits de voyage à l'époque, par son retour. Quelques documents ont été conservés, qui permettent de reconstituer son parcours à partir de la tradition administrative de l'époque. Début septembre 1554, Schmidl est attesté à Straubing comme membre du conseil municipal. Immédiatement après son retour, il a probablement séjourné à Augsbourg pour rendre compte personnellement de son séjour en Amérique du Sud auprès des entreprises commerciales locales. Schmidl a épousé fin 1558 la veuve Juliana Hueber de Straubing. Le conflit religieux entre catholiques et protestants empêcha Schmidl de rester à Straubing. Après la paix religieuse d'Augsbourg de 1555, les souverains pouvaient déterminer la foi de leurs sujets. Le duc Albrecht V de Bavière (1528-1579), qui avait transformé son pays en un centre de la Contre-Réforme, fit expulser les protestants de son domaine. Le 15 juin 1562, les protestants de Straubing durent quitter la ville. Schmidl s'installa avec certains d'entre eux dans la ville impériale de Regensburg, alors dominée par les protestants, où il fut admis comme citoyen le 21 mars 1563. Il acquiert un terrain à l'angle nord-ouest de la Neupfarrplatz, à proximité immédiate de l'église protestante principale, dans l'ancien ghetto juif d'où les juifs avaient été expulsés peu de temps auparavant. La maison construite à cet endroit à l'époque porte encore aujourd'hui ses propres armoiries, un demi-taureau noir couronné tourné vers la gauche dans un champ blanc et l'inscription "Ulrich Schmidl von Straubing". Schmidl contracta encore deux autres mariages. Il rédigea son testament le 8 juin 1578  et mourut à Regensburg fin 1580 ou début 1581. Le testament a été ouvert le 21 février 1581.

του Εργαστηρίου Έρευνας για τη Νεοελληνική & Συγκριτική Φιλολογία Βασιλική Κοντογιάννη, Η φίλη μου η Άντεια Kώστας Καραβίδας, Η Άντεια του Αντί: από τη μαθητεία στην ωρίμανση Απόστολος «Σχέδιο ημιτελούς βιογραφίας»: Η βιβλιοθήκη της Άντειας Φραντζή στο Τμήμα Ελληνικής Φιλολογίας Θεόπη Πολυζωίδου, Μια (ιστο)σελίδα για την Άντεια: εργογραφία, φωτογραφίες, εικαστικά και ποιητικά σχεδιάσματα Αριλιά Σπάρταλη, Φιλικές αφιερώσεις στην Άντεια Σοφία Βούλγαρη, «Ούτως ή άλλως»: Η Άντεια Φραντζή για τον Μανόλη Αναγνωστάκη Γεωργία Πατερίδου, Η Άντεια Φραντζή ως κριτικός της νεοελληνικής πεζογραφίας Νίκος Μαυρέλος, Η ανθολογία Αίμος Μαρία Ανδρέου, Παγώνα Γιοβανούδα, Στέλιος Μήτρογλου, Από το κριτικό έργο της Άντειας Φραντζή στο περιοδικό Αντί: Κάποιες επισημάνσεις Φωτεινή Κανταρίδου, Επιλογή πολιτικής ποίησης από την Άντεια Φραντζή για την Αυγή (2012) Αθηνά Βούρβου, Μεταμορφώσεις του λυρισμού στην ποιητική της Άντειας Φραντζή Aθηνά Βογιατζόγλου, Μετρική και ποιητική στο ποιητικό και κριτικό έργο της Άντειας Φραντζή Mαρία Ψάχου, «Μιλώ για τον ποιητή» και την «ποίηση της ποίησης» της Άντειας Φραντζή Xρήστος Δανιήλ, Για το ξεμάλλιασμα της σύνταξης από τη Μάτση Χατζηλαζάρου Ανάγνωση ποιημάτων της Άντειας, Γεωργία Ντεμίρη, Φωτεινή Κανταρίδου Τιτίκα Δημητρούλια, Μετα-ποίηση: σώμα-φύση-λόγος στο έργο της Άντειας Φραντζή Βασιλική Κοντογιάννη, Σώμα σε διάσπαση: όψεις μιας ποιητικής οικείας Βαρβάρα Ρούσσου, «Να κόψω τον ομφάλιο λώρο [...] να γράψω ματωμένο χνάρι»: η διπλή μητρότητα στα ποιήματα της Άντειας Φραντζή και ένα σύγχρονο ποιητικό παράλληλο Γιώργος Μαρκόπουλος, Για την ποίηση της Άντειας Φραντζή Λίζυ Τσιριμώκου, Η χαμογελαστή Άντεια: χιούμορ και παρωδία στην ποίησή της Μαίρη Μικέ, Μυθικές μορφές στην ποίηση της Άντειας Φραντζή Ευριπίδης Γαραντούδης, Η Άντεια Φραντζή και το ελληνικό σονέτο της Μεταπολίτευσης

Richard Hakluyt's Principall Nauigations (1589) was a landmark in the history of English travel literature which compiled and glorified the naval deeds and expeditions undertaken by the English throughout the world. This article focuses on the third volume of Hakluyt's compilation devoted to America which gathers first-hand accounts describing the way of life and the natural environment of the new territories conquered and populated by the Spaniards. The incorporation in these texts of almost 100 borrowings from Spanish to designate elements related to sea voyages and experiences in the Spanish colonies has raised the following research questions: What kind of terms were most likely to be introduced? And, given that these Spanish terms were unfamiliar to English readers, did the authors resort to any kind of strategy to explain the meaning of the new words? This article will address these questions by setting the following objectives. (i) to compile an inventory of the Spanish terms that have been incorporated into the English texts; (ii) to classify these terms according to the lexical fields they refer to; (iii) to analyse how the meaning of these new words is explained to English readers.

Ulrich Schmidl y su informe sobre la conquista de la región de La Plata en el siglo XVI. La historiografía como historia contemporánea colonial.

En el libro del soldado alemán Ulrich Schmidl (cerca de 1500/1510-1580/1581) de Straubing, tenemos el raro caso de un participante alemán en la conquista y desarrollo de todo un territorio en un continente descubierto por primera vez por los europeos que escribe un relato de esta época después de su regreso. Schmidl era un soldado simples del “común” al servicio de España y entre 1535 y 1554 participó en todas las principales empresas de la conquista y el desarrollo de lo que hoy es Argentina y Paraguay, incluidas las expediciones a Bolivia y Perú.
La obra de Schmidl puede considerarse como un informe historiográfico contemporáneo sobre la Sudamérica colonial en el campo de tensión entre el manual histórico, la historia etnográfica y la literatura de viajes, que se analiza en comparación con la obra de Hans Staden sobre su estancia en Brasil (Warhaftige Historia, Marburgo 1557) y debe ponerse en relación con la literatura latinoame¬ri¬cana contemporánea de procedencia española o portuguesa.

