Double Slit Experiment

This paper develops a complete, local and mechanistic account of the doubleslit experiment within the TUni (Continuity Theory) framework. The central claim is ontic minimalism: each particle traverses exactly one aperture; there is no self-interference in the sense of a particle being in two places at once. The observed intensity pattern is the statistical map of many single interactions with real geometry. The second aperture influences outcomes not by carrying an alternative path amplitude, but by shaping a static edge-response field (ERF) in the aperture region. A particle crossing one slit interacts with this ERF, which is generated by both edges. We formalize the ERF as a boundary-sourced field with a kernel of lateral extent set by the de Broglie/optical wavelength and the effective aperture scale; the corresponding structural phase and momentum kicks reproduce the usual envelopes without ontologizing probability waves. We derive directional stripe formation from oblique incidence, predict non-zero intensity in interference minima ("myth of zero"), and design falsifiable experiments: (i) single-aperture with passive neighbor (distance-and shape-dependent couplings), (ii) shaped apertures (triangle, "egg"), and (iii) null-level metrology in minima. We distinguish the reality layer (geometry and interaction) from the awareness layer (registration and reconstruction), and we link the present analysis to TUni's simultaneity program, where the "joint origin" of correlated structure is articulated. The theory retains relativistic locality, replaces self-interference by edge geometry, and turns "pure probability" into reference-bound statistics.

As per Einstein's design, particles are introduced into the double-slit experiment through a small hole in a plate which can either move up and down (and its momentum can be measured) or be stopped (and its position can be measured). Suppose one measures the position of the plate and this act verifies the statement that the interference pattern is observed in the experiment. However, if it is possible to think about the outcome that one would have obtained if one had measured plate's momentum instead of its position, then it is possible to consider, together with the aforesaid statement, another statement that each particle passes through either slit of the double-slit screen. Hence, the proposition affirming the wave-like behavior and the proposition affirming the particle-like behavior might be true together, which would imply that Bohr's complementarity principle is incorrect. The analysis of Einstein's design and ways to refute it based on an approach that uses exclusively assignments of the truth values to experimental propositions is presented in this paper.

The Gouy phase is essential for accurately describing various wave phenomena, ranging from classical electromagnetic waves to matter waves and quantum optics. In this work, we employ phase-space methods based on the cross-Wigner transformation to analyze spatial and temporal interference in the evolution of matter waves characterized initially by a correlated Gaussian wave packet. First, we consider the cross-Wigner of the initial wave function with its free evolution, and second for the evolution through a double-slit arrangement. Different from the wave function which acquires a global Gouy phase, we find that the cross-Wigner acquires a Gouy phase difference due to different evolution times. The results suggest that temporal like-Gouy phase difference is important for an accurate description of temporal interference. Furthermore, we propose a technique based on the Wigner function to reconstruct the cross-Wigner from the spatial intensity interference term in a double-slit experiment with matter waves. Gouy phase is a wave phenomenon that appears when waves are confined transversely to their propagation direction, such as in the case of lens focusing and diffraction through slits. It was first observed for classical light waves 1,2 and it has been recently investigated for the transverse confinement of matter waves 3-6 . The Gouy phase and its properties have been extensively studied 7-10 , and the acquired phase is known to depend on the type of transversal confinement and the geometry of the waves. For instance, line-focusing a cylindrical wave propagating from -∞ to +∞ yields a Gouy phase of π/2 , while point-focusing a spherical wave in the same interval yields a Gouy phase of π 11 . Gaussian matter wave packets diffracting through small apertures generate a Gouy phase of π/4 12 . Experiments were performed with acoustic and water waves 13-15 , surface plasmon-polaritons with non-Gaussian spatial properties 16 , focused cylindrical phonon-polariton wave packets in LiTaO 3 crystals, and for Bose-Einstein condensates and electron waves . Interestingly, the effects of the quantum Gouy phase was also verified with the evolution of two-photon states . Applications, such as in evaluating the resonant frequencies in laser cavities 22 , in phase-matching in strongfield and high-order harmonic generation , and in describing the spatial profile of laser pulses with high repetition rate 26 was shown to be feasible. In addition, an extra Gouy phase appears in optical and matter waves depending on the orbital angular momentum's magnitude . In recent work, it was found that the Gouy phase may cause nonlocal effects that modify the symmetries of self-organization in atomic systems 29 . This phase may also be useful in communication and optical tweezers using structured light 30 . Gouy phases in matter waves also display potential applications and can be used in mode converters in quantum information systems 31 , in the generation of singular electron optics 20 and in the study of non-classical (exotic or looped) paths in interference experiments . Since the Gouy phase of matter waves is directly related to position-momentum correlations 4,34 , we propose in this work to investigate the role of the Gouy phase employing initial position-momentum correlations by using the cross-Wigner transform to analyze the temporal evolution of matter waves. The cross-Wigner transform has been employed in different contexts such as signal processing , and quantum measurement theory . In signal processing, for instance, it is used to analyze the time-frequency content of signals as it allows one to analyze signals in both the time and frequency domains simultaneously . In quantum theory, the cross-Wigner was employed as an analog of the two-state vector formalism 39 for continuous variables 38 and to derive the weak values of an observable from a complex quasi-probability distribution associated with it 37 . Its physical

