Device-to-Device Communication

Device-to-device (D2D) communications can enhance spectrum and energy efficiency due to direct proximity communication and frequency reuse. However, such performance enhancement is limited by mutual interference and energy availability, especially when the deployment of D2D links is ultradense. In this paper, we present a distributed power control method for ultra-dense D2D communications underlaying cellular communications. In this power control method, in addition to the remaining battery energy of the D2D transmitter, we consider the effects of both the interference caused by the generic D2D transmitter to others and interference from all others' caused to the generic D2D receiver. We formulate a mean-field game (MFG) theoretic framework with the interference mean-field approximation. We design the cost function combining both the performance of the D2D communication and cost for transmit power at the D2D transmitter. Within the MFG framework, we derive the related Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) and Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov (FPK) equations. Then, a novel energy and interference aware power control policy is proposed, which is based on the Lax-Friedrichs scheme and the Lagrange relaxation. The numerical results are presented to demonstrate the spectrum and energy efficiency performances of our proposed approach.

One of the key challenges in Internet of Things (IoT) networks is to connect many different types of autonomous devices while reducing their individual power consumption. This problem is exacerbated by two main factors: a) the fact that these devices operate in and give rise to a highly dynamic and unpredictable environment where existing solutions (e.g., water-filling algorithms) are no longer relevant; and b) the lack of sufficient information at the device end. To address these issues, we propose a regret-based formulation that accounts for arbitrary network dynamics: this allows us to derive an online power control scheme which is provably capable of adapting to such changes, while relying solely on strictly causal feedback. In so doing, we identify an important tradeoff between the amount of feedback available at the transmitter side and the resulting system performance: if the device has access to unbiased gradient observations, the algorithm's regret after T stages is O(T -1/2 ) (up to logarithmic factors); on the other hand, if the device only has access to scalar, utilitybased information, this decay rate drops to O(T -1/4 ). The above is validated by an extensive suite of numerical simulations in realistic channel conditions, which clearly exhibit the gains of the proposed online approach over traditional water-filling methods.

Device to Device (D2D) communication can effectively improve the spectrum eficiency and reduce the load of Base Station in cellular networks. However, when D2D users and cellular users share the wireless channels, it will bring signal interference for the cellular networks. In order to achieve mutual interference between users and base stations, and increase the spectrumutilization efficiency and energy utilization efficiency, this paper proposes a method control algorithm based on bearnforrning and interference alignment in D2D communication underlaying cellular networks. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the interference of the BS transrnitting signal for D2D pais and significantly improve system capacity. Furthermore, D2D communication is more applicable to short-range links.

Smart Home Automation Systems (SHAS) are a revolutionary solution towards contemporary living, promoting ease, security, and efficiency. This paper discusses the design, development, and challenges of smart homes in terms of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, wireless communication technologies, and artificial intelligence. Key elements such as sensors, controllers, and user interfaces are discussed with communication protocols such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth. Major challenges such as interoperability, security risks, and standardization requirements are addressed. The research concludes by presenting future directions and the role of smart homes in creating sustainable, intelligent living spaces.

Mitigating the effect of fading in wireless networks has been a prominent benefit associated with cooperative relaying. Especially in multi-relay scenarios, efficient resource allocation can drastically improve the performance of cooperative systems affected by fading. However, practically, a relay may not cooperate unless provided with some incentive to improve its utility. To address the above problem, this study introduces a novel integrated game-theoretic framework which involves incentive-based optimal power allocation. Coalition formation game has been used to model the cooperation among relays which is integrated into a Stackelberg game, for considering the benefits of source and relays jointly. The game-theoretic framework has been implemented for both disjoint and overlapping coalitions with an objective to find an optimal and stable overlapping coalition set of relays. This not only maximises their utilities, but also helps the source to allocate the optimal power to the relays at the optimal price, thereby, increasing its own utility. Simulation results have confirmed that the proposed game-theoretic solutions achieve comparable performance in terms of system throughput when compared with the centralised approach. In particular, overlapping coalition approach exhibits consistently better performance than the disjoint coalitions approach due to increased power allocation to individual relays.

The quantitative study of bibliographic material is referred to as bibliometric analysis. It presents a general overview of a research area where the published works can be classified based on countries, authors, publication years, keywords, and fields of research. This study aims to provide a bibliometric analysis of the research carried out in the field of device to device (D2D) communications in the past decade. The primary objective of this study is to find some of the most relevant and influential research papers in this field and define the newest trends as per the information available in the Web of Science database. During the course of this study, numerous classifications have been made based on different parameters such as the most productive and influential authors, and the most influential keywords and journals. The conclusions of this study are in line with the common wisdom, although certain deviations have been found.