Debido al interesante hecho de que se conserva el autógrafo de Schmidl y de que la publicación se basó en una copia alterada y censurada, que se distribuyó en manuscritos y varias impresiones (Feyerabend 1567, Bry 1597; Hulsius 1599), podemos rastrear tanto el trabajo sobre el texto por parte del autor como las intervenciones directas dirigidas a la recepción por manos desconocidas o impresores/editores en la transición a la tradición manuscrita y posteriormente impresa. Esto se aplica no sólo a los pasajes relativos a la edición textual, sino también a la imagen del hombre, por ejemplo en las descripciones del canibalismo.

El cambio en la percepción del texto en las tres ediciones del siglo XVI es especialmente significativo. La recepción de la obra en las ediciones de Bry y Hulsius a finales de siglo, ambas publicadas también en latín, y la adición de una ilustración que dice mucho en términos de contenido sobre la constitución guiada del conocimiento a través del texto, pueden demostrar claramente la transición de la literatura historiográfica de viajes a la episteme contemporánea del conocimiento erudito generalmente aceptado. En particular, la interacción del texto con una ilustración extensa, especialmente en la edición de Hulsius, en el contexto de la historia de la ilustración en el siglo XVI, muestra claramente un cambio de percepción y ofrece al lector varias opciones de lectura.


Nuestra nueva edición crítica tiene como objetivo proporcionar una nueva versión en español legible tras la edición crítica alemana/española de 2008 y centrarse en aspectos del manuscrito que hasta ahora se han descuidado, como la recepción temprana en manuscritos e impresiones tempranas, así como en la iconografía.

2025

Richard Hakluyt's Principall Nauigations (1589) was a landmark in the history of English travel literature which compiled and glorified the naval deeds and expeditions undertaken by the English throughout the world. This article focuses on the third volume of Hakluyt's compilation devoted to America which gathers first-hand accounts describing the way of life and the natural environment of the new territories conquered and populated by the Spaniards. The incorporation in these texts of almost 100 borrowings from Spanish to designate elements related to sea voyages and experiences in the Spanish colonies has raised the following research questions: What kind of terms were most likely to be introduced? And, given that these Spanish terms were unfamiliar to English readers, did the authors resort to any kind of strategy to explain the meaning of the new words? This article will address these questions by setting the following objectives. (i) to compile an inventory of the Spanish terms that have been incorporated into the English texts; (ii) to classify these terms according to the lexical fields they refer to; (iii) to analyse how the meaning of these new words is explained to English readers.

Em que medida podem os dois  livros de viagem ser lidos como exemplos do topos do "bon sauvage"? Como mostra a análise detalhada, trata-se de textos que preparam o topos do "bon sauvage", em vez de o criarem eles próprios ou de o aplicarem à realidade não europeia.

Tanto para Léry como para Thevet, a visão cristã do mundo, calvinista ou católica, continua a ser o ponto de referência inquestionável para a reflexão sobre os "sauvages". As práticas culturais e religiosas são descritas em pormenor, mas acabam por ser avaliadas de um ponto de vista cristão. Afinal, a comparação com o paradigma da vida europeia oferece a oportunidade de não generalizar a condenação moral dos "sauvages", mas também de considerar os aspectos positivos da sua cultura. No entanto, apenas os elementos que estão de acordo com as práticas e os dogmas cristãos são sempre avaliados positivamente.

A dimensão socio-crítica desta comparação surge da crítica aos maus cristãos. Assim, a vida dos "sauvages" também não é entendida como uma prática cultural autónoma em termos morais, mas serve nalgumas áreas como um modelo virtual para os maus cristãos.

Os problemas resultantes da discrepância entre os mandamentos bíblicos ou os dogmas religiosos e a observação de uma cultura não europeia não são levantados ou são contornados através da referência a pontos de vista cristãos. Por exemplo, a nudez dos Tupinambás não é vista como estando em conflito com o relato do Génesis. Pelo contrário, as suas ideias religiosas oferecem a oportunidade de encontrar a prova da verdade dos ensinamentos cristãos contra os ateus através da prova de Deus "ex consensu omnium gentium".

Os elementos positivos da cultura dos "sauvages" são assim atribuídos à conformidade da doutrina cristã com a natureza e a razão. A dimensão teológica desta representação é o facto de a religião cristã não contradizer nem a razão nem a natureza. O conceito de natureza é, em última análise, caracterizado pelo cristianismo e é contrastado com outras passagens em que ambos os autores se referem ao conceito cristão de natureza corrompida pelo pecado original. Como mostra a avaliação de Thevet da religião dos "sauvages" como magia negra, a cultura dos Tupinambás encaixa facilmente na terminologia cristã. A adoção por Léry da ideia de "évangélisation universelle" também sugere a possibilidade de uma "revelatio specialis" entre os antepassados dos Tupinambás.

No entanto, a tematização do conceito de natureza constitui, por si só, o ponto de partida para a reflexão literária posterior sobre o "bon sauvage". A utilização de um conceito de natureza que já não é caracterizado pelo cristianismo no contexto de uma reflexão sobre culturas estrangeiras permitiu a autores como Montaigne questionar as suas próprias práticas religiosas e culturais, pelo menos no seu próprio pensamento.

A reflexão sobre o desenvolvimento cultural a partir da experiência dos "sauvages", que depois recebe a sua formulação mais significativa na história das ideias no Discours sur l'inégalité de Rousseau, está já presente no ponto de partida de Thevet, mas carece de originalidade crítica e acaba por ser secundária.

Só o abandono de um ponto de vista cristão na análise das culturas estrangeiras ou a completa funcionalização do "sauvage" como um ser que aceita facilmente a religião cristã permitiram encarar a vida dos "sauvages" sem a arrogância moral de um ponto de vista eurocêntrico. Para Rousseau, a vida dos "sauvages" é então um exemplo de uma cultura próxima do estado de natureza hipoteticamente reconstruído e torna-se o ponto de partida para um questionamento da civilização europeia e da legitimação teórica do Estado em nome do valor superior da "natureza". O "sauvage" é bom porque vive mais de acordo com a natureza. Para Léry e Thevet, pelo contrário, a vida dos "sauvages" contém, na melhor das hipóteses, elementos positivos conformes à cultura cristã. Por isso, faz sentido falar apenas de precursores do topos do "bon sauvage" no caso de Thevet e Léry.

Neste contexto, a grande importância da iconografia, nomeadamente do livro de Thevet, não deve deixar de ser mencionada. As xilogravuras constituem um dos primeiros grandes ciclos sobre a vida das culturas estrangeiras e, com a sua representação antiquada dos "sauvages", tiveram uma grande influência na imagem dos indígenas na Europa. Estas xilogravuras prefiguraram assim os grandes e magníficos volumes das colecções de relatos de viagem posteriores, como a coleção de Bry. O "beau sauvage" precede o "bon sauvage".

Em resumo, pode dizer-se que os dois  livros de viagem analisados têm um significado que não deve ser subestimado, tanto em termos antropológicos como para o topos do "bon sauvage". Para além do seu significado literário ou do seu valor de fonte histórica, o seu principal significado reside certamente nas descrições etnológicas avant la lettre. Juntamente com o grande número de outros relatos sobre os povos indígenas do Brasil, desde os jesuítas portugueses até Claude D'Abbeville e Yves d'Évreux, os textos formam um corpus incomparavelmente rico de informações sobre uma cultura extinta no momento do primeiro contacto cultural com a Europa, que também marcou o início do fim da cultura Tupi.

