Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)

The main goals of the new generation of Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems is to increase the public safety trying to achieve the accident-free milestone, increase traffic efficiency and lower the carbon emissions for a cleaner environment, improve traffic flow in intersections and on the highways, more efficient parking system, improve fuel efficiency and ultimately enabling self-driving vehicles. Due to multiple research and standardization institutions in Europe and US, two different technologies have emerged, namely C-ITS (Europe -ITS-G5) and DSRC (US -WAVE) based on 802.11p. Both are fully standardized, tested and ready for mass deployment. As the science evolves at an always accelerating pace, a new technology, C-V2X (LTE/Cellular based V2X) is being developed and it started taking the spotlight from already mature and well tested technologies but with less convergence towards 5G. The foundation for connected and automated cars is an optimal technology that is scalable and can evolve in the years to come. C-V2X allows its users to communicate leveraging the existing LTE infrastructure and in future, the 5G mobile network. In this paper we will make a brief introduction on existing technologies, we will present and analyze the standardization landscape and the capabilities of existing technologies. Furthermore, we discuss the proposals for spectrum harmonization followed by pros and cons of legacy and new V2X technologies highlighting the pressure of different automotive and industry associations on steering the development and deployment of these V2X communication systems.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) rely on heterogeneous sensor data, including cameras, LiDAR, radar, and GPS, for perception and navigation. Despite the high accuracy of deep learning models, their lack of interpretability poses safety and regulatory challenges. Explainable AI (XAI) frameworks integrated with multi-modal data provide transparent, interpretable, and accountable decisions in real-time AV systems. This paper presents a comprehensive study of explainable multi-modal AI frameworks, focusing on sensor fusion, attention-driven interpretability, adaptive decision-making pipelines, and real-time deployment strategies. Experiments on benchmark AV datasets demonstrate that the proposed framework improves decision accuracy, reliability, and explainability, facilitating safer autonomous navigation.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to significantly enhance radio resource management (RRM) in sixth-generation (6G) networks. However, the lack of explainability in complex deep learning (DL) models poses a challenge for practical implementation. This paper proposes a novel explainable AI (XAI)based framework for feature selection and model complexity reduction in a model-agnostic manner. Applied to a multi-agent deep reinforcement learning (MADRL) setting, our approach addresses the joint sub-band assignment and power allocation problem in cellular vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications. We propose a novel two-stage systematic explainability framework leveraging feature relevance-oriented XAI to simplify the DRL agents. While the former stage generates a state feature importance ranking of the trained models using Shapley additive explanations (SHAP)-based importance scores, the latter stage exploits these importance-based rankings to simplify the state space of the agents by removing the least important features from the model's input. Simulation results demonstrate that the XAI-assisted methodology achieves ∼97% of the original MADRL sum-rate performance while reducing optimal state features by ∼28%, average training time by ∼11%, and trainable weight parameters by ∼46% in a network with eight vehicular pairs. Index Terms-Explainable AI (XAI), deep reinforcement learning (DRL), vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, shortpacket transmission, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC).

5G promises many new vertical service areas beyond simple communication and data transfer. We propose CPCL (Cooperative Passive Coherent Location) being a distributed MIMO radar service which can be offered by mobile radio network operators as a service for public user groups. CPCL comes as an inherent part of the radio network and takes advantage of the most important key features proposed for 5G. It extends the well-known idea of passive radar (also known as Passive Coherent Location, PCL) by introducing cooperative principles. These range from cooperative, synchronous radio signaling, and MAC up to radar data fusion on sensor and scenario levels. By using both software defined radio and network paradigms, as well as real-time mobile edge computing facilities intended for 5G, CPCL promises to become a ubiquitous radar service which may be adaptive, reconfigurable, and perhaps cognitive. Because CPCL makes double use of radio resources (both, in terms of frequency bands and hardware), it can be considered a green technology. Although we introduce the CPCL idea from the viewpoint of vehicle-to-vehicle/infrastructure (V2X) communication, it can definitely also be applied for many other applications in industry, transport, logistics, and for safety and security applications.

This report describes measurements carried out by members of the NIST Electromagnetics Division to study the wireless environment in automotive manufacturing facilities. Testing was performed at three facilities during 2006 and 2007. We studied an assembly plant, a very crowded environment having auto chassis bodies moving continuously along assembly lines; a metal stamping plant, consisting of large metal-working machinery housed in an older facility; and an engine plant, with a more modern open, assembly-line layout. We conducted three types of tests in each plant: (1) A background ambient spectrum survey where the existing wireless environment in each facility was monitored over a 24-hour period, indicating the current level of radio activity over time at one location on the factory floor. (2) A spectral analysis of the 802.11b WLAN frequency band, providing a detailed view of the existing use of this common frequency band. (3) Reverberant cavity tests where the physical spacing between a source and receiver was varied to investigate the signal-scattering characteristics of the production floor. These last tests provided an indication of the level of direct versus reflected path propagation in the environment. Together, the three sets of tests provided enough information to characterize the propagation environment for many wireless technologies. Background ambient tests of the wireless environment showed signals in expected frequency bands, including broadcast radio and television transmissions, cellular telephone transmissions, and transmissions carried out within the facilities. In the stamping plant, the background ambient tests also showed signals covering a broad range of lower frequencies, probably due to machine noise. Our ultrawideband, synthetic-pulse measurements indicate that these manufacturing facilities are highly reflective, reverberant environments that can potentially complicate reliable performance of deployed wireless technology. Even under line-of-sight conditions, significant self-interference occurs when the transmitter and receiver are separated by only a few meters or more. When non-line-of-sight conditions occur, the transmission path becomes very noisy. However, spectrum analyzer tests conducted throughout the plant indicate that, for the current level of utilization of wireless technology, coverage can be maintained throughout the plants when a sufficient number of transmitting and repeating nodes are used. However, if the use of wireless is to be expanded, interference may become a significant issue. The measured results provide key parameters that describe the wireless propagation environment in representative manufacturing facilities. While measurement uncertainties are not reported, end users of these data are interested primarily in large- scale behavior on the order of tens of decibels. Including uncertainties on the order of ±1 dB is of little value when we are studying quantities that can vary by tens of decibels. Improved channel descriptions will be useful for assessing current and future deployment of wireless technology in heavy-industrial manufacturing environments, for standards development, and for qualifying wireless equipment for use in highly reflective environments such as those studied here. Work is currently underway at NIST to develop laboratory-based methods for qualifying the performance of wireless equipment for use in highly reflective environments such as those studied here. tests. The locations of the 2.4 GHz spectrum analyzer tests are marked with circles.

