Deterministic Method

This two-part paper is a computational investigation into geometric operators, Following on from the paper 'Multi-Realm Electromagnetic Spectrum Mapping with Adaptive Harmonic Analysis and Fold Theory Integration'[1], this study is focused on the mathematical pattern generated by successive multiplications of 7 with repeating 7s (e.g., 7 × 7, 7 × 77, 7 × 777, etc.). Using a 6D sparse bitfield implementation with 24-bit OffBit clusters, we analyze digit structure coherence, geometric scaling, resonance properties, and alignment with UBP cosmological realms. Our results reveal a highly coherent digit pattern (91.7% emergence coherence) characterized by consistent leading (5), trailing (9), and internal (4) digits, alongside a predictable digital root cycle. While initial attempts to derive the fine-structure constant (α) yielded significant error (∼ 10 46), a refined geometric primitive model in a companion study (Study 23) achieved α with relative error of 6.10 × 10-10. These findings support the hypothesis that physical constants emerge from geometrically coherent computational structures under observer-imposed perspective rules, validating core tenets of the UBP ontology. Part Two the UBP Constants Dictionary maps physical constants to their underlying geometric structures and cymatic patterns. Every fundamental physical constant corresponds to a specific geometric resonance pattern within the Universal Binary Principle framework.

Emergent nature of physical constants, and the reinterpretation of E = mc 2.

The UBP posits that reality is fundamentally computational and deterministic, arising from discrete binary toggle operations within a high-dimensional bitfield. The methodology in this study series relied on the Three-Column Thinking (TCT) framework to achieve epistemic triangulation across intuitive, formal, and executable modalities.

Key findings include:
1) The Geometric Operator study revealed that the dimensionless structural factor (S op) underlying the fine-structure constant resolves precisely to unity (1.0), implying that the physical formula is itself the perfectly coherent geometric fusion rule.
2) The reinterpretation of E = mc 2 as a computational operator confirmed a robust scaling law (E ∝ M × c 2) across 37 orders of magnitude (quantum to cosmological scales), where M represents active information (OffBits) and c 2 is the Coherence Speed Factor dynamically modulated by the system's coherence.
3) The TCT framework facilitated achieving perfect frequency mapping for electromagnetic phenomena (Hydrogen Line, WiFi), demonstrating empirical validation of the UBP system (N RCI = 1.000000).

This work establishes computational relativity as a meta-principle governing reality, dictated by coherence and observer intent.

We present the first empirical confirmation of suppression-driven gravitational wave echoes using real-world LIGO/Virgo data. Our model, based on suppression fields, accurately predicts the timing, amplitude, and decay of echoes across multiple independent gravitational wave detections, including black hole mergers and neutron star mergers. Using a statistical validation framework, we demonstrate a near-perfect correlation (r = 0.9823) between observed and predicted waveforms, with a chi-square goodness-of-fit test yielding a p-value of 0.9999, confirming that our model is statistically indistinguishable from real LIGO data. These findings challenge classical General Relativity (GR), which does not predict postmerger echoes, and suggest a fundamental modification to how gravitational waves propagate. The results also provide a potential resolution to the black hole information paradox, suggesting that suppression fields encode and retain gravitational wave information rather than erasing it.

MESTRADO PROFISSIONAL EM ENGENHARIA GEOTÉCNICA DA UFOP OURO PRETO -MARÇO DE 2013 v AGRADECIMENTOS Agradezco primeramente a Dios. A mi orientador el profesor Romero César Gomes (UFOP), por el aprendizaje brindado, la confianza, paciencia y oportunidad de iniciarme en el área de Geotécnia. A mi co-orientador Géol. Ramón Chaile, que permitió poder trabajar en Mina Pirquitas, por todo el apoyo, conocimiento y consejos aportado.

Prova di carico e al collaudo statico, in stabilimento, di portali in acciaio, necessario per permettere il sollevamento e il sostegno del motore di un ascensore di una banca. Carico concentrato in mezzeria in ognuno dei tre telai, applicato collegando un carico ad una trave trasversale.

The Knapsack problem is one of the classic problems in optimization theory. This problem involves selecting items to be placed into a container with limited capacity, such that the total value of the items is maximized. In this study, the Dynamic Programming algorithm is applied to divide a large problem into smaller sub-problems, storing the results of each sub-problem to avoid redundant computations. The analysis results demonstrate that this algorithm can provide optimal solutions with high efficiency, although challenges remain in terms of significant memory usage. This study also highlights the importance of algorithm applications in resource management and logistics, offering new insights into further developments in optimization algorithms. Pendahuluan Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari kita sering dihadapkan dengan pengambilan keputusan yang kompleks dan dinamis, membuat pengambilan keputusan yang efisien menjadi sangat penting,

A method and apparatus for processing of data packets by a data processing component comprising a plurality of processing resources. A metric value for a current configuration of the processing resources that are processing the data packets is identified. A new configuration of the processing resources is selected using the metric value. The current configuration of the processing resources is changed to the new configuration and data packets are distributed to the new configuration for processing as the data packets are received.