Brasil em ilustrações do século XVI 2025 Cap. 1: Primeiros documentos iconográficos sobre o índio sul-americano (1493-1557). O relato de viagem e a pesquisa iconográfica A relação entre texto e imagem tem recebido cada vez mais atenção na pesquisa acadêmica nos últimos anos. Isso certamente se deve ao fato de que, na esteira de Derrida ou das análises estruturalistas, o foco da pesquisa foi colocado nas várias formas de escrita e na constituição de textos por meio de diferentes mídias de mediação de informações. A teoria dos signos de Peirce e a grande atenção que a semiótica tem recebido nos estudos linguísticos e literários atuais também contribuíram para o fato de que o fenômeno do "texto" não é mais visto apenas do ponto de vista verbal, mas também se concentra cada vez mais nas áreas periféricas dos textos, que muitas vezes se estendem a áreas não linguísticas. Isso inclui, é claro, os fenômenos fáticos da linguagem na recitação, bem como expressões faciais e gestos e, na mediação tradicional de textos, o design de livros e suas ilustrações. A história da ilustração na arte inicial da impressão de livros há muito tempo atrai muito interesse, tanto do ponto de vista dos bibliotecários quanto dos historiadores da arte. No entanto, tem-se dado menos atenção às referências simbólicas das ilustrações aos textos, exceto talvez em algumas áreas óbvias, como a influência dos emblemas barrocos nas ilustrações de livros, ex-libris e também nas imagens da poesia barroca. Apenas recentemente o interesse crescente na história da ciência contribuiu para um exame mais detalhado das formas de transferência de conhecimento por meio de obras ilustradas. Este livro usará um corpus selecionado de textos para demonstrar a continuidade de uma tradição iconográfica desde os relatos sul-americanos do século XVI até a América de Bry (vol. 3, lat. 1592, eng. 1593). Será demonstrado que os mesmos modelos foram transmitidos de meados do século XVI até a primeira metade do século XVII e muito além. O material selecionado também será usado para descobrir a intenção por trás dessa adoção seletiva, por exemplo, como as ilustrações dos livros dos primeiros relatos de viagem são influenciadas pelo julgamento contemporâneo dos índios. O objetivo aqui não é tanto elaborar uma antropologia separada a partir do material pictórico, o que iria além do escopo desta apresentação. O objetivo é, antes, mostrar como o material ilustrativo se relaciona com os próprios textos e quais relações simbólicas internas existem entre as figuras individuais, em sua maioria xilogravuras ou gravuras.  A seleção de um corpus francês e um alemão de diários de
viagem sul-americanos e sua recepção por Bry não é arbitrária. No decorrer da análise, ficará evidente que uma variedade de filiações entre a iconografia dosr modelos de Bry e sua coleção de diários de viagem pode ser identificada, o que,  recebeu  pouca  atenção  acadêmica  e  representa  uma contribuição essencial para a compreensão da intenção dessas obras. Além disso, os modelos iconográficos do terceiro volume da famosa coleção de diários de viagem, ou  seja,  os  livros  de  Staden,  Léry  e  Thevet,  sobreviveram  em  sua  totalidade,  em contraste com as aquarelas de John White sobre a Virgínia e de Jacques Le Moyne de
Morgues  sobre  a  Flórida,  que  chegaram  até  nós  apenas  parcialmente,  permitindo assim uma comparação direta.

ANA ELENA GONZÁLEZ TREVIÑO xico, en particular, Los viajes de Gulliver. En su "Historiography of the Mexican Inquisition: Evolution of Interpretations and Methodologies, " Richard Greenleaf sostiene que el Santo Oficio no se limitó a censurar libros franceses -aunque de Francia procedía la mayor cantidad de libros Ilustrados con ideas liberalessino que también prohibió obras inglesas. Las que se mencionaban con mayor frecuencia eran las obras de Alexander Pope, en particular las "Cartas de Abelardo y Heloísa", que es como se tradujo el poema "Eloisa to Abelard" de dicho autor, y que cuenta la historia del amor de una monja por un teólogo, el filósofo Pedro Abelardo. 7 En el Index Librorum Prohibitorum hay notas sobre la prohibición de Pope en 1792 y 1799, pero para 1815, ya todas sus obras estaban prohibidas. Greenleaf sostiene que en 1803 a éstas se añadieron Los viajes de Gulliver y Pamela de Samuel Richardson. 8 Cita además el estudio de J. A. Ferrer Biminelli sobre algunos documentos de la Inquisición y el movimiento masónico en la Nueva España 9 , así como un estudio suyo previo para hablar de los Caballeros Racionales de las logias masónicas de Jalapa, Veracruz, y otras sociedades secretas que vinculan a la masonería con el movimiento independentista 10 . En ese sentido, la Inquisición veía a los simpatizantes de la Ilustración como 7 Richard Herr en The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Spain refiere que el primer traductor del poema al español fue Vicente María de Santiváñez (sic), y que él mismo escribió una continuación publicada en 1796 que de inmediato se incluyó en el Index. Santiváñez estaba vinculado con simpatizantes de la Revolución Francesa.

Historia natural, fauna en el libro Viaje al Rio de la Plata (cerca 1554, primera publicación 1567), manuscritos del siglo XVI de ese texto con provenciencias y mirabilia en el texto incluso en las ilustraciones en grabados de Siebmacher, artista de Nuremberg , de la edicion de Hulsius 1599

In den letzten Jahren haben sich erfreulich viele Arbeiten mit dem zentralen deutschen Reisebuch  des  16.  Jhdts.  beschäftigt,  Hans  Stadens  1557  in  Marburg  erschienener  Warhaftiger  Historia.
Dennoch  blieben  einige  Punkte  der  Ikonographie  unterbelichtet,  die  wir  hier  noch  einmal beleuchten wollen, auch im Hinblick auf die zentrale Bedeutung, die die Ikonographie nach akzeptierter  Meinung  in  Stadens  Werk  auch  funktional  innehat  und  angesichts  einer Rezeptionsgeschichte, die bis in die Moderne reicht.

