Dc Motor

Early detection of faults in DC motors extends their life and lowers their power usage. There are a variety of traditional and soft computing techniques for detecting faults in DC motors. Many diagnostic techniques have been developed in the past to detect such fault-related patterns. These methods for detecting the aforementioned potential failures of motors can be utilized in a variety of scientific and technological domains. Motor Power Pattern Analysis (MPPA) is a technology that analyzes the current and voltage provided to an electric motor using particular patterns and protocols to assess the operational status of the motors without disrupting production. Engineers and researchers, particularly in industries, face a difficult challenge in monitoring spinning types of equipment. In this work, we are going to explain how to use the motor power pattern/signature analysis (MPPA) of a power signal driving a servo to find mechanical defects in a gear train. A hardware setup is used ...

Due to their better electrical properties and mechanical features, the usage of BLDC motors is increasing and they have replaced conventional DC and asynchronous motors in many applications. This project provides a sensor-based permanent magnet brushless DC motor for commercial and electric vehicles. To improve the reliability of BLDC motor speed regulation, a PID controller is employed. The three-phase voltage inverter delivers a constant DC voltage and is synced with the BLDC motor. Closed-loop speed control is done utilizing the Ziegler-Nichols technique. Particle Swarm optimization and PID controller improved using Firefly algorithm The recommended system is simulated using MATLAB simulation and the performance of the BLDC motor is tested by comparing attributes such as Rise time. Settling time and Peak overshoot.

This paper proposes a simple solar photovoltaic (PV) fed water pump using a high gain step-up DC-DC converter. An energy-efficient brushless DC (BLDC) motor is used to drive the water pump. As the low voltage obtained from solar panel is inadequate for driving the motor pump, the system is incorporated with a novel high gain DC-DC converter to step up the voltage. The maximum power from the solar PV array is extracted by adjusting the duty ratio of the step-up DC-DC converter. To control the duty ratio, an incremental conductance (INC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique is used. The proposed system eliminates the requirement of complex speed control methods. Constant speed of the motor is achieved by maintaining DC link voltage at a constant value. The MATLAB/Simulink-based simulations are carried out to validate the efficacy of the system.

The paper presents a contemporary method for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) by optimizing the parameters of a proportional-integral (PI) controller using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. This approach aims to enhance the robustness and dynamic performance of the drive system, resulting in improved accuracy and sensitivity to load changes and wide range of speed. The study evaluates two tuning techniques for the PI controller, which are the traditional trial-and-error method and the PSO optimization method. The performance of the PMSM is assessed based on speed response performance, including rise time, overshoot, and settling time. The PSOtuned controller significantly minimizes overshoot compared to the trialand-error method. And also achieves a shorter settling time, indicating a more stable response. However, the rise time is slightly longer with the PSO-tuned controller compared to the conventional tuning method just for the medium speed. For the rated speed, PSO still having shorter rise time compared to trial-and-error PI method. These findings imply that while the PSO method may result in a longer rise time, its overall advantages in reducing overshoot and settling time make it a more effective option for speed control in PMSMs. This is consistent with other research suggesting that PSO can outperform traditional methods in optimizing control parameters across various applications.

Hilsa,Tenualosailisha is an exceptionally renowned fish for regarded delectable taste, high market interest and cost. It frames a significant fishery of pipe molded 72 km long Narmada Estuary. Fast decrease in Hilsa get has-been kept in the Narmada Estuary over most recent

Fishes are the most diverse vertebrates living on this planet and there are more than 25000 types of fish around. Of this, about 48% live in freshwater which accounts for just 0.01% of the world's water. The gathering of freshwater fish is unevenly appropriated on this planet. The abundance of species is high in the tropical region which is different from the different parts of the earth. Overall these regions are characterized by increased levels of endemism. The rapid improvement in urbanization associated with anthropogenic activities is a serious threat to the climate of the river. The currents support a vast array of marine flora. Among translocated land and water efficient living things, macro-benthic malacofauna are central bioindicators of water quality. The transport, construction and abundance of these animals are common to the achievement status of the general framework.Freshwater molluscs show a cosmopolitan spread in wet habitats (Sharma et al., 2010). Furthermore, distinguishing features are the extent to which they are used by individuals or apparently independently as medium hosts for various parasites, showing both money-related and parasitic importance. They are also widely used for key areas of power for various. They are general from various relations to see general properties, including phenomena of substances, aggregates, filth.

