Dry Density

Peat in various phases of decomposition has poor shear strength and high compressive deformation. For this research study, it will focus on stabilizing peat soil using NaOH. There are two main tests that were conducted in this research study, which are index property testing and the compaction test. For index property testing, there were six (6) experiments conducted to study the index properties of disturbed peat soil, which are moisture content, fiber content, organic content, liquid limit, pH, and specific gravity. Then, for the compaction test, a 4.5kg rammer was used to determine the best mixture of stabilizer blended with different volumes of 5%, 7%, and 9% stabilizer. The desired outcome of this study is to stimulate further research into the use of the chemical NaOH as a peat soil stabilizer for improved soil usage. 7% and 9% of NaOH only have a slightly different percentage, and it can be concluded that this was the optimum percentage of NaOH as a chemical stabilizer for peat soil. It can be seen clearly that 5% is the higher dry density with a lesser moisture content of the peat. When the percentage of NaOH was increased, the graph pattern also changed. NaOH has been observed as an alteration agent for peat soil dry density. It can be seen clearly that 5% NaOH is the higher dry density of the peat with the lesser moisture content and is suitable as a peat soil stabilizer. The increment of oxygen content recorded changes from 13.3% to 23%, while the sodium (Na) content decreased significantly with the increment of oxygen (O). Sodium content decreased from 8.7% for untreated specimens to 4.5% and 5.5% when peat was treated with NaOH, with 5% of NaOH and 9% of NaOH.

Capon (Rieth-Riley Construction), Don Johnson (FHWA, Indianapolis), Tom Kuhn (Kuhn Construction), Sam Mansukani (FHWA, Chicago), Wes Shaw (INDOT, Crawfordsville District), and Nyyar Zia (INDOT, Division of Materials and Test) all were very helpful and supportive. The authors wish to acknowledge the comments and suggestions of past graduate students Dr. Wei Feng and Dr. Shafiq Siddiqui, the work of Mr. Jie Zhang who performed the tests upon which temperature effects were based, and undergraduate student Vincent Sovis who helped with some of the programming. Dr. Jody Tishmack (Purdue's Ash Management Coordinator) provided significant understanding, help, and ideas to the authors, who are most grateful. The authors are most appreciative of the leadership provided by Dr. Kumares Sinha (Director of the JTRP), Donald Lucas (recently retired Chief Engineer, INDOT), and Firooz Zandi (Acting Chief Engineer). Project personnel enjoyed exceptional service from Karen S. Hatke (Program Manager, JTRP). Finally, the authors are most appreciative of FHWA/INDOT/JTRP for the support of this project.

The Purdue TDR method is a new technology for simultaneously measuring soil water content and dry density insitu. An ASTM standard for using TDR to measure soil water content and dry density based on Purdue TDR method was approved during the time span of this project and is designated ASTM D6780. The primary objective of this study was to take the Purdue TDR Method to the point where it is widely field tested by users on a broad spectrum of soils around the country. This goal was achieved by involving researchers at other universities and practitioners in federal and state agencies and in private practice firms. The results and feedback was obtained from Beta Partners by Purdue University for evaluation and further analysis. Major achievements in this research include: 1) Involvement of Beta Partners -Six Beta partners including two universities, two private firms and two state DOTs were involved in this project and instructions were provided to each Beta Partners. Involving these Beta partners provided a large span of field applications and research feedback. Results from testing performed were compared with existing technologies and provided the basis for the precision and bias statements needed for ASTM D6780. Based on feedback from extensive field tests, testing procedures were improved. Meanwhile, the testing equipment was refined and integrated, which made the testing system both more robust and easier to handle. The overall cost of the testing system has also been significantly reduced, which made it more economically competitive for mass production. 2) Testing automation -A new generation of electronics was identified and incorporated into the Purdue TDR test, the new TDR100 by Campbell Scientific, Inc. Corresponding software for automation was designed and systematically improved. This provided a user friendly interface and facilitated performance of TDR testing process. Preliminary feedback from using the computer software is satisfactory. The efforts and achievements on testing automation also built up the basis for a developing a more compact package in the future. 3) One step method for TDR testing -A simplified procedure to that described by ASTM D6780 to measure soil water content and dry density was discovered, which is an important product of this project. The simplified procedure is called the one-step method since it only requires one field TDR reading. The one-step method achieved this simplification by incorporating information of bulk electrical conductivity from TDR signal in addition to the apparent dielectric constant used by previous TDR test. A scheme to account for the difference between field conditions and laboratory situations was developed, which serves as the basis of the one step method. A simplified temperature compensation scheme was also designed which makes it possible for the one-step method to deal with complex field situations. Computer software was developed to automate the performance of one-step method in the field. TDR for non-conventional materials -The discoveries in developing the one step method as well as the advancement in software development significantly expanded the application domain of the TDR system. More potential new applications for TDR technology in civil engineering practice were identified. One of these is the application of TDR to non-conventional materials such as fly ash, lime stabilized soil and Portland cement concrete. The range of applications for the TDR technology developed in this research is ever broadening and will have significant impact in the future on the testing of civil engineering materials.