Device-to-device (D2D) pairs are allowed to reuse the spectrum of cellular users who are in a good quality channel state with underlaying cellular network. However, cellular users usually suffer a poor performance in term of achievable rate when they are in a cell edge or in deep fading. To solve this problem, a hybrid relay-aided D2D communication scheme with a two-antenna infrastructure and using two unequal transmission slots is proposed in this paper. Different from the pure half-duplex and full-duplex D2D relay work, the hybrid-duplex relay mode that we propose enables the D2D relay to receive and transmit signals at the same time in the first time slot. Thus, it is similar to the full-duplex which could increase the spectrum efficiency. In addition, in the second time slot, the D2D relay will forward only the cellular user's signals, thus avoiding the transmission of mixed signals which would deteriorate the system performance, similarly to the half-duplex mode. Moreover, by bringing in a slot splitting factor, the relay node in our hybrid-duplex mode is set to guarantee the matching of the transmission rate in two hops. We formulate the problem of maximizing the D2D transmission rate while guaranteeing in priority the minimum rate for the cellular user. By using the method of rate matching and linear programming, we deduce the expression of the slot splitting factor as well as the optimal power allocation for the base station and D2D relay, while guaranteeing the minimum rate requirement for the cellular user in a close form. The simulation results show that the proposed relay-based hybrid-duplex D2D scheme outperforms the existing half-duplex and full-duplex relay-based D2D communication schemes in term of achievable rate.

In an OFDM system, radio resources are allocated and managed to ensure optimum channel quality for customers. Using a subgroup approach, subscribers have been categorized into different groups based on channel quality. The resources allocated to a subgroup’s consumers are power allocation, capacity, and data rate. A simple algorithm, the OFDMA multicast method, Frequency domain Subgroup Algorithm (FAST), is required to reduce the dimensionality of either subgroup creation problem and also the performance restrictions of basic multiplex data delivery strategies. FAST increases the number of allowable subgroups as well as seeks the best subgroup that outperforms the previous iteration. Throughput increases as a result of this approach due to increased system capacity. The simulation results demonstrate that such a system achieves near-optimal achievement with such a restricted computational load, and therefore, the greater the spectral efficiency, the more resources are assigned.

D2D communication is a novel paradigm in fifth generation mobile communication system. It opens up new opportunities for the researches but also brings lots of unsolved challenges. One of such challenge is to design optimal service discovery protocol for proximity based applications such as context aware messaging, vehicle to vehicle communication, emergency communication etc. In this article we envisioned feasibility study of designing service discovery protocol in a two-tier 5G wireless communication network with so called traditional cellular tier and device to device tier.

This paper investigates the optimal energy-efficient transmission policy of multi-channels in energy harvesting systems. We configure the transmitter with the active mode in which the energy cost includes the basic operation cost and transmission cost and signal processing cost, while with the sleep mode only counting the basic operation cost. Then the energy efficiency maximization problem of joint transmission time and power allocation is formulated and studied in the offline manner. Based on the fractional optimization theory, we transform the original fractional optimization problem into a series of subtractive-form optimization problems which are then further transformed into convex optimization problems. Then characteristics of the optimal solution are described based on the analysis of transmission time and power allocation. Finally, a special case without considering the basic operation cost as previous works assumed is studied. We find that the optimal policy results a best subchannel scheduling which can be viewed as the peaky transmission. Through this, the energy cost of the sleep mode in previous case can be interpreted as the switching operation cost.

D2D (Device-to-device) communication has a major role in communication technology with resource and power allocation being a major attribute of the network. The existing method for D2D communication has several problems like slow convergence, low accuracy, etc. To overcome these, a D2D communication using distributed deep learning with a coot bird optimization algorithm has been proposed. In this work, D2D communication is combined with the Coot Bird Optimization algorithm to enhance the performance of distributed deep learning. Reducing the interference of eNB with the use of deep learning can achieve near-optimal throughput. Distributed deep learning trains the devices as a group and it works independently to reduce the training time of the devices. This model confirms the independent resource allocation with optimized power value and the least Bit Error Rate for D2D communication while sustaining the quality of services. The model is finally trained and tested successfully and is found to work for power allocation with an accuracy of 99.34%, giving the best fitness of 80%, the worst fitness value of 46%, mean value of 6.76 and 0.55 STD value showing better performance compared to the existing works.

Underlying cellular networks, device-to-device (D2D) communications are a practical network technology that can increase power efficiency and spectrum usage for close-proximity wireless services and applications. However, D2D link interference, when sharing resources with cellular users (CUs), poses a major challenge in such distribution situations. In this research, we primarily utilize wireless channel data that exhibits slowly shifting large-scale fading to conduct spectrum sharing and power allocation. The overall ergodic capacity of all cellular user equipment (CUE) links is initially considered as the optimization target in order to maximize the overall throughput of CUE links while ensuring the reliability of each D2D link. Then, the expansion of the minimum ergodic capacity is measured to ensure a more consistent capacity performance across all CUE links. We utilized algorithms that are resilient to channel fluctuations and produce optimal resource allocation. We use MATLAB, and the computer simulation validates its intended performance.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a major driving use case of future communication systems. 5G and beyond networks should be properly designed to meet the quality of service (QoS) requirements of IoT devices in terms of massive access, data rates, latency and reliability. In this paper, we study the uncoordinated spectrum and power allocation problems in an uplink IoT network. In the considered setting, IoT devices aim at organizing their transmissions, without any coordination, on the available frequency channels and power levels. To enhance performance, we propose the deployment of full-duplex relays as well as the use of non-orthogonal multiple access and queuing at the level of the relays. A new algorithm, based on the multiplayer multi-armed bandits framework, is proposed with the aim of reducing the transmit power of IoT devices. Simulation results validate the convergence of the proposed algorithm. Results also confirm the superior performance of the proposed technique in terms of satisfying QoS requirements and reducing the needed user transmit power when compared to two baseline schemes. Index Terms-Non-orthogonal multiple access, uncoordinated system, relays, multi-armed bandits, full duplex, power allocation.