The present application relates generally to an improved data processing apparatus and method and more specifically to an apparatus and method for improving the performance and efficiency of multi-core processor architecture by enabling effective collaboration of processor cores. Three-dimensional integration provides performance improvement for microprocessor architectures through the increased interconnectivity and higher packaging density. Through silicon via technology allows low latency and high bandwidth communication between the layers in a 3D stack. As the TSV Scaling continues, splitting the computation onto multiple strata becomes possible at a finer grain (such as processor core, functional unit or macro level). However, splitting logic onto multiple silicon layers presents various challenges such as: Thermal problems due to increased power density; Timing and functionality.

Along with the development of urban and modern life, Hanoi Capital has been constructing more and more sky buildings, big bridges and huge underground constructions. According to historical studies, Hanoi is a region located on the weak soil ground which has a rather thick sedimentary layer, complicated geology structure and shallow ground water aged in the Holocene and Pleistocene. Hanoi city is cut through by a Red River fault which has been considered to be a strong active fault zone. As a consequence, it is able to cause earthquakes with magnitude M = 6.1 corresponding to the 7 th ground vibration level in intensity. In order to predict the casualty of this severe earthquake being able to happen, it is surely essential to assess both seismic site response and geological conditions in Hanoi. In the paper, we will analyze the soil ground data and borehole data obtained in this region to find the specific geological factors which are put into the DeepSoil Program to evaluate local site effects.

Magnetic prospecting is one of the most widely used methods for archaeological prospection in the world. Noise both of natural [main factors are inclined magnetization, complex geological (archaeological) structure of investigated sites, and uneven terrain relief] and artificial origin (different iron-containing targets, electric power lines, etc.) strongly obscure interpretation of observed magnetic anomalies. For quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies produced by archaeological targets under aforementioned conditions a non-conventional interpreting system has been developed. Methodology of magnetic anomalies interpretation from models of thin bed and horizontal circular cylinder (sphere) in conditions of oblique magnetization, rugged relief and unknown level of the total magnetic field by the use of improved versions of characteristic point and tangents has been earlier suggested. However, many archaeological targets have geometrical form of thick bed, thin horizontal plate and intermediate between these two models. In this paper methodology of magnetic anomalies produced by thick bed models in complex environments is explicitly described. It is shown that quantitative analysis of magnetic anomalies due to intermediate (between the thick bed and thin horizontal plate) targets could be successfully carried out by the use of methodology developed for the thick bed model. In the case of thin horizontal plate with a large horizontal extent, the two measured anomalies may be interpreted as anomalies from thin beds. The interpretation methodology was successfully tested both on typical models and on real archaeological targets with some success.

With the rapid development of aeromagnetic (primarily uncrewed) methods for measuring Volume 10, Issue 2, 333-370. field studies in the area around the Saatly superdeep borehole (Middle Kur depression between the Greater and Lesser Caucasus), and 3D magnetic field modeling at the Gyzylbulag gold deposit (the Azerbaijani part of the Lesser Caucasus). In the Caspian Sea, we demonstrated the use of an information parameter to identify faults in the Bulla hydrocarbon field (Gulf of Baku) and, for the first time, obtained the relationship between the generalized aeromagnetic data (2.5 kilometers over the mean sea level) and the central area of the mud volcanoes distribution in Azerbaijan.

This paper present with design improvement of 12Slot-14Pole outer rotor field excitation flux switching motor (ORFEFSM) from the initial design by implement Deterministic Optimization Method (DOM) which involve 2-dimensional Finite-Element Analysis (FEA). The design improvement starts with the non-active part, rotor and followed with active part, stator which involve the armature coil slot and field excitation coil (FEC) slot. Since it is one of local optimization method, this method involves more than one cycle of improvement depends on the design structure and slot-pole configuration until achieve optimum performance. However, the initial torque and power output of 12Slot-14Pole is 112.95 Nm and 50.46 kW. The main objective is to improve the structure in order to obtain optimum torque and power output. Besides, it is necessary to reduce flux saturation and optimize the flux flow between the rotor teeth and stator arc width. The target torque and power output performance is expecte...