The Gouy phase is essential for accurately describing various wave phenomena, ranging from classical electromagnetic waves to matter waves and quantum optics. In this work, we employ phase-space methods based on the cross-Wigner transformation to analyze spatial and temporal interference in the evolution of matter waves characterized initially by a correlated Gaussian wave packet. First, we consider the cross-Wigner of the initial wave function with its free evolution, and second for the evolution through a double-slit arrangement. Different from the wave function which acquires a global Gouy phase, we find that the cross-Wigner acquires a Gouy phase difference due to different evolution times. The results suggest that temporal like-Gouy phase difference is important for an accurate description of temporal interference. Furthermore, we propose a technique based on the Wigner function to reconstruct the cross-Wigner from the spatial intensity interference term in a double-slit experiment with matter waves.

In this paper, a basic linearly polarised microstrip square patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is proposed. We have modified the basic microstrip square patch antenna with rectangular shape slits, V shape slits and truncated corners to achieve circular polarization. Basically we have designed five different antennas to meet the specification. The various antennas have been simulated, fabricated and the performance has been tested on network analyser (Agilent Technologies: N9912A, SNMY51464189, ROHDE & SCHWARZ: ZVL13, 9 KHz to 13.6GHz,). The simulated and tested performance shows close agreement with each other. The various structures used in this study are microstrip square patch radiator, microstrip square patch radiator with truncated corner, rectangular slits, truncated corner with rectangular slits and V shape slits. The experiment results show rectangular slits with truncated corners in the main square patch and rectangular slits in the main square patch provide better performance with respect to the antenna parameters. Designed antenna is compact and provides circular polarization at the required operating frequency of 2.4GHz with improved bandwidth and gain. The use of circularly polarized antennas presents an attractive solution to achieve this polarization match which allows for more flexibility in the angle between transmitting and receiving antennas. It gives the following advantages such as reduction in the effect of multipath reflections, decrease in transmission losses, enhancement of weather penetration and allowing any orientation to the communication system.

I'm still learning and correcting speculation. There have been countless proposal of unified field theory. Acceptance is beyond math. Gravity needs to be consistent with cosmic observation. The speculation of this article is the same, but it supports dark matter and energy in manner that observation could eventually be explained more consistent with theory.

Interference between two waves is a well-known concept in physics, and its generalization to more than two waves is straight-forward. The order of interference is defined as the number of paths that interfere in a manner that cannot be reduced to patterns of a lower order. In practice, secondorder interference means that in, say, a triple-slit experiment, the interference pattern when all three slits are open can be predicted from the interference patterns between all possible pairs of slits. Quantum mechanics is often said to only exhibit second-order interference. However, this is only true under specific assumptions, typically single-particles undergoing linear evolution. Here we experimentally show that nonlinear evolution can in fact lead to higher-order interference. The higher-order interference in our experiment has a simple quantum mechanical description; namely, optical coherent states interacting in a nonlinear medium. Our work shows that nonlinear evolution could open a loophole for experiments attempting to verify Born's rule by ruling out higher-order interference.

In this paper, we demonstrate novel relationships between quantum mechanics and the electromagnetic wave equation. In our approach, an invariant interference-dependent electromagnetic quantity, which we call “quantum rest mass”, replaces the conventional role of the inertial rest mass. In the ensuing results, photons, during interference, move slower than the speed of light in vacuum, and possess de Broglie wavelength. Further, we use our electromagnetic approach to examine double-slit photon trajectories, and to arrive at the Schrodinger equation’s results for a particle in an infinite square well potential.