Die Einbindung in die Tradition zeigen wir exemplarisch an zwei Bereichen auf: einem genetischen und einem der Rezeptionsgeschichte. Das Frontispiz der Erstausgabe vergleichen wir vor  allem  im  Kontext  der  damals  künstlerisch  anspruchsvollen  Kartenbebilderung,  daran
anschließend  eine  kurze  Analyse  der  noch  immer  nicht  vollständig  erschlossenen  Karte  zu Staden, bei der wir erstmals im Anhang eine Identifikation aller zum Teil schwer lesbaren Ortsnamen und Stammesbezeichnungen bringen. Bei der Rezeption widmen wir uns einem zeitnahen Rezeptionsbeleg in einer Allegorie der Kontinente von Jost Amman von 1577. Zentral wird dann in der funktionalen Analyse der bisher zu wenig behandelte Bereich der religiös motivierten Transformation des Bildmaterials zum Wunder- und Prodigienkontexts in der Ikonographie Stadens bei der Bryschen Amerikasammlung Bd.3, 1592 und 1593.
Abschließend einige Beispiele zu den Titelblättern späterer Ausgaben, insbesondere in Holländisch und die Winkelmann-Ausgabe von 1660, die Stadens Werk zusammenfassend in der Er-Erzählform referiert.
Der Schwerpunkt soll dabei immer im Hintergrund sein, inwieweit die thematische Auswahl der Ikonographie Stadens nicht nur deskriptiv-hermeneutisch von Bedeutung ist, sondern funktionalistisch dessen Authentizitätsdiskurs dient. In Bezug auf die Rezeption zeigen später scheinbar geringfügige ikonographische Transformationen, welche Teile der Rezeption der Erstausgabe später problematisch waren, also wie der sich ändernde protestantisch-kalvinistischen Kontext Eingriffe in die Bildtradition veranlasst hat. Die bereits gut erforschten Bereiche (ethnologische Bedeutung, Abhängigkeit der Kannibalismus-Schilderungen von einer ikonographischen Tradition etwa mittelalterlicher Bilder des Wilden Mannes oder der Heiligenlegenden, ikonographische Bedeutung der Bryschen Amerikasammlung, Transformation der Bilder besonders in der Aufklärung, Rezeption im Film) können wir hier nicht behandeln, sondern nur am Rande heranziehen, wenn sie unsere spezielle Fragestellung berühren, die schon komplex genug ist, vor allem durch die Einbeziehung der Bildlichkeiten anderer Genres wie der Karten. Der Aufsatz ist also gedacht als Beitrag zum Themenkomplex Motive – Bildtraditionen-Rezeption im kulturhistorischen Kontext einer funktionalen Beschreibung der Motivbezüge der frühneuhochdeutschen Brasilienliteratur. Ein Anhang hilft zur Orientierung im Material.

Hans Staden's travel book from 1557, the first work ever published about Brazil, is part of a long tradition of travel literature. In the wake of the Middle Ages, early modern travel accounts were often still characterised by depictions of wonders, particularly from the animal and plant world. Staden, on the other hand, endeavours in his second book, actually the second part, to describe the foreign culture of the Tupinamba indigenous people, amongst whom he was a prisoner, as objectively as possible. However, magic plays a major role in one aspect of his work. In order to ensure his survival among the cannibals, Staden used favourable opportunities to show his power to the Tupinamba, i.e. to avert rain through his prayers or to enable a rich catch of fish. The lecture also uses the visual material on these episodes to show how Staden's travel book is embedded in a broad discussion about the position of the miracle in time. Its editor, Professor Dryander from Marburg, alludes in his foreword to two contemporary works on the truthfulness of miracles. It will also be shown how some of Staden's miraculous tales survive later, as allusions to his work in the Wagner Book of 1593 (in the tradition of the Faust books, the magician Wagner travelled to South America) and why the Brys dispensed with the imagery of this miracle iconography in their America collection out of consideration for Calvinism. In 1557, Staden had to situate his travel book between miracle and truth and convey this to his early readers through text and image.
Lecture Regional Museum Wolfhager Land, Wolfhagen 2024

German:
Hans Stadens Reisebuch von 1557, das erste über Brasilien überhaupt veröffentlichte Werk, schreibt sich in vielfache Traditionen der Reiseliteratur ein. Die frühneuzeitlichen Reiseschilderungen waren im Gefolge des Mittelalters oft noch von Wunderdarstellungen besonders aus der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt geprägt. Staden dagegen bemüht sich in seinem zweiten Buch, eigentlich den zweiten Teil, um eine möglichst objektive Schilderung der Fremdkultur der Tupinamba-Indigenen, bei denen er Gefangener war. In einem Aspekt seines Werks spielt aber die Magie eine große Rolle. Staden nutzte, um sein Überleben unter den Kannibalen zu sichern, günstige Gelegenheiten, um gegenüber den Tupinamba seine Macht zu zeigen, also durch sein Gebet Regen abzuwenden, oder einen reichen Fischfang zu ermöglichen. Der Vortrag zeigt auch anlässlich des Bildmaterials zu diesen Episoden auf, wie sich Stadens Reisebuch in eine breite Diskussion über die Stellung des Wunders in der Zeit einbettet. Sein Herausgeber, der Marburger Professor Dryander, spielt in seinem Vorwort auf zwei zeitgenössische Werke über die Wahrhaftigkeit von Wundern an. Es soll auch gezeigt werden, wie gerade einige wunderbare Erzählungen Stadens später fortleben, als Anspielungen auf sein Werk im Wagnerbuch von 1593 (in der Tradition der Faustbücher reist der Magier Wagner nach Südamerika) und warum die Brys in ihrer Amerikasammlung auf die Bildlichkeit dieser Wunderikonographie aus Rücksicht auf den Kalvinismus verzichtet haben. Zwischen Wunder und Wahrheit muss Staden 1557 sein Reisebuch verorten und dies seinen frühen Lesern durch Text und Bild vermitteln.
Vortrag Regionalmuseum Wolfhager Land, Wolfhagen 2024

Ulrich Schmidls Reisebuch in den La Plata-Raum, entstanden um 1553 erschien erstmals in einer Neuauflage von Sebastian Franks Weltbuch, hrsg. 1567 von Siegmund Feyerabend in Frankfurt als Teil des zweiten Bandes. Im 19. Jhdt. wurden mehrere Manuskripte aufgefunden, so auch das heute in Stuttgart befindliche Autograph des Werks.,  ediert erstmals Mondschein 1880/81 ; span. Übers. (erstmals 1938, von Edmundo Wernicke, wichtig die Ausgabe span./dt. mit Faksimile des Ms., ebenfalls mit dieser in späteren Ausgaben leicht überarb. Übers. von Wernicke 1948 2), dt./span. krit. Ausgabe Obermeier 2008.
Unsere Bibliographie bringt alle Manuskripte des 16. Jhdts. mit Angaben zu deren Provenienz und unser Wissen um zwei verlorene Manuskripte aus dem 16 Jhdt. Ferner werden alle Druckausgaben und Bearbeitungen bis heute aufgeführt sowie künstlerische Bearbeitungen im Comic, Film und Denkmale und Gedenkplaketten.

Earlier scientific researches have reached the results that the publication of misinformation, conspiracy theories or fake news in periods of epidemic or pandemic, negatively affects the psychological well-being of the population. The rapid and voluminous distribution of uncontrolled and professionally verified information in digital media causes the deterioration of mental health and affects the manifestation of symptoms of fear, panic, stress, anxiety and depression.
The study used a systematic literature research, based on the data of Web of Science, Elsevier and Google Scholar, from January 2020 to December 2021. The study followed the structure of the guidelines of Transparent Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA; 2021), which aims to identify, analyze and criticize articles of scientific specifics, in the objects of study.
The study reviewed 9 original scientific researches, three study reports and 6 media articles, with a sampling spanning 45 countries.
Based on critical evaluation of used articles, the findings show that: misinformation, fake news, conspiracy beliefs and disinformation spread on social networks, cause negative effects on mental health. In Albania has not been conducted any specific study on the negative impact of misinformation on the mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic, but based on the analysis of some study reports, media publications and public statements, the period of the pandemic has influenced the appearance of psychological concerns in a part of the population.
Even today, data are limited and do not provide a full and longitudinal explanation for the negative effects of misinformation, conspiracy theories, fake news or disinformation on mental health during pandemics.