The PG45 DC motor is a drive system used on sediment detection boat. To achieve the desired stability and speed, it is necessary to apply a control system to the sediment detection boat drive system. Control systems need to be tuned to ensure that they function properly and are responsive to changes. In order to complement the previous research, further research was carried out focusing on determining the PID control parameters on the angular speed of the PG45 DC Motor using Simulink. The PG45 DC motor works based on the Arduino programming algorithm that has been designed so that it can rotate at a predetermined speed. This research modeled the sediment detection ship system on Simulink with a similarity rate of 94.09%. The results of this study indicate that the tuning method used, namely trial and error, produces good control on the sediment detection ship system model that has been assembled in Simulink with the value of Kp = 100; Ki = 5; Kd = 15 obtained the value of rise time = 0.2474 seconds and settling time = 0.4104 seconds and overshoot = 0.2175%%.

Ball stabilization control system is an important control problem in undergraduate and graduate education. Practical applications are carried out in control system laboratories on this subject. Students develop projects with a multidisciplinary approach using their control systems knowledge, software knowledge, design knowledge, and using equipment such as DC motors and microprocessors. The problem of keeping the ball balanced is a control problem that is handled in two different ways. The ball and beam and the ball on plate systems stand out in this regard. However, in many studies, the ball on beam system is preferred because it is easier. In these systems, the ball is controlled only on the vertical axis. In these systems, a single PID controller and a single servo motor are preferred. In the ball on plate control system proposed in this study, the ball's movement in both the x and y axes is controlled. The system is both designed using MATLAB software and its practical application is carried out. 2 PD controllers and two servo motors are used to provide more precise and faster control of the ball. In addition, an LCD screen is used to show the instantaneous position of the ball on the x and y axes. Thus, a better design is obtained than standard ball on beam systems.

Rancang bangun umpan balik eksternal untuk kendali posisi sudut AC motor servo berbasis Arduino menggunakan sensor rotary encoder telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meminimalisir kesalahan posisi sudut absolut dari poros motor. Kendali posisi pada AC motor servo tipe MHMD022G1U diamati bersifat relatif, sehingga peluang terjadinya kesalahan penentuan posisi sudut sangat besar, terutama pada saat terjadi distorsi pulsa atau saat suplai daya hilang. Sensor rotary encoder tipe EP50S8-1024-2F-P-24 dikopel dengan poros motor untuk membaca   sudut   aktual   yang   kemudian   dijadikan   sebagai   umpan   balik   eksternal.   Rotary   encoder   yang menggambarkan position sudut actual dari of AC servo motor menghasilkan digital code 10-bit yang kemudian dikonversi menjadi data desimal dengan rentang 0-1023 menggunakan sebuah mikrokontroler Arduino Nano V3. Data umpan balik yang diterima oleh mikrokontroler Arduino digunakan untuk menyesuaikan posisi atau sudut dari putaran po...

A novel robust feedback linearization scheme is proposed in this paper based on a modified robust exact differentiator. The states and drift terms in the system are estimated simultaneously by the observer using back injection of the control effort. The estimated drift term is used in the feedback loop to compensate the disturbances and observed states are used for feedback linearization. Finite time convergence of the complete closed-loop system is proved and thus a form of separation principle is satisfied, i.e., the controller and observer can be separately designed. The design is verified through simulations and by experiments on a DC motor rig.