A vital technology in the next-generation cellular network is device-to-device (D2D) communication. Cellular user enabled with D2D communication provides high spectral efficiency and further increases the coverage area of the cell, especially for the end-cell users and blind spot areas. However, the implementation of D2D communication increases interference among the cellular and D2D users. In this paper, we proposed a radio resource allocation (RRA) algorithm to manage the interference using fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme and Hungarian algorithm. The proposed algorithm is divided into three parts. First, the FFR scheme allocates different frequency bands among the cell (inner and outer region) for both the cellular and the D2D users to reduce the interference. Second, the Hungarian weighted bipartite matching algorithm is used to allocate the resources to D2D users with the minimum total system interference, while maintaining the total system sum rate. The cellular users s...

Recently, mobile data traffic is rapidly increasing due to large data transmission in the cellular network. Researchers have proposed several techniques to handle this situation and increase the network capacity of the system. However, data path loss, unexpected blockage in the network, and other features make the network implementation of mm-Wave bands more challenging. Therefore, resource allocation is considered as a significant task to reduce the mutual interference, transmission delay, and offload data traffic from the base station. In this research study, the effective resource allocation techniques for D2D in mm-Wave communication are analyzed using Machine Learning (ML) based algorithms. This study develops a unique framework for deploying and operating D2D mm-Wave communication networks in wireless cellular systems, UAV networks, and wearable device networks by utilizing advanced mathematical techniques from ML. The network throughput, energy efficiency, and convergence rate are considered as key parameters for defining the effectiveness of resource allocation. This comprehensive research study supports the researchers to obtain the best solution for the current issues in D2D mm-Wave communication in a cellular network.

Device to Device (D2D) communication can effectively improve the spectrum eficiency and reduce the load of Base Station in cellular networks. However, when D2D users and cellular users share the wireless channels, it will bring signal interference for the cellular networks. In order to achieve mutual interference between users and base stations, and increase the spectrumutilization efficiency and energy utilization efficiency, this paper proposes a method control algorithm based on bearnforrning and interference alignment in D2D communication underlaying cellular networks. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the interference of the BS transrnitting signal for D2D pais and significantly improve system capacity. Furthermore, D2D communication is more applicable to short-range links.

In post-disaster scenarios, such as after floods, earthquakes, and in war zones, the cellular communication infrastructure may be destroyed or seriously disrupted. In such emergency scenarios, it becomes very important for first aid responders to communicate with other rescue teams in order to provide feedback to both the central office and the disaster survivors. To address this issue, rapidly deployable systems are required to re-establish connectivity and assist users and first responders in the region of incident. In this work, we describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of a rapidly deployable system for first response applications in post-disaster situations, named RDSP. The proposed system helps early rescue responders and victims by sharing their location information to remotely located servers by utilizing a novel routing scheme. This novel routing scheme consists of the Dynamic ID Assignment (DIA) algorithm and the Minimum Maximum Neighbor (MMN) algorithm. The D...

Radar and communication coexistence is an upcoming technology with numerous research opportunities in the medium access control (MAC) layer, particularly in scheduling and radio resource management (RRM). More efficient scheduling algorithms are needed with the wide range of applications that the wireless environment is experiencing. We investigate an echo-based scenario in the radar-aided vehicular communication system in which an echo is reflected from a target. Unlike the conventional scheduling mechanisms where signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is exploited, this paper proposes a new radar-aided communication scheduling algorithm by utilizing parameters such as range and velocity with the classical SINR measurements. The proposed algorithm schedules the available resources by extracting information from the radar echo. The proposed radar-aided communication scheduling scheme provides a more flexible design by adding new parameters, resulting in a more efficient algorithm in a broad variety of scenarios. The proposed scheme is beneficial for B5G communication systems that allow localization and sensing as key features of next-generation wireless networks. 13 14 15 INDEX TERMS Radar-aided communication scheduling, range, medium access control (MAC), radio resource management (RRM), scheduling, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), velocity, 5G new radio (NR), beyond (B5G). I. INTRODUCTION 16 Different 5G services have various Quality of Service (QoS) 17 requirements in terms of bandwidth, latency, packet loss 18 rate, and reliability [1], [2], [3], [4]. In 5G and beyond 19 (B5G) radio access technologies (RATs), efficient and flexi-20 ble schedulers are needed to meet the diverse requirements 21 of the future RATs. The general purpose of most tradi-22 tional schedulers is to exploit channel variations between 23 user equipments (UEs) and, preferably, to schedule trans-24 missions to a UE when channel conditions are favorable. At 25 the very least, most scheduling strategies require information 26 about UE's channel conditions, buffer status and priorities 27 of the different data flows, and the interference situation in 28 The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Stefan Schwarz. neighboring cells. Medium access control (MAC) is used for scheduling information reporting. The scheduling strategy is implementation-specific and does not conform to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications. Different UEs may experience diverse radio conditions at a certain time in the mobile network environment. In many scenarios, system capacity can be increased by the low fairness schemes of conventional scheduling algorithms. These algorithms increase the prioritization of UEs with good channel conditions. On the other hand, UEs with average or bad radio conditions cannot be scheduled. The conventional schedulers enable higher data rates due to a tradeoff between UEs fairness and system capacity. The Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) demand consistent UE and system data rates with the minimum QoS requirements. Besides the UE requirements, network radio resource capacity is an essential issue for the

