Depositional Environments

This study intends to investigate the fluvial-geomorphic change and erosion-accretion processes of two significant rivers. The 2149 km2 research area's overall erosion and accretion were depicted using multi-temporal Landsat images and NDWI, MNDWI methods to measure and investigate change. However, focus has been placed on four unique sections that are prone to erosion, and the bank migration of the section has been measured in order to depict the actual state of erosion. The Padma-

This work provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of energy resources of African countries on the basis of the geological structure of sedimentary basins of the region. The countries have been categorized by the amount of hydrocarbon production, as well as by the resource potential on the basis of numerous literature sources. The largest countries, in terms of production and reserves, are compared with the main oil and gas basins where the producing fields are located and the main hydrocarbon reserves have been explored. In the context of the transition to renewable energy sources, this work considers African countries with high geothermal potentials. Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, and Zambia are capable of meeting the demand for electricity and heat. Various directions of application of geothermal heat depending on the temperature of the coolant are considered. This work provides examples of successful application of modern digital technologies to identify promising sites for further research and operation.

The reservoir characterization of the Yolde Formation was conducted to assess the hydrocarbon potential of the Kolmani field in the Gongola Basin, Upper Benue Trough. This evaluation utilized Pressure, Temperature, PVT, mobility, and well log data. Data from repeated formation testers (RFT), modular formation testers (MDT), PVT laboratory results, and well logs were analyzed to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the Yolde Formation reservoir. The pressure data and PVT analysis revealed the presence of gas and water in the Yolde Formation at depths of 6916 ft and 6997 ft, respectively. This led to the identification of the gas-water contact at 6997 ft. Further analysis of the gas type using PVT analysis and the Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equation of state (EOS) model indicated that 80% of the gas in the reservoir was condensate gas. Temperature data ranged from 104 to 270 °F at the bottom hole and 109 °F to 281 °F in the formation. The calculated geothermal gradients of 0.0228 deg F/ft (52.49 °C/Km) and 0.0234 deg F/ft (42.62 °C/Km) suggested favorable conditions for gas reservoirs and hydrocarbon generation. The highest fluid mobility was observed at depths of 6916 ft, 7116.5 ft, and 7186.9 ft, indicating the presence of gas. The gamma ray log and resistivity log of the Kowell-1 well characterized the Yolde Formation as a substantial system of thin to medium sand/shale laminae. This research provides valuable insights into the hydrocarbon potential of the area, supporting future exploration and development efforts.

This paper presents examples of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data from two study sites in southeastern Florida where karstic Pleistocene platform carbonates that comprise the unconfined Biscayne aquifer were imaged. Important features shown on resultant GPR profiles include: (1) upward and lateral qualitative interpretative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity; (2) paleotopographic relief on karstic subaerial exposure surfaces; and (3) vertical stacking of chronostratigraphic high-frequency cycles (HFCs). These characteristics were verified by comparison to rock properties observed and measured in core samples, and identified in digital optical borehole images. Results demonstrate that an empirical relation exists between measured whole-core porosity and hydraulic conductivity, observed porosity on digital optical borehole images, formation conductivity, and GPR reflection amplitudes-as porosity and hydraulic conductivity determined from core and borehole images increases, formation conductivity increases, and GPR reflection amplitude decreases. This relation allows for qualitative interpretation of the vertical and lateral distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within HFCs. Two subtidal HFCs in the uppermost Biscayne aquifer have significantly unique populations of whole-core porosity values and vertical hydraulic conductivity values. Porosity measurements from one cycle has a median value about two to three times greater than the values from the other HFC, and median values of vertical hydraulicconductivity about three orders of magnitude higher than the other HFC. The HFC with the higher porosity and hydraulic conductivity values is shown as a discrete package of relatively low-amplitude reflections, whereas the HFC characterized by lower porosity and hydraulic-conductivity measurements is expressed by higher amplitude reflections. Porosity and hydraulicconductivity values measured from whole-core samples, and vuggy porosity identified on digital borehole images from shallowing-upward, peritidal HFCs show that the highest porosity occurs at the base of the cycles, moderate porosity at the middle of the cycles, and lowest porosity occurs at the top of cycles. Hydraulic conductivity is also highest at the base of the peritidal cycles and lowest in the middle to upper parts of cycles. This change in porosity and hydraulic conductivity from bottom to top is visible as an upward variation in reflection amplitude on GPR profiles-lowest amplitudes at the base and highest at the cycle tops. This study demonstrates that GPR can be used to show the qualitative distribution of porosity and hydraulic conductivity within a cycle-stratigraphic framework composed of carbonate HFCs. The distribution of porosity and

Limestone as a sedimentary rock is composed predominantly of carbonates of calcium (CaCO3) known as calcite. The primary source of the calcite in limestone is commonly shelly marine organisms which settle out of the water and are deposited on ocean floors as pelagic ooze or alternatively in a coral reef. Based on colour and facies, eight samples were collected from the Sagamu quarry, were pulverized, pelletized to 13mm and were analyzed with PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) using 2.5 Mev proton beam issued from the Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) facility of the 1.7MV Tandem accelerator. The Lagos end of the Sagamu quarry is calcium rich compared to the Sagamu end with mean percentage concentration of 53.38±0.09 and 48.28±0.09 respectively. The overall mean percentage calcium content of the limestone in the Sagamu quarry is 48.84±0.09. The Sagamu end is silica rich compared to Lagos end with mean percentage silica of 0.26±0.05 and 0.10±0.02 respectively which suggests that the Sagamu end contains more arenaceous materials than the Lagos end. The limestone in the Sagamu quarry has a high CaO content (48.84%) when compared to that of Ewekoro quarry (about 46.01%). The result shows that the CaO content of Sagamu quarry falls below the 56% CaO content recommendation for cement production. However, the differences are not significant, can be augmented, and therefore the resources are acceptable for use in cement production.