The paper presents the simulation results obtained on a dc motor control system with a basic Fuzzy logic controller (FLC). From the last decade, the need for electric driven vehicle has risen rapidly due to the global warming problem. The traditional Proportional-Integral (P I) controller, which has been widely used for the speed control of dc motor drives, has been compared with the relatively new Integral-Proportional (I-P) controller which first discussed in the year of 1978. P-I controller is used to control the speed of DC Motor. A model is developed and simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. However, the P-I controller has some disadvantages such as: the high starting overshoot, sensitivity to controller gains and sluggish response due to sudden disturbance. So, the relatively new Integral-Proportional (I-P) controller is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of the P-I controller. This paper presents some improvements in this important field of industries. The simulation and the e...

Inverse Kinematics of robotic manipulators is a complex task. This paper involves the forward and inverse kinematic analysis of three degree-of-freedom robotic manipulator. The inverse kinematic solutions have been achieved using a hybrid combination of Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic Intelligent. The experimental validation has also been attempted on robotic manipulator to trace a desired trajectory. A comparison drawn on the methods applied shows that the results obtained for inverse kinematics are in reasonable agreement with one another.

In this paper, an H8 robust observer based control is proposed for guaranteeing tracking performances of closed loop nonlinear systems. This approach is used to controlling DC-to-DC switched power converters of Buck type. The results are given in terms of linear matrix inequalities and they guarantee global asymptotic stability of the tracking error. The design conditions obtained using Lyapunov approach are given in terms of solvability as a set of Linear Matrix Inequities (LMIs) terms.

Direct Current (DC) motors are fundamental components in various industrial and automation systems, valued for their precision and controllability. Traditional control methods, such as Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers, often require robust mathematical models and are susceptible to performance degradation under non-ideal conditions. This study investigates the implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controllers (FLC) for real-time DC motor position control, with a focus on analyzing the impact of different derivative approaches. To construct a comprehensive mathematical model of the DC motor system, both white-box and black-box system identification approaches were employed. The white-box method utilized physical principles of the motor, while the black-box method relied on empirical input-output data. The Transfer Function-Based Derivative (TFD) and Second-Order Filtered Derivative (SOFD) techniques are evaluated for their maintaining system responsiveness. A test setup utilizing an STM32F4 discovery kit was developed, and the performance of both derivative approaches was compared using a repeating stair sequence as the reference input. The experimental results showed that both techniques performed successfully, but the SOFD method demonstrated a more effective error reduction. The findings offer insights into derivative filtering techniques, highlighting the benefits of incorporating advanced filtering strategies in FLC-based control systems.

It includes the information about the thesis. Chapter 2: This chapter elaborates the different literature reviews related to the subject. Chapter 3: Basic block diagram, mathematical model and overall transfer function of the separately excited DC motor. Chapter 4: This chapter contains basic theory of PID controller and giving the explanation about classical PID tuning methods for open-loop and closed-loop system. Chapter 5: This shows about the optimal tuning of PID controller using error integrals. Chapter 6: The basic theory and algorithm has been discussed about the optimal tuning of PID controller using Ant Colony Optimization. Chapter 7: The basic theory and algorithm has been discussed about the optimal tuning of PID controller using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm.

It includes the information about the thesis. Chapter 2: This chapter elaborates the different literature reviews related to the subject. Chapter 3: Basic block diagram, mathematical model and overall transfer function of the separately excited DC motor. Chapter 4: This chapter contains basic theory of PID controller and giving the explanation about classical PID tuning methods for open-loop and closed-loop system. Chapter 5: This shows about the optimal tuning of PID controller using error integrals. Chapter 6: The basic theory and algorithm has been discussed about the optimal tuning of PID controller using Ant Colony Optimization. Chapter 7: The basic theory and algorithm has been discussed about the optimal tuning of PID controller using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm.

Dc motor is widely used as actuator in industry and robotics. In this experiment a dc motor is used as an Omni wheel actuator on Omni-directional 3WD robot. In order for the movement of the robot to follow the specified vector quantity, then the speed of the wheels connected in each motor shaft must persist at each set of points that have been determined. For these needs then, every dc motor must be controlled the number of revolutions. One of the problems with implementing a PID controller is the possibility of a wind-up integrator effect that causes the system to be unable to follow the command behavior. The purpose of this study was to obtain PID controller parameters in such a way as to avoid the effects of wind-up integrators and achieve the best system response performance using an experimental based heuristic approach. The results of this study show that the wheel spin is able to follow various reference speeds with settling time and steady state error at about 1.1s and 0.648%.