The artificial neural network (ANN) is widely used as new mathematical tool offering an alternative way of dealing with complex problems. To predict water quality after coagulation/ultrafiltration processes using an immersed membrane, various structures of multilayer perceptrone with one hidden layer were created. Feed water turbidity, turbidity in a tank, pH and temperature in the tank as well as transmembrane pressure and permeate flux were treated as input signals. Based on the best network chosen, prognosis of water quality was done. The created ANN was able to predict very accurately behaviour of a real system with relative errors of turbidity retention coefficient equal to 2.16×10.

In the study carried out by the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), construction works generated 41.9% of Peru's GDP. 9% of the GDP in Peru, of which provinces such as Huancayo allocated 50 million to the execution of 172 road infrastructures, but for construction and maintenance, asphalt binders are required which produce high emissions of carbon dioxide. In the fight against pollution and the rise of using sustainable materials in the construction of subgrades, a literature review of the materials used to improve the mechanical and physical properties, which is based on this experimental work was carried out. The research carried out the analysis of the stabilisation of subgrade for flexible pavements using recycled asphalt binder (RAP) and pozzolan in the city of Huancayo, for which 10 soil samples were obtained from Ocopilla Avenue. 3 tests were carried out per sample, Moisture content, dry density, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) that were added to the soil samples, RAP percentages of 0, 10, 30% and pozzolana of 0, 5, 15%. These tests were evaluated according to the manual of the Ministry of Transport and Communications (MTC). Finally, after carrying out the respective tests, it was obtained that the dosage of 15% pozzolan and 10% RAP optimised the % CBR and the combination of 15% pozzolan and 30% RAP improved the dry density; while the sample with 30% RAP was able to reduce the moisture content. It is concluded that the use of recycled asphalt and pozzolan has a favourable influence on the bearing capacity of the subgrade for flexible pavements, which is why this research provides researchers with sustainable materials that reduce the cost of construction and have a positive impact on the area of asphalt pavements.

This paper presents the investigation of energy efficacy, strength maturation, and environmental management of palm oil industrial waste materials, such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and oil palm shell (OPS). The industrial by-product POFA was used as partial, and the agro-based waste material OPS was employed as an absolute replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC) and conventional natural coarse aggregate, respectively, in manufacturing sustainable lightweight concrete. The fresh concrete properties (workability and density), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), compressive strength, water absorption, residual strength, thermal conductivity, and microstructural analysis have been investigated and reported. Four different concrete mixes with densities ranging from 1610 kg/m 3 to 1935 kg/m 3 were produced by replacing the OPC with POFA by a weight proportion of 0%, 10%, 30%, and 50%. Maximum compressive strength of 42.8 MPa was found at 365-day for 10% POFA based oil palm shell concrete (OPSC). The samples were exposed to selected peak temperatures (400 • C) to determine the residual strength at 28-, 56-, 90-, and 365-day. The UPV and compressive strength tests were performed for both heated and normal samples. The energy-saving status for POFA based OPSC was investigated by performing the thermal conductivity test at 365-day. The thermal conductivity of POFA based OPSC exerted lower values compared to that without POFA. The microstructure with the phase of developed fibrous C-S-H and pores inside the concrete were characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The largest micro-cracks between coarse aggregates and cement paste were found in concretes containing 50% POFA, and the smallest one was for 10% POFA based OPSC. Considering the optimization in terms of compressive strength, thermal conductivity, residual compressive strength, and microstructural analysis, it is recommended that the inclusion of POFA in OPSC can be considered a structural grade concrete along with the thermal insulation.

U ovom radu predstavljeno je ispitivanje u Proctorovom uređaju te su izneseni dobiveni rezultati na temelju izvršenih ispitivanja. Ispitivanje je provedeno na uzorcima mehaničko – biološki (biosušenje) obrađenog miješanog komunalnog otpada koji su uzorkovani u ljetnom i zimskom periodu sa Marišćine - županijskog centra za gospodarenje otpadom. Maksimalna suha gustoća otpada koja se može postići važan je podatak za potrebe definiranja postupka ugradnje otpada u tijelo odlagališta, kao i procjenu vijeka trajanja odlagališta otpada s obzirom na njegov raspoloživi volumen. Postoje dvije vrste Proctorovog pokusa, a to su standardni i modificirani Proctor. Za potrebe ovog rada izvršena su ispitivanja u modificiranom Proctorovom pokusu. Dobiveni rezultati usporedili su se s već otprije poznatim rezultatima zbijanja u standardnom Proctorovom pokusu dobivenima na istoj vrsti otpada. Glavna razlika navedenih pokusa je u primijenjenoj energiji zbijanja koja je kod modificiranog Proctora znatno...

Human red blood cells (RBCs) lose ∼30% of their volume and ∼20% of their hemoglobin (Hb) content during their ∼100-day lifespan in the bloodstream. These observations are well-documented, but the mechanisms for these volume and hemoglobin loss events are not clear. RBCs shed hemoglobin-containing vesicles during their life in the circulation, and this process is thought to dominate the changes in the RBC physical characteristics occurring during maturation. We combine theory with single-cell measurements to investigate the impact of vesiculation on the reduction in volume, Hb mass, and membrane. We show that vesicle shedding alone is sufficient to explain membrane losses but not volume or Hb losses. We use dry mass measurements of human RBCs to validate the models and to propose that additional unknown mechanisms control volume and Hb reduction and are responsible for ∼90% of the observed reduction. RBC population characteristics are used in the clinic to monitor and diagnose a wide...