Thirty (30) outcrop samples from a section at Gamawa area, Gongola basin, Northern Benue trough were palynologically analyzed to determine age, and paleo-depositional conditions of the strata. Lithological the section is composed of silts, clays and sandstone intercalations at the base followed by coaly shales and bioturbated silty to fine-grained sandstones at the top. Samples were treated with Hydrochloric and Hydrofluoric acids to remove carbonates and silicates respectively and slides were prepared using standard techniques. A total of 1250 palynomorph specimens were recovered. A palynological age of Upper Maastrichtian was assigned to this interval best on the assemblage of Maastrichtian diagnostic marker species of Longapertites marginatus, Proxaperties operculatus, Spinizonocolpites Baculatus, Monocolpites marginatus especially by the abundance of Pollen Spinizonocolpites Baculatus. Based on the low palynomorph marine index and dominating presence of Palme group species, especially the Spinizonocolpites Species the study suggested a paleodepositional condition of a mangrove forest with evidence of tidal dominated estuarine conditions in mostly brackish water and a temperate climate.

REZIME U ovoj studiji je predstavljena procjena ekološkog stanja crnogorskog primorja na osnovu prisustva mikroplastike u barbunu (Mullus barbatus), osliću (Merluccius merluccius), dagnjama (Mitilus galloprovincialis) i u površinskim sedimentima. Učestalost ingestije mikroplastike je bila 58.6 % za barbun, 54 % za oslić i 53.3 % za dagnje. Prosječna zastupljenost mikroplastke u površinskim sedimentima sa crnogorskog primorja iznosila je 410.5 ± 44.7 MPs/kg suvog sedimenta. Filamenti, plave boje bili su najzastupljeniji oblici mikroplastike u ribama, školjkama i površinskim sedimentima, dok su polipropilen i polietilen bili najzastupljeniji polimeri. U poređenju sa istraživanjima širom svijeta, crnogorsko primorje je umjereno do visoko zagađeno mikroplastikom, u zavisnosti od ispitivane lokacije i ispitivanih uzoraka. KLJUČNE REČI: mikroplastika, crnogorsko primorije, ribe, školjke, sediment ASSSESSMENT OF MICROPLASTICS IN THE BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENT OF THE MONTENEGRO COAST ABSTRACT This study presents an assessment of the ecological state of the Montenegrin coast based on the presence of microplastics in mullet (Mullus barbatus), hake (Merluccius merluccius), mussels (Mitilus galloprovincialis) and in surface sediments. The frequency of microplastic ingestion was 58.6% for mullet, 54% for hake and 53.3% for mussels. The average amount of microplastics in surface sediments from the Montenegrin coast was 410.5 ± 44.7 MPs/kg of dry sediment. Filaments, blue in color, were the most abundant forms of microplastics in fish, mussels and surface sediments, while polypropylene and polyethylene were the most abundant polymers. Compared to research around the world, the Montenegrin coast is moderately to highly polluted with microplastics, depending on the investigated location and the examined samples.

The depositional environments and bivalve assemblages are determined for the Upper Cretaceous Hinoshima Formation of the Himenoura Group, Kamishima, Amakusa Islands, Kyushu, Japan. The Hinoshima Formation is characterized by a thick transgressive succession that varies from incisedvalley-fill deposits to submarine slope deposits with high aggradation rates of depositional systems. The incised valley is filled with fluvial, bayhead delta, brackish-water estuary, and marine embayment deposits, and is overlain by thick slope deposits. Shallow marine bivalves are grouped into five fossil assemblages according to species composition: Glycymeris amakusensis (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Nippononectes tamurai (foreset beds of a bayhead delta), Ezonuculana mactraeformis-Nucula formosa (central bay), Glycymeris amakusensis-Apiotrigonia minor (slope), and Inoceramus higoensis-Parvamussium yubarensis (slope). These bivalve assemblages all represent autochthonous and parautochthonous conditions except for a Glycymeris amakusensis-Apiotrigonia minor assemblage found in debris flow and slump deposits. The life habitats of these bivalves and the compositions of the assemblages are discussed in terms of the ecological history of fossil bivalves of the mid-to Late Cretaceous.

Sažetak "Burano" facijes rasprostire se na širem području Jadranskog bazena (Hrvatska i Italija), a sastavljen je od gornjotrijaskih sedimenata, karničko-noričkog evaporitnog člana i retskog dolomitnog člana. S obzirom na puno veći broj istražnih bušotina na talijanskoj strani Jadrana, ovaj facijes je detaljnije opisan u susjednom dijelu bazena. Iako je ugljikovodični potencijal "Burano" facijesa kao matične stijene na hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog bazena dokazan još 1988. godine, bušenjem istražne bušotine Vlasta-1 do danas je ostalo nerazjašnjeno njegovo rasprostiranje i maksimalni potencijal u naftno-geološkom kontekstu. Stoga se postavlja logično pitanje-da li je "Burano" facijes ključni element za uspjeh u istraživanju ugljikovodičnog potencijala srednjeg i južnog Jadrana? Kao odgovor na pitanje, cilj ovog rada je prikazati rasprostiranje "Burano" facijesa, njegove sedimentološke i geokemijske karakteristike te konceptualni model u području Jadranskog bazena, kao podlogu za naredni istraživački ciklus.