In this paper, we demonstrate novel relationships between quantum mechanics and the electromagnetic wave equation. In our approach, an invariant interference-dependent electromagnetic quantity, which we call "quantum rest mass", replaces the conventional role of the inertial rest mass. In the ensuing results, photons, during interference, move slower than the speed of light in vacuum, and possess de Broglie wavelength. Further, we use our electromagnetic approach to examine double-slit photon trajectories, and to arrive at the Schrodinger equation's results for a particle in an infinite square well potential.

The nature of time is one of the oldest and most profound mysteries in all of physics and philosophy. For millennia, thinkers have asked: What is time? Why does it move forward? Does it have a beginning or an end? Despite the tremendous achievements of modern physics-from Newton to Einstein to quantum theory-the essence of time has remained elusive. This work proposes a resolution to this ancient enigma. It introduces a new geometrical framework: the continuously distributed action. Beginning with the hypothesis that Planck's constant h is not a localized quantity but a structural tension distributed across the surface of the universe, we derive a universal energetic field: σ h = h A(t) This field forms the substrate from which the flow of time, gravity, and quantum behavior naturally emerge. In this model, the observed proper time arises as a projection from a higher-dimensional temporal axis ζ onto the local worldline of a system in spacetime. The time angle θ captures this projection geometrically. Time dilation, gravitational attraction, cosmological expansion, and even quantum indeterminacy are shown to be consequences of this projected structure. Special Relativity is recovered as a limiting case of this broader geometry. TUni does not contradict existing theory-it completes it. Part I of this paper lays the conceptual foundation of the TUni model. Part II provides a full mathematical derivation. The TUni theory claims to offer, for the first time, a unified and testable answer to the long-standing mystery of time.

We construct proper microscopic propositions to consistently explain the interference patterns obtained for electrons and photons in well-defined one-and two-slit experiments. Our propositions are also made explicit on the basis of quantum mechanics with proper quantitative analysis to support the correctness of the physical mechanisms proposed herein, which obey the wave-particle duality. In particular, our propositions and theoretical analysis demonstrate that for single-photon detection (after time integration), we cannot produce interference pattern if the usual diffraction slits are replaced with slit holes such that the non-transparent slit material does not permit photons to transmit, reflect internally or refract. However, the said non-transparent slit material with slit holes can produce the usual interference pattern with electromagnetic waves.

The double-slit experiment ranks among the oldest and most frequently performed in all of physics. For nearly two centuries, it has been taken as definitive evidence that "particles interfere with themselves" and that a "wavefunction collapse" occurs. However, a more careful analysis suggests that the observed fringe pattern can also be reproduced by the addition of two single-slit diffraction patterns, with no requirement that a single particle pass through both slits simultaneously. This paper presents a realistic "diffraction model" in which each particle physically goes through one slit, and the resulting intensities simply add on the screen. Under certain parameter choices, this model yields perfectly null minima (when the zeros of the two single-slit patterns coincide) without needing amplitude crossterms like those in standard interference theory. In other configurations, one observes a systematic residual intensity at the minima-mirroring experimental results where minima never perfectly vanish.

Trans-Dimensional Unified Field Theory (TDUFT) proposes a revolutionary approach to understanding the universe's intricate mechanics. By integrating the core concepts of velocity ((\phi)), time ((\hat{\phi})), mass, energy, wave-particle duality, and insights gleaned from advanced particle physics experiments, particularly those conducted at CERN, TDUFT aims to forge a cohesive bond between classical mechanics and modern quantum theories. This framework not only clarifies profound relationships among these elements but also presents opportunities for new interpretations of fundamental physical laws.

This document introduces the Filtered Reality Model (MFR), a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics. It proposes that quantum reality is filtered by the observer's informational frame, resulting in subjective but mathematically consistent realities. Inter-observer agreement arises from overlapping informational filters. This model provides an interpretation consistent with existing quantum phenomena while introducing a structured way to explain observerrelative collapse.

As is well known, by the limitative results proved in the '30s by Kurt Goedel, logic (first order logic) cannot derive all mathematical truth. Namely, there are sentences of elementary arithmetic that our mind can grasp as true sentences, however they are not provable by formal logic. This implies that the ability of our mind in processing judgements, deriving truth, goes beyond what is considered sound reasoning in logic. Then, it makes a sense to investigate about a “hidden” logic.