The demands for higher throughput, data rate, low latency, and capacity in 5G communication systems prompt the use of millimeter-wave frequencies that range from 3–300 GHz with spatial multiplexing and beamforming. To get the maximum benefit from this technology, it’s important to study all the challenges of using mm-wave for 5G and beyond. One of the most important impacts is weather conditions such as humidity, temperature, dust, and sand storms. This study investigates the parameters of the channel model and its statistical behavior with the effect of dust and sand storms. The latter effects can be considered the main challenges these days, especially in middle-eastern countries. A 128 x 128 massive MIMO with URA (uniformly spaced rectangular antenna arrays) uniformly spaced has been considered in the simulation assessment with mm-wave channels operating at 28 GHz and 73GHz are examined by using NYUSIM (New York University Wireless Simulator) software. The simulation results show...

Intra-platoon positioning management strategies to deal with safe and efficient advanced traffic management system operation are proposed in this paper. New algorithms to ensure high traffic capacity are proposed, and Matlab/Simulinkbased simulation results are reported. Recently, we proposed new algorithms to mitigate communication delays using anticipatory information, both from the platoon's leader and the followers, with significant impact on the improvement of platoon string stability . In this paper, we argue that maintaining a constant spacing between platoons' leaders has a positive impact on the traffic capacity of the whole system. As such, when the leader and eventually other vehicles immediately behind it leave the platoon, the new leader must accelerate to reach the position of the previous leader, to ensure inter-leader constant spacing and, consequently, enough spacing to be eventually occupied by new followers. We developed a novel architecture where each vehicle consists of two distinct modules: a leader and a follower. Based on Matlab/Simulink-based simulation, the new algorithms are assessed, and simulation results presented. The obtained simulation results confirm that the proposed algorithms adapt the acceleration pattern, ensuring similar timings for all possible cases of the previous position of new leaders in the platoon, when performing their repositioning maneuvers.

The goal of this study is to propose a wideband circularly polarised (CP) psi-shaped antenna of high gain and wide bandwidth as necessitated by intelligent transportation system applications. A wide impedance bandwidth of 2 GHz (40%) centred at 5.3 GHz is achieved through the combination of modified TM 01 , TM 20 , and TM 21 modes with three slots on either radiating edge in the simple rectangular geometry of the antenna. The stacked patch configuration helps to achieve a minimum gain of 7 dBic in the entire bandwidth. The CP psi-shaped antenna has an impressive axial ratio bandwidth of 1 GHz, which is >19% of its centre frequency 5.3 GHz. The proposed antenna can be used for detection of the blind spots of a vehicle at 5.88 GHz (DSRC frequency band), vehicle-to-vehicle communication at 5.2 GHz (WLAN IEEE 802.11a frequency band), and vehicle to roadside communication at 5.5 GHz (WiMAX IEEE 802.16 frequency band).

This report presents recommendations for minimum DSRC device communication performance and security requirements to ensure effective operation of the DSRC system. The team identified recommended DSRC communications requirements aligned to use cases, performance needs, DSRC functions, existing research, testing and simulation findings, and also developed compliance test procedure recommendations. The team also identifies recommended security functional requirements following the Common Criteria methodology which aligns requirements to a Target of Evaluation (TOE), threats, assumptions, security organizational policies, and security objectives. The report also includes discussions about outstanding decisions that will affect the operations and performance of the DSRC elements in the system. Next steps and additional analyses that could help further define performance and security requirements are also discussed.

This report explores the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in autonomous vehicles, focusing on their role in perception, decision-making, and control systems. The analysis is based on recent research and developments, highlighting the advantages and challenges of integrating ANN in autonomous driving technology.

This thesis proposes to model the relay selection decision in cooperative relay assisted routing as a Multi Objective Decision Making (MODM) problem. Therefore, a variant of the Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol is proposed named Cooperative GPSR (CO-GPSR). Subsequently, through simulations, we prove that CO-GPSR is more reliable compared to GPSR. Relay isolation is a major practical problem which Slotted Amplify and Forward (SAF) protocol will face in vehicular communications. Therefore, we propose a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) based relay isolation mechanism for the SAF protocol, to be used in urban intersections. A detailed Diversity Multiplexing Trade-off (DMT) analysis is carried out to verify the validity of the proposed mechanism. The diversity gains of most cooperative protocols are expected to be suboptimal in vehicle-to-vehicle communications, due to the nature of the wireless channel. Therefore, to understand the achievable diversity gains of cooperative diversity protocols at operational Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR), we perform comprehensive Finite-SNR DMT (FDMT) analysis on selected protocols for different vehicular communication scenarios. The analysis investigates the sub-optimality of the achievable DMT of these protocols compared to their asymptotic values which quantifies the additional SNR requirements at operational SNR regimes.