Serviço Geológico do Brasil -CPRM RESUMO: O presente trabalho revela a descoberta de paleotoca escavada por vertebrados de idade pleistocênica no entorno da vila de Vista Alegre do Abunã, Rondônia, Brasil. Representa um complexo sistema de túneis horizontais interconectados, bifurcados continuamente, exibindo um alto grau de preservação, repetindo sempre uma morfologia bem definida, característica e diagnóstica das paleotocas, com forma circular a semicircular observável ao longo dos túneis, onde a largura das seções geralmente é superior a 1m podendo atingir até 2,20m (em média, 1,5m); o teto é fortemente côncavo, feição igualmente observável nas paredes laterais, frequentemente superando uma altura de 3m (em média 2,0m). A extensão longitudinal mapeada é superior a 600m, somadas todas as suas ramificações, constituindo-se em uma das maiores estruturas elaboradas por animais já identificadas no continente americano. Trata-se da primeira paleotoca identificada na região amazônica, estando implantada em sedimentos laterizados, parcialmente ferruginizados, ocupando um relevo de colinas e morros tabulares, cobertos por vegetação tropical localmente preservada. Notabiliza-se pela acessibilidade plena de todos seus segmentos, sem preenchimentos por sedimentos, embora ocorram desabamentos localizados, bloqueando a passagem em pontos específicos. O formato semicircular, associado às dimensões observadas, bem como a semelhança com estruturas semelhantes caracterizadas na região sul do Brasil, permitiram identificá-la como escavada por animais extintos, tais como preguiças ou tatus gigantes. O fator decisivo para associá-la as preguiças foram as marcas de garras subverticais representadas por sulcos subparalelos, evidenciados em algumas paredes e mais raramente no teto dos túneis; entretanto, não constitui uma feição muito frequente dado a natureza da unidade geológica e do desabamento parcial do teto. Embora ainda não tenham sido encontrados vestígios fósseis no interior da paleotoca, fragmentos de preguiça são bastante comuns em paleoaluviões do rio Madeira, situado nas proximidades. A necessidade de túneis tão extensos não parece estar associada à proteção contra eventuais predadores, mas a um abrigo contra os rigores paleoclimáticos dominantes na região há pelo menos 10.000 anos, representado por um clima seco e possivelmente mais frio. Considerando a extinção da megafauna, entre elas as preguiças gigantes, ao limite pleistoceno superior-holoceno, a idade da paleotoca deve ser anterior há 10.000 anos. Estimativas do volume escavado superam a 1.800 m 3 , sugerindo que gerações sucessivas de preguiças gigantes foram responsáveis pela lenta escavação da paleotoca, metro após metro, demandando um longo período de tempo. Aparentemente, esta paleotoca é maior do que foi originalmente escavada, devido à percolação de água infiltrada (dutos verticais no teto), favorecido pelo clima amazônico, erodindo o piso dos túneis, transportando sedimentos e provocando desabamentos parciais do teto e das paredes, notadamente na estação chuvosa, quando a água flui no interior da caverna. Uma pesquisa mais detalhada deverá ser objeto de trabalhos de campo futuros, visando à identificação de acessos alternativos a paleotoca descoberta, bem como buscar novas estruturas cavernosas na região, considerando condições morfológicas favoráveis (relevo colinoso tabular) e ambiência geológica adequada (sedimentos lateritizados).

This study presents an assessment of the phosphate resource in the eastern Dahomey basin using 3D lithoconstrained gravity inversion. The inversion results identified notable density anomalies within the Oshosun formation, primarily in the vicinity of Ifo and Faleke towns. To validate the association of these anomalies with phosphate-bearing rocks, three exploration pits were dug in the Ifo area, reaching depths of 9-10 m. Subsequent investigations confirmed that the density anomalies corresponded to two phosphatic shale beds, ranging in thickness from 0.6 to 1 meter, exhibiting an average phosphorus concentration of 32 percent. Estimation of the phosphate resource within the Ifo area employed a comprehensive approach integrating geochemical data derived from phosphatic shale analysis, net to gross ratios obtained from the exploratory pits, and mass and volume calculations from the 3D density model of the phosphatic shales. The resulting estimate for the phosphate resource in the Ifo area amounted to approximately 4.3 million tonnes. Disappointingly, the estimated phosphate resources in Ifo town amounted to a mere 119 tonnes per acre, falling significantly below the requirement for large-scale mining to be considered economically viable. Nonetheless, these study findings hold potential value for local artisanal miners, who may engage in small-scale phosphate mining in Ifo town to produce localized fertilizers. Further investigations and exploration are encouraged to enhance understanding of the phosphate resources in the region and explore potential applications for sustainable local development.

This field report presents a detailed stratigraphic and lithological study of the Salt Range, focusing on key sections such as Khewra Gorge and Zaluch Nala. The report covers both the Precambrian and Cambrian sequences, including major formations like the Salt Range Formation, Khewra Sandstone, Khussak Formation, Jutana Formation, and Baghanwalan Formation. Additionally, the Makarwal and Cherat Groups, along with the Nilawahan Group, are discussed with emphasis on their lithology, fossil content, depositional environments, and contacts. Observations were based on extensive fieldwork, aiming to enhance the understanding of the geological evolution of this important region of Pakistan.

This study focuses on depositional signatures within a Pleistocene oolite on north Andros Island, Bahamas. Andros Island, approximately 225km by 81km, is the largest island in the Bahamas and is located on the eastern margin of Great Bahama Bank. Though a paleosol, strictly defined, was not encountered, cores retrieved from north Andros show some features of soil development; however, these cores are more representative of a "caliche-facies" than a paleosol horizon. All samples were recovered for both megascopic examination and petrographic analysis. Rock microfabrics were compared to those of modern oolitic sediments from Joulters Cays ooid shoal complex. Joulters is a shallow bank-margin environment north of Andros Island and is considered a modern analogue of Pleistocene north Andros Island. Based on megascopic and petrographic analyses, it is evident that the Pleistocene oolite of north Andros Island was once a shallow-marine ooid shoal complex, similar in geometry and setting to Joulters. However, the Andros shoal has been subjected to prolonged exposure and significant diagenesis since the last highstand of sea level (ca. 125.000 BP). A successive global drop in sea level has exposed sediments and rocks of north Andros to vadose and phreatic conditions (freshwater and marine). As a result, diagenetic characteristics are seen superimposed on one another in north Andros rocks, effectively "masking" other textures of the rocks. By "unmasking" some of these diagenetic characteristics, evolution of north Andros oolites can be explained through a predictable series of diagenetic events (diagenetic environments). Therefore, primary depositional characteristics, as well as secondary diagenetic features, including caliche development, provide the necessary information required to construct a depositional and diagenetic model. This model is based on the relationship between subenvironments of deposition and successive diagenetic signatures. Specifically, the extent to which subenvironments control diagenesis is critical to understanding porosity development and cementation within the Pleistocene oolite.

Considering great demands for the energy as inside also outside Kosovo, it is very necessary to open the mine of Sibovc for coal exploitation, for existing thermo-plants, as well as for those which will be built in future in order to have a stable economic development. The exploitation of the coal in surface mines especially in our mines it is a problem that requires professional and scientific approach, since not recognizing this problem often has resulted with sequences in the term of material. In this context, thankfully to the technological revolution, today is possible to use a range of methods for the slope stability calculations. We use these methods, too, mainly for the purpose of defining geotechnical safety at the border slope systems as well as at the advance slope systems Taking into account all geological – engineering data, including tectonic movements, surface and underground water, seismic factors etc. Today there are a lot of contemporary approaches, development and...