Research and developments of in-wheel motors applied in pure electric vehicles (EVs) propulsion systems have attracted great attention recently. This is due to their definite advantages of great controllability for each independent wheel as well as the availability of more cabin space due to removal of conventional mechanical transmission and differential gears. Moreover, more series batteries can be installed to increase the driving distance. Since the motors are attached directly to the wheel, the major requirements are to have high torque density and efficiency. As one of alternative candidates with high torque possibility, a new design of outer-rotor hybrid excitation flux switching motor for in-wheel drive EV is proposed in this paper. The proposed motor consists of 12 slots of stator poles, and 10 rotor poles, with all active parts are located on the stator. In addition, it has a robust rotor structure which only comprises a single piece of rotor and has a wide range flux control capabilities. Under some design restrictions and specifications for the target EV drive applications, the performance of the proposed machine on the initial design and improved design are analyzed based on 2-D finite element analysis (FEA). The performance of the improved design motor shows that the maximum torque achieved is 81.5% of the target performance, whereas the maximum power has achieved 143.6 kW which is greater than the target value. Thus, by further design refinement and optimization it is expected that the motor will successfully achieve the target performances.

The impact of structural dimensions and rotor pole numbers on the load and no-load torques of dual stator permanent magnet machine is investigated and presented in this work. Finite element analysis (FEA) is adopted in the prediction, since it exhibits higher computation accuracy compared to other methods such as analytical modelling and techniques, etc. Version 15.0 of MAXWELL/ANSYS-2D software is implemented in the entire computations. The considered structural dimensions include: rotor centrifugal size (Rth), aspect ratio (Sr), permanent magnet width (Mth), outer stator tooth width (Tth), rotor outer pole arc/pitch ratio (ϒ1) and rotor inner pole arc/pitch ratio (ϒ2). Also, model topologies having stator pole (S) and rotor pole (P) numbers i.e. 6S/10P, 6S/11P, 6S/13P and 6S/14P, are compared. The results show that the shaft torque and no-load torque would reasonably depend on the adopted machine’s structural dimensions; in addition to the impact of rotor pole number. More so, it ...

The inclusion of a high energy density permanent magnet into magnetic gear improves the machine's torque density. However, it also contributes to eddy current loss, especially in a high-speed application such in electric vehicle. In this paper, the losses from eddy current and iron loss are investigated on concentric magnetic gear (CMG). Torque multiplier CMG is designed with 8/3 gear ratio for this study. Iron loss and eddy current loss are compared and discussed. Based on this study, eddy current loss contributes to almost 96% of the total loss. This finding is hoped to direct the researcher to focus more on reducing loss associated with eddy current loss.

Recently, flux switching motors (FSMs) have attract research interests in various applications due to their high torque density, high efficiency and rotor structure is mechanically robust. Hence, the motor seem to be an appropriate candidate applied for traction of EV/HEV. More recently, direct drive motor particularly with outer-rotor configuration getting popular to be applied for EV due to direct torque control capability. Hence, without any torque losses through transmission and differential gear, optimal torque can be realized at low speed and suitable for starting and climbing condition. Therefore, this paper presents maximum performance prediction of outer-rotor hybrid excitation FSM (ORHEFSM) designed for direct drive EV application. Initially, the torque and power performances of the proposed design motor with 12S-10P and 12S-14P structures are predicted based on 2D-FEA method. Under some design restrictions and specifications, the initial proposed motor that offers the hig...

This paper presents the performance analysis of 12Slot-14Pole for hybrid excitation flux switching machine (HEFSM) and field excitation flux switching machine(FEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. Nowadays, research on flux switching machines (FSMs) become an attractive research topic due to several excessive advantages of robust rotor structure, high torque and power capability, and low manufacturing cost that suitable for heavy applications. The FSMs that constructed with two flux sources namely permanent magnet (PM) and flux excitation coil (FEC) which also known as hybrid excitation flux has additional advantage of high fixed flux compared to FEFSM which do not require PM but flux variable. Furthermore, the outer-rotor configuration of the machines can provides higher torque density and appropriate for in-wheel direct drive application. Based on 2-D finite element analysis (FEA), the design improvement has beenmade on the initial design machine shows that there is great enhance...

This paper presents performance analysis of 12Slot with various rotor pole numbers Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machine (HEFSM) for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) application. HEFSM has carried out by combining the advantage of Permanent Magnet (PM) machines and DC Field Excitation Coil (FEC) synchronous machines. Previously, most of HEFSM structure having FEC windings in theta direction that create a problem of flux cancellation that will affect the performances of the machine.  Thus, a design of 12Slot HEFSM with FEC wounded in radial direction is proposed to eliminate the flux cancellation effect.  At first, armature coil arrangement test at no-load condition is conducted to analyze PM flux. Furthermore, induced voltage and cogging torque at open circuit condition are investigated based on 2D finite element analysis (FEA). Finally, torque and power performances are also examined at maximum FEC and armature current densities. The outcomes demonstrate that 12S-14P configuratio...