This paper discusses the difficulties in interpreting the absorption spectra of a particular monoatomic gas filled in a chamber with perfectly reflective inner walls. If those gas atoms absorb photons of frequency ν from white light falling on them, how they can continue to absorb them cannot be explained on the lines of conservation of energy, which is always overlooked. This paper traces that there is something else here that is not yet understood. One thing that to understand is that if an atom produces a light wave of frequency ν, the electron that generated this wave due to its transition must oscillate at one place in the atom with that frequency which can be the natural frequency of that electron at that place. But no atomic model is in a position to support this. When a light wave of the same frequency interacts with the same electron of the atom, it should oscillate at the same frequency in resonance. But if there is a difference of 180 degrees between the light wave created by the oscillations of that electron and the light wave interacting that electron, no net wave can be created or come out, so a black line will appear at the frequency ν at absorption spectrum of gas of such atoms. No matter how long light is shone on that gas, this condition will remain forever.

In this paper, a basic linearly polarised microstrip square patch antenna operating at 2.4 GHz is proposed. We have modified the basic microstrip square patch antenna with rectangular shape slits, V shape slits and truncated corners to achieve circular polarization. Basically we have designed five different antennas to meet the specification. The various antennas have been simulated, fabricated and the performance has been tested on network analyser (Agilent Technologies: N9912A, SNMY51464189, ROHDE & SCHWARZ: ZVL13, 9 KHz to 13.6GHz,). The simulated and tested performance shows close agreement with each other. The various structures used in this study are microstrip square patch radiator, microstrip square patch radiator with truncated corner, rectangular slits, truncated corner with rectangular slits and V shape slits. The experiment results show rectangular slits with truncated corners in the main square patch and rectangular slits in the main square patch provide better performance with respect to the antenna parameters. Designed antenna is compact and provides circular polarization at the required operating frequency of 2.4GHz with improved bandwidth and gain. The use of circularly polarized antennas presents an attractive solution to achieve this polarization match which allows for more flexibility in the angle between transmitting and receiving antennas. It gives the following advantages such as reduction in the effect of multipath reflections, decrease in transmission losses, enhancement of weather penetration and allowing any orientation to the communication system.

Sequences of alternating-sign time-dependent electric field pulses lead to coherent interference effects in Schwinger vacuum pair production, producing a Ramsey interferometer, an all-optical time-domain realization of the multiple-slit interference effect, directly from the quantum vacuum. The interference, obeying fermionic quantum statistics, is manifest in the momentum dependence of the number of produced electrons and positrons along the linearly polarized electric field. The central value grows like N 2 for N pulses [i.e., N "slits"], and the functional form is well-described by a coherent multiple-slit expression. This behavior is generic for many driven quantum systems.

An experiment was conducted to explore possible psychophysical influences on interference patterns generated by an optical double-slit system. The experiment was motivated by a proposed explanation of the quantum measurement problem by John von Neumann and others, namely that consciousness collapses the quantum wavefunction. The study design generated a single database partitioned into eight differential tests, four in experimental conditions where participants alternately directed their attention toward and away from the optical system, and four in sham conditions when no one was present. The planned analysis was comparison of means in attention-toward vs. attention-away conditions; a secondary analysis added later, but before the data were examined, was comparison of variances. After adjusting the eight mean comparisons for multiple testing, none were statistically significant, but one of the eight variance differences was suggestively significant.To date, 11 of 28 conceptual repl...

Conventionally, the wave of particles which through the double-slit is assumed plane waves. In this research, we considered that the interference fringes built up through the double-slit have a difference amplitudes between the case of electrons and the case of photons. The difference between the two fringes is in the troughs of the waves. In this research, it is hypothesized that the amplitudes of waves passing through the left and right slits are not even in the double-slit experiment of electrons. Computer simulations performed to obtain the results supporting this hypothesis. The concept that waves of different amplitudes pass through a double-slit is reasonably to have the notion that two spinor particles pass through each slit.

Using Nelson's stochastic mechanics, quantum motion of electrons in the double-slit experiment is studied numerically. It is found that not only the distribution of arrival positions but also that of arrival times at the screen forms an interference pattern. It is demonstrated that the presence time and arrival time are well interpreted in terms of stochastic mechanics.