As pedestrian safety in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) becomes more critical, there is an increasing need for effective, real-time risk assessment systems to predict pedestrian-vehicle interactions. Typical problems that most pedestrian detection and risk assessment systems experience include high latency, low accuracy, and limitations in scale when it comes to context shifting-all of which can be effectively tackled by cloud computing as a solution to their scalability and efficiency effect on data processing for VANET real-time decision-making. This framework proposes the incorporation of pedestrian safety cloud systems with the potential for a robust dynamic risk assessment using a hybrid CNN-LSTM model, coupled with a YOLO-based real-time pedestrian identification scheme. To warn automobiles and pedestrians of possible dangers, the system makes advantage of V2X communication. The proposed approach is a reliable, flexible and effective solution for pedestrian safety in VANETs, which guarantees fast actions and minimizes accidents in dynamic situations. Tests showed that the technology demonstrated scalability and good real-time performance across different traffic and weather scenarios. Identification and assessment of pedestrian hazards had an average latency of less than 200 ms, 97% accuracy, recall, and precision above 90%.

ABSTRACTVehicular communications promise to bring us safer driving and better traffic control. Dedicated short range communications and IEEE 802.11p are now well established standards for vehicular communications. Channels for those systems, however, are of limited capacity and are dedicated to safety applications. Thus, they are not sufficient to support the broad range of services envisioned in VANETs. It is anticipated that vehicles will utilize Wi‐Fi (802.11 a/b/g) to acquire more capacity. Unfortunately, the Wi‐Fi channels in urban areas are already quite heavily subscribed by residential customers. To evade the residential load, in this paper, we propose CoVanet, a cognitive vehicular ad hoc network architecture that allows vehicle radios to access the Wi‐Fi channels ‘opportunistically’, finding least loaded channels. In CoVanet, network topology and channel environment change frequently because of high node mobility. The main contribution of this work is a cognitive ad hoc ve...

In recent years, ITS related research has been carried out all over the world. In Japan, a lot of research is performed in areas such as VICS and AHS. ITS research aims at increasing efficiency, safety and convenience of traffic networks. In traffic control systems, research on traffic flow prediction and travel time estimation has been carried out to improve efficiency and convenience. Travel time information has been identified as particularly important data. Studies have shown that drivers with knowledge of the travel time to reach the destination, found driving less stressful as they know what to expect ahead of their journey. Travel time information is a good indicator of traffic condition. Provision of accurate travel time information to expressway users not only help in spatial and temporal dispersal of traffic but also encourage users to try other modes of transportation. So far, different methods based on statistical and neural network models are proposed for travel time pr...

Intelligent transportation systems are a cutting-edge research topic that continues to capture the interest of industry, academia, and governments. Car accidents remain one of the most serious traffic hazards, regardless of the challenges given by the vehicular revolution and the increase in the ownership of vehicles. Human error and delayed braking are the primary causes of accidents. This paper provides state-of-the-art architecture, applications, emerging radio access technologies, standardization, and resource requirements to reduce traffic congestion. The suggested model applies the brakes and generates an alert to slow down the car if there is an impending collision. Using a particular communication protocol, this paper highlights the communication between vehicles and road infrastructure. The proposed model made vehicular communication possible and has been extremely beneficial to the automotive industry. Road safety and traffic congestion will be enhanced by the model presented in this paper. By delivering signals and messages that indicate the impending outcomes, an integrated wireless network system allows real-time communication between vehicles and infrastructure in addition to facilitating vehicle-to-vehicle communication.

The vehicular network provides the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) with IEEE 802.11p standard. The VANET model comprises of cellular vehicle-to-everything communication with wireless communication technology. Vehicular Edge Computing exhibits the promising technology to provide promising Intelligent Transport System Services. Smart application and urban computing. Satellite edge computing model is adopted in vehicular networks to provide services to the VANET communication for the management of computational resources for the end-users to provide access to low latency services for maximal execution of service. The satellite edge computing model implemented with the 4G vehicular communication network model subjected to data security issues. This paper presented a Route Computation Deep Learning Model (RCDL) to improve security in VANET communication with 4G technology. The RCDL model uses the route establishment model with the optimal route selection. The compute route is ...

Handoff in Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANET) is a process in which one vehicle disconnected from one network and join to another network. In VANET, handover is a big challenge for a vehicle due to high mobility and the process of handover occurs frequently. This mobility of a vehicle creates a lot of issues. Many solutions have been proposed to resolve these problems and some of them became standardized like MIPv6, HMIPv6, PMIPv6, and NEMO BS. In this research, we have addressed issues that lie in such network, when a vehicle performs the handover procedure. The challenges that a vehicle faces in handover procedure have been discussed and compared. Also, a methodology Cluster Based Handoff using Backup node (CBHBCK) is proposed to achieve the continuity in the network named as cluster based handoff using backup node, in which a backup node that is responsible for handoff is introduced. Using this backup node overhead on cluster head and disconnectivity during handoff procedure will be reduced. At the end, results are compared with the NEMO and Cluster Based technology by simulation using NS2 simulator. Simulation result proves that the proposed technique has better ability to achieve the continuity in communication during handoff procedure.

of US-Japan-Europe Collaborative Research on Probe Data -Draft Final| 10  Shared data, research findings, experiences, and lessons learned from the development and deployment of probe-data enabled applications and probe data systems;  Jointly identified 19 applications that may be developed using probe data as defined by the US-Japan ITS Task Force;  Prioritized three applications of mutual interest for future collaboration;  Conducted research on the three high-priority applications identified jointly;  Identified and prioritized research gaps for future collaboration; and  Addressed and refined cross-cutting issues related to probe data such as standards, security, privacy, quality assurance, metadata, storage and access, and data ownership and intellectual property rights (IPR). The result of this research effort will help identify the future direction of research, development, and deployment of cooperative systems in the US and Japan.