Zhvillimi i mjeteve digjitale online në arsim që nga viti 2019 për shkak të
pandemisë “COVID-19” i dha shtysë krijimit të gamifikimit si një mjet për
ta kuptuar më mirë dhe më aftësisht materialin mësimor. Në këtë kontekst, u zhvilluan me ritëm më intensiv dhomat e arratisjes digjitale. Ky punim do të prezantojë mënyrën si u ndërtua dhoma e arratisjes digjitale për lëndën “Historia e Religjioneve” të Departamentit të Theologjisë dhe Kulturës, Kolegji Universitar “Logos”. Sondazhi i kryer me studentët e vitit të tretë të studimeve të programit “Bachelor në Theologjinë Sociale dhe Shkencat Religjioze” tregon se dhomat e arratisjes digjitale mund të përdoren si mjet alternativ për vlerësimin e lëndës.

Les relations des voyageurs français qui se rendent au xviie siècle dans la Perse safavide
foisonnent de représentations de l’Autre plus ou moins hautes en couleur. Un aspect peu
étudié, que cet article se propose d’aborder, est la manière dont ces récits construisent l’image des voyageurs eux-mêmes, à la croisée des regards français et des contre-regards persans. En prenant comme point de départ les expériences viatiques de Jean-Baptiste Tavernier et de Jean Chardin, l’analyse met en lumière les multiples facettes de la dynamique interculturelle mouvante et ambiguë qui se met en place entre Français et Persans au sein d’un univers profondément ambivalent.

do ciekawych, jednak zapomnianych już nieco relacji podróżniczych. U schyłku XIX wieku autor odbywał wielokrotnie morskie podróże, dobrze poznając najważniejsze szlaki żeglugowe i porty śródziemnomorskie. Jest obserwatorem bystrym i wrażliwym, odznacza się też pewnym talentem narracyjnym, a także umiejętnością snucia ciekawych gawęd i opowieści. Jako człowiek wszechstronnie wykształcony i wrażliwy miłośnik sztuki starał się polskiemu czytelnikowi przekazać szereg wiadomości z kręgu wydarzeń politycznych świata tak dla nas wtedy egzotycznego, jak Bliski Wschód oraz Turcja. Jako jeden z pierwszych przekazał polskim czytelnikom informacje o sensacyjnych odkryciach archeologicznych Hamdiego Osmana, dokonanych w Sydonie w latach 1887-1888. Natomiast tropiąc polskie ślady na trasie swych podróży, Narkiewicz Jodko starannie udokumentował pomnik grobowy generała Ludwika Michała Paca, zmarłego w Smyrnie w roku 1835. Uważnie odnotowywał także rozmaite zjawiska obyczajowe, prowadził interesujące konwersacje z towarzyszami podróży, poświęcając im sporo uwagi.

Brasilien in Illustrationen des 16. Jahrhunderts Südamerikareiseberichte des 16. Jahrhunderts und ihr Einfluss auf Brys America

Don Quijote in der Kunst

Albert Eckhouts Indianerbilder aus Nordbrasilien und die holländische Kolonialpolitik

Die frühen illustrierten Einblattdrucke zu Amerika und ihre Verbreitung im zeitgenössischen Pressewesen

Canadian Inuit in 16th century European illustrations

Bildpublizistik in der Reiseliteratur des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts. Die Herausbildung eines hybriden Genres im Kontext der Kommunikationsverbindungen der Epoche am Beispiel der
Amerikareiseberichte

Stadtansichten von Kiel in der Druckgraphik vom 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert,

A construção de identidade e diferênça de europeus e índios na iconografia latinoamericana dos séculos XVI e XVII,

Reisende Bilder, der Einfluss des Bildmaterials am Beispiel der frühen Südamerikaikonographie

Transnationale Literaturen in der frühen Kolonialzeit, das Beispiel der frühen südamerikanischen Reiseliteratur und ihres Bildmaterials
Reiseberichtillustrationen und Lektüremöglichkeiten in der frühen lateinamerikanischen Kolonialzeit

Frühe ikonographische Dokumente zum Bau der Eisenbahnstrecke Madeira-Mamoré 1907-1912. Ein Hamburger Ingenieur in Brasilien. Ein Beitrag zur brasilianischen Industriegeschichte.

Nordamerika in Illustrationen des 16. Jhdts. Ein Essay

Transposições e interrelações de géneros na iconografia do século dos descobrimentos

In the eighteenth century, Ashkenazi Jews encountered the "orient" as an unstable, shifting, and elusive place where they were said to be at home. 1 Christian discourse described the orient as an archaic sphere of origins and insisted on situating the Hebrew language as well as Jewish religious and cultural practices within its remote scenery. 2 This had favorable as well as unfavorable implications. The orient was conceived as the cradle of mankind and depicted as the location of an infant stage of history. Ancient Jewish history thereby assumed universal significance, and noble origins were attributed to the Jewish nation. 3 But the orient was also described as having been in a state of permanent decline ever since its early days of splendor. Thus, in orientalizing approaches to rabbinic scholarship and culture, the Jews of Amsterdam and Berlin, Posen and Vilna, Prague and Livorno were denied creative power and written out of European history. 4 Jewish authors of the eighteenth century were often critical of such approaches and interpretations, but they did not dismiss the identification of Jews and Judaism with the orient out of hand. Rather, they challenged, subverted, and transformed Christian conceptions of oriental Judaism by establishing their own Jewish orient. 5 The orient was perceived as a sometimes ideal, sometimes alien, place within the Jewish past, but it also attracted attention as part of the Jewish present. The authors of the Jewish Enlightenment were particularly interested in the communities of the Ottoman Empire. According to

HANS STADEN

WARHAFTIGE HISTORIA

ZWEI REISEN NACH BRASILIEN (1548-1555)





Studienausgabe mit einem Quellenanhang

Hrsg. von Franz Obermeier

Übertragung ins heutige Deutsch: Joachim Tiemann 
2023

The first book about Brazil by a German traveller and captive among the Tupinamba-Indigenous, published in Marburg 1557, an ethnographic classic in a modernised German version with comentary, and a study about the original's iconography and its reception history.

See the portuguese version 2023, also on academia.edu.