In this paper, a novel Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machine (HE-FSM) with DC-field excitation coil (DC-FEC) wounded in radial direction is proposed. The design is able to generate high torque and power performance because of a few points of interest such as robust rotor structure, non-overlapping windings and reduction of flux cancellation in stator yoke. However, the design with FEC in radial direction required no space between upper FEC and outer stator of machine which is lead to flux loss to surrounding area and flux saturation in stator yoke. As a solution, iron flux bridges have been introduced on the stator core to produce high torque execution. By using JMAG Designer ver. 14, numerous configuration of iron flux bridges have been presented and overviewed. Then, performances of torque at numerous flux bridges is analysed and compared. A design with highest torque is chosen to investigate the other performances of the machine.

Hybrid excitation flux switching machines (HEFSMs) have a several advantages such as robust rotor structure, high torque and power capabilities, and high efficiency suitable for light load and heavy industry applications. However, the general structure of HEFSMs employed with three main flux sources namely permanent magnet (PM), field excitation coil (FEC) and armature coil located on the stator body causes high manufacturing cost. Therefore, a new non-PM field excitation flux switching machine (FEFSM) consists of rugged rotor structure suitable for high-speed operation with capability to keep similar torque and power density of HEFSM is proposed and examined. In this paper, performances of both outer and inner rotor 12S-14P FEFSMs are analyzed and compared. As conclusion, the inner-rotor topology provides much higher torque and power when compared with outer rotor configuration.

Pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk mendorong kenaikan permintaan pada tanah yang berakibat pada penawaran harga tanah yang semakin tinggi dari tahun ke tahun. Pembuatan Zona Nilai Tanah (ZNT) dalam Keputusan Direktur Jenderal Pajak Nomor Kep- 16/PJ.6/1998 terdiri dari enam tahapan, yakni tahap persiapan, pengumpulan data harga jual, kompilasi data, rekapitulasi data dan memplot data transaksi pada peta kerja ZNT, analisis data, dan pembuatan peta ZNT akhir. Pembuatan ZNT kecenderungan dengan melakukan pendekatan individu (survei lapangan) dan mengintegrasikan setiap variabel dalam penentuan nilai tanah sehingga membutuhkan waktu dan tahapan yang cukup lama. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu metode lain untuk membuat peta ZNT untuk mempersingkat proses pembuatan peta ZNT. Salah satu alternatif untuk mebuat peta ZNT adalah dengan melakukan proses interpolasi data harga tanah. Pada penelitian ini dikaji kelayakan metode interpolasi Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) untuk pembuatan peta ZNT. Met...

Flux switching machines (FSMs) with the advantages of single piece of rotor and robust rotor structure become a popular research topic in recent years that suitable for various speed conditions. This machine combined the advantages of Switched Reluctance Machines (SRMs) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs). Previously, most of developed FSMs are mainly focused on inner-rotor configuration, and hard to find research on outer-rotor FSM configuration. Therefore, this paper presents design investigation of three phase Hybrid Excitation Flux Switching Machine (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. Primarily, design processes of the outer-rotor HEFSM especially for drawing parts, materials and conditions used, and properties setting are described in detail. Next, coil arrangement tests are also evaluated to confirm the principle operation of the machine and the phase sequence of each armature coil. Finally, DC field excitation flux capabilities at various current density condition, flux path and flux distribution, back-emf voltage and initial torque are also investigated.

El ANPCC (Área Natural Protegida Cuchillo Curá) contiene actualmente al sistema cavernario más extenso de Argentina, con más de 5 kilómetros de extensión conformado por las cavernas Arenal, Templo, Gendarme y Cabritos. La estabilidad estructural de las mismas es poco conocida y es motivación de este trabajo aportar con estudios que desarrollen la temática. A tal fin, se emplearon dos metodologías específicas de análisis de susceptibilidad en sistemas cavernarios, aplicables tanto en cavernas de origen kárstico o volcánico: el Índice Geotécnico de Cavernas (Brandi et al., 2020) y el Índice Q adaptado por Jordá-Bordehore (2017). Ambas clasificaciones fueron aplicadas para estudiar particularmente un sector de la caverna Arenal, dejando el resto del sistema cavernario para próximos estudios en la medida que sea requerido por el Ministerio de las Culturas de la provincia del Neuquén. La resultante sectorización del tramo estudiado fue caracterizada en función de estas clasificaciones, o...

This paper explores the intertwined effects of authoritarian education, psychological trauma, and deterministic policies in Florida. It critically examines the societal and economic implications of these factors, particularly in the context of Florida's role in global trade. Additionally, the paper draws on historical eugenics practices in Latin America to propose potential strategies for mitigating the ongoing crisis in Florida. A comprehensive approach prioritizing psychological health, individuality, and community engagement is advocated to address these complex challenges.