In this paper, we present a novel scheme for transmission of congestion state of IoT (Internet of things) low power nodes managed by a central entity. The proposed scheme enables an efficient aggregation of congestion state of nodes, in a given routing path, into a block called Congestion Information Block (CIB), which contains binary values representing the congestion state of nodes. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme provides a good performance compared to Explicit Congestion Notification mechanism (ECN) in terms of network throughput, network overhead and offers low divergence (regarding the time of observation) between the network congestion observed by the network manager and the real congestion of nodes.

Fast band power measurement technique used for measuring band power in wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) devices. The difficulty during testing the band power is burst mode transmission takes longer time to measure. A test jig or specialized tool required is costly, which allows continuous mode of transmission for power measurement. The delivered average power by a Wi-Fi device depends upon the data rate which can also vary during time. The procedure proposed hereby developed using a spectrum analyzer to measure band power in the burst mode, in order to ensure repeatable results and optimized to enable fast measurements at low cost, less time and above 90% accurate.

Emerging Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) applications such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and Connected and Autonomous Driving (CAD) requires an excessive amount of data by vehicular sensors, collected, processed, and exchanged in real-time. A heterogeneous wireless network is envisioned where multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) can coexist to cater for these and other future applications. The primary challenge in such systems is the Radio Resource Management (RRM) strategy and the RAT selection algorithm. In this article, a Hybrid Vehicular Network (HVN) architecture and protocol stack is proposed, which combines Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) technology-enabled ad hoc network and infrastructure-based Cellular V2X (C-V2X) technologies. To this end, we address the design and performance evaluation of a distributed RRM entity that manages and coordinates Radio Resources (RR) in both RATs. Central to distributed RRM are adaptive RAT selection and Vertical Handover (VHO) algorithms supported by two procedures. (1) Measurement of Quality of Service (QoS) parameters and associated criteria to select the suitable RAT according to the network conditions. (2) Dynamic communication management (DCM) via implementing RR-QoS negotiation. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed architecture and protocol suite under various parameter settings and performance metrics such as the number of VHOs, packet delivery ratio, and throughput, and latency. INDEX TERMS C-V2X, DSRC, hybrid vehicular networks, IEEE 802.11p, LTE, RAT selection, vertical handover (VHO).

Now a days DSRC plays a vital role. It is one way or two way short range to medium range communication. Such as safety applications, commercial vehicle applications, emergency warning systems for vehicle. DSRC adopts codes such as FMO/Manchester code. The codes are used to achieve dc-balance and signal reliability. This codes seriously limits the potential. The similarity oriented logic simplification technique (sols) is used here to overcome the limitation and also used to improve the hardware utilization rate. By using this two code power, delay, and area can be reduced. The proposed architecture will have less delay, area as compared to existing architecture. In this paper the architecture analyzed to reduce the number of components. Using both encodings the area, delay, and power is reduced in DSRC.

In this chapter, we focus on solving two main problems in modern intelligent transportation systems; namely, localization and estimating the road geometry ahead of an ego vehicle, using on-board sensors (such as cameras, radars, etc.) and data received from neighboring vehicles via DSRC. In this context, road geometry is defined as the description of the center of the current lane of the ego vehicle.

The implementation of cloud computing application takes the higher necessity, especially after suffering from modern problems, such as providing proper funds for social service and purchasing programs. For that, the cloud computing applications propose a promising solution to solve such issues. In this paper, we will discuss the implemention of cloud computing over Smart Grid system; a reliable, cost effective guaranteed and efficient system, it is expected to be Long Term Evolution (LTE): which allows larger pieces of spectrum, or bands to be used furthermore with more coverage and less latency and the third technology is Vehicular network: which is an important research area because of unique features and applications that offers. In this survey, we will present an overview of the smart grid, LTE and the vehicular network when they get integrated with cloud computing, in addition we will highlight the open issues and research direction which faces these technologies with cloud computing implementing in terms of Energy management, Information management for smart grid. In terms of applying cloud computing platforms for 4G Networks to achieve specific criteria and finally in terms of Architectural formation and Privacy and security for Vehicular cloud computing.

Tele-operated Driving (ToD) is a challenging use case for mobile network operators. Video captured by the built-in vehicle cameras must be streamed meeting a latency requirement of 5 ms with a 99% reliability. Although 5G offers high bandwidth, ultra-low latencies and high reliability; ToD service requirements are violated due to bad channel conditions. Ignoring the channel state may lead to over-estimating the number of ToD vehicles that can meet the service requirements, hence compromising the vehicle security. To fill this gap, in this letter we propose TOVAC, an algorithm that guarantees ToD service requirements by taking adequate admission control and routing decisions. This is achieved by using a channel-based capacity graph that determines the maximum number of vehicles that can be tele-operated in any road section. We evaluate TOVAC considering cellular deployments from Turin and show that, unlike a state of the art solution, TOVAC guarantees the ToD service requirements.