Assessment of household combustion emission was carried out based on data on meteorological conditions in heating season (outdoor temperature) and the emission factors. Available emission factors, both for various fuels and for various combustion devices differ markedly. The results of experimental determination of particle matter emissions, including dividing total suspended particulate matter into various fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) have been presented in the paper. Various combustion devices to burn wood and lignite were used in experiments. Samples were taken in a dilution tunnel with the help of an impactor. It was found that specific emissions differ significantly during the combustion cycle. Compared to the used emission factors, differences are evident. It was found that TSP specific emissions depend mainly on the type of construction not its age.

Shredded rubber tyre having sizes ranges from 15mm to 25mm (Width) and 30mm to 50mm (Length) and the steel belting was removed are used extensively. Added amount of rubber tyre had been varied in proportions of 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. Use of shredded rubber tyres in geotechnical engineering for enhancing the soil properties has received great attention in the recent times. This paper presents the investigation of behavior of pavement subgrade soil stabilized with shredded rubber tyre. It is found that the 8% (25 mm×50 mm) of tyre content is the specific value where the CBR has got the improvement of 66.28% than in comparison of the plain soil.

This research work is aimed at investigating the long-term performance of Nigerian roads using Iju-Itaogbolu road as a case study. Soil samples were collected in disturbed state from five different trial pits at failed portions along Iju-Akure North road, at different depths of (0.5m, 1.0m and 1.5 m). The samples were analysed in the geotechnical laboratory. The tests include; Specific gravity, Particle size distribution, Atterberg Limit tests, Compaction and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests.

In this paper, three groups of quartz-rich sandstone were selected. These three groups include sandstones with low, medium and high quartz content. Three categories of tests including petrography tests, physical and engineering index property tests were performed on 26 samples of sandstones. Physical and engineering index property tests included porosity, density, P-wave velocity, and compressive and tensile strength tests. The purpose of the experiments/article was to find a relationship between different characteristics of the studied sandstone samples. Emphasis was placed on the effect of feldspar content and quartz content on the tensile and compressive strength of specimens. According to the results, significant relationships exist between the engineering index characteristics and the compressive and tensile strength of the samples as well as their elastic properties. The main finding of this research is that due to the presence of micro-mineral cracks in feldspar, increasing feldspar content reduces the compressive and tensile strength of the samples. Packing density, packing proximity, sub-angular and angular grains and quartz content are positively correlated with dry density and P-wave velocity and negatively correlated with porosity. Compressive and tensile strength and Young's modulus increase with increasing dry density, P-wave velocity, packing density, packing proximity, percent sub-angular and angular grains, and quartz content. Feldspar content has a positive correlation with porosity and a negative correlation with dry density and P-wave velocity.

India is one of the developing country where it proposes to have multipurpose development projects. Large construction of roads, bridges, dams, irrigation schemes, public health engineering schemes, educational buildings and residential buildings etc. all these construction schemes demand optimum and efficient use of construction resources. With the increase in vehicular traffic, there is huge increase of trend towards large-scale construction of roads and pavement in India for which there is a enormous requirement of filling material. The available soils near construction sites are very weak in strength and of high compressibility even after proper compaction is done. Such soils need some addition of strengthening elements so as to increase its strength and thereby reducing the compressibility of the weak soil. The study aims mainly to illustrate the differences in shearing properties of mining area soil and other normal area soil with same grain size properties. Soil samples were collected from mining areas of Kaliapani Mines, Odisha which is a chromite ore mine and the other soil references are from southern part of West Bengal (Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, Bardhaman district). The particle size distribution of the soils are almost same but the shear properties of mining area soil drastically changed due to some chemical imbalances.

One of the operation rules of variable declining rate (VDR) filters states that the longest filtration runs are achieved when the highest flow through the most recently backwashed filter and the highest available head loss coincide. This rule has previously been published by Dąbrowski, who used a simplified mathematical model of VDR filters developed by Di Bernardo. However, until now no experimental verification of this optimisation approach has been presented. A series of tests were carried out on a laboratory VDR filter plant, using a suspension collected from an industrial sedimentation tank and using alum as a coagulant. The results of the experiments were compared with computations carried out according to a combined unit bed element (UBE)-phenomenological model of deep bed filtration adapted to VDR operation by Mackie and Zhao. It was confirmed that the longest filtration runs did indeed correspond to the pairs of the highest H and q1/qavr. The UBE-phenomenological model of deep bed filtration gave results of computations quite close to experimental results and improved the accuracy of calculations based on the theoretical model by Di Bernardo.

According to some numerical models of variable declining rate filters in a bank changes in raw water quality do not interfere with values of flow rates through filters as long as subsequent back-washes in a plant start always for the same water surface level above filter media. This simple operational rule was previously tested numerically. Now some results of experimental tests are also presented. Laboratory experiments confirm the operational rule predicted theoretically and supported by numerical computations.