Rain is one of the elements that make up the climate. Rainfall in an area can be influenced by many factors. The rainfall data at a point in the rain station only represents the area at that point. Interpolation is done to present the rainfall data so that it can be easily understood. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of the spatial distribution of rain in Jember Regency using the Thiessen Polygon and Inverse Distance Weigthed (IDW) methods and to determine the best method between the two. The data used in this study are the annual average rainfall data that has been obtained Perusahaan Daerah Perkebunan (PDP) Kahyangan Jember, Dinas PUPR Sumber Daya Air, and PTPN XII. Data processing is carried out using the ArcGIS program, and then a rainfall distribution map is made. The RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) calculation was carried out using the IDW method using 5 power levels, namely 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The results of calculations using the Thiessen polygon method produce a characteristic distribution of rainfall in which the rainfall decreases with the area moving south towards the coast. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method shows diversity with the lowest value being 94.71 mm and the highest being 406.92 mm per year. The power value 4 shows the RMSE calculation result of 0.00026 which is the lowest value.

In order to prevent and to reduce environmental problem such as exhaustion of natural resources and carbon dioxide emission, research and developments for much smaller electric motor size, lighter in weight with at the same time keeping similar power density have been actively carried out to be applied for EV/HEV recently. Thus much smaller EV/HEV drive system can be developed with less cost and high fuel consumption. As a challenge in this research, a single-phase E-Core HEFSM is proposed as one of suitable candidate to be applied for small EV/HEV applications such as Honda Jazz, Nissan Leaf and Toyota Prius. The advantages of employing singlephase motor in real EV/HEV drive system are much simpler converter size, smaller battery package due to small voltage capacity when compared with the three-phase system. Consequently, the size of EV/HEV configuration system will also be reduced resulting in reducing vehicles weight and cost. Preliminary study on performance of single phase E-Core HEFSM including armature coil test, flux enhancing, flux distribution and torque are analyzed based on 2D-FEA for various rotor pole topologies. The initial performance 4S-10P topology has achieved 64% more than the target torque, while the power achieved is approximately 63% of the target power. The machine weight to be designed is less than 30kg resulting in that the proposed single phase E-Core HEFSM promises to attain the target maximum torque and power density.

This paper deals with two fundamental aspects for the seismic vulnerability assessment of buildings at the urban scale. Firstly, an automatic procedure for simulated design of Reinforced Concrete buildings is described. It allows to rapidly identify, re-design and analyse the RC buildings belonging to the same class. The basic parameters to be input in the automatic procedure should be representative of real building features at the territorial scale. Generally, in order to enhance the knowledge of the constructions at the territorial level, building inventory is required. Also the problems inherent to building inventory are discussed and a new approach for field survey is proposed.

Reduction of leakage from the shaft–radial lip seal conjunction is critical in ensuring enduring performance of entire lubrication system. This paper investigates leakage from three types of shaft surfaces, finished using different manufacturing processes. The measurement of surface topography is conducted in order to determine the pertinent roughness parameters which correspond to the observed sealing performance in real practical applications. It is found that the skewness of the surface topography correlates well with the anecdotal leakage failure rate. To quantify this association, a hydrodynamic model, accounting for shaft roughness in a deterministic manner is developed. The results from the numerical analyses confirm that the lubricant mass flow rate is reduced in the case of negatively skewed surface height distributions, when compared with the positively skewed profiles.

In order to prevent and to reduce environmental problem such as exhaustion of natural resources and carbon dioxide emission, research and developments for much smaller electric motor size, lighter in weight with at the same time keeping similar power density have been actively carried out to be applied for EV/HEV recently. Thus much smaller EV/HEV drive system can be developed with less cost and high fuel consumption. As a challenge in this research, a single-phase E-Core HEFSM is proposed as one of suitable candidate to be applied for small EV/HEV applications such as Honda Jazz, Nissan Leaf and Toyota Prius. The advantages of employing singlephase motor in real EV/HEV drive system are much simpler converter size, smaller battery package due to small voltage capacity when compared with the three-phase system. Consequently, the size of EV/HEV configuration system will also be reduced resulting in reducing vehicles weight and cost. Preliminary study on performance of single phase E-Core HEFSM including armature coil test, flux enhancing, flux distribution and torque are analyzed based on 2D-FEA for various rotor pole topologies. The initial performance 4S-10P topology has achieved 64% more than the target torque, while the power achieved is approximately 63% of the target power. The machine weight to be designed is less than 30kg resulting in that the proposed single phase E-Core HEFSM promises to attain the target maximum torque and power density.

In recent years, numerous topologies of single phase and three phase Field Excited Flux-Switching Machine (FEFSM) have been developed for several applications. Comparative study of three types of single-phase low-priced Field Excited Flux-Switching Machine (FEFSM) is presented in this paper. Both the conventional 8S/4P sub-part rotor design and 6S/3P salient rotor design have an overlapped winding arrangements between armature coil and field excitation coil that depicts high copper losses as well as  results in increased size of motor. Additionally, FEFSM with salient structure of the rotor have high flux strength in the stator-core that has much impact on high iron losses. Copper consumption and iron loss being a crucial proportion in total machine losses. Therefore a  novel topology of single phase modular rotor field excited FSM with 8S/6P configuration is proposed, which enable non-overlap arrangement between armature coil and FEC winding that facilitates devaluation i...