Initial research studied the use of wireless local area networks (WLAN) protocols in Inter-Vehicle Communications (IVC) environments. The protocols' performance was evaluated in terms of measuring throughput, jitter time and delay time. This research has developed a unique setup to evaluate IEEE802.11 protocols. This setup will reduce the cost of test beds that might be deployed to evaluate the performance of new IEEE802.11 protocols. To validate the concept, researchers have implemented the test bed at University of Detroit Mercy and evaluated the performance of IEEE802.11b/g. The developed WLAN-based test bed allows the testing of different IEEE802.11 protocols and yet keeps the cost at a reasonable level. Researchers investigated the impact of Doppler shift on the quality of the transmitted/received signal in an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) communication system. The developed channel model that combines Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh channel representations to resemble a realistic transmission medium is presented. The model is validated by showing that the relation between Energy of Bit to Noise Ratio (E b /N 0 ) and Bit Error Rate (BER) is consistent with theoretical formulas. The degradation in signal quality as a result of increased vehicle speed is presented through graphical and analytical representation of BER with respect of applied Doppler shift. Moreover, a new methodology to reduce the impact of Doppler shift is proposed and simulations are performed to confirm the reduction of Doppler shift impact on the signal quality.

The proliferation of IoT devices will align seamlessly with 6G’s capabilities. Smart cities, autonomous vehicles, and connected healthcare will thrive as 6G delivers low-latency, high-speed connections for billions of devices. This network efficiency will enable real-time decision-making across various sectors, driving innovation and convenience. Learn more in 6G courses by Tonex.

An autonomous V2V communication mode (also known as side-link mode 4), which facilitates V2V communication in out of eNB coverage areas, has recently been introduced into the Long term evolution (LTE) standard. Recent research has studied the performance of this LTE-V2V autonomous mode for a highway use case. However, performance analysis for a highway use case cannot be easily applied to an intersection use case as it may contain non-line-of-sight (NLOS) communication links. In this paper, we analyze and evaluate the safety message broadcasting performance of LTE-V2V autonomous mode in an urban intersection scenario. Considering practical path loss models, we present the impact of NLOS communication link on the overall message dissemination performance. Through the analytical and simulation results, we show that the overall message dissemination performance degrades drastically with increasing vehicle density and increasing distance of the transmitting vehicle from the intersection. To improve the performance, we propose a vehicle-assisted relaying scheme in which the relaying vehicle is selected in an autonomous manner. We also present two resource allocation strategies for the relaying vehicle. For low to medium vehicle density along the street, we observe significant improvement in message dissemination through relaying compared to the scheme without relaying.

An ad hoc network of vehicles (VANET) consists of vehicles that exchange information via radio in order to improve road safety, traffic management and do better distribution of traffic load in time and space. Along with this it allows Internet access for passengers and users of vehicles. A significant characteristic while studying VANETs is the requirement of having a mobility model that gives aspects of real vehicular traffic. These scenarios play an important role in performance of VANETs. In our paper we have demonstration and description of generating realistic mobility model using various tools such as eWorld, OpenStreetMap, SUMO and TraNS. Generated mobility scenario is added to NS-2.34 (Network Simulator) for analysis of DSR and AODV routing protocol under 802.11p (DSRC/WAVE) and 802.11a. Results after analysis shows 802.11p is more suitable than 802.11a for VANET.

With the rapid advancements of technologies and parallel development of intelligent machines in the field of wireless communication, customer needs also arises and ubiquitous network services are expected. In order to support customer's demand there is huge need of hybrid heterogeneous network. In this paper, we propose the collaboration of cellular technology like Long Term Evolution (LTE) with traditional vehicular technology i.e., the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC). In this paper we proposed a LTE/DSRC hybrid architecture which can establish a bridge between LTE/DSRC communication. We proposed no changes to the already available standards but we modify some of the configurable parameters in the PHY layers. We concentrate on the OFDM modulation which is the common feature for both LTE and DSRC.

Vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication is an emerging technology thatfacilitates communication among vehicles and numerous environmentalentities. However, it encounters certain challenges throughout the handoverprocess. This study analyses the challenges and complexity of managinghandover, specifically in maintaining uninterrupted connection and meetingthe service criteria outlined in the 3GPP 5G new radio (NR) standard.Various applications of V2X technology that require handover managementare explored, such as vehicle safety and traffic management, enhanced driverassistance, and autonomous driving. Furthermore, this paper illuminates themost recent developments in V2X communication, highlighting thesignificance of efficient handover management, resolving technical issues,based on the full potential of the use of V2X apps that contribute to theestablishment of a transportation ecosystem that is characterized byenhanced safety, increased intelligence, and improved connectivity. Thispaper can be used as a starting point for thinking about how to improveC-V2X communication.

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANET) are a subset of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks which have acknowledged considerable responsiveness in many vehicular developments and manufacturing clusters. In this paper, we have been simulated the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) and Destination Source Distance Vector routing protocol (DSDV) over Ad hoc on Demand Distance Routing protocol (AODV). These performances have been evaluated in a vehicular environment using Network Simulator 2 (NS2).The Mobility model of Vehicular Adhoc Networks has a significant effect on simulation results. These three ad hoc routing protocols adopted for Vehicular Adhoc Networks are evaluated in both city and highway scenarios. In this paper, the results have been taken and compared using the performance metrics such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and throughput. IEEE 802.11 b standards are used for the communication of VANET.