The study area lies within latitude N 07 to N 07 and longitude E 006’20” to E 006’45” on Ankpa Topographic Map Sheet 248NW. Biostratigraphic investigation was carried out by subjecting outcrop samples to palynological studies with view of determining the relative geologic age and paleoenvironment of deposition of the sediments. Thirty two outcrop samples from Odagbo Coal Mine were analyzed for both lithologic and palynomorph contents. Palynologic sample preparation went through sample digestion, floatation and mounting on glass slides in order to determine palynomorph contents such as pollen, spore, dinoflagellate, foraminifera lining and algae present. The samples were subjected to lithologic description through the observation of textural parameters and other important features to determine type of lithology and various units present in the sequence. Result of this study shows that the lithologic unit comprises of coal, dark to grey shale, sandstone, siltstone and mudstone. The heterolithic shales and siltstones yielded some well preserved palynomorphs consisting of angiospermous pollen and pteridophytic spores. Recovered angiosperms include among others Monocolpites, Echitriporites, and Psilatricolpites while Laevigatosporites, Longapertites and Funga spores constitute the spores. Also from Micropaleontological analysis, Ammobaculites spp., Saccammina spp., and Arenaceous indeterminate were recovered. The abundant occurrence of land derived palynomorphs suggest deposition of these sediments in a predominantly marine environment. Based on the recovered marker species and palynomorph assemblage, a Campanian to Maastrichtian age is suggested for these sediments.
Keywords: Biostratigraphic; Paleoenvironment; Marker Species; Odagbo; Anambra Basin

This study intends to investigate the fluvial-geomorphic change and erosion-accretion processes of two significant rivers. The 2149 km2 research area's overall erosion and accretion were depicted using multi-temporal Landsat images and NDWI, MNDWI methods to measure and investigate change. However, focus has been placed on four unique sections that are prone to erosion, and the bank migration of the section has been measured in order to depict the actual state of erosion. The Padma-

Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e caracterizar as formas e os processos fluviais dominantes associados ao padrão de canal meandrante no vale aluvial do baixo curso do rio do Peixe, estado de São Paulo. As interpretações geomorfológicas foram baseadas em imagens orbitais, fotografias de sobrevoo, dados hidrológicos e levantamentos em campo. No vale aluvial do baixo curso do rio do Peixe foram caracterizadas unidades de terraços, planície de inundação e canais, ordenados como 1º táxon. Nessas unidades encontram-se sub-unidades denominadas de unidades geomórficas, como por exemplo, na planície de inundação ocorrem paleocanais, lagos em ferradura e bacias de inundação, estas últimas, portanto ordenadas como 2 º táxon. Também foram descritos como de 2 º táxon a faixa de meandros, leque de espraiamento e leque aluvial. Na unidade do canal destacam-se as barras fluviais, principalmente, as barras em pontal, características dos rios meandrantes, além de barras centrais e laterais...

RESUMO: Relativo à tectônica dos eventos precursores da gênese do Oceano Atlântico central, na Província Parnaíba ocorre a Formação Mosquito, uma sucessão de derrames basálticos com intercalações de camadas sedimentares. Estes depósitos acumularam-se sobre paleobaixos topográficos e seus contatos são erosivos na base e no topo das sucessões sedimentares. No vale do rio Mosquito encontra-se a mais espessa sucessão sedimentar: o Membro Macapá. Este consiste em uma sucessão de arenitos com as associações de fácies de campos de dunas eólicas com depósitos de interduna encharcada, lençóis de areia com fluviais efêmeros e playa siliciclástica. Os pacotes de sucessões sedimentares interderrames isolados e de pouca continuidade são interpretadas como associações de 1) margem de playa lake; 2) lençóis de areia; e 3) campos de dunas eólicas. O nível relativo do lençol freático foi o fator que mais influenciou a sedimentação das unidades interderrames, controlando a disponibilidade sedimentar e a superfície de acumulação. A variação do nível freático foi resultante das variações climáticas e, provavelmente, das condições da taxa de subsidência. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: rochas sedimentares interderrames; análise de fácies; estratigrafia de sistemas desérticos.

The present research has been discussed on the sediment textural characteristics of the coastal beach. Sediment plays a role of document landform formation. Various statistical parameters such as Graphical Mean Grain Size (Mz), Standard Deviation (σ1), Skewness (Sk) and Kurtosis (kG) are used to evacuate the aforesaid concern. The mean grain size (Mz) is being used to find out the dominance grain size. Standard deviation (σ1) shows the sorting nature of soil or sediment. Skewness (Sk) measures the costiveness of skewed and also kurtosis (kG) quantifies the sediments nature are mesokurtic to very leptokurtic. In addition, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used to analyse the environment of deposition. Keyword: Coastal Beach, Mean Grain Size, Standard Deviation, Skewness, Kurtosis, Linear Discriminant Analysis.

The identification of an abrupt facies change between the Monserrate and San Francisco formations allows us to identify a Facies Dislocation on top of the Cretaceous marine sequence of the Neiva sub-basin, due to the uplift of the Central Cordillera and the accretion of tectonic blocks, ...

Este trabalho apresenta resultados complementares aos apresentados por Bertolini, Costa e Lima (2016) sobre a morfoscopia das areias no vale do rio Uruguai, no oeste de Santa Catarina. Trata-se da análise morfoscópica das frações areia grossa, areia média, areia fina e areia muito fina de 11 amostras localizadas no vale do rio Uruguai no trecho fluvial conhecido como Volta Grande, na divisa entre os Estados de Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul. A análise morfoscópica foi feita com auxílio de lupa estereoscópica com aumento de 40 vezes seguindo as classificações de grau de arredondamento e textural superficial de Krumbein (1941) e Bigarella et al (1955), respectivamente. As análises permitiram concluir que o grau de arredondamento das areias é um bom indício para análise da participação fluvial nos depósitos sedimentares de baixa vertente e caracterização dos depósitos de várzea no trecho fluvial da Volta Grande do rio Uruguai.

Se informa sobre nuevos registros de localidades (cuadrículas UTM de 10 x 10 km) de mariposas diurnas en el macizo Cazorla-Segura (Jaén, España). Se incluye un listado de las especies de Rhopalocera confirmadas hasta el momento en dicha zona.