We study a sequence of "double-slit" experiments designed to perform repeated measurements of an attribute in a large pool of subjects using Amazon's Mechanical Turk. Our findings contrast the prescriptions of decision theory in novel and interesting ways. The response to an identical sequel measurement of the same attribute can be at significant variance with the initial measurement. Furthermore, the response to the sequel measurement depends on whether the initial measurement has taken place. In the absence of the initial measurement, the sequel measurement reveals additional variability, leading to a multimodal frequency distribution which is largely absent if the first measurement has taken place.

The single slit and double slit (where two slit are parallel) experiments are two profound experiments in Physical/quantum optics. In this article, we study the variety of the optical experiments, including cross single slit, curve-single slit, non-parallel double slit, curve-double slit, non-parallel curve-double slit experiments. The experiments show the following novel patterns. Hourglass-shape diffraction pattern of a Curve-single slit Ring-shape interference pattern with spot at center of a ring Hybrid pattern of a non-parallel double slit Arc-shape and point-symmetry interference patterns of a curve-double slit Butterfly-shape interference pattern of a non-parallel-curve-double slit The experiments show that it is photons that produce wave-like patterns, referred to it as PhotoWave phenomena. It is a challenge to interpret all PhotoWave experiments consistently and completely.

In a double slit interference experiment, the wave function at the screen with both slits open is not exactly equal to the sum of the wave functions with the slits individually open one at a time. The three scenarios represent three different boundary conditions and as such, the superposition principle should not be applicable. However, most well known text books in quantum mechanics implicitly and/or explicitly use this assumption which is only approximately true. In our present study, we have used the Feynman path integral formalism to quantify contributions from non-classical paths in quantum interference experiments which provide a measurable deviation from a naive application of the superposition principle. A direct experimental demonstration for the existence of these nonclassical paths is hard. We find that contributions from such paths can be significant and we propose simple three-slit interference experiments to directly confirm their existence.

In the context of von Neumann projective measurement scenario for a qubit system, it is widely believed that the mutual orthogonality between the post-interaction pointer states is the sufficient condition for achieving the ideal measurement situation. However, for experimentally verifying the observable probabilities, the real space distinction between the pointer distributions corresponding to post-interaction pointer states play crucial role. It is implicitly assumed that mutual orthogonality ensures the support between the post-interaction pointer distributions to be disjoint. We point out that mutual orthogonality (formal idealness) does not necessarily imply the real space distinguishability (operational idealness), but converse is true. In fact, for the commonly referred Gaussian wavefunction, it is possible to obtain a measurement situation which is formally ideal but fully nonideal operationally. In this paper, we derive a class of pointer states, that we call faithful poin...

The foundation of this discussion is the double-slit experiment. The primary idea is that when an electron is in proximity to a medium or obstacle, it can develop a wave nature as an induced consequence of its interactions with that environment. This wave nature and its eventual disappearance are both results of these interactions. Importantly, the intrinsic particle nature of the electron remains constant.

The double slit experiment is one of basic experiments in Physical optics, where two slit are parallel. Recently, Non-parallel double slit experiments have been performed, we observe the hybrid patterns, the partial interference pattern embedded in diffraction patterns. Furthermore, Curved double slit experiments have been performed, we observe Arc-shape interference patterns and Point-symmetry interference patterns. In this article, we study Non-Parallel Curved Double Slit, and observed Butterflyshape interference patterns.

In 1963, Richard Feynman gave a memorable lecture on quantum mechanics' strange and non-intuitive nature. Using the example of two-slit self-interference, he showed how quantum entities such as electrons appear to traverse two passages at once. While Feynman's analogy beautifully captures the strangeness of quantum behavior, it leaves open the definition of "particle." A few additions to his thought experiment provide another insight: Experimentally, the only definition of a particle possible is that it is a sequence of expanding quantum waves punctuated by minute exchanges of momentum and energy that relocalize and restart the wave. This article uses Dibyajyoti Das's beautifully done adaptation of Feynman’s thought experiments to precisely assess what it takes to make an electron act like a bullet.

We report on a double slit experiment where indistinguishable correlated photons generated through spontaneous parametric downconversion, are each sent to a well-defined slit. An analysis of the results allows a test of de Broglie-Bohm mechanics against standard quantum mechanics.