In order to minimize the accidents, autonomous vehicles are being designed as the future of transportation. To fulfill this goal, we should look at vehicular intersections, where unfortunately most car accidents take place. In "Automation of a T-intersection using virtual platoons of cooperative autonomous vehicles", the algorithm called "Target Vehicle Assignment(TVA)" was proposed to resolve the problem of deciding an order in which vehicles cross in a 4-way intersection. This article reviews this algorithm and uses it as starting point to propose novel algorithms that fix issues detected in the original algorithm. The newly proposed algorithms are designed to be used with Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) communications and are descentralized to avoid dependency of specific hardware in any intersection.

In order to minimize the accidents, autonomous vehicles are being designed as the future of transportation. To fulfill this goal, we should look at vehicular intersections, where unfortunately most car accidents take place. In “Automation of a T-intersection using virtual platoons of cooperative autonomous vehicles”, the algorithm called “Target Vehicle Assignment(TVA)” was proposed to resolve the problem of deciding an order in which vehicles cross in a 4-way intersection. This article reviews this algorithm and uses it as starting point to propose novel algorithms that fix issues detected in the original algorithm. The newly proposed algorithms are designed to be used with Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) communications and are descentralized to avoid dependency of specific hardware in any intersection.

The critical nature of vehicular communications requires their extensive testing and evaluation. Analytical models can represent an attractive and cost-effective approach for such evaluation if they can adequately model all underlying effects that impact the performance of vehicular communications. Several analytical models have been proposed to date to model vehicular communications based on the IEEE 802.11p (or DSRC) standard. However, existing models normally model in detail the MAC (Medium Access Control), and generally simplify the propagation and interference effects. This reduces their value as an alternative to evaluate the performance of vehicular communications. This paper addresses this gap, and presents new analytical models that accurately model the performance of vehicle-to-vehicle communications based on the IEEE 802.11p standard. The models jointly account for a detailed modeling of the propagation and interference effects, as well as the impact of the hidden terminal problem. The model quantifies the PDR (Packet Delivery Ratio) as a function of the distance between transmitter and receiver. The paper also presents new analytical models to quantify the probability of the four different types of packet errors in IEEE 802.11p. In addition, the paper presents the first analytical model capable to accurately estimate the Channel Busy Ratio (CBR) metric even under high channel load levels. All the analytical models are validated by means of simulation for a wide range of parameters, including traffic densities, packet transmission frequencies, transmission power levels, data rates and packet sizes. An implementation of the models is provided openly to facilitate their use by the community.

Abstract-Vehicular networks require vehicles to periodically transmit 1-hop broadcast packets in order to detect other vehicles in their local neighborhood. Many vehicular applications depend on the correct reception of these packets that are transmitted on a common control channel. Vehicles will actually be required to simultaneously execute multiple applications. The transmission of the broadcast packets should hence be configured to satisfy the requirements of all applications while controlling the channel load. This can be challenging when vehicles simultaneously run multiple applications, and each application has different requirements that vary with the vehicular context (e.g. speed and density). In this context, this paper proposes and evaluates different techniques to dynamically adapt the rate and power of 1-hop broadcast packets per vehicle in multi-application scenarios. The proposed techniques are designed to satisfy the requirements of multiple simultaneous applications and reduce the channel load. The evaluation shows that the proposed techniques significantly decrease the channel load, and can better satisfy the requirements of multiple applications compared to existing approaches, in particular the Message Handler specified in the SAE J2735 DSRC Message Set Dictionary.

Wireless network technologies, including 3G, 4G, and 5G, are transforming telecommunications infrastructure globally. However, the adoption and effectiveness of these technologies vary significantly across regions and industries, posing unique challenges and opportunities for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Understanding the critical factors influencing network deployment and optimization in different contexts is essential for telecom companies and business leaders. This systematic review aims to evaluate the infrastructure, performance, and strategic implications of wireless network technologies (3G, 4G, and 5G) across multiple industries and geographic regions, providing insights for SMEs and telecom companies on adopting these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness. A comprehensive search of academic databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, was conducted using keywords such as "wireless network," "3G," "4G," "5G," "evaluation," and "infrastructure." Studies were selected based on pre-established eligibility criteria, and a risk of bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Statistical synthesis and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify key trends and challenges. A total of 121 studies were included, with the majority focusing on 5G technology (42%) and its infrastructure. Key findings highlight the importance of network densification, high-speed connectivity, and lowlatency applications, particularly in urban regions. The analysis also revealed significant regional disparities in infrastructure deployment, with developing countries facing challenges in expanding coverage and integrating advanced technologies. Industry-specific customization of wireless networks is essential for sectors such as manufacturing, healthcare, and retail. Wireless network technologies present vast opportunities for SMEs, but their successful implementation requires addressing regional infrastructure gaps and tailoring solutions to industry-specific needs. Telecom companies must prioritize strategic investments in network densification, scalability, and security to fully leverage the benefits of 5G. The findings of this review provide actionable insights for business leaders and policymakers aiming to optimize wireless technology deployments for enhanced performance and competitiveness.