Zbog specifične geomorfologije, složene geološke građe, te uslijed nagle i često neodgovarajuće izgradnje građevina, na području podsljemenske zone grada Zagreba prisutan je problem vezan uz stabilnost padina. Brojna klizišta predstavljaju prijetnju lokalnom stanovništvu i imovini. Na inženjerskogeološke uvjete u podsljemenskoj zoni najveći utjecaj imaju sitnozrnasta tla pleistocenske i gornjomiocenske starosti koja zauzimaju oko 70 % ukupne površine ovog područja. U okviru projekta "Detaljna inženjerskogeološka karta Podsljemenske urbanizirane zone M 1:5000-FAZA I" (skraćeno DIGK-FAZA I) provedena su istraživanja s ciljem utvrđivanja fizičko-mehaničkih svojstava tala u površinskom dijelu cijele podsljemenske zone do maksimalne dubine od 5 m, kao i dubljih profila tala na odabranim lokacijama. Istraživanja su obuhvaćala geomehanička ispitivanja i mineraloške analize. Analizom svih rezultata ispitivanja dobiven je uvid u vrste tala i njihovu relativnu zastupljenost u podsljemenskoj zoni s naglaskom na sitnozrnaste vrste tla te njihove sličnosti i razlike u odnosu na fizička svojstva, litostratigrafsku pripadnost ovisno o pripadnost i mineralni sastav.

Nguyen V. Kyl, Do T. Huni I Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology 2Solilhern Division of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology During the history of plain evolution, geographical landscape had been continuously changed, periods of marine transgression and regression superseded alternatively, since then sediment facies were formed appropriately with its geographical landscape. The change of sediment facies paleography influenced primarily on the formation of aquifer and chemical components of ground water. The southern plain of Vietnam experienced a complicated and long historical evolution. In Quaternary period, the plain was formed mainly by the deltaic sediments from the river system together with marine sediments. Different geological events caused different magnitudes of sea transgression and regression, displaced the shoreline, governed the flow system and produced corresponding changes such as quantitative distribution, characteristic, and forming condition of deltaic porti...

3D numeričkim modelom provedena je numerička analiza dinamike pronosa slane vode u koritu rijeke Neretve na dionici 0+000.0 m - 25+000.0 m. Osim postojećeg stanja korita rijeke analizirane su i hipotetske situacije sa izvedbom jedne brane u profilu 2+000.0 m (velika dubina i mala širina) ili 4+000.0 m (mala dubina i velika širina), te izvedbom 4 brane u profilima 2/4/6/8+000.0. Regulacija podizanja i spuštanja brane vezana je uz srednji izmjereni protok na mjernoj postaji Metković u prethodnom razdoblju od 24 h (QSR-24) ili 6 h (QSR-6). U situacijama QSR-24 > 300 i 350 m3/s, odnosno QSR-6 > 300 m3/s, brana je potpuno spuštena, dok se za manje srednje vrijednosti protoka brana podiže do određene razine (od -2 m do -5 m) kroz jedan sat. Korišten je 3D numerički model Mike 3fm, zasnovan na metodi konačnih volumena. Za kalibraciju numeričkog modela korišteni su izmjereni protoci, razine i salinitet na monitoring postajama u 2018. godini, dok su za validaciju modelskih rezultata ko...

Infralittoral and circalittoral hard bottom communities in the northern part of the Velebit Channel were investigated. The benthos was collected along six transects: three on Prvi} Island ([ilo, Samonjin and Stra`ica) and three facing them along the Velebit mountain coast (Grmac, @rnovnica and Kola). Three benthic biocoenoses were noted: the biocoenosis of photophilic algae, precoralligenous facies and a climax of coralligenous biocoenosis, and the biocoenosis of semi-dark caves. A total of 431 taxa were recorded: 60 taxa of algae and 371 taxa of fauna. Along the three coastal transects under Mt Velebit numerous submarine freshwater springs (vruljas) are present. The results were compared using two statistical methods: the application of the Sørensen index of similarity and cluster analysis. The most topographically and geomorphologically similar transects were [ilo and Samonjin, while Stra`ica and @rnovnica were the most distant.

Sediments from the Kolmani River-1 well in the Gongola Basin, Northern Benue Trough, Nigeria, have been analyzed for palynomorphs from 900 ft to 9140ft. The main lithologies encountered in the well consist of sandstones, sandy shales, mudstones and siltstones. The result of the pollen analysis shows that angiospermous pollens and pteridophyte spores dominate the five palynological Assemblage Zones delineated in the well. Each zone represents a time stratigraphic unit.correlatable to the identified lithostratigraphic units penetrated by the well. The Aquilapollenites minimus Assemblage Zone (Late Maastrichtian) correlates with the Kerri Kerri Formation. The Longapertites marginatus Assemblage Zone (Early Maastrichtian-Late Campanian) correlates with the Gombe Formation. The Dictyophyllidites harrisii Assemblage Zone (Early Santonian), the Syncolporites subtilis Assemblage Zone (Coniacian) and upper part of the Steevesipollenites binodosus Assemblage correlate with the Pindiga Formation while the lower Steevesipollenites binodosus Assemblage Zone (Turonian-Cenomanian) correlates with the Yolde Formation. The absence of the Late Santonian confirms the presence of the Santonian unconformity in the northern Benue Trough. Based on quantitative and qualitative biostratigraphic and sedimentological analyses, the overall depositional environment of the analyzed interval of the well varies from coastal plain/estuarine to open marine.

Tides, both today and in ancient times left distinguishing characteristics that are recognizable. Some of these also help us to measure how long it took for them to be deposited. The time periods demonstrated just don't fit the flood geology interpretation that rocks were deposited very quickly during Noah's flood.