In most of the failure cases, the soil does not have sufficient strength & bearing capacity to sustain under traffic load, natural disasters (earthquake, heavy rain, flood, and landslides), and structure. So, attempt is to modify & improve the properties of Lateritic Soil by adding fly ash, RBI Grade 81, bottom fly ash etc. Fly ash & RBI Grade 81 materials are used where fly ash is industrial waste or by-product & RBI-81 stand for Road Building International which is a soil stabilizer. To check the influence of fly ash & RBI-81 on index & engineering properties, we have performed laboratory tests regarding core cutter method, oven dry method, sieve analysis, density bottle test, liquid limit, and plastic limit also MDD, compaction test, triaxial test, CBR tests with the help of available laboratory equipments. RBI-81 & Fly Ash are used in varying percentages from 1% to 5% by weight at optimum percentage of water. Hence, we concluded that the 4% of fly ash, 3% of RBI Grade 81 and 2% of combined sample fly ash & RBI Grade 81 are found to be appropriate in order to achieve the objectives of our project i.e. to improve properties and bearing capacity of locally available lateritic soil. In present investigation, we have obtained optimum percentages of fly ash and RBI Grade 81 required for sub-base regarding IRC recommendation. From graphical representation, Fly Ash sample gives increment in CBR value by 13.62% than untested soil sample, whereas RBI-81 shows 26.49% & combination sample gives 24.69% increment in CBR value. By observation, it can be concluded that addition of RBI-81 has found to be greater in % of improvement value than fly ash and combination sample. Therefore, RBI-81 is more economical than Fly ash & combination sample (fly ash+RBI-81). From above summary, we can conclude that addition of Fly Ash & RBI Grade 81 on lateritic soil has improved its properties resulting improvement in soil's bearing capacity.

Waste polypropylene is one of the most common non-biodegradable solid wastes generated by industrial activity in Iraq. Solid waste is one of the several causes having a negative effect on the environment. The issues arise as a result of factors such as the difficulty of recycling waste and restricted reuse. Polypropylene is a significant kind of solid waste that has a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of using polypropylene as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. This material's effect on the fresh, mechanical, and thermal conductivity properties of concrete was investigated. Six concrete mixtures using polypropylene as a partial substitute for sand were produced at substitution percentages of 0%, 8%, 16%, 24%, 32%, and 40%. The slump, fresh and dry unit weight, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity properties of fresh and hardened concrete were determined. At various rates of concrete production, the results of the experiments demonstrated a decrease in unit weight and compressive strength. Thermal conductivity reduced 49.1% for the mix contained 40% of waste polypropylene and satisfied the lower limit strength for structural purposes. © 2022

Geotechnical tests were carried out on twenty subsoil samples obtained from ten locations at the depth of 1 and 2 m within Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria. The area is typical of basement complex. The test include; Natural Moisture Content, Grain Size Analyses, Specific Gravity, Atterberg Limits, Compaction, California Bearing Ratio (CBR), and Unconfined Compression Tests. The ten locations where the soil samples were collected were selected across the geological classification of the area. ArcGIS 10.1 software was used to generate maps showing the geotechnical parameters distribution across four geological formations within the area at 1 and 2 m depth. It was observed that the distribution of each geotechnical parameter correlates with the composition of the weathering endproduct of the geology. The rocks underlain the area includes; Migimatite Gneiss, Quartzite, Charnockite and Biotite Granite. The poorest geotechnical parameters were obtained within subsoil underlain by Charnockite, hence are most unsuitable soil to host the foundation of civil engineering structures, while the area underlie by weathering end-product of quartzite rock is of good geotechnical parameters and most suitable soil to host the foundation of civil engineering structures. The weathering end-products of Charnockite, Migimatite and Granite rocks give relatively high shear strength than that of quartzite, indicating low cohesive nature of the weathering end-product of quartzite.

The properties of residual soils, according to literature, are sensitive to the pre-test drying method given to the sample prior to testing. Similarly, residual soils such as laterites/lateritic soils are formed under various climatic conditions, hence they show different degrees of sensitivity to pretest drying method. This work is therefore carried out to elucidate the influence of pre-test drying temperature or method on the properties of three lateritic soils that developed over three different Pre-Cambrian basement complex rocks from Ado-Ekiti, SW, Nigeria. The soils were subjected to three pre-test drying temperature before conducting laboratory tests. The pre-test drying temperature considered in this study include air-drying, oven-drying at 60° C, and oven-drying at 110° C. Pre-test drying at 60° and 110° C caused particle aggregation (which reduced the soil surface are) and loss of cohesion. Consequently, this reduced the specific gravity, optimum moisture content, clay con...

Characteristics of soil subgrade play a prominent role in pavements. As an essential concern, weakly sub graded soil enhanced by adopting the most efficient stabilization techniques. The principle point of the present investigation is to validate that the by-products from scrap tyres like carbon black can be utilized as stabilizing the material. In this study trail tests have been conducted to find out the improvement in CBR by adding 2% to 10% of the carbon black and observed that the addition of carbon black proportions in soil results in a definite increase in CBR. The carbon black stabilized soil can be used in low volume road construction where there is less movement of traffic like HCV's, leading to significant cost advantages. Besides rendering the safe disposal of scrap tyres in to an environment as a recycled product for various constructions purposes in the modern era where they have a massive importance.