This research work proposes a low-key REULEAUX Triangle Shaped antenna having a square, rectangular Patch attached through the feedline. This antenna has REULEAUX Triangle as a patch element with a bottom having square-shaped geometry to attain ultra-wideband characteristics. This compact wideband antenna for WLAN, 5G and WiMAX applications has been presented in this manuscript. The compact antenna (60×65×1.6 mm3) is intended and manufactured on a substrate of FR-4 material and evaluated on different grounds to validate the performance. The comparison of simulated results and measured outcomes reveal that the proposed device has return loss (|S11|) < -10 dB along with 4.272 GHz impedance BW between 1.738 GHz and 6.01 GHz covering ultra-wideband region. In the measured outcomes, it is clear that the proposed REULEAUX Triangle Shaped antenna has radiation with omnidirectional characteristics with the peak gain of 2.75dB in the operating band. The antenna also attains 110.26% fracti...

In this paper, a device-to-device (D2D) communication multiple-metric scenario for resource allocation and pairing is proposed. To improve the stability of the D2D connection, a fuzzy method based on the data-rate and battery levels of potential D2D pairs is studied so that the set of D2D transmitters is considered as a fuzzy set. A single-cell scenario with a cellular user and some co-channel D2D nodes consisting of D2D receivers and transmitters is considered. A stable fuzzy pairing criterion is proposed for the selection of the best D2D transmitter. The proposed method is compared to three other pairing methods: maximum sum-rate, constant, and random pairing methods. The simulation results show that the proposed pairing method outperforms the other three methods in terms of stability and fairness criteria and follows the maximum sum-rate method from the sum-rate criteria point of view. Introduction and Related Works The increase in the number of wireless network users and applications has led to an increase in the demand for cellular network resources. This challenge has led to the formation of services that reduce the load on the central part of the network. Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a proximity-based service that enables two devices to exchange information without the need for a base station, and is standardized by 3GPP Long-Term Evolution (LTE). D2D communication is divided into overlay in-band, underlay in-band, and out-band communications. With in-band communications, D2D users utilize the cellular network spectrum that is categorized into overlay and underlay 1. The underlay in-band is a D2D communication mode that allows the D2D users to use the cellular spectrum and causes interference with cellular links and vice versa. The cellular spectrum is distributed between cellular and D2D users in overlay in-band mode with no interference. In out-band communications, users use a different spectrum than the cellular spectrum. The main advantages of D2D service are the optimal allocation of cellular network resources, power consumption, cellular network traffic offloading, and the possibility of creating public safety networks 2. Recently, with the spread of viral diseases, especially coronavirus, there is a need to use more decentralized networks. The rapid spread of COVID-19 has changed lifestyles and increased people's tendency to perform activities remotely. Under these conditions, the need to connect to communication networks has increased. Moreover, the increase in the number of patients in hospitals has led to hospital network resources generally not meeting the need for treatment during the pandemic. Therefore, services that can shift the focus away from cellular and centralized networks will be of particular importance. Suppose, for example, a hospital that receives a large number of patients but the network communication infrastructure to transfer patient data to physicians is limited. In this case, many problems will be solved if large amounts of medical data can be transferred without using the central network infrastructure. D2D service can be one of the options to overcome these challenges. In this article, considering the two main goals, sustainable communication and the transmission of bulky contents, a scenario of joint resource allocation and pairing in a decentralized network based on D2D communication is studied. One of the applications of the mentioned scenario is described as follows: Imagine a hospital with a large number of coronary patients while the network infrastructure, equipment, and staff of the hospital are limited to serve all patients. If physicians

In this paper, a device-to-device (D2D) communication multiple-metric scenario for resource allocation and pairing is proposed. To improve the stability of the D2D connection, a fuzzy method based on the data-rate and battery levels of potential D2D pairs is studied so that the set of D2D transmitters is considered as a fuzzy set. A single-cell scenario with a cellular user and some co-channel D2D nodes consisting of D2D receivers and transmitters is considered. A stable fuzzy pairing criterion is proposed for the selection of the best D2D transmitter. The proposed method is compared to three other pairing methods: maximum sum-rate, constant, and random pairing methods. The simulation results show that the proposed pairing method outperforms the other three methods in terms of stability and fairness criteria and follows the maximum sum-rate method from the sum-rate criteria point of view.

Mobile devices dominate the Internet today, however the Internet rooted in its tethered origins continues to provide poor infrastructure support for mobility. Our position is that in order to address this problem, a key challenge that must be addressed is the design of a massively scalable global name service that rapidly resolves identities to network locations under high mobility. Our primary contribution is the design, implementation, and evaluation of Auspice, a nextgeneration global name service that addresses this challenge. A key insight underlying Auspice is a demand-aware replica placement engine that intelligently replicates name records to provide low lookup latency, low update cost, and high availability. We have implemented a prototype of Auspice and compared it against several commercial managed DNS providers as well as state-of-the-art research alternatives, and shown that Auspice significantly outperforms both. We demonstrate proof-of-concept that Auspice can serve as a complete end-to-end mobility solution as well as enable novel context-based communication primitives that generalize nameor address-based communication in today's Internet.