Groundwater contaminated with arsenic (As) threatens the health of more than 140 million people worldwide. Previous studies indicate that geology and sedimentary depositional environments are important factors controlling groundwater As contamination. The Mississippi River delta has broadly similar geology and sedimentary depositional environments to the large deltas in South and Southeast Asia, which are severely affected by geogenic As contamination and therefore may also be vulnerable to groundwater As contamination. In this study, logistic regression is used to develop a probability model based on surface hydrology, soil properties, geology, and sedimentary depositional environments. The model is calibrated using 3286 aggregated and binary-coded groundwater As concentration measurements from Bangladesh and verified using 78 As measurements from south Louisiana. The model's predictions are in good agreement with the known spatial distribution of groundwater As contamination of Bangladesh, and the predictions also indicate high risk of As contamination in shallow groundwater from Holocene sediments of south Louisiana. Furthermore, the model correctly predicted 79% of the existing shallow groundwater As measurements in the study region, indicating good performance of the model in predicting groundwater As contamination in shallow aquifers of south Louisiana.

Este Pequeno Guia de Estruturas Sedimentares foi desenvolvido usando como modelo os guias de campo publicados pelo Field Museum Field Guides . Também as publicações de Nowatzki, 2019 , Nowatzki et alli, 1982 , Nowatzki et alli, 1983 , Nowatzki et alli, 1984  e Thomaz Filho, 1967 , contribuíram para a sua concretização.
O objetivo primordial que norteou a confecção deste guia foi o de proporcionar aos interessados uma primeira aproximação ao estudo das estruturas sedimentares, qual seja, auxiliar na identificação da feição. Portanto, nem sempre há menção sobre os processos de formação e, quando for o caso, da direção e do sentido do fluxo formador, bem como da idade do depósito ou rocha onde foram registradas as estruturas e, consequentemente, seu posicionamento estratigráfico. Estes detalhamentos deverão ser resolvidos à medida que o pesquisador prossiga o seu trabalho.

This study intends to investigate the fluvial-geomorphic change and erosion-accretion processes of two significant rivers. The 2149 km2 research area's overall erosion and accretion were depicted using multi-temporal Landsat images and NDWI, MNDWI methods to measure and investigate change. However, focus has been placed on four unique sections that are prone to erosion, and the bank migration of the section has been measured in order to depict the actual state of erosion. The Padma

En la cordillera oriental de Colombia y el oeste del bloque Maracaibo, las unidades arenosas del paleoceno presentan diferencias composicionales significativas, sugiriendo cambios de régimen tectónico en las áreas de aporte o en las condiciones de acumulación. Entre las unidades del paleoceno inferior hay un cambio en la cantidad de líticos totales que decrece de Usme a Tunja, y vuelve a aumentar significativamente hacia la cuenca del Catatumbo y Cesar (líticos totales entre 20%-50%). Para las unidades del paleoceno superior, en todas las localidades estudiadas, hay un aumento en los contenidos de líticos totales (entre 35%-60%), siendo más significativo en las regiones de Usme, Medina y en la Cuenca de Cesar -Ranchería. El área de aporte para los detritos en Bogotá y Cesar-Ranchería incluye rocas metamórficas y volcánicas (Cordillera central, SNSM). En la zona axial de la cordillera oriental, el aporte detrítico procede del retrabajamiento de una cobertera sedimentaria. En el piedemonte central y zona axial de la cordillera oriental permanece la incógnita en la procedencia de los fragmentos metamórficos, debido a la lejanía de los macizos expuestos, mientras en el Catatumbo los fragmentos metamórficos podrían proceder del Macizo de Santander. La persistencia de los líticos metamórficos en todas las unidades del paleoceno en la zona axial de la cordillera, y como en algunas áreas se mezclan con líticos volcánicos y feldespatos, es un tópico que requiere más estudio (clima, tectónica, volcanismo). Otros métodos adicionales son necesarios para complementar la información existente y llegar a una mejor comprensión de la procedencia de las unidades paleocenas en las zonas estudiadas.

Iz,`adak: ()vaj rad razmatra obalno podrue i podmorje Rx'jekog zaljeva. Recentni reljef u podruju Rijekog zaljeva posljedica je tektonskih pokreta, promjena klime i morske razine tijekom be geolokc proosti, a takoder i egzogenetskih procesa. Klimatske promjene i glacioeustatike oscilacije mora tijekom posljednjih 700 000 godina sruumo su utjecale na promjene reljefa, pa su ueni tragovi starijih morfogenetskih etapa. Na dnu Rijekog zaljeva vjerojatno su bila izolirana jezera na vrhuncu virmske regresije. Kki izvori bili su na kotama znatno m od danagnjih. Sadaji poloj i oblik obala koje okuju Rijeki zaljev, posljedica su ponajprije potapanja kopna poradi holocenske transgresx'je. Rijetki klifovi i uske marinske (erase jasni su pokazatelji mladosti obalnog reljefa. KIjue Morfogeneza, razina mom, klimatske promjene, kvartar, Rijeki zaljev, Jadransko more. MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE RIIEKA BAY: TH E INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC AND GLACIOEUSTATIC CHANGES Abs(met: This paper analyses the coastal and the submarine zones of the Rijeka Bay, part of the Kvarner Channel area in the North Adriatic. The recent relief of the Rijeka Bay area is the result of tectonic movements, climatic and sea level changes, as well as exogenetic processes, occuring during the early geological time. The climatic changes and glacioeustatic sea level oscilations for the past 700 OOfl years have strongly transformed the relief, and have also destroyed the remains of the older morphogenetic phases. Isolated lakes on the bottom of the Rijeka Bay possibly existed at the peak of Wuerm regression. The riverbeds are deeply cut into the bedrock and karst springs were at much lower levels than today. The recent position of the coastal line is a result of the flooding of ancient land areas due to Holocene transgression. The clear indicators of the initial and youthful stage of the coastal relief are the rare cliffs and narrow marine terraces.