In this work, we consider the experiment of diffraction and interference of electrons through a double slit added to the Aharonov-Bohm phase effect. We applied the asymptotic Fresnel functions to one term of the interference process obtaining an expression for the intensity with divergence for certain values of the flow parameter. This led us to an expression incapable of recovering the asymmetry effects of the diffraction pattern arising from the AB phase, as might be expected, since purely quantum effects cannot be classically reproduced.

Feynman (1956) called the double slit experiment "a phenomenon […] has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery. We cannot make the mystery go away by 'explaining' how it works". To study the mystery, the double slit experiments were performed one photon at the time. The photons are described by probability wave function. To interpret, the concept of the collapse of the wave function is utilized. However, the collapse of the wave function leads to the inconsistent/incomplete of the quantum mechanics (Penrose, 2022). In this article, we propose Postulate: the diaphragm, e.g., the slide of the double slit, does not change the nature of the light passing through it. Then we perform multi-experiments to test Postulate, and show that, before and after passing the diaphragm of the double slit, the light is photons. It is photons that produce the wave pattern, e.g., the interference pattern. We referred the phenomena as "PhotonWave Phenomena". Particle phenomena Wave phenomena Light as wave non Light waves produce wave patterns Light as photons Photons produce ejection of electrons: Photoelectric effect Photons produce wave patterns: PhotoWave phenomena A complete interpretation should consistently explain all of the experiments, which challenges the existing wave theories. The experiments show the coexistence of particle nature and wave pattern in the same experiment, which violate Bohr's complementarity principle and the wave interpretations. The experiments provide the comprehensive phenomena for developing theoretical model to study the nature of the light, the complementarity principle, the wave-particle duality, and wave theories.

A new probability interpretation of interference phenomena in the double-slit experiment is proposed. It differs from the standard interpretation (based on elementary events happening in complementary, mutually exclusive setups-arrivals of waves to the screen when one of the slits is closed) which encounters the "paradox" that the law of total probability is violated. This new interpretation is free of such difficulties and paradoxes since it is based on compatible elementary events (events happening in the same setup in which happen all events considered-arrivals of quantons to the screen when both slits are open). Quantum objects-quantons-possess simultaneously particle and wave properties. Compatible statistical interpretation synthesizes in a consistent way the superposition principle .[or waves and the law of total probability applied to compatible events. Such synthesis is a theoretical expression of de Brogtie's observation, now fully confirmed by experiments, that the interference fringes obtained on a photographic plate result from an infinite number of tiny local spots which display arrival of quantons, while the set of fringes is a statistical effect of the wave aspect.

Quantum interference of particle systems results from the wave properties of the particles and are predicted theoretically from the superposition of the wave functions. In place of wave functions we use deterministic chaotic maps as the underlying mechanism that produces the observed probability density functions. Let ψ i (x, t), i = 1, 2 be two wave functions of a quantum mechanical particle system. For each ψ i (x, t) we define deterministic nonlinear point transformations τ i (x) whose unique probability density function is the observed density ρ i (x, t) = ψ * i (x, t)ψ i (x, t). We consider the wave function ψ(x, t) = aψ 1 (x, t) + bψ 2 (x, t) and show that we can associate with ψ(x, t), a random chaotic map that switches (probabilistically between) τ 1 (x), τ 2 (x) and the identity map I(x) and whose probability density function f t (x) equals ψ * (x, t)ψ(x, t), where t denotes time. This description of quantum interference of particle systems allows a more insightful interpretation than wave mechanics.

The Double-Slit Experiment with individual electrons represents the central mystery of quantum mechanics and was voted by readers of Physics World as the most beautiful experiment in physics. In our trigonometric model we have divided the Young-Feynman double-slit interferometer into two zones: Aristotelian mixing chamber (the space between the entrance slit S0 and above the double-slit barrier with slits S1 and S2 where particles have been reflected (Euclid) and/or randomly deviated – parenklisis of Epicurus) and Plato’s projection chamber (the space below the double-slit barrier and above the projection screen). Aristotelian mixing chamber represents the classical hidden variable: individual particles have been reflected and/or randomly deviated in this zone and later pass through the double-slit barrier in such a way that they create probability distributions of single particles described by the very well known trigonometric relations. The double-slit barrier serves as a “self-or...