The combination of radio-frequency (RF) communication and underwater optical wireless communication (UOWC) plays a vital role in the underwater Internet of Things (UIoT). This correspondence proposes a dual-hop hybrid satellite underwater system that exploits non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) as a spectrum-efficient access technique. The RF link from the satellite to the relay on an oil platform is presumptively subject to a Shadowed-Rician (SR) fading, while the UOWC channels from the relay to the underwater destinations are suggested to follow Exponential-Generalized Gamma (EGG) distributions. The reliability of the system is characterized in terms of both underwater destinations and system outage probabilities (OPs). We derive new closed-form expressions for the OPs under imperfect successive interference cancellation (SIC) conditions. Furthermore, the asymptotic OP and the diversity order (DO) are obtained to learn more about the system's performance. The results are verified through an extensive representative Monte-Carlo simulation. Also, we investigate the performance against the turbulence of the salty water, air bubbles level (BL), temperature gradients (TG), shadowing parameters, and satellite pointing errors due to satellite motion, even if the beam is pointed at the center of the directive antenna relay, the beam will randomly oscillate. Finally, we contrast our approach with the conventional orthogonal multiple access (OMA) scheme to demonstrate its superiority. INDEX TERMS Satellite, underwater optical wireless communication, non-orthogonal multiple access, outage probability.

In this paper, we improve the uplink energy efficiency (EE) of the multi-band machine-to-machine (M2M) communications underlaying cellular networks. In particular, based on the theory of stochastic geometry, we derive the closed-form expressions of the outage probability (OP), and the average energy efficiency of cellular and Machine-to-Machine users in two-way cooperative relaying networks with three-time-slot setting. We ensure the quality of service (QoS) by considering the OP and the average energy efficiency of all links. It is concluded that the three-time-slot relay-aided Machine-to-Machine communication can offer considerably high QoS and low transmission power for fairly distant machine-to-machine networks.

This paper examines the resource block and power allocation in the power domain non-orthogonal multiple access (PD-NOMA) based cellular device-to-device (D2D) systems. To improve the energy efficiency of the D2D systems and to manage the mutual interference level as well as the quality of service (QoS) requirement of cellular users, different power level is applied to the D2D users sharing the same resource blocks (RBs) to the legacy users. It is essential to design an efficient resource block and power allocation method for PD-NOMA based cellular D2D systems which guarantee the successive interference cancellation (SIC) order in the power allocation solution. In this paper, we propose an iterative algorithm of resource block and power allocation for cellular D2D system which incorporates the SIC aware geometric water filling (GWF) method in the power allocation solution. It is shown that the proposed SIC aware geometric water filling achieves higher energy efficiency compared to it...

Device-to-device (D2D) communications, a promising technology, let cellular devices that are close to each other connect with one another directly, by passing the network infrastructure. As such, the technology provides the cellular network with many benefits, such as higher sum data rates, lower latency, extended coverage, higher energy efficiency, added security, higher spectral efficiency, and more useful services like inexpensive file caching. However, it comes with a cost-the interference underlaid D2D users inflict on cellular users at the base station when both use the same uplink frequency, which is the prefered reuse mode. This cost can, however, be reduced using a guard zone-a disk around the base station (BS) where D2D communications are not allowed. This simple and easy to implement approach, which has unfortunately not received enough research attention, is demonstrated in the present article to be highly effective in reducing the interference to cellular users. We leverage for this demonstration the mathematical tool of stochastic geometry. With the assumption that the BSs are distributed as a Poisson point process (PPP), we construct an analytical model to characterize the coverage probability of the cellular user in the presence of D2D nodes. The numerical results obtained, which are validated by rigorous Monte Carlo simulations, confirm that the guard zone approach is highly effective in protecting the cellular user from potential D2D interference.

Device to Device (D2D) communication takes advantage of the proximity between the communicating devices in order to achieve efficient resource utilization, improved throughput and energy efficiency, simultaneous serviceability and reduced latency. One of the main characteristics of D2D communication is reuse of the frequency resource in order to improve spectral efficiency of the system. Nevertheless, frequency reuse introduces significantly high interference levels thus necessitating efficient resource allocation algorithms that can enable simultaneous communication sessions through effective channel and/or power allocation. This survey paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the state-ofthe-art resource allocation algorithms in D2D communication underlaying cellular networks. The surveyed algorithms are evaluated based on heterogeneous parameters which constitute the elementary features of a resource allocation algorithm in D2D paradigm. Additionally, in order to familiarize the readers with the basic design of the surveyed resource allocation algorithms, brief description of the mode of operation of each algorithm is presented. The surveyed algorithms are divided into four categories based on their technical doctrine i.e., conventional optimization based, Non-Orthogonal-Multiple-Access (NOMA) based, game theory based and machine learning based techniques. Towards the end, several open challenges are remarked as the future research directions in resource allocation for D2D communication.

The rapid growth of the Internet and technological advances are forcing mobile operators to increasingly invest in network infrastructures. C-RAN and SDN are regarded as enabling technologies that can overcome the limitations faced by operators, by reducing costs, increasing scalability, and paving the way for the next generation of 5G cellular networks. In this paper, an architectural solution based on SDN and computational intelligence is proposed for C-RAN, which can adjust BBU-RRH mapping through network load balancing rules by predicting subjective and objective QoE metrics for UHD video streaming. The simulation results achieved gains between 59% and 129%, in scenarios without activating a new BBU and scenarios that involve activating a new BBU, respectively.