Wireless network technologies, including 3G, 4G, and 5G, are transforming telecommunications infrastructure globally. However, the adoption and effectiveness of these technologies vary significantly across regions and industries, posing unique challenges and opportunities for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Understanding the critical factors influencing network deployment and optimization in different contexts is essential for telecom companies and business leaders. This systematic review aims to evaluate the infrastructure, performance, and strategic implications of wireless network technologies (3G, 4G, and 5G) across multiple industries and geographic regions, providing insights for SMEs and telecom companies on adopting these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness. A comprehensive search of academic databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, was conducted using keywords such as "wireless network," "3G," "4G," "5G," "evaluation," and "infrastructure." Studies were selected based on pre-established eligibility criteria, and a risk of bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Statistical synthesis and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify key trends and challenges. A total of 121 studies were included, with the majority focusing on 5G technology (42%) and its infrastructure. Key findings highlight the importance of network densification, high-speed connectivity, and lowlatency applications, particularly in urban regions. The analysis also revealed significant regional disparities in infrastructure deployment, with developing countries facing challenges in expanding coverage and integrating advanced technologies. Industry-specific customization of wireless networks is essential for sectors such as manufacturing, healthcare, and retail. Wireless network technologies present vast opportunities for SMEs, but their successful implementation requires addressing regional infrastructure gaps and tailoring solutions to industry-specific needs. Telecom companies must prioritize strategic investments in network densification, scalability, and security to fully leverage the benefits of 5G. The findings of this review provide actionable insights for business leaders and policymakers aiming to optimize wireless technology deployments for enhanced performance and competitiveness.

Wireless network technologies, including 3G, 4G, and 5G, are transforming telecommunications infrastructure globally. However, the adoption and effectiveness of these technologies vary significantly across regions and industries, posing unique challenges and opportunities for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Understanding the critical factors influencing network deployment and optimization in different contexts is essential for telecom companies and business leaders. This systematic review aims to evaluate the infrastructure, performance, and strategic implications of wireless network technologies (3G, 4G, and 5G) across multiple industries and geographic regions, providing insights for SMEs and telecom companies on adopting these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness. A comprehensive search of academic databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, was conducted using keywords such as "wireless network," "3G," "4G," "5G," "evaluation," and "infrastructure." Studies were selected based on pre-established eligibility criteria, and a risk of bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Statistical synthesis and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify key trends and challenges. A total of 121 studies were included, with the majority focusing on 5G technology (42%) and its infrastructure. Key findings highlight the importance of network densification, high-speed connectivity, and lowlatency applications, particularly in urban regions. The analysis also revealed significant regional disparities in infrastructure deployment, with developing countries facing challenges in expanding coverage and integrating advanced technologies. Industry-specific customization of wireless networks is essential for sectors such as manufacturing, healthcare, and retail. Wireless network technologies present vast opportunities for SMEs, but their successful implementation requires addressing regional infrastructure gaps and tailoring solutions to industry-specific needs. Telecom companies must prioritize strategic investments in network densification, scalability, and security to fully leverage the benefits of 5G. The findings of this review provide actionable insights for business leaders and policymakers aiming to optimize wireless technology deployments for enhanced performance and competitiveness.

The paper mainly focuses on the compact design of circularly polarised microstrip patch antenna for vehicle-to-vehicle communication. The charging time of electric vehicles is longer than that of traditional petrol vehicles. Charging is done at public charging stations. When the vehicles need to be recharged while driving, they communicate using the Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) band to send the information to the nearest vehicles and receive information from the charging station. In addition, DSRC band is used in many application areas such as Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), Collision Avoidance and Connected Vehicles. The research problem in this study is that when installing an antenna on a vehicle, it is important to have a compact size and achieve circular polarisation. The research solution for the problem statement in this study is emphasized on 45˚ inclined slot and corner trimmed is added in rectangular patch to make the current part longer and the impedance matching better, and to achieve circular polarization. Then Swiss roll structure CSRR is added in ground plane to improve the bandwidth. Finally, outer SRR is added in the ground plane to improve S11. The proposed design has been validated for car-to-car communication (5.85-5.925 GHZ).

Wireless network technologies, including 3G, 4G, and 5G, are transforming telecommunications infrastructure globally. However, the adoption and effectiveness of these technologies vary significantly across regions and industries, posing unique challenges and opportunities for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Understanding the critical factors influencing network deployment and optimization in different contexts is essential for telecom companies and business leaders. This systematic review aims to evaluate the infrastructure, performance, and strategic implications of wireless network technologies (3G, 4G, and 5G) across multiple industries and geographic regions, providing insights for SMEs and telecom companies on adopting these technologies to enhance operational efficiency and competitiveness. A comprehensive search of academic databases, including Google Scholar, Web of Science, and SCOPUS, was conducted using keywords such as "wireless network," "3G," "4G," "5G," "evaluation," and "infrastructure." Studies were selected based on pre-established eligibility criteria, and a risk of bias assessment was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Statistical synthesis and sensitivity analyses were conducted to identify key trends and challenges. A total of 121 studies were included, with the majority focusing on 5G technology (42%) and its infrastructure. Key findings highlight the importance of network densification, high-speed connectivity, and lowlatency applications, particularly in urban regions. The analysis also revealed significant regional disparities in infrastructure deployment, with developing countries facing challenges in expanding coverage and integrating advanced technologies. Industry-specific customization of wireless networks is essential for sectors such as manufacturing, healthcare, and retail. Wireless network technologies present vast opportunities for SMEs, but their successful implementation requires addressing regional infrastructure gaps and tailoring solutions to industry-specific needs. Telecom companies must prioritize strategic investments in network densification, scalability, and security to fully leverage the benefits of 5G. The findings of this review provide actionable insights for business leaders and policymakers aiming to optimize wireless technology deployments for enhanced performance and competitiveness.