The aim of this article is to examine the essential skills shaped by a liberal education system in accordance with the views of Martha Nussbaum and enriched with e new content. In her essay with title “Tagore, Dewey and the Imminent Demise of Liberal Education”, in “The Oxford handbook of philosophy of education”, edited by Harvey Siegel, Oxford University Press (2009), Nussbaum develops her ideas by referring to Tagore and Dewey’s work. In this article, ideas have been enhanced with the work of Amartya Sen and some authors from educational philosophy field, as well as illustrated by several examples of, but not limited to, the Albanian experience.
Although thoughts concerning a liberal education system have been developed since the epoch of Aristotle, nowadays, due to the important role of exact sciences and technology, modules and activities which foster this education have not received the adequate attention. According
to Nassbaum, if we wish to build a democratic society, the idea of a liberal education system is of core importance: it is an urgent duty of all citizens and teachers. The author extends her reflections on this education to the higher education system. It is concluded that the society of knowledge needs people who go beyond ethnical, gender and culture backgrounds – which stimulated by the tradition, often hold a negative impact. As Nussbaum suggests, any responsible person, any intellectual, any citizen interested in developing the democracy should be involved in such common attempts in order to make the difference.
Key Words: democratic society, citizenship education, critical thinking, empathy, transcendence.

Cette étude a été préparée avec le soutien du projet scientifique Horizon 2020 ERC n 810141 « The European Qu'ran » (https//www.euqu.eu). 1 Voir sur sa vie récemment : Ferenc Tóth, Un diplomate militaire français en Europe orientale à la fin de l'ancien régime. François de Tott (1733-1793). Istanbul, 2011. 2 Archives Diplomatiques (La Courneuve), série Correspondance politique Turquie 133, fol. 270-293. 3 Voir l'édition critique de cet ouvrage : Mémoires du baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartares. Maestricht, 1785. Éd. Ferenc Tóth (Bibliothèque des correspondances, Mémoires et journaux, 7.) Paris, 2004.

Kartenmaterial zum ersten Brasilienbuch, Hans Stadens Warhaftige Historia, Marburg 1557 / Mapas comentando o primeiro livro de viagem no Brasil de Hans Staden, Warhaftige Historia / História de duas viagens ao Brasil 1557.
Mapas de Reinhard Maack 1964.

The measures undertaken due to the COVID-19 pandemic affected the
worsening of the mental health for a section of the population. Fear of
infection, social isolation, uncertainty and economic difficulties
influenced the appearance of symptoms of depression, anxietyand
suicidal acts. Some studies conducted in countries affected by the
pandemic indicated a worsening of the patients’ mental state, posttraumatic stress symptoms, fear of a possible infection, insomnia, an
increase in narcotic substances abuse, and a number of persons had
seriously considered the suicide. In Albania, since August 2020, five
patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 committed suicide by jumping off
the hospital’s windows or floors. In four cases, the patients suffered an
immediate death, whereas one case died a day later.Currently, the human
resources dedicated to mental health in hospitals are few in numbers,
compared to the countries of the region. Under the circumstances of
hospitalization for COVID-19 patients, the psychological support has
been reduced due to the limited number of psychologists and the lack of
a strategy for psychosocial support by the responsible institutions. An
increase in mental health human resourcesin COVID-19 hospitals is
suggested as well among other key recommendations.
Keywords: Suicides inhospitals, COVID-19 patients, depression,
anxiety, psychological support

The author of Hungarian Tales was really well prepared and reported data from the most authentic sources. As Judit Kádár underlines, Gore’s „short novels probably written in the second half of the 1820s, seem to reflect an earlier social state; in any case, there is no mention of the political aspirations following the 1825 parliament“.  This peculiarity confirms the assumption that Gore never visited Hungary, and did not obtain the information first-hand, but collected data from reliable secondary sources, travel descriptions, and possibly from the reports of travelers who visited Hungary or Hungarians traveling abroad. Her main aim with the publication of the eight short stories was presumably to arouse the interest of English readers in this little-known country and its inhabitants. In the stories, she underlined that Hungarian people were largely deprived of their national rights and subjected to a foreign power. In addition, she warned her readers in a very honest and correct way that, as she did not know the Hungarian language, she might not have been thoroughly informed, so she could misrepresent her main topic.
To summarize, we can state that most of the elements of the image of Hungary presented by Gore correspond to the descriptions of the country in the contemporary Hungarian and foreign, fictional and non-fiction literature. The pieces of the Hungarian Tales include the usual patterns and motifs that defined the images of Hungary and Hungarians traditionally implemented in the works of foreign authors. Beyond that, however, Catherine Gore’s short novels and novellas also have unique features that set them apart from texts on the same subject. These eight novels certainly served as a basic source for the writer’s own wide public, and might have been an important point of reference for them in shaping their image of Hungary.

revue de l'institut de sociologie 081 B 296 n° 3,cop. 1 : ! JIVERSITAS BRUXELLENSIS i extrait année: ^ ^ numéro : V éditions de l'institut de sociologie université libre de bruxelles Chardin, le P» Ange de Saint-Joseph et les « Lumières » 0Ï1 Michel BASTIAENSEN § 1. On ne peut guère ignorer l'influence assez considérable exercée par les Voyages de Chardin sur les idées du xviii^ siècle ^. Cette influence a pu varier en intensité et prendre des visages différents selon la personnalité de ceux qui l'ont subie, mais il ne fait pas de doute qu'elle a existé et qu'elle a été grande-les nombreuses éditions en font foi, tout comme les allusions, souvent élogieuses, disséminées chez des dizaines d'auteurs importants de cette époque. Bien que nourries pour l'essentiel de l'observation directe, les relations de Chardin, qui ne sont pas exemptes d'une tentation encyclopédique, se souviennent inévitablement de certaines oeuvres antérieures. Parmi ses nombreuses sources, il mentionne lui-même, à deux reprises, un certain religieux : 1 Le viel ouvrage de P. MARTINO, L'Orient dans la littérature française au xvu' et au XVIII' siècle (Paris, 1906), peut encore servir, malgré son parti pris; N. Sâmsâmi, L'Iran dans la littérature française (Paris, 1936), contient des éléments intéressants, mais semble assez superficiel.

In line with the method prescribed by members of the Royal Society for natural history and travel writing, Richard Head explored the limits of verisimilitude associated with geographical discourse in his three fictions The Floating Island (1673), The Western Wonder (1674) and O-Brazile (1675). In them he argues in favor of the existence of the mysterious Brazile island and uses the factual discourse of the travel diarist to present a semi-mythical place whose very notion stretches the limits of believability. In line with recent critical interpretations of late seventeenth-century fiction as deceptive, and setting the reading of Head’s narrations in connection with other types of travel writing, I argue that Head’s fictions are a means of testing the readers’ gullibility at a time when the status of prose, both fictional and non-fictional, is subject to debate.

Confronting portuguese documents about Brazil in the 16 th century (Soares de Sousa, Noticia do Brasil 1587, Cardim, Tratados, depois de 1583,  Pero de Magalhães de Gândavo, Historia da provincia sancta Cruz, Lisboa 1576, with contemporary French (Léry, Thevet, Claude d'Abbeville, Yves d'Évreux) and their iconography (single leaf prints about a sea monster in Brazil, italian version 1565, also German translation), also in one illustration in the Historia da provincia sancta Cruz, Lisboa 1576, we see common features. Also relating to the content (indigenous myths and migrations, we see similarities and differences. The Portuguese tratados are informative texts and are lacking the combination of a personal narrative with an ethnographic part we have in the most important book about Brazil at that time Hans Staden, Warhaftige Historia, Marburgo 1557, and in a limited way in the travel narrative by the English Anthony Knivet (after 1593, published by Purchas 1625).