Iz,`adak: ()vaj rad razmatra obalno podrue i podmorje Rx'jekog zaljeva. Recentni reljef u podruju Rijekog zaljeva posljedica je tektonskih pokreta, promjena klime i morske razine tijekom be geolokc proosti, a takoder i egzogenetskih procesa. Klimatske promjene i glacioeustatike oscilacije mora tijekom posljednjih 700 000 godina sruumo su utjecale na promjene reljefa, pa su ueni tragovi starijih morfogenetskih etapa. Na dnu Rijekog zaljeva vjerojatno su bila izolirana jezera na vrhuncu virmske regresije. Kki izvori bili su na kotama znatno m od danagnjih. Sadaji poloj i oblik obala koje okuju Rijeki zaljev, posljedica su ponajprije potapanja kopna poradi holocenske transgresx'je. Rijetki klifovi i uske marinske (erase jasni su pokazatelji mladosti obalnog reljefa. KIjue Morfogeneza, razina mom, klimatske promjene, kvartar, Rijeki zaljev, Jadransko more. MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF THE RIIEKA BAY: TH E INFLUENCE OF THE CLIMATIC AND GLACIOEUSTATIC CHANGES Abs(met: This paper analyses the coastal and the submarine zones of the Rijeka Bay, part of the Kvarner Channel area in the North Adriatic. The recent relief of the Rijeka Bay area is the result of tectonic movements, climatic and sea level changes, as well as exogenetic processes, occuring during the early geological time. The climatic changes and glacioeustatic sea level oscilations for the past 700 OOfl years have strongly transformed the relief, and have also destroyed the remains of the older morphogenetic phases. Isolated lakes on the bottom of the Rijeka Bay possibly existed at the peak of Wuerm regression. The riverbeds are deeply cut into the bedrock and karst springs were at much lower levels than today. The recent position of the coastal line is a result of the flooding of ancient land areas due to Holocene transgression. The clear indicators of the initial and youthful stage of the coastal relief are the rare cliffs and narrow marine terraces.

En la cordillera oriental de Colombia y el oeste del bloque Maracaibo, las unidades arenosas del paleoceno presentan diferencias composicionales significativas, sugiriendo cambios de régimen tectónico en las áreas de aporte o en las condiciones de acumulación. Entre las unidades del paleoceno inferior hay un cambio en la cantidad de líticos totales que decrece de Usme a Tunja, y vuelve a aumentar significativamente hacia la cuenca del Catatumbo y Cesar (líticos totales entre 20%-50%). Para las unidades del paleoceno superior, en todas las localidades estudiadas, hay un aumento en los contenidos de líticos totales (entre 35%-60%), siendo más significativo en las regiones de Usme, Medina y en la Cuenca de Cesar -Ranchería. El área de aporte para los detritos en Bogotá y Cesar-Ranchería incluye rocas metamórficas y volcánicas (Cordillera central, SNSM). En la zona axial de la cordillera oriental, el aporte detrítico procede del retrabajamiento de una cobertera sedimentaria. En el piedemonte central y zona axial de la cordillera oriental permanece la incógnita en la procedencia de los fragmentos metamórficos, debido a la lejanía de los macizos expuestos, mientras en el Catatumbo los fragmentos metamórficos podrían proceder del Macizo de Santander. La persistencia de los líticos metamórficos en todas las unidades del paleoceno en la zona axial de la cordillera, y como en algunas áreas se mezclan con líticos volcánicos y feldespatos, es un tópico que requiere más estudio (clima, tectónica, volcanismo). Otros métodos adicionales son necesarios para complementar la información existente y llegar a una mejor comprensión de la procedencia de las unidades paleocenas en las zonas estudiadas.

sediment from Arasalar river mouth (ARM North and ARM South) in Karaikal region of Pondicherry Union territory and Southern part of Tamil Nadu have been carried to using the textural parameters. The samples were processed and sieved following standard procedures. Textural parameter like mean, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis are calculated using standard methods to understand the transportation and the depositional environment of the sediments. Statistical parameters revealed that sediments are dominant in fine sand category, moderately well sorted, fine skewed to near symmetrical and falls under mesokurtic to platykurtic character. Linear discriminate function (LDF) value indicates that sediments deposited under aeolian and shallow agitated water process under Sh Marine and turbidity environment of the basin. CM diagram (C = one percentile in microns, M = medium in microns) of ARMN and ARMS sediments suggests that deposition was dominantly by bottom suspension and rolling.

Khor Eit area is exposed geological units located at about 70 km north of Port-Sudan town along the Red Sea coast of Sudan, it may implement very important role for understanding the rifting process. The overall objective of this study is to investigate the rifting phases and their evidences considering the geological and the structural setting. The methods of investigation include; the satellite imageries of Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel radar images had been directed to identify different lithological units and the major structural patterns. The geological mapping was conducted in helps of remote sensing data and field survey. Structural documentations were conducted during the field survey to identify the important structural elements. The obtained satellite gravity data was processed and manipulated to investigate subsurface geology. In this investigation, Bouguer gravity Anomalies (BA) and the Second Vertical Derivatives (SVD) were conducted for to detect rock density variations and structural alignments. The study concludes that the rifting firstly started with N-S fractures in Maghersum, Khor Eit and Abu Imama formations. The second phase is the subsidence phase after the deposition of Dungonab and upper clastic sediments formations that made the paleo-channel direction change toward the sea.

This report describes the geothermal resources and potential in Hanoi basin followed by the results of heat flow and subsurface temperature studies. The not small size 40 km × 14 km of high heat flow anomaly with values more than 100 mW/m 2 was detected in the southeastern part of the basin. The temperature at depth about 3000 m under this anomaly measured in the oil borehole is reached about 140 0 C-150 0 C. This area is expected to the Pre-feasibility study for energy generation. The geothermic measurements carried out in a large number of the shallow wells in the basin are indicated the stable range of temperature 25-26 0 C from the depth 15-20 m to more than 100 m around year. It is noted that, the Hanoi basin is the biggest energy consumption area in Northern Vietnam. The hot time duration is often more than 8 months in every year with the temperature in the air varied from 30 0 C to 38 0 C, so the use of the ground sources heat pump (GSPH) for air conditioning systems can be expected as a measure for saving of the energy consumption.