El presente trabajo de titulacion abarca como objetivo principal el analisis de la tecnologia LTE (Long Term Evolution) y sus mecanismos de control de calidad de servicio por medio de indicadores o clases de servicios desde la perspectiva del usuario. La clasificacion QoS para los servicios segun la ITU son cuatro: Conversacional, Interactiva, Streaming y Background, dichos servicios y sus indicadores son vitales en el rendimiento y grado de servicio de la red. Asi tambien este trabajo emplea simulaciones de escenarios de cobertura LTE. Para la misma, se escogio la ciudad de Manta de la provincia de Manabi; las metodologias de investigacion escogidas son, la descriptiva para sintetizar avances de la tecnologia LTE, su arquitectura de red; la analitica porque se identifica el mejor escenario de planificacion de la red LTE para la ciudad de Manta de la provincia de Manabi y se emplea, ademas, el metodo empirico por el manejo del programa Atoll, herramienta profesional en planificacion...

The goal of this study is to propose a wideband circularly polarised (CP) psi-shaped antenna of high gain and wide bandwidth as necessitated by intelligent transportation system applications. A wide impedance bandwidth of 2 GHz (40%) centred at 5.3 GHz is achieved through the combination of modified TM 01 , TM 20 , and TM 21 modes with three slots on either radiating edge in the simple rectangular geometry of the antenna. The stacked patch configuration helps to achieve a minimum gain of 7 dBic in the entire bandwidth. The CP psi-shaped antenna has an impressive axial ratio bandwidth of 1 GHz, which is >19% of its centre frequency 5.3 GHz. The proposed antenna can be used for detection of the blind spots of a vehicle at 5.88 GHz (DSRC frequency band), vehicle-to-vehicle communication at 5.2 GHz (WLAN IEEE 802.11a frequency band), and vehicle to roadside communication at 5.5 GHz (WiMAX IEEE 802.16 frequency band).

This article gives a summary of the existing state of affairs and potential developments for smart vehicles while taking into consideration social, technological, and transportation aspects. Additionally, it examines the strategies for turning the smart into a generic vehicle, potential future developments, 5G, ADAS, and power source characteristics. This will make it possible for linked automobiles to take center stage in smart cities. Information may be exchanged between vehicles and road infrastructures as well as from one vehicle to another thanks to the vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication frameworks. It attempts to improve mobility, prevent or lessen auto accidents, and offer additional advantages for road safety. Motivations, open problems, and suggestions from other academics were taken into account to enhance and understand the various histories and characteristics of the business .All publications about data transfers in the V2I communication system were thoroughly searched. They use DSRC and 5G, Bluetooth and WIFI technology but there are many problems and data. I exploited RF frequencies to spontaneously broadcast the data in order to get around that.

In vehicular scenarios context awareness is a key enabler for road safety. However, the amount of contextual information that can be collected by a vehicle is stringently limited by the sensor technology itself (e.g., line-of-sight, coverage, weather robustness) and by the low bandwidths offered by current wireless vehicular technologies such as DSRC/802.11p. Motivated by the upsurge of research around millimeter-wave vehicle-to-anything (V2X) communications, in this work we propose a distributed vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) association scheme that considers a quantitative measure of the potential value of the shared contextual information in the pairing process. First, we properly define the utility function of every vehicle balancing classical channel state and queuing state information (CSI/QSI) with context information i.e., sensing content resolution, timeliness and enhanced range of the sensing. Next we solve the problem via a distributed many-to-one matching game in a junction scenario with realistic vehicular mobility traces. It is shown that when receivers are able to leverage information from different sources, the average volume of collected extended sensed information under our proposed scheme is up to 71% more than that of distance and minimum delay-based matching baselines.

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) consisting of Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANET) offers a major role in ensuring a safer environment in cities for drivers and pedestrians. VANET has been classified into two main parts which are Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) along with Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) Communication System. This technology is still in development and has not been fully implemented worldwide. Currently, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is a commonly used module for this system. This paper focuses on both V2V and V2I latest findings done by previous researcher and describes the operation of DSRC along with its architecture including SAE J2735, Basic Safety Message (BSM) and different type of Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment (WAVE) which is being labeled as IEEE 802.11p. Interestingly, (i) DSRC technology has been significantly evolved from electronic toll collector application to other V2V and V2I applications such as Emergency Electronics Brake Lights ...

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is an integral part of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), in which moving vehicles communicates with each other in autonomous and asynchronous fashion. Speed of vehicles is responsible for dynamic change in topology; due to this efficient and scalable information dissemination is a major challenge in VANET. Publish/Subscribe communication approach provides independence from synchronization of time, space and other information between vehicles or RSU's, which makes it most suitable for VANET like environments. But only publish/subscribe approach is not sufficient for efficient communication because it generates huge amount of packets for dissemination; due to this network load is increases. In this paper, we propose publish/subscribe methodology using clustering for information dissemination in VANET. In our approach, we assumed a VANET consisting of road side units and vehicle nodes where all vehicles can elect their cluster head from its n...

a Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network or VANET is a technology that has moving vehicles as nodes in a network for creating a mobile network. Vehicular networks are very fast emerging for deploying and developing new and traditional applications. It is characterized by rapidly changing topology, high mobility, and ephemeral, one-time interactions. Our goal is to provide the better algorithm for solution to the inaccurate positioning due to signal loss in GPS locators. We propose our novel work technique in the domain of Navigation in VANET. Recently, GPS handsets have been widely adopted by drivers for navigation. People rely more and more on GPS, and many of them stop checking and printing maps before they depart with a full confidence in GPS. However, due to the sensibility of GPS signals to terrain, vehicles cannot get their locations. To address the issue, we propose a novel Grid-based Onroad localization system, where vehicles with and without accurate GPS signals self-organize into a VANE...