Ao confrontarmos as informações de origem francesa com outros documentos portugueses e alemães da época vemos as diferênças entre eles. As informações adicionais da Cosmographie (1575) e dos manuscritos de Thevet são provavelmente de fontes portuguesas.  Os seus relatos da mitologia tupi são únicos na literatura etnológica do tempo. Pelo fato de muitas outras observações do livro terem sido resultante de uma provável tradição oral dos portugueses, há uma clara indicação de que também a parte da mitologia nessas obras foi colecionada por portugueses. Dois exemplos para a diferença das informações etnológicas podem ser suficientes. Na tradição francesa, os Singularitez de Thevet 1557/58 e o livro de Léry Histoire d’un voyage 1578, não vem mencionado em nenhum lugar o novo nome do matador depois do ritual antropofágico ou de outro cerimonial ligado à captura de um prisioneiro. Nem sequer a couvade do pai é mencionada depois do nascimento de uma criança. Thevet descreve pri-meiramente esse nome honorífico e a couvade na sua Cosmographie („autant de prisonniers qu’ils tuent, autant prennent ils de noms [...]“, 1575, 932 v, Lussagnet 1953, 132, a cou¬vade na página 916 r, 1953, 50/51). Os capuchinhos da colónia do Maranhão de 1612-1615, Claude d’Abbeville e Yves d’Évreux falam frequentemente dos novos nomes. E improvável que Thevet, que segundo o título do seu primero livro de viagem no Brasil queria escrever das Singularidades do país, não tivesse mencionado as duas coisas se no momento da composição das Singularitez em 1557 já dispunha desse saber. Léry como calvinista um leitor muito crítico do seu antecedente Thevet no nível do discurso etnológico também haveria falado disso.

Las novelas de Daniel Defoe ocupan un lugar privilegiado en la imaginación literaria sobre la modernidad europea. A comienzos del siglo XVIII, la popularidad de esas obras se debió en parte a su capacidad para representar la experiencia afectiva de hombres y mujeres que se reconocían modernos. Una experiencia atravesada por la aflicción y, para algunos contemporáneos, por la melancolía.
A partir del análisis de la trilogía de Robinson Crusoe (1719-1720) y Moll Flanders (1722), este artículo aborda la relación entre melancolía y modernidad en el contexto de la Querella entre los Antiguos y los Modernos. Argumenta, en primer lugar, que Defoe le otorgó un sentido particular a la melancolía al incorporarla en un vocabulario más amplio para designar a la aflicción. En segundo lugar, este estudio sostiene que Defoe convirtió a aquella aflicción en un rasgo positivo de los sujetos modernos que denotaba una capacidad de introspección y una sensibilidad civilizada.

Daniel Defoe’s novels feature prominently in the literary imagination about European modernity. In the early 18th century, the popularity of these works was partly based on their ability to convey the affective experience of men and women who considered themselves moderns; an experience marked by affliction and, to some contemporaries, by melancholy.
This paper analyses the trilogy of Robinson Crusoe (1719-1720) and Moll Flanders (1722). It seeks to explain the relationship between melancholy and modernity within the context of the Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns. Firstly, it argues that Defoe gave a particular meaning to melancholy by placing it in a broader vocabulary to speak about affliction. Secondly, this article holds that Defoe turned affliction into a positive feature of modern individuals which denoted an ability for introspection and a civilised sensibility.

Conference proceedings about the German traveller to Brazil Hans Staden, his Warhaftige Historia, Marburg 1557 and its reception history.

First published as a book  Wolfhagen 2015, presented here in a slightly revised version available only as digital edition 2023.

The 2015 book is still available at the Museum, see:
https://www.regionalmuseum-wolfhager-land.de/index.php

Në shekullin që po jetojmë, janë prezentë ndryshime të rëndësishme në lidhje me arsimin, zbulimet shkencore, informatizimin, globalizmin, zhvillimin e astronautikës, robotikës dhe inteligjencës artificiale. Ky shekull është quajtuar si epoka e teknologjive dhe e njohurive digjitale. Shekulli i ri solli  ndryshime të rëndësishme në didaktikë dhe në metodat e mësimdhënies. Pedagogjia e shekullit XX ndryshon nga pedagogjia e shekullit XXI. Që nga fillimi i shekullit XXI, ka pasur shumë ndryshime në zhvillimin e arsimit kombëtar dhe botëror. Fenomeni më i dukshëm është internetizimi i shoqërisë dhe depërtimi i teknologjive digjitale në mësim. Brezi modern i nxënësve të shkollës tashmë njihet me emrin “nxënës digjital”, sepse është kaluar nga marrja e njohurive përmes leximit të librave të shtypur dhe monologut të mësuesit në perceptimin vizual apo diskutimin në klasë. Si po ndryshon shkolla në shekullin e ri? Si ndryshon teoria e të mësuarit? Aktualisht, mund të dëgjojmë shumë kritika l...

An early 16th century testimony by a German soldier
The first English edition of the original manuscript.

Of all the important sources about early colonial European experiences in South America the book of Ulrich Schmidl  is perhaps the least known to English readers.It had been translated early in Samuel Purchas’ collection of travel literature in Hakluytus posthumus or Purchas his pilgrims, tome 4, book 7,  London: Fetherstone 1625 in an abbreviated version. There has been a second translation, by an unknown translator  (perhaps Delmar Morgan, the Society’s Honorary Secretary)  for the Hakluyt Society issued in 1891. However these editions were not based on the original manuscript, now in the Württembergische Landesbibliothek in Stuttgart, first edited by the Straubing based schoolteacher Johannes Mondschein in 1893. Our edition is the first one based on the original manuscript which contains numerous differences to the earlier editions, based on 16th century editions (first edition Feyerabend: 1567, Bry 1597, Hulsius 1599) all dependent on contemporary manuscripts with text changes of which some survive.

As Schmidl stayed for 20 years in the La Plata region, far longer than most travellers at that time, he is an invaluable testimony of the region's history for an area stretching as far as from Buenos Aires in the south of Argentina to Bolivia and the Peruvian frontier.  He actually wrote the early history of the region seen from below or from the perspective of the “común” as he often calls the common soldiers. Some of his descriptions of indigenous tribes are the only surviving ones of the early indigenous population from the Pampa to the Pantanal.  He is also a good writer describing the hardships of early life in colonial South America and the failures of Spanish colonialism, even if he never questions the right of the Spaniards to conquer the region.

He is now justly to be seen as an ethnographic classic within the limits of early South American travel literature and historiography and with Hans Staden (Warhaftige Historia, Marburg 1557 about his stay in Brazil) the most important writer about sixteenth century South America.