In this paper, we consider a device-to-device communication network in which K transmitter-receiver pairs are sharing spectrum with each other. We propose a novel but simple binary scheduling scheme for this network to maximize the average sum rate of the pairs. According to the scheme, each receiver predicts its Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise Ratio (SINR), assuming all other user pairs are active, and compares it to a preassigned threshold to decide whether its corresponding transmitter to be activated or not. For our proposed scheme, the optimal threshold that maximizes the expected sum rate is obtained analytically for the two user-pair case and empirically in the general K user-pair case. Simulation results reveal that our proposed SINR-threshold scheduling scheme outperforms ITLinQ [1], FlashLinQ [2] and the method presented in [3] in terms of the expected sum rate (network throughput). In addition, the computational complexity of the proposed scheme is O(K), outperforming both ITLinQ and FlashLinQ that have O(K 2) complexity requirements. Moreover, we also discuss the application of our proposed new scheme into an operator-assisted cellular D2D heterogeneous network.

The mushroom growth of devices that require connectivity has led to an increase in the demand for spectrum resources as well as high data rates. 5G has introduced numerous solutions to counter both problems, which are inherently interconnected. Distributed antenna systems (DASs) help in expanding the coverage area of the network by reducing the distance between radio access unit (RAU) and the user equipment. DASs that use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology allow devices to operate using multiple antennas, which lead to spectrum efficiency. Recently, the concept of virtual MIMO (VMIMO) has gained popularity. VMIMO allows single antenna nodes to cooperate and form a cluster resulting in a transmission flow that corresponds to MIMO technology. In this chapter, we discuss MIMO-assisted DAS and its utility in forming a cooperative network between devices in proximity to enhance spectral efficiency. We further amalgamate VMIMO-assisted DAS and network coding (NC) to quantify end-to-end transmission success. NC is deemed to be particularly helpful in energy constrained environments, where the devices are powered by battery. We conclude by highlighting the utility of NC-based DAS for several applications that involve single antenna empowered sensors or devices.

The study investigates the variation of signal strength generated by the 4.3 kW Frequency Modulation (FM) station of the Imo State Broadcasting Corporation (Orient 94.4FM), Owerri, Nigeria, within some selected routes in Imo State. The signal strength meter (SSM) used for this investigation was designed and constructed. The signal strength was measured at a distance of 5 km intervals field of view from the transmitter’s antenna and in places within the selected pathways, till the signal faded totally. A travel distance application which uses global positioning receiver system (GPRS) was used to measure the distances of the study locations from the broadcasting station. The data gotten was plotted graphically to ascertain the difference in signal strength with distance along the routes, where the study was carried out. The results obtained from this study revealed that the strength of signal was stronger in locations close to and in the same direction with the antenna but was relativ...

Device-to-device (D2D) or Sidelink aided communication is regarded as one of the most promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the 5G and beyond communication system. However, two main challenges exist: 1) the selection of the optimal number of devices for improving the spectral efficiency, and 2) improving the physical layer security of such a communication system. The optimal device improves the secrecy capacity, and the selection of optimal devices enhances the physical layer security. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a double threshold-based optimal device selection (ODS) scheme for a cooperative wireless network with amplify and forward (AF) protocol in the presence and absence of an eavesdropper to enhance the physical layer security for the D2D network. The proposed scheme is analyzed with different distance cases, device scenarios, and modulation schemes. The bit error rate (BER) performance analysis concludes that a performance gain of more than 4 dB is achieved at the BER of 0.004 for the proposed double threshold-based ODS scheme compared to the existing ODS scheme at a high signal to noise ratio (SNR). Furthermore, the proposed scheme enhances the physical layer security.

Critical care has frequently been fatal for trauma patients suffering from hemorrhage. The pre-hospital communication gap between the paramedics and the doctors contributes most towards this. This paper discusses a system model of a 5G-enabled communication architecture among the major trauma centres in the Greater Manchester. An Internet of sensors acquires and wirelessly communicates biosignals from the patient in real time, using 5G. These signals are then displayed as parameters to the closest trauma care management centres. This paper proposes a connectivity model that supports such a system by assessing and identifying the most optimal path for signal transmittance. A system-level 5G network modelling and simulation findings reveal that a signal-to-noise ratio of over 2dB is achieved for two base stations between the incident site and the nearest emergency medical centre. This value decreases by over 5 dB as the number of base station doubles. Hence, reconfigurable 5G base stations connectivity subsystems are required for critical vertical use cases of the radio standard.

A number of nodes that are interested in the same content can be grouped into a cluster and the cluster head can be used to relay the content received from the base station (BS) to the cluster members using device-to-multidevice (D2MD) communication. However, the data rate of such multicast communication depends on the worst channel among the cluster members and the cluster head. The rate can be enhanced by increasing the transmit power; however, this approach may deteriorate energy efficiency (EE) performance of the system. In this paper, we propose transmitting the content from more than one cluster head simultaneously. A novel algorithm is proposed that selects the cluster heads to improve the data rate of the multicast communication while keeping the total transmit power from the cluster heads constant. The cluster members receive power from all the cluster heads within the cluster and hence the received signal to noise power ratio improves. The improved received power makes communication at higher data rates possible, thus reducing the total transmission time. Hence, the energy requirement per bit will reduce. Simulation results show that 19% of reduction in energy per bit is possible by using more than one cluster head within the cluster.