We provide a semiclassical description of the double-slit experiment given by the momentous quantum mechanics. This formulation allows the study of quantum systems by an effective augmented Hamiltonian. The use of canonical variables enables us to comprise all the quantum information into a finite system of equations. We show the evolution of individual particles and their semiclassical trajectories, and how their collective behavior seems to reproduce the well-known quantum interference pattern. We are able to follow the individual evolution of each particle and its interaction with the effective quantum potential, showing that, contrary to the non-crossing rule present in Bohmian mechanics, particle trajectories actually cross each other in our description. By discussing the quantum-effective potential obtained, we mention possible extensions and applications to other areas.

A double-slit optical system was used to test the possible role of consciousness in the collapse of the quantum wavefunction. The ratio of the interference pattern's double-slit spectral power to its single-slit spectral power was predicted to decrease when attention was focused toward the double slit as compared to away from it. Each test session consisted of 40 counterbalanced attention-toward and attention-away epochs, where each epoch lasted between 15 and 30 s. Data contributed by 137 people in six experiments, involving a total of 250 test sessions, indicate that on average the spectral ratio decreased as predicted (z=-4:36, p=6•10 -6 ). Another 250 control sessions conducted without observers present tested hardware, software, and analytical procedures for potential artifacts; none were identified (z=0:43, p=0:67). Variables including temperature, vibration, and signal drift were also tested, and no spurious influences were identified. By contrast, factors associated with consciousness, such as meditation experience, electrocortical markers of focused attention, and psychological factors including openness and absorption, significantly correlated in predicted ways with perturbations in the double-slit interference pattern. The results appear to be consistent with a consciousness-related interpretation of the quantum measurement problem.

It is shown that the visibility of multi-photon interference for classical sources grows rapidly with the order of interference. For three-photon and four-photon interference of two coherent sources, the visibility can be as high as 81.9% and 94.4%, respectively,-much higher than the 'classical limit' of two-photon interference (50%). High-visibility three-photon and four-photon interference has been observed in experiment, for both coherent and pseudo-thermal light.

It is demonstrated that the three-slit interference, as obtained from explicit solutions of Maxwell's equations for realistic models of three-slit devices, including an idealized version of the three-slit device used in a recent three-slit experiment with light [U. Sinha et al., Science 329, 418 (2010)], is nonzero. The hypothesis that the three-slit interference should be zero is the result of dropping the one-to-one correspondence between the symbols in the mathematical theory and the different experimental configurations, opening the route to conclusions that cannot be derived from the theory proper. It is also shown that under certain experimental conditions, this hypothesis is a good approximation.

Microscopic particles, like electrons, do not move following the classical laws of motion, given by Newtonian Mechanics. These particles, however, follow other laws that are associated to the propagation of waves. This becomes qualitatively clear when we observe an interference pattern arise in an experiment in which an electron beam passes through a double slit. In this brief study, we will deal with the quantum analysis of the dynamics of particles, by means of its postulates and its precise mathematical formulation. That is, we intend to introduce the wave function and the Schrödinger equation, as well as to interpret physically such a function. The scientific bases of this essay (1),(2),(3),(4),(5) can be found in the books listed in the bibliographic references.

Creative Commons License 4.0. CC-BY-NC. Attribution required. No commercial use. HIGHLIGHTS A new study suggests that it could take no more than 10 picowatts (a picowatt is one millionth of one millionth of one watt) of power for matter to be affected by the human mind.

On the base of non-Archimedean valued logics, we construct non-Archimedean valued interval neutrosophic logic INL by which we can describe neutrality phenomena. This logic is obtained by adding to the truth valuation a truth triple t, i, f instead of one truth value t, where t is a truth-degree, i is an indeterminacy-degree, and f is a falsity-degree. Each parameter of this triple runs either the unit interval [0, 1] of hypernumbers or the ring Z p of p-adic integers.

We introduce the notion of the so-called contextbased games to describe rationality of the slime mould. In these games we assume that, first, strategies can change permanently, second, players cannot be defined as individuals performing just one action at each time step. They can perform many actions simultaneously. In other words, each player can behave as an individual or as a collective of individuals. This significant feature of context-based games is called individual-collective duality.