In recent years, numerous topologies of single phase and three phase Field Excited Flux-Switching Machine (FEFSM) have been developed for several applications. Comparative study of three types of single-phase low-priced Field Excited Flux-Switching Machine (FEFSM) is presented in this paper. Both the conventional 8S/4P sub-part rotor design and 6S/3P salient rotor design have an overlapped winding arrangements between armature coil and field excitation coil that depicts high copper losses as well as  results in increased size of motor. Additionally, FEFSM with salient structure of the rotor have high flux strength in the stator-core that has much impact on high iron losses. Copper consumption and iron loss being a crucial proportion in total machine losses. Therefore a  novel topology of single phase modular rotor field excited FSM with 8S/6P configuration is proposed, which enable non-overlap arrangement between armature coil and FEC winding that facilitates devaluation i...

V magistrskem delu je predstavljena analiza zgorevanja jedrskega goriva v raziskovalnem reaktorju TRIGA Mark II, ki pod okriljem Instituta Jožef Stefan obratuje že od leta 1966 in igra pomembno vlogo pri razvoju jedrske tehnologije v Sloveniji. V tem času je bilo uporabljenih 300 različnih gorivnih elementov, razvrščenih v 220 polnitvenih shem reaktorske sredice. Z zgorevanjem goriva se zaradi jedrskih reakcij spreminja izotopska sestava goriva. V kolikor želimo določiti končno izotopsko sestavo goriva, moramo natančno poznati obratovalno zgodovino reaktorja. V ta namen smo skonstruirali model obratovalne zgodovine, ki vsebuje spremembe moči reaktorja, polnitvene sheme in meritve presežne reaktivnosti. Razvili smo metodologijo, ki avtomatizirano upošteva celotno zgodovino reaktorja TRIGA in omogoča izračune zgorelosti posameznih gorivnih elementov. Celotno obratovalno zgodovino smo izračunali z deterministično in stohastično metodo. Prva rešuje transportno enačbo nevtronov, medtem k...

In recent years, numerous topologies of single phase and three phase Field Excited Flux-Switching Machine (FEFSM) have been developed for several applications. Comparative study of three types of single-phase low-priced Field Excited Flux-Switching Machine (FEFSM) is presented in this paper. Both the conventional 8S/4P sub-part rotor design and 6S/3P salient rotor design have an overlapped winding arrangements between armature coil and field excitation coil that depicts high copper losses as well as  results in increased size of motor. Additionally, FEFSM with salient structure of the rotor have high flux strength in the stator-core that has much impact on high iron losses. Copper consumption and iron loss being a crucial proportion in total machine losses. Therefore a  novel topology of single phase modular rotor field excited FSM with 8S/6P configuration is proposed, which enable non-overlap arrangement between armature coil and FEC winding that facilitates devaluation i...

Rain is one of the elements that make up the climate. Rainfall in an area can be influenced by many factors. The rainfall data at a point in the rain station only represents the area at that point. Interpolation is done to present the rainfall data so that it can be easily understood. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of the spatial distribution of rain in Jember Regency using the Thiessen Polygon and Inverse Distance Weigthed (IDW) methods and to determine the best method between the two. The data used in this study are the annual average rainfall data that has been obtained Perusahaan Daerah Perkebunan (PDP) Kahyangan Jember, Dinas PUPR Sumber Daya Air, and PTPN XII. Data processing is carried out using the ArcGIS program, and then a rainfall distribution map is made. The RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) calculation was carried out using the IDW method using 5 power levels, namely 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The results of calculations using the Thiessen polygon meth...

In order to prevent and to reduce environmental problem such as exhaustion of natural resources and carbon dioxide emission, research and developments for much smaller electric motor size, lighter in weight with at the same time keeping similar power density have been actively carried out to be applied for EV/HEV recently. Thus much smaller EV/HEV drive system can be developed with less cost and high fuel consumption. As a challenge in this research, a single-phase E-Core HEFSM is proposed as one of suitable candidate to be applied for small EV/HEV applications such as Honda Jazz, Nissan Leaf and Toyota Prius. The advantages of employing singlephase motor in real EV/HEV drive system are much simpler converter size, smaller battery package due to small voltage capacity when compared with the three-phase system. Consequently, the size of EV/HEV configuration system will also be reduced resulting in reducing vehicles weight and cost. Preliminary study on performance of single phase E-Core HEFSM including armature coil test, flux enhancing, flux distribution and torque are analyzed based on 2D-FEA for various rotor pole topologies. The initial performance 4S-10P topology has achieved 64% more than the target torque, while the power achieved is approximately 63% of the target power. The machine weight to be designed is less than 30kg resulting in that the proposed single phase E-Core HEFSM promises to attain the target maximum torque and power density.