A number of nodes that are interested in the same content can be grouped into a cluster and the cluster head can be used to relay the content received from the base station (BS) to the cluster members using device-to-multidevice (D2MD) communication. However, the data rate of such multicast communication depends on the worst channel among the cluster members and the cluster head. The rate can be enhanced by increasing the transmit power; however, this approach may deteriorate energy efficiency (EE) performance of the system. In this paper, we propose transmitting the content from more than one cluster head simultaneously. A novel algorithm is proposed that selects the cluster heads to improve the data rate of the multicast communication while keeping the total transmit power from the cluster heads constant. The cluster members receive power from all the cluster heads within the cluster and hence the received signal to noise power ratio improves. The improved received power makes com...

Online social networks (OSNs) such as Facebook and Google+ have transformed the way our society communicates. However, this success has come at the cost of user privacy; in today's OSNs, users are not in control of their own data, and depend on OSN operators to enforce access control policies. A multitude of privacy breaches has spurred research into privacy-preserving alternatives for social networking, exploring a number of techniques for storing, disseminating, and controlling access to data in a decentralized fashion. In this paper, we argue that a combination of techniques is necessary to efficiently support the complex functionality requirements of OSNs. We propose Cachet, an architecture that provides strong security and privacy guarantees while preserving the main functionality of online social networks. In particular, Cachet protects the confidentiality, integrity and availability of user content, as well as the privacy of user relationships. Cachet uses a distributed pool of nodes to store user data and ensure availability. Storage nodes in Cachet are untrusted; we leverage cryptographic techniques such as attribute-based encryption to protect the confidentiality of data. For efficient dissemination and retrieval of data, Cachet uses a hybrid structured-unstructured overlay paradigm in which a conventional distributed hash table is augmented with social links between users. Social contacts in our system act as caches to store recent updates in the social network, and help reduce the cryptographic as well as the communication overhead in the network. We built a prototype implementation of Cachet in the FreePastry simulator. To demonstrate the functionality of existing OSNs we implemented the 'newsfeed' application. Our evaluation demonstrates that (a) decentralized architectures for privacy preserving social networking are feasible,

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication permits direct communication between devices, thereby it provides performance gain for traditional cellular network. In this work, we investigate how to improve the performance of D2D communication while satisfy the delay constraint for practical applications. Closed-form expressions are derived for tradeoffs among system performance such as successful transmission probability, transmission capacity, delay constraint and energy consumption. In addition, two schemes are proposed to improve the performance for D2D communication under a given delay constraint. Firstly, an optimal transmission scheme is proposed in which the transmission of user equipment (UE) can be scheduled adaptively to have the best successful transmission probability while the D2D link satisfies the delay constraint. Secondly, a delay assignment scheme is proposed in which delay is adaptively assigned for each hop to achieve the maximum capacity when the network employs multihop D2D communication. Simulation results show that the adaptive transmission scheme improves the successful transmission probability (e.g., increased by 13 times when the source density is 10 −4) compared to the fixed-probability transmission scheme while it can satisfy the delay constraints for different applications. Furthermore, compared with the fixed delay assignment scheme, the network capacity can be improved up to 50% by the proposed scheme with proper delay assignment for each hop.

The rapid growth of the Internet and technological advances are forcing mobile operators to increasingly invest in network infrastructures. C-RAN and SDN are regarded as enabling technologies that can overcome the limitations faced by operators, by reducing costs, increasing scalability, and paving the way for the next generation of 5G cellular networks. In this paper, an architectural solution based on SDN and computational intelligence is proposed for C-RAN, which can adjust BBU-RRH mapping through network load balancing rules by predicting subjective and objective QoE metrics for UHD video streaming. The simulation results achieved gains between 59% and 129%, in scenarios without activating a new BBU and scenarios that involve activating a new BBU, respectively.

In the next generation of computing, Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) will play a very important role in the Internet of Things (IoT). The MANET is a kind of wireless networks that are self-organizing and auto connected in a decentralized system. Every device in MANET can be moved freely from one location to another in any direction. They can create a network with their neighbors' smart devices and forward data to another device. The IoT-Cloud-MANET framework of smart devices is composed of IoT, cloud computing, and MANET. This framework can access and deliver cloud services to the MANET users through their smart devices in the IoT framework where all computations, data handling, and resource management are performed. The smart devices can move from one location to another within the range of the MANET network. Various MANETs can connect to the same cloud, they can use cloud service in a real time. For connecting the smart device of MANET to cloud needs integration with mobile apps. My main contribution in this research links a new methodology for providing secure communication on the internet of smart devices using MANET Concept in 5G. The research methodology uses the correct and efficient simulation of the desired study and can be implemented in a framework of the Internet of Things in 5G.

All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced without authorization under the conditions for "Fair Dealing." Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately.

All rights reserved. However, in accordance with the Copyright Act of Canada, this work may be reproduced without authorization under the conditions for "Fair Dealing." Therefore, limited reproduction of this work for the purposes of private study, research, criticism, review and news reporting is likely to be in accordance with the law, particularly if cited appropriately.