Smartphones of today are capable of controlling motors, music systems, and lighting. This project's objective is to construct a robot car for the elderly and disabled that is based on the Arduino platform. Voice instructions can be used to wirelessly control the robotic car that the user is riding. The robot is able to move to the left and right, as well as forward and backward, and it can also stop. The voice-controlled robot vehicle built using Arduino and operated by an HC-05 module is connected to Bluetooth. The exact spoken commands are sent to the robot through the phone via an application that runs on android. The Arduino, which is in charge of controlling the robotic automobile, gets commands through a Bluetooth transceiver module, which then relays them to the Arduino. The hardware consists of an android phone, an android-powered motor drive, an Arduino, and Bluetooth. This system was developed with the help of Arduino C and the android-meets-robot framework. The primar...

In this paper, a design and a simulation of a PID controller are presented to control a DC motor speed. The design is proposed to increase a dynamic stability of the motor speed. Changing the speed setpoint values may generate oscillations, thus the controller is required to maintain a system stability. The PID controller is tuned using Differential Evolutionary (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms. Performance of both algorithms is compared by Integral Square Error (ISE) and rise time values. Experiments are performed by changing the speed setpoint values. In simulation results, the ISE and the rise time values of the DE algorithm are slower than the PSO algorithm.

The main objective of this paper is to present a position control design to a DC-motor, where the set-point is externally supplied. The controller is conceived by using vibrational control theory and implemented by just processing the time derivative of a Hall-effect sensor signal. Vibrational control is robust against model uncertainties. Hence, for control design, a simple mathematical model of a DC-Motor is invoked. Then, this controller is realized by utilizing analog electronics via operational amplifiers. In the experimental set-up, one extreme of a flexible beam attached to the motor shaft, and with a permanent magnet fixed on the other end, is constructed. Therefore, the control action consists of externally manipulating the flexible beam rotational position by driving a moveable Hall-effect sensor that is located facing the magnet. The experimental platform results in a low-priced device and is useful for teaching control and electronic topics. Experimental results are evid...

The development of functional soft materials has motivated replacing rigid electronics with stretchable logic structures. However, soft logic gates for macroscopic soft robots usually operate at low frequencies (<5 hertz). Here, we present high-frequency soft logic gates based on soft electric switches with ultralow latency (2 milliseconds). Fast switching is achieved using a tailored piezoresistive material-graphite frameworks (GFs)/ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs). The GFs/PDMS strip exhibits a large resistance change within ~0.01% strain, allowing soft logic gates to operate up to 100 hertz. A soft oscillator is further developed using feedback control with a soft NOT gate and achieves autonomous deformation across ~1 to 78 hertz, demonstrating actuation, sensing, and feedback control capabilities. Compared to other soft electrical switches, this scheme also features a compact size (5 cubic centimeter) and low power consumption (0.4 milliwatts). This work enables fast, accurate control for electrostatic soft robots, enhancing their autonomy and interaction capabilities.

In an H-bridge circuit, transistors were used as a switch to control the direction of the current through the load. An H-bridge is an electrical circuit that allows DC motors to rotate in either direction by adjusting the voltage applied across the motor terminals to control forward and reverse motor speed. The primary objective of this project is to design and construct a toy car that demonstrates the practical application of electronic components and microcontroller integration in motor control systems. Specifically, the project aims to employ Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) as switches to regulate the direction of current flow within an H-bridge circuit, thereby enabling the forward and reverse movement of the car. The project was successfully implemented, and all stated objectives were achieved. The H-bridge circuit utilizing PNP and NPN BJTs was effectively designed and integrated with catch diodes to ensure component protection.