Cocos Nucifera trees, otherwise known as coconut palm trees, grow abundantly along the coast line of Kerala. As a result coconut shells are abundantly available and it has been successfully utilised in many fields. This research is devoted to assessing its suitability as a stabilising agent in the field of ground improvement techniques. It mainly presents an experimental study on the effect of coconut shell powder on the strength of soil. Different tests were conducted on soil with varying percentage of coconut shell powder (1%, 2%, 3 % and 4%). Data presented include optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and CBR value.

Soil stabilization is the method of improving the one-of-a-kind type of engineering residences ofthe soil. It is able to be achieved with the aid of using controlled compaction, proportioning and the addition of suitable different styles of admixtures and stabilizers. Stabilization of soil may be done using many different materials, specially through products so that it becomes not pricey. We have stabilized our soil pattern byusing waste tyre and glass powder so that it will increase cbr value and lots of different houses of soil. Stabilization is very essential for various construction works like road pavement and basis. This venture represents study of waste tyre strips and glass powder as admixtures or stabilizers in enhancing some engineering properties of soil. The venture evaluates the consequences of waste tyre strip and glass powder on a few fundamental engineering homes of soil i. E., compaction of soil and California bearing ratio of soil. The percentage of waste tyre use...

Human red blood cells (RBCs) lose ∼30% of their volume and ∼20% of their hemoglobin (Hb) content during their ∼100-day lifespan in the bloodstream. These observations are well-documented, but the mechanisms for these volume and hemoglobin loss events are not clear. RBCs shed hemoglobin-containing vesicles during their life in the circulation, and this process is thought to dominate the changes in the RBC physical characteristics occurring during maturation. We combine theory with single-cell measurements to investigate the impact of vesiculation on the reduction in volume, Hb mass, and membrane. We show that vesicle shedding alone is sufficient to explain membrane losses but not volume or Hb losses. We use dry mass measurements of human RBCs to validate the models and to propose that additional unknown mechanisms control volume and Hb reduction and are responsible for ∼90% of the observed reduction. RBC population characteristics are used in the clinic to monitor and diagnose a wide...

Characteristics of soil subgrade play a prominent role in pavements. As an essential concern, weakly sub graded soil enhanced by adopting the most efficient stabilization techniques. The principle point of the present investigation is to validate that the by-products from scrap tyres like carbon black can be utilized as stabilizing the material. In this study trail tests have been conducted to find out the improvement in CBR by adding 2% to 10% of the carbon black and observed that the addition of carbon black proportions in soil results in a definite increase in CBR. The carbon black stabilized soil can be used in low volume road construction where there is less movement of traffic like HCV's, leading to significant cost advantages. Besides rendering the safe disposal of scrap tyres in to an environment as a recycled product for various constructions purposes in the modern era where they have a massive importance.

Soil stabilization is the method of improving the one-of-a-kind type of engineering residences ofthe soil. It is able to be achieved with the aid of using controlled compaction, proportioning and the addition of suitable different styles of admixtures and stabilizers. Stabilization of soil may be done using many different materials, specially through products so that it becomes not pricey. We have stabilized our soil pattern byusing waste tyre and glass powder so that it will increase cbr value and lots of different houses of soil. Stabilization is very essential for various construction works like road pavement and basis. This venture represents study of waste tyre strips and glass powder as admixtures or stabilizers in enhancing some engineering properties of soil. The venture evaluates the consequences of waste tyre strip and glass powder on a few fundamental engineering homes of soil i. E., compaction of soil and California bearing ratio of soil. The percentage of waste tyre use...

Density is defined as the weight of soil per unit volume of soil.Often in the construction of different types of structures in-situ 'fill' is required. In-situ measurement of density is vital for such projects. When soil is being used as fill material it is usually compacted to a dense state to obtain satisfactory engineering properties.Dry density of soil basically depends on many properties of soil. For this reason it is difficult to establish an empirical relationship between electrical resistivity and dry density of soil. For similar type, grain size distribution and dry density of soil electrical resistivity widely varieswith different percentages of water. In this study dry density of soil was determined using standard proctor test. After compaction electrical resistivity of soil was measured for different dry density of soil. From the graph of volumetric dry density of soil versus water content of soil a slightly steeper increment in dry density can be observed for in...

Soil stabilization is the method of improving the one-of-a-kind type of engineering residences ofthe soil. It is able to be achieved with the aid of using controlled compaction, proportioning and the addition of suitable different styles of admixtures and stabilizers. Stabilization of soil may be done using many different materials, specially through products so that it becomes not pricey. We have stabilized our soil pattern byusing waste tyre and glass powder so that it will increase cbr value and lots of different houses of soil. Stabilization is very essential for various construction works like road pavement and basis. This venture represents study of waste tyre strips and glass powder as admixtures or stabilizers in enhancing some engineering properties of soil. The venture evaluates the consequences of waste tyre strip and glass powder on a few fundamental engineering homes of soil i. E., compaction of soil and California bearing ratio of soil. The percentage of waste tyre use...