Agradeço a Deus pela minha vida, e por ter permitido que esse trabalho acontecesse. À minha mãe pela compreensão, apoio, suporte emocional e incentivo nas minhas decisões e ao longo de todo meu percurso na faculdade como profissional e como pessoa. Ao meu pai por todo o suporte financeiro, profissional e emocional durante minha graduação. Ao meu orientador Maamar El-Robrini pelas oportunidades de trabalho e conhecimento transpassado. Ao Instituto de geociências da UFPA pelas estruturas e oportunidades oferecidas. À Agência Nacional de petróleo (ANP) pela cessão dos testemunhos utilizados neste trabalho. À toda equipe de professores que compõe o corpo de professores da Faculdade de Oceanografia da UFPA por todo o conhecimento transferido. Aos meus amigos de laboratório, Rodrigo, Taynan e Marcus pelos momentos de descontração e companheirismo. Aos meus amigos Augusto pelas discussões sempre proveitosas e pela ajuda nas análises e Paulo Vitor por toda a ajuda e sugestões referentes ao trabalho. À Pamela Lima pela ajuda imprescindível na formatação do texto, assim como pela compreensão e trocas de ideia nos momentos difíceis. À todos meus amigos que me incentivaram a continuar perseverante nos piores momentos. vi RESUMO O trabalho objetiva analisar as principais características dos sedimentos do talude continental superior, no limite dos estados do Pará e Maranhão. Foram analisados dois testemunhos do tipo piston corer, obtendo-se dados de teores de carbonato, de matéria orgânica, parâmetros granulométricos, além de perfis estratigráficos. Os resultados mostram sedimentos lamosos, dominados pela fração silte (69% no testemunho T61 e 89% no testemunho T62), com menores valores de argila (23% no testemunho T61 e 10% no testemunho T62) e areia (8% no testemunho T61 e 6% no testemunho T62). Os valores de carbonato apresentaram média de 30% no testemunho T61, e 6% no testemunho T62. Já teores de matéria orgânica variaram de 0% a 90% no T61 e de 1% a 40% no T62. Os teores de carbonato e lama possibilitaram a obtenção de três fácies distintas. A análise possibilitou inferir que os sedimentos do talude continental do Pará-Maranhão foram submetidos à hidrodinâmica relativamente alta, de origem continental, podendo ser provenientes tanto da bacia Amazônia quanto dos rios adjacentes.

TEMELJNA DOKUMENTACIJSKA KARTICA Sveučilište u Zagrebu Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet Geološki odsjek Diplomski rad MARINSKE MIOCENSKE NASLAGE NA LOKALITETU DUBRAVICA OKRETIŠTE (JUGOZAPADNA MEDVEDNICA) MARTA GJIRLIĆ Rad je izrađen u Geološko-paleontološkom zavodu Geološkog odsjeka PMF-a, Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb. Sažetak: Na jugozapadnom obodu Medvednice, pokraj okretišta Dubravica, istraživani su glinoviti vapnenci. U njima je nađena bogata morska mikrofauna, među kojom se ističu foraminifere, ostrakodi, školjkaši, puževi, skafopodi, spikule spužvi, bodlje ježinaca, mahovnjaci, otoliti i drugi riblji ostaci. Okoliš taloženja određen je kao srednji šelf, najvjerojatnije oko 50-ak m dubine. Gledajući očuvanost fosilnih jedinki utvrđeno je da je došlo do miješanja plitkomorske i dubokomorske faune, moguće za vrijeme jačih oluja. Starost naslaga ustanovljena je kao baden.

Ao prof. Dr. Joel Pellerin pelo aprendizado proporcionado durante a orientação deste trabalho. Ao prof. Dr. Marcelo A. T. de Oliveira, pela disponibilidade em participar como coorientador. Ao CNPq pela concessão de bolsa para realização do curso de mestrado. Às prof5. Dra. Gerusa M. Duarte e Dra. Sandra M. de A. Furtado pela primeira avaliação deste trabalho, durante o seminário de Qualificação. À coordenação do curso de pós-graduação em Geografia, pela competência administrativa. Ao prof. Luiz A. Paulino e ao geógrafo José Henrique Vilela, do Laboratório de Geoprocessamento, pelos ensinamentos e "dicas" durante a digitalização e edição dos mapas. Ao prof. Ms. João C. da R. G ré, pelo uso do Laboratório de Sedimentologia-UFSC. À p ro f. Dra. Angela Beltrame, pelo uso do Laboratório de Pedologia da UFSC. Aos prof. Dr. Luiz F. Scheibe e Ms. Maria Dolores Buss, pelos vários documentos emprestados do Laboratório de Análise Ambiental. À FATMA pelo empréstimo da "Estação Total", em especial ao geógrafo João L. Godinho pela boa vontade no levantamento topográfico dos perfis transversais. À minha equipe de trabalho, pela presença constante em todas as etapas deste trabalho, obrigado pelo apoio, boa vontade, profissionalismo e amizade. Aos colegas Gislene e Júlio César pelas inúmeras reflexões sobre ciência e sobre Geografia. Aos amigos Alexandre, Nice, Paulinha, Ruy Fernando e Jairo pela agradável convivência. Aos amigos do Departamento de Geociências da UFSM, pelo incentivo inicial em realizar este curso. Aos meus familiares, pelo apoio e compreensão durante minha ausência.

O Gráben Moirão localiza-se próximo às localidades de Canguçu, Amaral Ferrador,Encruzilhada do Sul e Santana da Boa Vista. Possui 25 km de largura (eixo NW) e 45 km de comprimento (eixo NE), sendo limitado por falhas de orientação nordeste-sudoeste, que colocam em contato os litodemas do embasamento com as unidades gonduânicas da bacia do Paraná. Como identificar estruturas de deformação em sedimentos inconsolidados (EDSI) e associa-las a sismitos? Como utilizar sismitos como chave de correlação?

Na regiao de Manaus afloram as unidades sedimentares Novo Remanso (Mioceno Medio) e Alter do Chao (Cretaceo / Paleoceno – Mioceno). Nesta ultima ocorrem corpos silicificados, atualmente denominados de Arenito Manaus. Os poucos trabalhos que abordaram a origem e distribuicao destes corpos se baseiam apenas na descricao petrografica, sem reconhecer microestruturas pedologicas e/ou de silcretes, nem levantamento sistematico de amostras. Com o intuito de compreender a genese, os processos envolvidos, os estagios diageneticos e a distribuicao dos corpos silicificados aflorantes nos arredores de Manaus, este trabalho caracterizou sua macromorfologia, micromorfologia, petrografia e quimica. Foram encontrados 13 afloramentos, todos em margens de rios, com extensao lateral variando entre 98 e 928 m, e espessura de ate 3,0 m. Foram caracterizadas nove facies sedimentares nos locais estudados, associadas a um sistema fluvial entrelacado: Cm, Aa, Ap, At, Al, Am, Afb, Pm e Pb. As silicificacoes ...