Smartphones of today are capable of controlling motors, music systems, and lighting. This project&#39;s objective is to construct a robot car for the elderly and disabled that is based on the Arduino platform. Voice instructions can be used to wirelessly control the robotic car that the user is riding. The robot is able to move to the left and right, as well as forward and backward, and it can also stop. The voice-controlled robot vehicle built using Arduino and operated by an HC-05 module is connected to Bluetooth. The exact spoken commands are sent to the robot through the phone via an application that runs on android. The Arduino, which is in charge of controlling the robotic automobile, gets commands through a Bluetooth transceiver module, which then relays them to the Arduino. The hardware consists of an android phone, an android-powered motor drive, an Arduino, and Bluetooth. This system was developed with the help of Arduino C and the android-meets-robot framework. The primar...

Analysis of the Trend and Determinants of Cassava Consumption in Nigeria (1970-2020): Implications for Food Security Goal of the Nation 1. Introduction Food is a basic necessity for life, and everyone needs it for survival. Agriculture is the most important activity for human survival as it produces the necessary food for the world's population under rain-fed and irrigated conditions (Akinpelu et al., 2011). The agricultural sector of Nigeria provides food for the growing population and income for millions of smallholders. Agriculture feeds people, produces basic commodities for society, and provides gainful employment for the majority (Ojemade, 2017). It provides employment for about 65 percent of the labour force for industrial development and also raw materials for industries (Muhammed et al., 2013). Nigerian cassava production, with about 45 million metric tonnes, is by far the largest in the world. It is three times the production of Brazil and almost double the production of Indonesia and Thailand. Its cassava transformation is the most advanced in Africa (International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 2014). Total world cassava demand would reach 275 million tons by 2020 while Africa now produces about 62 percent of the total world production, with Nigeria being the largest producer of the crop in the world with an output level of 54 million tons in 2013 (Food and Agriculture Organization Statistics, (FAOSTAT), 2015). Nonetheless, less than 5% of the output produced in Nigeria is used in industries, while about 95% is used for human consumption (NISER, 2013). Industrial users of cassava products in the country consisted mainly of bakeries, flour mills, livestock, and pharmaceutical firms.

Bu çalışmada, elektrikli araç uygulamaları için 2500 W gücünde, 32 kutuplu dıştan rotorlu üç fazlı Fırçasız Doğru Akım Motorunun (FDAM) hız kontrolünü gerçekleştiren bir motor sürücü devresi tasarlanmış ve gerçekleştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen motor sürücüsü, ARM tabanlı STM32F407G geliştirme kartı üzerine gömülü bir PID kontrol algoritması ile çalışmaktadır. Sürücü, alan etkili sensörlerden elde edilen geri besleme sinyallerini kullanarak motor hızını0 ile 615 d/d aralığında hassas bir şekilde kontrol etmektedir. Motor sürücüsünün evirici katında IGBT güç anahtarları tercih edilmiştir. IGBT anahtarlarının aşırı ısınarak zarar görmesinin engellemek için sıcaklık sensörü ile izlenmekte ve aşırı ısınma durumunda sürücü devresinin enerjisi kesilmektedir. Ayrıca akım sensörü ile aşırı akım durumları algılanarak yine sürücü devresinin enerjisi kesilmektedir. Geliştirilen bu koruma önlemleri, motor sürücüsünün güvenliğini artırmış ve uzun süreli çalışma koşullarında güç anahtarlarının zarar görmesi engellenmiştir. Tasarlanan motor sürücü devresi, elektrikli araç teknolojileri alanında yüksek güç ve düşük hız uygulamaları için güvenilir bir çözüm sunmaktadır.

Electric power steering system (EPS) uses an electric motor to provide essential control to the driver. When the driver turns the steering, the control unit reads the torque sensor, which measures how much effort, the driver is applying into it and brings the electric motor into play till the effort is reduced to zero. The vehicle runs on a brushed DC motor, powered by 12V batteries and controlled from an ECU. From the microcontroller point of view, not only must it be functionally acceptable, it must be able to withstand the harsh environment. In this project an effective pulse width modulation control strategy has been designed to adjust the motor torque and current in order to increase the availability range. The new electronic control unit has been developed using microcontroller MPC5604P which is cost effective compared to the existing microcontroller.