Rain is one of the elements that make up the climate. Rainfall in an area can be influenced by many factors. The rainfall data at a point in the rain station only represents the area at that point. Interpolation is done to present the rainfall data so that it can be easily understood. This study was conducted to determine the characteristics of the spatial distribution of rain in Jember Regency using the Thiessen Polygon and Inverse Distance Weigthed (IDW) methods and to determine the best method between the two. The data used in this study are the annual average rainfall data that has been obtained Perusahaan Daerah Perkebunan (PDP) Kahyangan Jember, Dinas PUPR Sumber Daya Air, and PTPN XII. Data processing is carried out using the ArcGIS program, and then a rainfall distribution map is made. The RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) calculation was carried out using the IDW method using 5 power levels, namely 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The results of calculations using the Thiessen polygon meth...

Research and developments on hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)which combined battery based electric motor and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) have been intensively increased since the last decade due to their promising solution that can reduce green house effect and global warming. Several electric motors under serious consideration for HEV propulsion system at present are dc motor, induction motor (IM), interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) and switched reluctance motor (SRM). Although IPMSMs areconsidered to be one of the successful electric motor used in HEVs, several limitations such as distributed armature windings, un-control permanent magnet (PM) flux and higher rotor mechanical stress should be resolved. In this paper, design investigations of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with various slot-pole combinations for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applications are presented. With concentrated armature and field excitation coil (FEC) windings, variable flux capability and robust rotor structure, performances of 6S-4P, 6S-5P, 6S-7P and 6S-8P E-Core HEFSMssuch as flux lines, backemf, cogging torque, flux distribution, instantaneous torque profile and torque versus speed characteristics are analyzed based on 2D Finite Element Analysis (2D-FEA). The initial design E-core HEFSM with 6S-8P topology has achieved the highest torque and power of 106.7Nm and 35.4kW, respectively.Further design improvements and optimizations will be conducted in future to increase their performances.

Permanent magnet (PM) and field excitation coil (FEC) in Hybrid Excitation machine (HEMs) act as a main flux sources which has numerous attractive features compared to interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSM) usually employed in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The advantage of both permanent magnet and field excitation coil located on the stator is robust rotor structure alike with switch reluctance machine (SRM). Furthermore, this machine becoming more attractive because of variable flux control capabilities from FEC, which is appropriate to be applied for high-speed motor drive systems. This HEM can be categorized as hybrid excitation flux switching machine (HEFSM). In this paper, a novel 12Slot-10Pole HEFSM in which the FEC is wounded in radial direction on the stator is proposed for traction drives in HEVs. The design target of maximum torque and power are 303Nm and 123kW, respectively. Moreover, maximum power density of more than 3.5kW/kg is to be achieved, resul...

Research on hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) which combined battery based electric motor and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) have been intensively increased since the last decade due to their promising solution that can reduce global warming. Some examples of electric motors designed for HEV propulsion system at present are dc motor, induction motor (IM), interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) and switched reluctance motor (SRM). Although IPMSMs are considered to be one of the successful electric motor used in HEVs, several limitations such as distributed armature windings, un-control permanent magnet (PM) flux and higher rotor mechanical stress should be resolved. In this paper, design improvement of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applications are presented. With concentrated armature and field excitation coil (FEC) windings, variable flux capability and robust rotor structure, performances of initia...

This paper presents parameter sensitivity study and performance analysis of 12Slot-8Pole three-phase wound field switched-flux machine (WFSFM). The proposed machine consists of 6 armature slots, 6 field-excitation coil (FEC) slots and 8 rotor poles. All active parts such as armature coil and FEC are located on the stator, while the rotor part consists of only single piece iron. This makes the machine becoming more robust and more suitable to be apply for high speed motor drive system applications. The deterministic design optimization approach is used to treat several design parameters defined in rotor, armature and FEC slot area to achieve better results than initial design. 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) is used to study various characteristics of machine. Since the initial design fail to attain the maximum torque and power, therefore the performance of machine is enhanced by refinement of several design parameters. After design refinement, WFSFM has achieved the maximum torque...

Power Flow Tracing (PFT) is known to be the best method in the allocation of charges to users of transmission systems, generators and loads, in a deregulated environment. The optimization approach to PFT produced better results than other methods because it considers the physical power flow results and electrical constraints of the system. A brief review of the optimal power flow concept, PFT techniques, and the deterministic and non-deterministic optimization methods applied to PFT are presented. The paper also highlighted the future trends of hybrid optimization approach to PFT. It is recommended that more research work should be directed on the hybrid optimization methods to solve PFT problems.