This paper is devoted to actin filament networks as a computation medium. The point is that actin filaments are sensitive to outer cellular stimuli (attractants as well as repellents) and they appear and disappear at different places of the cell to change the cell structure, e.g. its shape. Due to assembling and disassembling actin filaments, Amoeba proteus can move in responses to different stimuli. As a result, Amoeba proteus can be considered a simple reversible logic gate, where outer cellular signals are its inputs and the amoeba motions are its outputs. In this way, we can implement the FREDKIN logic gate on the amoeba behaviours. The actin filament networks have the same basic properties as neural networks: lateral inhibition; lateral activation; recurrent inhibition; recurrent excitation; feedforward inhibition; feedforward excitation; convergence/divergence. These networks can embody arithmetic functions defined recursively and corecursively within p-adic valued logic. Furthermore, within these networks we can define the so-called diagonalization for deducing undecidable arithmetic functions.

Fil: Fanaro, Maria de Los Angeles. Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Nucleo de Investigacion en Educacion Ciencia y Tecnologia; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas; Argentina

Young's double slit experiment was called as "a phenomenon […] has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery. We cannot make the mystery go away by 'explaining' how it works". To study the mystery, we perform the non-crossing-slit-experiments and crossing-slit experiments and show phenomena: (1) in the same double slit or cross double slit experiments, the non-interference patterns gradually evolve to the interference patterns; (2) in the same single slit or cross single slit experiments, the non-diffraction patterns gradually evolve to the diffraction patterns; (3) in the same two-non-parallel-slits experiment, the non-wave patterns gradually evolve to the hybrid pattern (i.e., interference-pattern-embedded-in-diffraction-pattern); (4) in the same curved-double slit experiments, the non-interference patterns evolve to Seashell-shape interference patterns. The above phenomena show new mysteries that are more mysterious than that of the double slit experiments: it is challenge to consistently explain how they work. Those novel phenomena indicate that the standard theories of the double slit are incomplete. Novel experiments bring the search for the new theory of physical/quantum optics.

The causal quantum mechanics (i.e. Bohmian or de Broglie-Bohm or Bohm-de Broglie quantum mechanics) has made possible to calculate the trajectories of electrons in a typical double-slit experiment [C. Philippidis et al., Il Nuovo Cimento, 52 B, 15-28 (1979)]. The trajectories do not correspond to an uniform movement but to an accelerated one. The acceleration is caused by the quantum potential. From the quantum theoretical point of view, there is a probability for the electron to emit photons, with a certain emission power, during its movement from the slits to the screen. We find a quantum general formula for the emission power of photons, valid independently of the interpretation. Then, according to the Copenhagen interpretation, this formula gives a strictly zero value for the emission power because the electron moves as a free particle after it leaves the slit and before reach the screen. Then, there is no emission of photons. In the case of the causal interpretation, the emission power results, for a concrete real experiment, in a very tiny but not a zero value, driven by the square of the quantum potential gradient. We give an idea of the type of spectrum that could be measured. A brief idea of a possible experimental arrangement in order to detect this effect, is given.

The Bohm-de Broglie quantum mechanics has made possible to calculate the trajectories of electrons in a typical double-slit experiment[C. Philippidis et al., Il Nuovo Cimento, 52 B, 15-28 (1979)]. The trajectories do not correspond to an uniform movement but to an accelerated one. The acceleration is caused by the quantum potential. From the quantum theoretical point of view, there is a probability for the electron to emit photons, with a certain emission power, during its movement from the slits to the screen. According to the Copenhagen interpretation we found that the emission power is strictly zero because the electron moves as a free particle after it leaves the slit and before reach the screen. Then, there is no emission of photons. On the other hand, in the case of the BdB interpretation, we obtain a general formula for the emission power, from which we can make two predictions: one is for the case of an ensemble, that is, a statistical prediction that coincides, as it was to...

One of the greatest challenges in modern physics is to successfully unify general relativity and quantum mechanics. The primary objective of this paper is to present a theory which integrates the foundations of general relativity and quantum mechanics. The secondary objective is to present a causal theory of matter, and the tertiary objective is to demonstrate experimental support for the proposed theory. The methods for this paper involve three steps. First, four major points of contention in physics and cosmology are reviewed in order to identify and examine contested issues from the past and present. Unexplained or contested phenomena include: (1) Dark matter, dark energy, and the cosmological constant; (2) Definitions of gravity and force; (3) Wave-Particle duality; (4) Black holes. The second step re-theorizes the previous frameworks to present a unified theory of quantum gravity as a space-time causal model. The third step applies the proposed unified theory to the double slit...