Global warming and scarcity of traditional resources are becoming major problems in the current scenario. Due to the economic challenges India is facing in the automotive sector, the hybrid bicycle market has a huge growth potential. The main objective is that it can be used in remote or rural places, where the energy generated by pedaling is utilized to motor the cycle during commute. It makes use of the abundantly available solar energy which makes it a viable means to travel as well as a means to light up houses. The proposed model consists of a Solar panel, PMDC machine and a detachable battery. The motor is connected to the bicycle through suitable chain drive system. An electronic controller assists the control of the vehicle speed, charge output of the panel and prevents battery discharge when not in use. It inherits protection logic for voltage and current fluctuations and prevention of overcharging of battery during generation. It can also be charged using an AC supply when...

MATLAB program is one of module which applied to figure DC motor characteristic in forms simulink model. besides, DC motor characteristic can also representation in some types model, among those: physical model, mathematical model (state chamber and ...

This paper presents is to develop and compare neural network and conventional based controllers for a boiler of steam power plant. Designs of two different controllers for pressure and temperature are presented for keeping the boiler working in normal condition and improve efficiency. These controllers consist of NARMA controller of ANN and a conventional proportional-integrator-derivative (PID) controller. These parameters are adjusted by built a model and implementation in MATLAB program according to the requisite of the steam power plant and the control objectives. The results show a neural network is best controlled and superior performances of power plant from PID controller artificial neural network and PID have been applied in Al-Dura power plant in Baghdad. Therefore, neural networks have been extensively utilized in many industrial applications.

This paper adopts Pulse Width modulation technique for speed control of permanent magnet direct current (DC) motor. Separately excited DC motor model is modeled using armature control scheme, and the Dc-Dc Buck converter is designed to control the speed of the motor and the model is implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. This work aim is to investigate the dynamic performance of a separately excited DC motor fed by Chopper for its efficient Speed control. The speed of the motor is feedback and is compared with the reference speed, PID controller is used to evaluate the error, and the Pulse Width Generator block then converts this signal into trains of pulses which trigger the Chopper (IGBT) of buck converter. The Chopper Switching duration determine output voltage of the Buck converter, which also supply voltage to armature winding of the motor, Since motor speed depends on the armature voltage in armature control scheme,. The variable speed operation is implemented and speed of the motor is successfully regulated. The performance of the PWM control method is evaluated using variable load condition, Reference speed tracking is tested with the help of PID controller and transient response to reference speed is evaluated. From the simulation results show that PWM control method provides excellent and efficient control the DC motor and is recommended for Industrial application where variable speed operation is utilized.

In the technologically developing world patients with some cognitive disabilities and impairment must be provided with smart wheelchair systems for their easy navigation and safety. This paper describes the wheelchair system with user friendly touch screen interface. This device helps the disables to have automatic advancement to their destination through predefined paths in the indoor system. Use of touch-screen enables less muscle movement and less muscular pressure than the self propelled wheelchairs which are being used from ages. The ability to choose between manual operating mode and predefined operating mode uniquely presents capacity of the wheelchair to operate in multiple environments. Obstacle avoidance facility enables to drive safely in unknown as well as dynamic environments. Keywords-Easy navigation, Obstacle avoidance, Touch screen, Wheelchairs

One of the main challenges in wireless cyber-physical systems is to reduce the load of the communication channel while preserving the control performance. In this way, communication resources are liberated for other applications sharing the channel bandwidth. The main contribution of this work is the design of a remote control solution based on an aperiodic and adaptive triggering mechanism considering the current network delay of multiple robotics units. Working with the actual network delay instead of the maximum one leads to abandoning this conservative assumption, since the triggering condition is fixed depending on the current state of the network. This way, the controller manages the usage of the wireless channel in order to reduce the channel delay and to improve the availability of the communication resources. The communication standard under study is the widespread IEEE 802.11g, whose channel delay is clearly uncertain. First, the adaptive self-triggered control is validated through the TrueTime simulation tool configured for the mentioned WiFi standard. Implementation results applying the aperiodic linear control laws on four P3-DX robots are also included. Both of them demonstrate the advantage of this solution in terms of network accessing and control performance with respect to periodic and non-adaptive self-triggered alternatives.