Die ersten Bilder aus der Neuen Welt America Ein Essay 2023 Ein Vergleich zwischen Hans Staden und John White mag auf den ersten Blick erstaunlich erscheinen. Zu weit entfernt scheinen die Kulturen, die der englische Miniaturist und spätere Gouverneur der Kolonie Virginia John White in der ersten englischen Siedlung auf dem Gebiet der heutigen USA um 1585 gezeichnet und die der Wissenschaftler der von dem englischen Adeligen Walter Raleigh initiierten Koloniegründung in Roanoke, im Gebiet der Secotan-Indigenen Thomas Harriot in dem A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, erschienen in London, 1588 nach seiner Rückkehr beschrieben hat, von denen, die Staden während zweier Reisen von 1548-1554 in Brasilien erlebt hat. Es gibt aber neben der zeitlichen Koinzidenz im 16. Jhdt. offenkundige Berührungspunkte, die die Fragestellung doch als sinnvoll ansehen lassen.

Cette étude traite de la représentation de Mahomet dans le récit en moyennéerlandais du pèlerinage au Proche-Orient du noble flamand Josse de Ghistelles, rédigé par Ambrosius Zeebout (ca 1491), un texte qui compte parmi les plus importantes relations de voyage européennes médiévales 1 • La source de cette représentation et le traitement que Ghistelles lui applique ont récemment attiré l'attention des chercheurs. En 1998, Renaat Gaspar avançait que la source principale de l'exposé sur Mahomet, dans le premier livre de l'oeuvre de Josse, était le fameux récit de voyage de Bernhard von Breydenbach 2 • Ce texte, écrit par le dominicain et professeur de théologie Martin Rath, est le premier récit de voyage à avoir été imprimé, en 1486, immédiatement après sa rédaction. Ratb. Antoon Viaene considérait ce texte comme l'« un des meilleurs récits de voyage médiévaux sur l'Orient», et Istvén Bejczy le qualifiait de «très complet et exceptionnellement précis, le plus élaboré dans la littérature des Pays-Bas, et un des plus captivants dans son genre ». A. VIAENE, Vlaamse pelgrimstochten. Een verzameling opstellen over bedevaarten en bedevaarders vanuit Vlaanderen in de late middeleeuwen, Bruges, 1982, p. 196; I. BEJCZV, Between Mandeville and Columbus. Tvoyage by Joas van Ghistele, dans Travel Fact and Travel Fiction. Studies on Fiction, Literary Tradition, Scholarly Discovery and Observation in Travel Writing, éd. Z. VON MARTELS, Leyde-New York-Cologne, 1994 (Brill's Studies in Intellectual History, 55), p. 85-86. La description de la prise de Chypre par les Vénitiens, dans le cinquième livre, aux deux-tiers du récit, permet de proposer une date de rédaction de celui-ci postérieure à 1489. AMBROSIUS ZEEBOUT, Tvoyage van Mher Joos van Ghistele, éd.

Este libro es un estudio sobre la obra que supuestamente escribió el primer obispo que ocupó la sede de Santo Domingo, el humanista italiano Alessandro Geraldini, entre 1519-1524: "Itinerarium ad regiones sub aequinoctiali plaga constitutas". Hasta ahora se habían reproducido las versiones latinas de dicha obra y ahora, con este ensayo, anexamos la transcripción y la traducción del manuscrito italiano, firmada por Pompeo Mongallo da Leonessa, que se conserva en la Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, sin olvidar la otra copia italiana de la British Library de Londres. También se han añadido dos glosarios, uno de términos y otro de topónimos, con el fin de proporcionar información lexicográfica y geográfica provechosa tanto para el lector hispanohablante como italoparlante.

• Introduction au collectif "Orient baroque/ Orient classique, Variations esthétiques du motif oriental (XVIe au XVIIIe siècles)", (dir.), en collaboration avec H. Khadhar, Paris, Bouchène, collection « Mediterranea », série « Etudes littéraires », 2010, 340 p. , ISBN-10 : 2356760083.

Ulrich Schmidls Reisebericht in die La-Plata - Region, entstanden um 1553, erschienen erstmals als Teil  einer Neuauflage des Weltbuchs von Sebastian Franck 1567 ist der erste deutsche Bericht eines Teilnehmers an der Erschließung und Eroberung der La -Plata- Region.

Unser Ziel in diesem Beitrag ist es in Fortsetzung zur Arbeit von 2018 erschienen im Jahresbericht des Historischen Vereins, zugänglich auch auf academia.edu, einen kleinen Überblick über neuere Erkenntnisse zu Schmidls Werk zu geben und gleichzeitig einige der Fragen, die sich in der heutigen Forschung stellen, kritisch zu kommentieren und ggfs. zu vertiefen. Die angeführte Literatur soll dann auch weitere Beschäftigung bei Interessierten mit dem Thema Schmidl ermöglichen und liefert einen guten Beweis für den Reichtum seines Werks, dessen Bedeutung sich immer klarer abzeichnet.

Folgende Themenbereiche werden vorrangig behandelt:

Zur Naturkunde im Werk von Schmidl

Zur Evidenz eines weiteren verschollenen Schmidl-Manuskripts?

(mit genauer Behandlung der Provenienzen der erhaltenen Schmidl-Manuskripte des 16 Jhdts. und einiger nur bibliographisch belegter)

Der Illustrator der Hulsius-Ausgabe Johann Siebmacher und die Tierdarstellungen der Hulsius-Ausgabe von 1599
(mit Analye der dortigen Tier- und  Mirabilia-Darstellungen)

Weitere neuere Schmidl-Literatur

IN CHE COSA DIFFERISCONO I RESOCONTI FEMMINILI? Per molti aspetti, quello delle donne può essere definito un «VIAGGIO SENTIMENTALE» • Più risalto alle esperienze personali, al punto di vista soggettivo, alle emozioni suscitate dal viaggio e dall'incontro con «l'altro». Le pioniere del viaggio in Kurdistan [...] Ero obbligata, come la mia ospite, ad accovacciarmi costantemente a terra e quando volevo scrivere qualcosa dovevo usare le mie ginocchia anziché un tavolo.

The present volume’s content considers texts in travel literature from the 15th to the 18th centuries which are concerned with Cyprus. The volume suggests various approaches which point to fertile avenues which research on travel literature in general might take. The volume consists of three parts. The first, entitled ‘Zefyros’, starts with an essay by Jacques Bouchard on travel in the Eastern Mediterranean and continues with an account by Leonora Navari of the collection of travel literature made by Sylvia Ioannou – it is from that collection that the digital library of the Zefyros research programme was formed. The last item in this, the introductory part, is a systematic outline of the methodology, research tools and database of the research programme written by its academic supervisor, Julia Chatzipanagioti- Sangmeister.
The title of the second part is ‘Travellers and Travel Literature’. This part contains studies concerned either with journeys which exerted great subsequent influence or with texts that constitute milestones – milestones either for given classes of travellers with common cultural characteristics or for travel literature as a genre.
‘Representations of Space and People’ is the title of the third part, which groups together studies which emphasise travel literature’s accounts of Cyprus as a geographical space and of its human population.