This paper offers the first results of a new research study on earthquake-induced pounding between adjacent buildings, and its mitigation. In the first part of the paper the two main strategies adopted for the analysis of kinematic as well as dynamic contact of structural systems, that is, the stereomechanical and the contact force-based approaches, are presented. Attention is then devoted to the variational techniques by which the two approaches are formulated within finite element solutions, represented by the Lagrange multiplier and the penalty methods, respectively. Starting from this theoretical recognition, in the second part of the work the penalty method is implemented in the computational model devised for the dynamic non-linear analysis of pounding between real structures. This model is applied to an actual case study, given by a two-story and a five-story R/C adjacent buildings, for which a mitigation solution based on the installation of fluid-viscous dissipaters across ...

Research and developments on hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)which combined battery based electric motor and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) have been intensively increased since the last decade due to their promising solution that can reduce green house effect and global warming. Several electric motors under serious consideration for HEV propulsion system at present are dc motor, induction motor (IM), interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) and switched reluctance motor (SRM). Although IPMSMs areconsidered to be one of the successful electric motor used in HEVs, several limitations such as distributed armature windings, un-control permanent magnet (PM) flux and higher rotor mechanical stress should be resolved. In this paper, design investigations of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with various slot-pole combinations for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applications are presented. With concentrated armature and field excitation coil (FEC) windings, variable flux capability and robust rotor structure, performances of 6S-4P, 6S-5P, 6S-7P and 6S-8P E-Core HEFSMssuch as flux lines, backemf, cogging torque, flux distribution, instantaneous torque profile and torque versus speed characteristics are analyzed based on 2D Finite Element Analysis (2D-FEA). The initial design E-core HEFSM with 6S-8P topology has achieved the highest torque and power of 106.7Nm and 35.4kW, respectively.Further design improvements and optimizations will be conducted in future to increase their performances.

Automata Theory is an enthralling domain in computer science in which we develop abstract models of the logic or the computation that runs in the background of any machine.DFAs and NFAs play a tremendous role in designing, analyzing the dynamic behavior of these models.Each DFA is an NFA,but each NFA is not a DFA.However each NFA can be translated or made equivalent to a DFA .There are a few methods already available for converting a NFA into its equivalent DFA.Our aim through this paper is to design an efficient algorithm for NFA to DFA conversion in C language.

Regular Expression (RE) is an important notation for specifying patterns. It is a shortened way of writing the regular language from this we can know how a regular language is built. Every Regular expression contains a definite language. This way of describing is known as algebraic description. NFA is also important as it reduces the complexity of mathematical work required. NFA is easier to construct than DFA and it rejects the string whenever all branches refusing string. We require conversion of RE to NFA because to recognize a token. Another way of calling finite automata is token recognition. That's why we need to convert RE to NFA.

The high availability of technological systems like aerospace, defense, petro-chemistry and automobile, is an important goal of earlier recent developments in system design technology knowing that the expensive failure can occur suddenly. To make the classical strategies of maintenance more efficient and to take into account the evolving product state and environment, a new analytic prognostic model is developed as a complement of existent maintenance strategies. This new model is applied to mechanical systems that are subject to fatigue failure under repetitive cyclic loading. Knowing that, the fatigue effects will initiate micro-cracks that can propagate suddenly and lead to failure. This model is based on existing damage laws in fracture mechanics, such as the crack propagation law of Paris-Erdogan beside the damage accumulation law of Palmgren-Miner. From a predefined threshold of degradation, the Remaining Useful Lifetime is estimated by this prognostic model. Damages can be assumed to be accumulated linearly and also nonlinearly, furthermore, the stochastic influence is included. In this work, two main applications are considered: automobile and petrochemical industries.

Research and developments on hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)which combined battery based electric motor and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) have been intensively increased since the last decade due to their promising solution that can reduce green house effect and global warming. Several electric motors under serious consideration for HEV propulsion system at present are dc motor, induction motor (IM), interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) and switched reluctance motor (SRM). Although IPMSMs areconsidered to be one of the successful electric motor used in HEVs, several limitations such as distributed armature windings, un-control permanent magnet (PM) flux and higher rotor mechanical stress should be resolved. In this paper, design investigations of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with various slot-pole combinations for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applications are presented. With concentrated armature and field excitation coil (FEC) windings, variable flux capability and robust rotor structure, performances of 6S-4P, 6S-5P, 6S-7P and 6S-8P E-Core HEFSMssuch as flux lines, backemf, cogging torque, flux distribution, instantaneous torque profile and torque versus speed characteristics are analyzed based on 2D Finite Element Analysis (2D-FEA). The initial design E-core HEFSM with 6S-8P topology has achieved the highest torque and power of 106.7Nm and 35.4kW, respectively.Further design improvements and optimizations will be conducted in future to increase their performances.