As the human population is increasing and resources are limited, there is demand for more sustainable practices. Especially in agriculture where arable land is limited and demand of food will increase, for this concern one must shift to modern farming techniques. Vertical farming technique has the potential to impact the world in more sustainable form.

In this work, the analysis the response to vibrations of a small building equipped with an electromechanical vibration absorber is investigated. In the first part, the case of harmonic excitation with constant or time dependent frequencies is considered, and in the second part, the case of random earthquakes, respectively. The cross correlation functions and the mean square displacements are calculated for the structure when it is equipped with an electromechanical vibration absorber. The stochastic process which characterizes the earth movements is coupled to the cnoidal method which delivers the analytical solutions of the nonlinear problem. The interaction between the structure and the energy source is analyzed via the Sommerfeld effect inside the resonance region. The resonance capture and the vibration reduction are displayed by the time history responses of the displacement and angular velocities above the resonance.

Knowing the value of PID parameters is important to tune the PID controller. There are different kinds of process to know the value of PID parameters. Genetic Algorithm is applied to find out the best value of PID parameters. Simulation process has been done by using code in MATLAB to initiate PID controller. In this work it has been shown that how to get the suitable value of PID parameters to tune the PID controller. Researching on different kinds of paper to get information about the process, at which we get the best value of PID parameters. The operation of PID controller depends on the value of PID Parameters. A block diagram shown the methodology part at which explain the whole process of this work. Performance Analysis of the procedure that applied to find the value of PID parameters. The value, which getting by using Genetic Algorithm is applied in (1 st to 10 th ) order to calculate the fitness function. Different kinds of calculation, figure, graph and table shown in this work. After calculating the fitness value, it is obtained that which value is suitable for tuning the PID controller. These value is the resulting value to tune the PID controller.

The objective of the present work is to analyze the dynamics of a vibro-impact system consisting of two blocks of different mass coupled by a spring with two stages. Two different types of excitation sources for the system are used in the analysis: the first is an ideal excitation in form of a harmonic force, and the second is a non-ideal excitation in form of a DC electric motor with limited power supply which has an unbalanced rotor. The control parameter for both situations is the excitation frequency of the system. The analysis includes time histories of displacements and velocities, phase portraits and diagrams of the displacement and frequency, used to show the Sommerfeld effect. For certain values of the parameters of the system, the motion is chaotic. The mathematical model of the system is used to obtain an insight to the global dynamics of the vibro-impact system. The model with a non-ideal excitation is more realistic, complete and complex than the model with the ideal excitation.

In this paper, we present nonlinear dynamic behaviour of a system which consists of a mass connected to a rigid support by a shape memory alloy (SMA) element and a damper. In order to disturb the system, a DC motor with limited power supply is connected to the mass, causing an interaction between the vibrating structure and the energy source. The SMA element is characterised using a one-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model, based on the classical Devonshire theory. We analyse the non-ideal system in form of two coupled nonlinear differential equations. Some interesting nonlinear phenomena as the Sommerfeld effect and nonlinear resonance including periodic, chaotic and hyperchaotic regime are presented.

The study proposes a solution with a punctual approach (refers to a transportation way) for watching the traffic flow on the main national roads using a monitoring system, which can be extended through telecommunications systems and becoming a system with a global traffic flow image. Gathering traffic flow information leads to fundamental decisions to improve Romanian auto transportation condition. Key-Words: vehicle, ultrasound transducers, transfer characteristic, monitoring, auto traffic, and traffic flow.