The compaction and consolidation characteristics of lateritic soils in Ikole area of Ekiti State were investigated. The investigation was carried out through laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples obtained from three borings (BH1, BH2, and BH3) of Holy Apostolic Nursery/Primary School, Ootunja, Ikole Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Ekiti State Southwest, Nigeria. The soils are all lateritic and mostly fine-grained. Compaction tests indicate maximum dry densities of 2.05Mgm-3 , 1.78Mgm-3 , and 1.69Mgm-3 at optimum moisture contents of 14.3%, 20.7% and 19.6% for soil samples obtained from BH1, BH2 and BH3 respectively. Compression indices (Cc) obtained from oedometer tests are 0.04816, 0.03820 and 0.04318 while the calculated coefficients of volume compressibility (mv), are 1.308*10-4 , 1.065*10-4 and 1.093*10-4 m 2 kN-1 for samples in BH1, BH2 and BH3 respectively. The unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value at 2.5 mm penetration ranges from 42.10% to 92.40% and CBR value at 5.0 mm penetration ranges from 52.70 to 89.10% indicative of good materials for road subgrade, sub-base and base courses.

This study examines the influence of moulding moisture content on the compressive strength, dry density and porosity of a rammed earth wall, using ultrasound as a complementary technique. Non-parametric and multivariate statistical techniques were applied to analyse the behaviour of variables with a sufficiently large population. The statistical analysis demonstrated that excessive or insufficient moulding moisture content directly determines the physicalmechanical properties of such walls. Ultrasound was confirmed as a valid technique for assessing the quality of a wall, since its response, albeit with certain limitations, was consistent with physical-mechanical properties. Highlights  Moulding moisture content has a decisive influence on physical-mechanical properties.  Non-parametric and multivariate statistical techniques were applied.  Ultrasound can be used to qualitatively assess the quality of a rammed earth wall.

© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1438 A Review Study on Stabilization of soil by waste tyre rubber Satyam Kumar Gupta1 , Shubham siddhu2, Yash Gupta3, Syed Daud Ali4, Priyank Kumar5 1234UG Student ,Department of Civil Engineering, MIT Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 5Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MIT Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACTA major problem associated with socioeconomic development of a country is waste disposal. Safer disposal of rubber tyre waste has become a challenging job. This paper presents the stabilization of soils using crumb rubber at varying percentages (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road and airfield pavements, where the main object...

© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1438 A Review Study on Stabilization of soil by waste tyre rubber Satyam Kumar Gupta1 , Shubham siddhu2, Yash Gupta3, Syed Daud Ali4, Priyank Kumar5 1234UG Student ,Department of Civil Engineering, MIT Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India 5Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, MIT Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACTA major problem associated with socioeconomic development of a country is waste disposal. Safer disposal of rubber tyre waste has become a challenging job. This paper presents the stabilization of soils using crumb rubber at varying percentages (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Stabilization is being used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being in the construction of road and airfield pavements, where the main object...

Large construction of various Civil Engineering schemes demands optimum and efficient use of construction resources. Requirement of fill material for large-scale constructional activities of roads, is enormous and available soils near construction sites are weak in strength and of high compressibility. This type of low strength soils need addition of some strengthening elements to increase their strength and reduce their high compressible nature. On the other hand, the uses of motor vehicles are increasing in everywhere in an extreme rate. The application of waste rubber tyre in soil results increase in strength and decrease of deformability. Such application will reduce the cost by providing lesser thickness of pavement results lesser quantity of materials. In this paper waste rubber tyre has been randomly mixed at varying length and percentage with weak clayey soil to improve the strength and decrease the deformability of soil. Standard Proctor test and California Bearing Ratio test have been conducted for each combination of soil-rubber tyre chips mix combination to study the behaviour of the engineering properties of soil-rubber tyre chips mix combination. From the test results, it was observed that with the increase in percentage of waste tyre chips in soils, maximum dry density decreases whereas optimum moisture content remains almost constant. Further, the CBR value of the soil-rubber tyre chips mix composite at OMC, increased with increase in percentage of waste tyre-tube chips.

Emissions from domestic heating appliances significantly add to total environmental pollution, which was proved by seasonal changes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) levels obtained by long-term monitoring programs. 1 The participation of particular sources in total pollution varies depending on the emission inventory source. 2 Breivik et al. 2 have found out that, in Europe, 20À45% of PAH emissions and 18À30% of the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) come from domestic combustion. Quass et al. 3 even assert that 30À35% of PCDD/Fs are produced in domestic combustion. Emission inventories use emission factors (EFs) to calculate the participation of individual sources in total emissions. However, the reported EF values of PCDD/Fs and other pollutants from domestic combustion differ widely. The EFs of PCDD/F, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HxCBz), PAH, and particulate matter (PM) have been determined for a fireplace and a woodstove for oak and pine fuels. 4 The resulting PCDD/F EFs were 19.1À87.7 ng international toxicity equivalents (I-TEQ)/GJ depending on fuel and combustion facility types. A significant effect of the combustion facility