Public safety network communication methods are concurrence with emerging networks to provide enhanced strategies and services for catastrophe management. If the cellular network is damaged after a calamity, a new-generation network like the internet of things (IoT) is ready to assure network access. In this paper, we suggested a framework of hybrid intelligence to find and reconnect the isolated nodes to the functional area to save life. We look at a situation in which the devices in the hazard region can constantly monitor the radio environment to self-detect the occurrence of a disaster, switch to the device-to-device (D2D) communication mode, and establish a vital connection. The oscillating spider monkey optimization (OSMO) approach forms clusters of the devices in the disaster area to improve network efficiency. The devices in the secluded area use the cluster heads as relay nodes to the operational site. An oscillating particle swarm optimization (OPSO) with a priority-based path encoding technique is used for path discovery. The suggested approach improves the energy efficiency of the network by selecting a routing path based on the remaining energy of the device, channel quality, and hop count, thus increasing network stability and packet delivery.

In this paper, we study the energy-efficient resource allocation problem for device-to-device (D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks which aims to maximize the minimum weighted energy-efficiency (EE) of D2D links while guaranteeing the minimum data rates for cellular links. We first characterize the optimal power allocation of the cellular links to transform the original resource allocation problem into the joint subchannel and power allocation problem for D2D links. We then propose three resource allocation algorithms with different complexity, namely Dual-Based, Branch-and-Bound (BnB), and Relaxation-Based Rounding (RBR) algorithms. While the Dual-Based algorithm solves the problem by using dual decomposition method, the BnB and RBR algorithms tackle the problem by employing the relaxation approach. We establish the strong performance guarantees for the proposed algorithms through theoretical analysis. Extensive numerical studies demonstrate that the proposed algorithms achieve superior performance and significantly outperform a conventional algorithm.

The need for telecommunications access continues to increase. This is accompanied by the need for access to internet services. Within the increasing number of service users every time the improvement of quality of service is needed. jz power control method on the interference, used two schemes of power control method that is fixed power control, and adaptive power control. The result of simulation obtained by CDF analyisis scheme of fixed power control able to improve SINR equal to 11,45% and adaptive power control have value of improvement 8,65% in downlink period. And in uplink period increase of SINR equal to 3,29% with fixed power control and 2,24% with adaptive power control.

Device-to-Device (D2D) communications in cellular networks allow devices to communicate directly without going through the base station. The D2D underlaying cellular networks method is aimed to increase network energy efficiency, as specified for Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) and 5G systems. In this paper, we examine the performance of both cooperative and non-cooperative communications modes based on the energy models we establish, within a mobile network where both user equipment (UE) to base station and D2D transmission links co-exist. We show that the source-destination distance is an important factor to decide whether to use the cooperative or non-cooperative transmission scheme in order to achieve better energy efficiency. We have also investigated the effects of choosing different numbers of relaying branches and relays in each branch on the performance of the network. This investigation leads to identifying optimal transmission schemes for maximizing energy efficiency under varying environmental conditions.

In the last few years, one of the main characteristics of the current technological development is the constantly increasing need for data exchange among various types of devices, both mobile and fixed. Within this context, the direct communications between devices has the potential to create new, location-based peer-to-peer applications and services, as well as to help offload traffic from the congested traditional cellular networks. The main hurdles for this kind of Device to Device (D2D) communications are throughput, spectral efficiency, latency and fairness. Most of these hurdles can be overcome by the use of the new Social IoT (SIoT) paradigm, of things and people involved together in the network, guided autonomously by social relationships following the rules set by their owners. This paper aims to investigate the state of the art of socially-driven D2D communications. Upon an initial analysis, we perform an in-deep literature investigation of the main directions in which soc...

Point-to-multipoint device-to-device (P2MP D2D) communications have been standardized in LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) for proximity-based services, such as advertisement and public safety. They can be combined in a multi-hop fashion to achieve geofenced broadcasts in a fast and reliable way, over areas possibly covered by several cells [17]. This allows LTE-A networks to support critical services, like vehicular collision alerts or cyber-physical systems, at a modest cost in terms of consumed resources. In this paper, we argue that previous approaches, which rely on User Equipment (UE) applications to make distributed decisions about message relaying, incur in high per-hop overhead and make crossing cell border difficult. We then propose a novel approach that relies on centralized decisions made at the infrastructure eNodeBs (eNBs) to schedule unsolicited D2D grants to the optimal set of UEs that should forward a message at any time. The eNBs can also leverage inter-cell communications thro...

Many web applications are built around direct interactions among users, from collaborative applications and social networks to multiuser games. Despite being user-centric, these applications are usually supported by services running on servers that mediate all interactions among clients. When users are in close vicinity of each other, relying on a centralized infrastructure for mediating user interactions leads to unnecessarily high latency while hampering fault-tolerance and scalability. In this paper, we propose to extend user-centric Internet services with peer-to-peer interactions. We have designed a framework named Legion that enables client web applications to securely replicate data from servers, and synchronize these replicas directly among them. Legion allows for client-side modules, that we dub adapters, to leverage existing web platforms for storing data and to assist in Legion operation. Using these adapters, legacy applications accessing directly the web platforms can co-exist with new applications that use our framework, while accessing the same shared objects. Our experimental evaluation shows that, besides supporting direct client interactions, even when disconnected from the servers, Legion provides lower latency for update propagation with decreased network traffic for servers.