Due to various environmental problems such as global warming, air pollution, and fossil fuels depletion, Electric Vehicles (EVs) are in more demand. Recently a lot of research is being done on the development of electric vehicles. The controller of an EV is considered as one of the most important parts as it controls the speed of the motor. Brushless DC motor (BLDC) has a great demand in EVs as it has a simple design, high applied output force (torque), long-term usage, and speed stability. While BLDC frameworks are portrayed by their vulnerabilities and non-linearity. As a result, controlling this motor is a significant concern. Similar to how a carburetor controls acceleration and speed in a gasoline-powered vehicle, the electronics package that controls the electric vehicle operates between the motor and the batteries. Engine regulators go about as the significant part which controls the energy stream to the engine. The motor controller processes commands from these inputs and precisely controls the speed, torque, direction, and horsepower of a vehicle motor by connecting interfaces like throttle, brakes, or forward/reverse control switches. BLDC engines can be subbed to make the enterprises more powerful. The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) algorithm, which can more effectively improve the speed control of BLDC motors, is used in this paper to describe the design of the BLDC motor control system. The reason for the paper is to give an outline of the usefulness and plan of the PID regulator, for example recurrence reaction tuner and move capability tuner. At last, the review goes through a few well-working tests under various burden force conditions that will uphold that the PID controller is undeniably more relevant, better functional, and powerful in accomplishing good control execution contrasted with different regulators.

For increase the productivity per unit area of small land holdings and considering the economic condition of Indian farmers, it is quite necessary to have suitable agricultural implements which farmers can use and also allow them to use for custom hiring. Weeding is an important agricultural unit operation. Present investigation was indertaken with an objective to evaluate different field performance of developed weeder. Present investigation was undertaken in Nagpur , Maharashtra state during the year 2010-2011. For this investigation farmers and farm workers are selected randomly from Nagpur district. The field performance of the developed weeder was evaluated in the field of cotton, soyabean and groundnut crops. The test conditions such as soil moisture content, soil type, bulk density of soil, root zone depth of weed, density of weed, etc. were taken into consideration. Speed of travel in km/h was calculated by using a stop watch. Present investigation conclude that the mean value of effective field capacity is higher in cotton crop than groundnut and soybean crops. Weeding by developed manually operated weeder increase the weeding index, effective field capacity, theoretical field capacity and field efficiency respectively while decrease the plant damage.

In this paper, we present a new approach to identify multivariable Hammerstein systems based on the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) method. The technique allows for the determination of the memoryless static nonlinearity as well as the estimation of the model parameters of the dynamic Auto-Regressive model with eXogenous input (ARX) part. First of all, an iteration procedure is proposed to identify the parameters of Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Hammerstein models by using the Recursive Least Squares (RLS) algorithm. Secondly, the obtained parameter estimates of the identification model include the product terms of the parameters of the original systems. So, to separate these parameters of the original parameters from the product terms, the singular value decomposition method is discussed. Finally, a simulation study is performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method compared with the existing approaches.

Electric drive using dc shunt motor or permanent magnet dc (PMDC) motor as prime mover exhibits bifurcation and chaos. The characteristics of dc shunt and PMDC motors are linear in nature. These motors are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) technique with the help of semiconductor switches. These switches are nonlinear element that introduces nonlinear characteristics in the drive. Any nonlinear system can exhibit bifurcation and chaos. dc shunt or PMDC drives show normal behavior with certain range of parameter values. It is also observed that these drive show chaos for significantly large ranges of parameter values. In this paper we present a method for controlling chaos applicable to dc shunt and PMDC drives. The results of numerical investigation are presented.

Electric drive using dc shunt motor or permanent magnet dc (PMDC) motor as prime mover exhibits bifurcation and chaos. The characteristics of dc shunt and PMDC motors are linear in nature. These motors are controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) technique with the help of semiconductor switches. These switches are nonlinear element that introduces nonlinear characteristics in the drive. Any nonlinear system can exhibit bifurcation and chaos. dc shunt or PMDC drives show normal behavior with certain range of parameter values. It is also observed that these drive show chaos for significantly large ranges of parameter values. In this paper we present a method for controlling chaos applicable to dc shunt and PMDC drives. The results of numerical investigation are presented.