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of densification on the shear strength of the Simbal Landslide, which was triggered by intense rainfall in October, 2005 along the M2 Lahore Islamabad Motorway in Pakistan. Subsurface ssamples were extracted from the zone close to the basal rupture surface to allow assessment of the mobilized shear strength. Basic field and laboratory tests were conducted on remolded samples to ascertain the fundamental engineering properties of the landslide material. These included unconfined compression tests triaxial tests, and direct shear tests performed on samples of varying density and moisture content. Comparisons were made between degree of saturation and cohesion and internal friction which revealed that at low water contents the shear strength initially increases then decreases for all dry densities. This initial increase may be due to the development of apparent cohesion in the clay particles present in soil-rock mixture. The overall results suggest that the that the shear strength parameters increase with increasing dry density, and that noticeable loss of strength occurs as the soil mixture approaches saturation, independent of density.

The use of Tire-Derived Aggregates (TDA) as highly permeable light weight material has been highlighted in different aspects of geotechnical engineering such as retaining walls, embankments and roads. In addition, in terms of human health and environmental matters, TDA usage is gaining attention. This paper gives an insight into the effect of TDA on the Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of Kaolin. A number of 273 compaction tests, were conducted on both Kaolin and Kaolin-TDA mixtures. Granular (5-8 mm), Granular (1-4 mm), Shredded (6-19 mesh) and Powdery (80 mesh) as various types of TDA, in different percentages from 0% to 60% by weight were mixed with Kaolin. Samples were compacted, using standard proctor procedures in accordance with British Standard. Findings show, that the MDD of Kaolin decreases within the range of 9% to 45%. Apart from that, based on the general results, it is observed that there is a significant change in the MDD of Kaolin-TDA mixture while the changes occurred in O...

The compaction and consolidation characteristics of lateritic soils in Ikole area of Ekiti State were investigated. The investigation was carried out through laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples obtained from three borings (BH1, BH2, and BH3) of Holy Apostolic Nursery/Primary School, Ootunja, Ikole Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Ekiti State Southwest, Nigeria. The soils are all lateritic and mostly fine-grained. Compaction tests indicate maximum dry densities of 2.05Mgm-3 , 1.78Mgm-3 , and 1.69Mgm-3 at optimum moisture contents of 14.3%, 20.7% and 19.6% for soil samples obtained from BH1, BH2 and BH3 respectively. Compression indices (Cc) obtained from oedometer tests are 0.04816, 0.03820 and 0.04318 while the calculated coefficients of volume compressibility (mv), are 1.308*10-4 , 1.065*10-4 and 1.093*10-4 m 2 kN-1 for samples in BH1, BH2 and BH3 respectively. The unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value at 2.5 mm penetration ranges from 42.10% to 92.40% and CBR value at 5.0 mm penetration ranges from 52.70 to 89.10% indicative of good materials for road subgrade, sub-base and base courses.

The present study focuses on the shear strength of a crushed sandstone-mudstone particle mixture. The mixture is widely used as a main filling material in many geotechnical engineering works. In order to investigate the shear strength of the mixture, triaxial tests under different confining pressures in laboratory are performed for 108 specimens with different dry densities and water contents. The dry density of the specimens ranges from 1.80 to 2.10 g/cm 3 , and the water content from 4.00 to 9.00 % and to saturation. In the tests, four confining pressures, which are 100, 200, 300 and 400 kPa, are applied. The testing results indicate that the angle of shearing resistance of the mixture in unsaturated state ranges from 16.90 to 32.98°. The angle of shearing resistance is generally decreasing with the increase of the confining pressure. With the increase of the dry density, the angle of shearing resistance increases. The angle is generally increasing then decreases as a parabola with the increase of the water content. The wetting may decrease the value of the angle about 0.4 to 2.7°.

Peaty soils are not suitable as foundation soils as they are weak and highly compressible. This paper describes a study on peat soil stabilisation to improve its physical and engineering properties. It investigates the effect of additives (binder amount 5%, 10% and 15% (85% ...

Cocos Nucifera trees, otherwise known as coconut palm trees, grow abundantly along the coast line of Kerala. As a result coconut shells are abundantly available and it has been successfully utilised in many fields. This research is devoted to assessing its suitability as a stabilising agent in the field of ground improvement techniques. It mainly presents an experimental study on the effect of coconut shell powder on the strength of soil. Different tests were conducted on soil with varying percentage of coconut shell powder (1%, 2%, 3 % and 4%). Data presented include optimum moisture content, maximum dry density and CBR value.

This is the era of reformation and soil is considered the basic foundation for every civil structure. Now a day due to short availability of land, we would have to erect structures on weaker soil too. This is where soil stabilization comes into play. An effective soil stabilization technique should be able to bear the loads without failure. ‘RBI Grade 81” an effective chemical admixture is used for strengthening and simultaneously enhancing the properties of weaker soil. In this study ‘RBI Grade 81’ is incorporated with soil to enhance the strength parameters on account of bearing capacity and compaction. The consequences of ‘RBI Grade 81’ on the soil characteristics were explored by conducting ‘standard compaction tests’ & ‘CBR test’. The tests were performed as per Indian Standard specifications.

This is the era of reformation and soil is considered the basic foundation for every civil structure. Now a day due to short availability of land, we would have to erect structures on weaker soil too. This is where soil stabilization comes into play. An effective soil stabilization technique should be able to bear the loads without failure. ‘RBI Grade 81” an effective chemical admixture is used for strengthening and simultaneously enhancing the properties of weaker soil. In this study ‘RBI Grade 81’ is incorporated with soil to enhance the strength parameters on account of bearing capacity and compaction. The consequences of ‘RBI Grade 81’ on the soil characteristics were explored by conducting ‘standard compaction tests’ & ‘CBR test’. The tests were performed as per Indian Standard specifications.

Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, 25240-Erzurum, Turkey. *Atatürk University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Buildings and Irrigation, 25240-Erzurum, ... **Dept. Soil Science, Food, Agricultural and Biological ...

Different countries have set up various regulatory frameworks to ensure excellent air quality for general human health. The concentration of particulate matter (PM) per unit of air volume is used to assess air quality. PM10 is defined as all particles with a diameter smaller than 10 micrometers (μm). The acceptable levels of PM10 established by the European Commission are less than 20 µg/m³ annually and less than 50 µg/m³ daily. The rules are less precise when it comes to assess the amount of PM that can be emitted from a furnace's chimney. Quebec province allows up to 340 mg/m³ of PM for large furnaces (> 3 MW) and 600 mg/m³ for smaller furnaces (< 3 MW); it allows burning wood products but forbids all other biomasses (straw, stover, grass). The City of Vancouver has stricter emissions standards for PM: 50 mg/m³ for large furnaces and 35 mg/m³ for smaller furnaces. The large difference is explained because most furnaces in Quebec are used in rural areas whereas the City o...

The compaction and consolidation characteristics of lateritic soils in Ikole area of Ekiti State were investigated. The investigation was carried out through laboratory tests on disturbed and undisturbed soil samples obtained from three borings (BH1, BH2, and BH3) of Holy Apostolic Nursery/Primary School, Ootunja, Ikole Local Government Area (L.G.A.) of Ekiti State Southwest, Nigeria. The soils are all lateritic and mostly fine-grained. Compaction tests indicate maximum dry densities of 2.05Mgm -3 , 1.78Mgm -3 , and 1.69Mgm -3 at optimum moisture contents of 14.3%, 20.7% and 19.6% for soil samples obtained from BH1, BH2 and BH3 respectively. Compression indices (C c ) obtained from oedometer tests are 0.04816, 0.03820 and 0.04318 while the calculated coefficients of volume compressibility (m v ), are 1.308*10 -4 , 1.065*10 -4 and 1.093*10 -4 m 2 kN -1 for samples in BH1, BH2 and BH3 respectively. The unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value at 2.5 mm penetration ranges from 42....

I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis entitled: "Correlation between Compaction Characteristics with undrained Shear Strength of Soils found in Burayu Town" is my original work, and has not been presented by any other person for an award of a degree in this or any other University, and all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged.

I, the undersigned, declare that this thesis entitled: "Correlation between Compaction Characteristics with undrained Shear Strength of Soils found in Burayu Town" is my original work, and has not been presented by any other person for an award of a degree in this or any other University, and all sources of material used for this thesis have been duly acknowledged.

Gasification of solid fuels is an alternative process for energy production using conventional and renewable fuels. Apart from desired compounds, i.e. carbon oxide, hydrogen and methane, the produced gas contains complex organic (tars) and inorganic (carbonizate, ammonia) contaminants. Those substances, together with water vapor, condensate during cooling of the process gas, what results in the formation of aqueoustar condensate, which requires proper methods of utilization. The management of this stream is crucial for commercialization and application of the gasification technology. In the paper the treatment of aqueous-tar condensates formed during biomass gasification process is discussed. The removal of tars from the stream was based on their spontaneous separation. The aqueous stream was subjected to ultrafiltration operated at different pressures. Such a treatment configuration enabled to obtain highly concentrated retentate, which could be recycled to the gasifier, and filtrate, which could be subjected to further treatment.

Electrical resistivity method (ERM) is increasingly and favourably adopted in geotechnical engineering due to a variety of reasons. In the past, ERM was popularly used in engineering, environmental and archaeological purposes. Its reliability depended entirely on the expert interpretation skills of a geophysicist. However, by virtue of the indirectness in measurement, ERM data must needs be strongly verified during the interpretation stage in order to produce results that are sufficiently reliable for use by geotechnical engineer in design and construction stages. Hence, this study presents such a demonstration of the influence of soil moisture content and grain size characteristics to field resistivity data as much desired for ERM verification. 2D ERM was performed using a set of ABEM (SAS) 4000 based on pole-dipole array. Three soil samples from locations lying along a survey line were collected immediately for moisture content and particle size distribution test according to BS 1377 (1990). Laboratory geotechnical tests strongly indicated that the electrical resistivity data can varied with the moisture content and grain size character. Soil electrical resistivity values decreased with increasing moisture content and fines content. The correlations established between the above parameters in this study, help to strongly ratify the field ERM data and thus contribute to a meaningful ERM interpretation.